48:
121:, a return to a more positive attitude towards work emerged with the rise of Christianity. Veblen said the social value of workmanship in Europe reached its peak with the "Era of handicraft". The era began as workmanship flourished in response to the relative peace and security of property rights that Europe had achieved by the
199:
argued that the world of work needs to be reformed to make it more fulfilling and less stressful. In particular, workers need to be able to make a deeply felt, imaginative connection between their own efforts and the end product. McGonigal argues that computer games can be a source of ideas for doing
181:
writes that the displacement of workmanship continued into the late 20th century. He writes that since World War II especially, there has been "an enormous intensification of interest in design" at the expense of workmanship. Industrial processes are increasingly designed to minimize the skill needed
66:
Workmanship and craftsmanship are sometimes considered synonyms, but many draw a distinction between the two terms, or at least consider craftsmanship to mean "workmanship of the better sort". Among those who consider workmanship and craftsmanship to be different, the word "workmanlike" is sometimes
132:
Workmanship was so central during the handicraft era, that, according to Veblen, even key theological questions were re-framed from "What has God ordained?" to "What has God wrought?". The high value placed on workmanship could sometimes be oppressive. For example, one explanation for the origin of
71:
Sing clear-voiced Muse, of
Hephaestus famed for skill. With bright-eyed Athena he taught men glorious crafts throughout the worldāmen who before used to dwell in caves in the mountains like wild beasts. But now that they have learned craftsmanship through Hephaestus famous for his art they live a
250:
Veblen is among those who now believe that work can be inherently joyful and satisfying. Veblen acknowledges that people tend towards idleness, but asserts that they also value work for its own sake, as is demonstrated by the vast amount of work that people do without obvious external pressure.
190:
is now being displaced by similar technological developments to those that caused manual workers to be made redundant from the late 19th to early 20th century. For those jobs that remain, cognitive aspects of the jobs are taken away from workers as knowledge is centralized. Crawford calls for a
173:
argued that the opportunity to engage in workmanship used to be a great source of fulfillment for the working class. The arts and crafts movement has since been interpreted as a palliative, which unintentionally reduced resistance to the displacement of workmanship.
145:. When workers accustomed to practicing high standards of workmanship were first recruited to work on production lines in factories, it was common for them to walk out, as the new roles were relatively monotonous, giving them little scope to use their skills. After
191:
revaluing of workmanship, saying that certain manual roles like mechanics, plumbers, and carpenters have been resistant to further automation, and are among the most likely to continue offering the worker the chance for independent thought. Writers like
67:
even used as a pejorative, for example to suggest that while an author might understand the basics of their craft, they lack flair. David Pye wrote that no one can definitively state where workmanship ends and craftsmanship begins.
160:
arose in the late 19th and early 20th century, as workmanship was being displaced by emphases on process, machine work, and the separation of design and planning skills from the execution of work. Founders of the movement like
254:
Psychologist
Pernille Rasmussen believes that the tendency to value work can become so strong that it stops being a positive source of motivation, contributing instead to some people losing balance and becoming workaholics.
235:("...Cursed is the ground because of you; through painful toil you will eat food from it all the days of your life.") contribute to the view that labor is a necessary evil, a punishment for
153:
in 1913, had to recruit about ten men to find one willing to stay in the job. Over time, and with Ford offering high rates of pay, aversion to the new ways of working was reduced.
82:
During the Middle Ages, smiths and especially armor smiths developed unique symbols of workmanship to distinguish the quality of their work. These are comparable to the
98:, the sense of workmanship is the single most important attribute governing the material well-being of a people, with the parental instinct coming a close second.
141:
members who were expelled due to poor workmanship were forced to move to
Coventry, which used to be a guild-free town. But workmanship was widely appreciated by
975:
1022:
228:
Older economic writings hold that people are averse to labor and can only be motivated to work using incentives like rewards and punishments.
1964:
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Workmanship began to receive attention from scholars after its place in society came under threat by the rise of industrialization. The
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Workmanship was likely a valued human attribute even in prehistoric times. In the opinion of the economist and sociologist
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791:
Smith, Kate (2012). "Sensing Design and
Workmanship: The Haptic Skills of Shoppers in Eighteenth-Century London".
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The reliability of electronic devices is greatly affected by the quality of the workmanship. Therefore, the
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England's
Eighteenth Century Demand for High-Quality Workmanship: Evidence from Apprenticeship, 1710ā1770
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125:. The era ended as machine-driven processes began to displace the need for workmanship after the
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is a human attribute relating to knowledge and skill at performing a task. Workmanship is also a
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The Potter's Skill: perceptions of workmanship in the
English ceramic industries, 1760-1800
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Veblen also notes the near-universal tendency for people to approve of others' good work.
