33:
378:; they thrive in environments with 10-20% of atmospheric oxygen such as in upper mud or sand layers, or the water-sediment surface of shallow ponds. Some have been found in sewage treatment plants. Pelobionts are typically found worldwide, with studies confirming their extensive presence in temperate regions of Europe and North America. Habitats typically include freshwater rivers and lakes, with the highest abundance of organisms in stagnant water, where low-oxygen environments are common. Marine environments are also found to host pelobionts. Habitats in which pelobionts are found are organically rich.
3040:
470:. These have reduced so far that their only function is the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur clusters. They have no energy metabolic function, and as a result the organisms must attain energy by other means. To make up for the loss of ATP production, amitochondriate organisms have acquired the ability to import ATP.
381:
Though most pelobionts are free-living, some members are considered endobiotic, meaning they survive only in the guts of hosts. These members are completely anoxic, and thrive in areas of low pH. They have been found in various vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, particularly within primates and dogs.
348:
based on external morphological characteristics alone. However, recent discoveries regarding life cycles have shown that a single organism takes on many morphologies throughout its life cycle, putting the number of described species into question. There are currently 9 confirmed distinguished species
343:
was specified in 1891 to only include organisms with the following features: amoeboid flagellates with hyaline based cytoplasm, a direct connection between the flagellum and the nucleus, on occasions with lateral pseudopods, and nucleus with an elongated shape. Throughout the 20th century, hundreds
414:
The singular flagellum is composed of a 9 + 2 microtubule structure. The flagellar apparatus consists of a single basal body, from which the flagellum arises. There is a microtubular cone that directly connects the flagellar apparatus to the nucleus. In Type A species, this cone is wide, and
912:
Ptáčková, Eliška; Kostygov, Alexei Yu.; Chistyakova, Lyudmila V.; Falteisek, Lukáš; Frolov, Alexander O.; Patterson, David J.; Walker, Giselle; Cepicka, Ivan (May 2013). "Evolution of
Archamoebae: Morphological and Molecular Evidence for Pelobionts Including Rhizomastix, Entamoeba, Iodamoeba, and
411:. Uroids are present in Type A species, whereas Type B species feature a trailing pseudopod instead. Type A species typically grow to 200 ÎĽm in length, and Type B species are typically smaller than 80 ÎĽm in length. The flagellum ranges in length from 10 ÎĽm to 60 ÎĽm.
418:
The exterior of the cell is covered in a thin, unevenly distributed layer of organic filamentous material. These filaments run parallel to the cell and are 1 ÎĽm at their thickest point. The chemical composition of this extracellular covering is unknown. Some
463:. They produce Hydrogen gas as a by-product. Hydrogenosomes have been formed from mitochondria through loss of aerobic life stages. The biosynthesis of iron-sulfur clusters has transitioned to be a cytosolic function through a lateral gene transfer event.
433:
lack Golgi dictyosomes, though core Golgi functions are retained by related elements in the endomembrane system. The endoplasmic reticulum contains some bundled structures, and various vesicles that fulfil the core functions of a Golgi dictyosome.
423:
have spines distributed irregularly around the cell. These spines are hollow, and their composition is unknown. The organic layer sometimes contains symbionts of prokaryotic origin. The identity and relationship of these symbionts is unknown.
1048:
Simpson, AlaĹźtair G.B.; Bernard, Catherine; Fenchel, Tom; Patterson, David J. (January 1997). "The organisation of
Mastigamoeba schizophrenia n. sp.: More evidence of ultrastructural idiosyncrasy and simplicity in pelobiont protists".
501:
as it has served as a model organism for study and research regarding amitochondriate organisms. The method of iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis and how it has moved from the mitochondria to the cytosol has been extensively studied in
415:
arises from the base and the lateral ends of the basal body. In Type B species, this cone is narrow, and arises only from the base of the basal body. The flagellar apparatus is positioned anteriorly and aids in movement.
485:
the dominant trophic form is as a multinucleate, in which it can have up to 46 nuclei. Reproduction occurs by mitosis and subsequent budding. When multinucleate, this results in unequal nuclei amongst daughter cells.
526:
Milyutina, Irina A.; Aleshin, Vladimir V.; Mikrjukov, Kirill A.; Kedrova, Olga S.; Petrov, Nikolai B. (July 2001). "The unusually long small subunit ribosomal RNA gene found in amitochondriate amoeboflagellate
877:
Chavez, Lawrence A.; Balamuth, William; Gong, Thomas (August 1986). "A Light and
Electron Microscopical Study of a New, Polymorphic Free-Living Amoeba, Phreatamoeba balamuthi n. g., n. sp. 1".
397:
are polymorphic; they switch between multiple morphologies throughout their life cycles. They can exist as amoeboid flagellates, aflagellate amoebae, multinucleate amoebae, and as cysts.
286:
and are treated by some as indistinguishable at the generic level, though this is not universally accepted. All species share many similarities with other pelobionts, such as
234:
The genus is relatively understudied, and under contention regarding the composition of the genus. While dozens of species have been described (some in other genera such as
858:
353:, with many more in contention. Tom Cavalier-Smith described the class Archamoebae in 1983 and among others included the order Mastigamoebid, which includes the genus
3133:
1076:
Gill, Erin E.; Diaz-Triviño, Sara; Barberà , Maria José; Silberman, Jeffrey D.; Stechmann, Alexandra; Gaston, Daniel; Tamas, Ivica; Roger, Andrew J. (2007-10-17).
948:
Frolov, A. O.; Chystyakova, L. V.; Malysheva, M. N. (February 2011). "Light and electron microscopic study of
Pelomyxa flava sp.n. (archamoebae, pelobiontida)".
3172:
331:
was described as a genus of species characterized by an ameboid body with a hyaline based cytoplasm and a flagellum. Due to its similarities to genera such as
32:
3120:
3146:
1078:"Novel mitochondrion-related organelles in the anaerobic amoeba Mastigamoeba balamuthi: Novel mitochondrion-related organelles in M. balamuthi"
718:
Bernard, Catherine; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Patterson, David J. (May 2000). "Some free-living flagellates (protista) from anoxic habitats".
622:(2006). "Ultrastructural description of Breviata anathema, n. Gen., n. Sp., the organism previously studied as "Mastigamoeba invertens"".
1142:
510:
are thought to be an intermediate degenerate stage between a typical mitochondria and more reduced mitosomes found in other pelobionts.
784:
3198:
1175:
1170:
3151:
459:. These function to produce ATP by partial anaerobic oxidation of pyruvate. Hydrogenosomes have lost their genome, and the
403:
are divided into two main clades. Clade A includes those species that are large with a broader and larger flagellum (e.g.,
3159:
1254:
1244:
1227:
427:
The cyst stage is surrounded by a wall of unknown composition. The cyst stage is uninucleate, and filled with granules.
360:
Historically, amoeboid flagellates have been considered
Pelobionts, which encompasses mastigamoebids and pelomyxids.
160:
3177:
448:
have been reduced to or changed to forms that still retain some mitochondrial function or have altered functions.
3226:
800:
Larsen, Jacob; Patterson, David J. (August 1990). "Some flagellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments".
569:
Gill, E.; Diaz-Triviño, S.; Barberà , M.; Silberman, J.; Stechmann, A.; Gaston, D.; Tamas, I.; Roger, A. (2007).
460:
154:
998:; Fabre, Olivier; van der Giezen, Mark; Harding, Marilyn; Horner, David S.; Kunji, Edmund R.S. (April 2005).