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Christianity is generally approving of workmanship, though certain Bible passages such as
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There have been periods in history when workmanship was looked down on; for example in
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247:ā"Yahweh God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to work it and keep it.")
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to provide guidance on how products should be designed, built, inspected, and tested.
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109:, where it had become associated with slavery. This was not always the caseāin the
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being so popular is the sense of "blissful productivity" that its players enjoy.
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for workers to produce quality products. 21st century scholars such as
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When Work Takes
Control: The Psychology and Effects of Work Addiction
23:
imparted to a product. The type of work may include the creation of
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760:
Risatti, Howard (2009). "Design, Workmanship, and
Craftsmanship".
294:, Chpt 2: The workmanship of risk and the workmanship of certainty
138:
46:
1929:
1921:
1379:
1302:
1140:
735:
The
Instinct of Workmanship and the State of the Industrial Arts
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1499:
569:
The
Armourer and His Craft: From the XIth to the XVIth Century
330:
Japanese Design Motifs: 4,260 Illustrations of Japanese Crests
28:
422:, Chpt 2: The figure of the artisan: arts and crafts ideology
853:
693:"The Instinct of Workmanship and the Irksomeness of Labor"
1706:
1543:
1520:
762:
A Theory of Craft: Function and Aesthetic Expression
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1636:
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113:Greeks had valued workmanship, celebrating it in
72:peaceful life in own houses the whole year round.
434:, Chpt 1: Design proposes: Workmanship disposes
332:. Translated by Adachi, Fumie. New York: Dover.
69:
137:is that it reflects the practice where London
1935:
1919:
869:
419:
77:from a Homeric hymn celebrating craftsmanship
8:
499:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFVeblin1898 (
468:"WS-000: Workmanship Standards Introduction"
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401:
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976:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
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239:. (Though work did not originate with the
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177:In a book on the nature of workmanship,
1023:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
354:
303:
281:
495:
388:
342:
200:this; she says the primary reason for
7:
519:Crawford, Matthew B. (Summer 2006).
1008:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
431:
328:Matsuya Piece-Goods Store (1972) .
291:
766:University of North Carolina Press
14:
629:The Nature and Art of Workmanship
550:The Pleasures and Sorrows of Work
224:Workmanship and aversion to labor
391:, Chpt 6: The era of handicraft
374:, Ch. 2: Work Curse or Blessing
216:industry has developed several
961:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
457:, Chpt 3: More satisfying work
1:
820:Van der Beek, Karine (2013),
697:American Journal of Sociology
218:voluntary consensus standards
186:argued that office and other
62:, the Greek God of Craftsmen.
43:Workmanship and craftsmanship
1965:Production and manufacturing
1610:
1601:
1578:
650:Rasmussen, Pernille (2008).
58:, the Roman counterpart of
1707:
1544:
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585:University of Chicago Press
1986:
837:Cambridge University Press
691:Veblen, Thorstein (1898).
633:Cambridge University Press
833:Shakespeare's Workmanship
793:Journal of Design History
521:"Shop Class as Soulcraft"
214:electronics manufacturing
208:Electronics manufacturing
158:Arts and Crafts movement
86:family crests of Japan.
567:Ffoulkes, John (1988).
1936:
1920:
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1831:
345:, Chpt 1: Introduction
265:Software craftsmanship
90:Workmanship in society
80:
63:
1425:Righteous indignation
829:Quiller-Couch, Arthur
149:introduced the first
127:Industrial Revolution
54:'s 1536 rendition of
50:
943:BodhipakkhiyÄ dhammÄ
783:Smith, Kate (2010),
171:Charles Eliot Norton
39:and other products.
1013:Theological virtues
916:Positive psychology
737:. Transaction Pub.
133:the English phrase
1445:Self-transcendence
1037:Individual virtues
981:Nine Noble Virtues
910:Nicomachean Ethics
805:10.1093/jdh/epr053
577:Jackson Lears, T.J
420:Jackson Lears 1994
64:
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1099:Conscientiousness
966:Epistemic virtues
731:Veblen, Thorstein
654:. Karnack books.
607:Reality is Broken
581:No Place of Grace
202:World of Warcraft
188:white-collar work
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609:. Random House.
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703:(2): 187ā201.
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111:archaic period
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1485:Tranquillity
1435:Self-control
1405:Renunciation
1363:Philanthropy
1358:Perspicacity
1318:Magnificence
1271:Intelligence
1251:Impartiality
1171:Faithfulness
1059:Authenticity
985:
971:Five virtues
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921:Trait theory
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720:. Retrieved
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535:. Retrieved
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355:Sennett 2009
350:
338:
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304:Sennett 2009
299:
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249:
245:Genesis 2:15
237:original sin
233:Genesis 3:17
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107:Ancient Rome
100:
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16:
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1505:Workmanship
1395:Punctuality
1313:Magnanimity
1236:Hospitality
1186:Forgiveness
1131:Discernment
1089:Cleanliness
799:(1): 1ā10.
552:. Penguin.
496:Veblin 1898
389:Veblen 1914
357:, pp. 22ā23
343:Veblen 1914
318:, pp. 62-72
241:fall of man
167:John Ruskin
17:Workmanship
1959:Categories
1818:Auctoritas
1666:Aparigraha
1645:Adhiį¹į¹hÄna
1627:Sophrosyne
1595:Eutrapelia
1480:Temperance
1460:Solidarity
1450:Simplicity
1410:Resilience
1385:Politeness
1353:Patriotism
1333:Moderation
1206:Good faith
1196:Generosity
1156:Equanimity
1136:Discipline
1094:Compassion
722:2013-08-26
625:Pye, David
594:0226469700
537:2013-06-13
477:. L3Harris
271:References
147:Henry Ford
60:Hephaestus
25:handcrafts
1866:Humanitas
1612:Phronesis
1603:Philotimo
1455:Sincerity
1420:Reverence
1288:Judgement
1276:Emotional
1266:Integrity
1256:Innocence
1211:Gratitude
1191:Frugality
1181:Foresight
1161:Etiquette
1151:Endurance
1126:Diligence
1049:Alertness
998:Scout Law
899:Endowment
717:145426319
276:Citations
179:David Pye
117:. In the
37:machinery
1859:Gravitas
1842:Dignitas
1588:Ataraxia
1470:Sympathy
1400:Religion
1390:Prudence
1348:Patience
1323:Meekness
1298:Kindness
1246:Humility
1241:Humanity
1176:Fidelity
1121:Courtesy
1084:Chivalry
1079:Chastity
1069:Charisma
1064:Calmness
1054:Altruism
831:(2008).
813:22530251
733:(1914).
672:(2009).
627:(1968).
605:(2011).
579:(1994).
571:. Dover.
548:(2010).
475:L3Harris
432:Pye 1968
292:Pye 1968
259:See also
75:ā
1970:Quality
1914:Sadaqah
1900:Ganbaru
1833:Decorum
1825:Caritas
1780:ÅraddhÄ
1766:Shaucha
1731:Kshanti
1659:Akrodha
1514:Chinese
1415:Respect
1338:Modesty
1308:Loyalty
1293:Justice
1261:Insight
1221:Honesty
1216:Heroism
1146:Empathy
1104:Courage
1074:Charity
987:PÄramÄ«s
885:Virtues
512:Sources
481:June 1,
306:, p. 21
33:writing
21:quality
1882:Virtus
1874:Pietas
1793:Upekį¹£Ä
1786:SaddhÄ
1752:PrajƱÄ
1745:MuditÄ
1724:Kshama
1717:Karuį¹Ä
1680:Asteya
1673:Ärjava
1652:Ahimsa
1637:Indian
1620:Sophia
1495:Wisdom
1373:Filial
1281:Social
1226:Honour
843:
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680:
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243:, see
56:Vulcan
52:Rubens
1938:VirtĆ¹
1892:Other
1851:Fides
1810:Latin
1800:VÄ«rya
1759:Satya
1738:MettÄ
1701:Dhį¹ti
1580:Arete
1572:Agape
1564:Greek
1490:Trust
1475:Taste
1368:Piety
1328:Mercy
1201:Glory
1166:Faith
1114:Moral
1109:Civil
1028:Yamas
713:S2CID
471:(PDF)
139:guild
1930:Sisu
1922:Seny
1907:Giri
1773:SevÄ
1694:DÄna
1531:Jing
1380:Pity
1303:Love
1231:Hope
1141:Duty
841:ISBN
809:PMID
770:ISBN
739:ISBN
678:ISBN
656:ISBN
637:ISBN
611:ISBN
589:ISBN
554:ISBN
501:help
483:2010
195:and
169:and
105:and
1709:Hrī
1546:Ren
1500:Wit
801:doi
705:doi
84:mon
29:art
1961::
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1538:Li
1523:De
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