1259:
1135:
2687:
3060:
2679:
302:
148:
142:
130:
1000:"A Novel ADP/ATP Transporter in the Mitosome of the Microaerophilic Human Parasite Entamoeba histolytica"
2666:
2546:
2378:
1927:
1445:
1440:
1222:
764:
2523:
1701:
1694:
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2737:
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1652:
668:
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3107:
2814:
2763:
2697:
2459:
2383:
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1886:
809:
172:
2982:
2786:
2755:
2599:
2488:
2454:
2446:
1810:
1575:
223:, amitochondriate organisms that are polymorphic. Their dominant life cycle stage is as an amoeboid
2926:
2576:
2317:
2001:
166:
3010:
2877:
2825:
2728:
2568:
2390:
2373:
1708:
1547:
1526:
1484:
1450:
767:(1983). Schenk, HEA; Schwemmler, WS (eds.). "A 6-kingdom classification and a unified phylogeny".
393:
are characterized as amoeboid flagellates with hyaline cytoplasm. The hyaline cytoplasm is clear.
3043:
2975:
2940:
2898:
2559:
2358:
2331:
2324:
2310:
2303:
2283:
2269:
1901:
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1217:
1205:
1180:
1128:
1107:
1030:
973:
852:
743:
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220:
181:
136:
48:
3003:
2912:
2590:
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2338:
1610:
1519:
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2625:
1477:
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1200:
1190:
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1022:
965:
930:
894:
825:
780:
735:
692:
639:
592:
548:
2891:
1617:
1343:
444:
Archamoebae are all amitochondriate, meaning they lack typical mitochondria. Mitochondria in
3190:
2714:
2510:
1891:
1760:
1687:
1164:
1089:
1058:
1014:
999:
957:
922:
886:
817:
772:
727:
684:
631:
582:
540:
477:
is a uninucleate amoeboid flagellate, though some species have multinucleate morphologies.
3231:
2781:
2706:
2607:
2469:
2037:
2009:
1870:
1862:
1624:
1561:
1405:
1377:
1304:
95:
813:
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2773:
2258:
2219:
2165:
1911:
1776:
1680:
1533:
1498:
1322:
1195:
890:
571:"Novel mitochondrion-related organelles in the anaerobic amoeba Mastigamoeba balamuthi"
1062:
544:
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2947:
2643:
2395:
2363:
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2214:
2152:
2142:
2114:
2096:
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2032:
2024:
2014:
1982:
1836:
1831:
1729:
1603:
1596:
1395:
1372:
1367:
1327:
1314:
1094:
1077:
995:
635:
619:
587:
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456:
1111:
1034:
977:
747:
704:
651:
604:
3017:
2933:
2426:
2263:
2209:
2201:
2160:
2119:
2106:
2083:
1992:
1974:
1896:
1852:
1815:
1736:
1722:
1715:
1666:
1631:
1582:
1505:
1362:
731:
926:
3164:
3092:
2996:
2905:
2819:
2809:
2648:
2533:
2518:
2411:
2250:
2137:
2074:
1673:
1512:
1491:
1421:
1354:
673:"Untersuchungen über die mikroskopische Fauna Argentiniens: Vorläufiger Bericht"
83:
3083:
2989:
2796:
2635:
2129:
2060:
2055:
1906:
1743:
1659:
1645:
1638:
1540:
1387:
1292:
1018:
961:
821:
776:
228:
224:
969:
829:
739:
696:
2954:
2919:
2345:
2276:
2047:
1589:
1400:
1284:
1275:
1151:
375:
292:
124:
71:
59:
1103:
1026:
934:
643:
596:
552:
211:
of pelobionts, and treated by some as members of the
Archamoebae group of
898:
3077:
3024:
2617:
2435:
2294:
1965:
1470:
1234:
467:
315:
531:: its rRNA predicted secondary structure and phylogenetic implication".
3125:
2192:
843:
Walker, G., Zadrobilkova, E., & Cepicka, I. (2017). "Archamoebae".
688:
437:
Peroxisomes are not present in all
Archamoebae. Studies show that some
407:. Clade B includes those that are smaller, with narrow flagella (e.g.,
212:
2239:
2183:
1554:
3054:
672:
208:
3058:
1124:
3112:
1120:
466:
Other species have reduced mitochondrial organelles called
769:
3067:
2867:
2795:
2772:
2754:
2736:
2727:
2705:
2696:
2678:
2665:
2634:
2616:
2598:
2589:
2567:
2558:
2545:
2532:
2509:
2468:
2445:
2425:
2408:
2293:
2249:
2236:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2151:
2128:
2105:
2082:
2073:
2046:
2023:
2000:
1991:
1973:
1964:
1920:
1879:
1861:
1845:
1824:
1803:
1794:
1769:
1753:
1431:
1418:
1386:
1353:
1340:
1313:
1283:
1274:
481:has up to 10 nuclei in its multinucleate stage. In
374:are a type of Pelobiont. Pelobionts are considered
771:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.: 1027–1034.
663:
661:
1136:
994:Chan, Ka Wai; Slotboom, Dirk-Jan; Cox, Sian;
455:have mitochondrial related organelles called
8:
857:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
270:(ChĂ vez et al., 1986) Simpson et al., 1997;
227:. Species are typically free living, though
3055:
2733:
2702:
2675:
2595:
2564:
2555:
2542:
2442:
2422:
2405:
2246:
2233:
2197:
2188:
2079:
1997:
1970:
1800:
1791:
1428:
1415:
1350:
1337:
1280:
1143:
1129:
1121:
344:of species were described under the genus
31:
20:
1093:
586:
518:
278:Bernard, Simpson and Patterson, 2000.
850:
624:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
1796: Glutinoconcha
989:
987:
7:
872:
870:
868:
759:
757:
564:
562:
891:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05630.x
677:Archiv fĂĽr Mikroskopische Anatomie
497:is the most well-known species of
313:(ATCC 50338) is now classified as
246:), the well described species are
14:
3039:
3038:
1095:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05979.x
1051:European Journal of Protistology
636:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00087.x
588:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05979.x
506:. The mitochondrial remnants in
258:Frenzel, 1897 Lemmermann, 1914;
732:10.1080/00785236.1999.10409422
441:contain peroxisomal proteins.
309:A strain previously called as
1:
1063:10.1016/S0932-4739(97)80024-7
545:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00556-X
282:was initially referred to as
231:species have been described.
927:10.1016/j.protis.2012.11.005
16:Genus of flagellar amoeboids
879:The Journal of Protozoology
43:spp., fig. 3-4, fig. 16-18
3248:
802:Journal of Natural History
274:Simpson et al., 1997; and
272:Mastigamoeba schizophrenia
3034:
2404:
2232:
1790:
1414:
1336:
1158:
1019:10.1016/j.cub.2005.02.068
962:10.1134/S1990519X1101007X
822:10.1080/00222939000770571
777:10.1515/9783110841237-104
473:The main trophic form of
187:
180:
121:
116:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
845:Handbook Of The Protists
461:electron-transport chain
276:Mastigamoeba punctachora
264:Mastigamoeba trichophora
950:Cell and Tissue Biology
618:Walker, G.; Dacks, J.;
1082:Molecular Microbiology
575:Molecular Microbiology
495:Mastigamoeba balamuthi
311:Mastigamoeba invertens
303:Mastigamoeba balamuthi
284:Phreatamobea balamuthi
280:Mastigamoeba balamuthi
268:Mastigamoeba balamuthi
2688:Echinosteliopsidaceae
847:. pp. 1349–1403.
219:are characterized as
2680:Echinosteliopsidales
490:Practical Importance
260:Mastigamoeba viridis
256:Mastigamoeba chlamys
252:Mastigamoeba simplex
814:1990JNatH..24..801L
367:Habitat and Ecology
248:Mastigamoeba aspera
3044:Category:Amoebozoa
2667:Columellomycetidae
2547:Lucisporomycetidae
2417:(true slime molds)
2414:
2410:
2379:Schizoplasmodiidae
2242:
2238:
1928:Cylindrifflugiidae
1782:Cryptodifflugiidae
1446:Mississippiellidae
1441:Bipseudostomatidae
1424:
1420:
1346:
1342:
765:Cavalier-Smith, T.
689:10.1007/BF02954385
529:Pelomyxa palustris
266:Lauterborn, 1901;
3214:
3213:
3186:Open Tree of Life
3061:Taxon identifiers
3052:
3051:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2805:Lamprodermataceae
2746:Clastodermataceae
2723:
2722:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2585:
2584:
2524:Protosporangiidae
2505:
2504:
2228:
2227:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2069:
2068:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1863:Hyalospheniformes
1702:Pseudawerintzewia
1695:Protocucurbitella
1298:Trichosphaeriidae
996:Embley, T. Martin
671:(December 1891).
669:Frenzel, Johannes
620:Martin Embley, T.
479:M. schizophrenia
200:
199:
3239:
3227:Amoebozoa genera
3207:
3206:
3194:
3193:
3181:
3180:
3168:
3167:
3165:NHMSYS0020732954
3155:
3154:
3142:
3141:
3129:
3128:
3116:
3115:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3056:
3042:
3041:
2969:Pseudothecamoeba
2738:Clastodermatales
2734:
2715:Echinosteliaceae
2703:
2676:
2672:
2596:
2565:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2539:
2511:Protosporangiida
2483:Dictyosteliaceae
2478:Raperosteliaceae
2443:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2406:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2198:
2189:
2080:
1998:
1971:
1892:Distomatopyxidae
1801:
1797:
1792:
1761:Microchlamyiidae
1688:Protoplagiopyxis
1653:Planhoogenraadia
1429:
1425:
1416:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1281:
1187:
1167:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1097:
1088:(6): 1306–1320.
1073:
1067:
1066:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1004:
991:
982:
981:
945:
939:
938:
909:
903:
902:
874:
863:
862:
856:
848:
840:
834:
833:
797:
791:
790:
761:
752:
751:
715:
709:
708:
665:
656:
655:
615:
609:
608:
590:
581:(6): 1306–1320.
566:
557:
556:
539:(1–2): 131–139.
523:
451:Species such as
290:and the related
262:Prowazek, 1900;
161:M. schizophrenia
35:
21:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3202:
3197:
3189:
3184:
3176:
3171:
3163:
3158:
3150:
3145:
3137:
3132:
3124:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3063:
3053:
3048:
3030:
2831:
2815:Kelleromyxaceae
2791:
2782:Stemonitidaceae
2768:
2764:Meridermataceae
2750:
2719:
2707:Echinosteliales
2698:Echinosteliidia
2692:
2670:
2669:
2653:
2630:
2612:
2608:Reticulariaceae
2581:
2551:(bright-spored)
2550:
2549:
2537:
2536:
2528:
2501:
2470:Dictyosteliales
2464:
2460:Acytosteliaceae
2441:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2400:
2384:Soliformoviidae
2369:Fractovitellida
2289:
2237:
2224:
2170:
2147:
2124:
2101:
2065:
2042:
2038:Cochliopodiidae
2019:
2010:Acanthamoebidae
1987:
1932:
1921:Cylindrothecina
1916:
1887:Cucurbitellidae
1875:
1871:Hyalospheniidae
1857:
1841:
1820:
1795:
1786:
1765:
1749:
1625:Paracentropyxis
1562:Lagenodifflugia
1419:
1410:
1406:Hartmannellidae
1382:
1378:Gephyramoebidae
1341:
1332:
1309:
1305:Microcoryciidae
1270:
1269:
1185:
1163:
1154:
1149:
1119:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1007:Current Biology
1002:
993:
992:
985:
947:
946:
942:
911:
910:
906:
876:
875:
866:
849:
842:
841:
837:
799:
798:
794:
787:
763:
762:
755:
717:
716:
712:
667:
666:
659:
617:
616:
612:
568:
567:
560:
525:
524:
520:
516:
492:
388:
369:
363:
326:
299:
250:Schulze, 1875;
192:
170:
164:
158:
152:
146:
140:
134:
128:
112:
98:
96:Mastigamoebidae
86:
74:
62:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3245:
3243:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3219:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3195:
3182:
3169:
3156:
3143:
3130:
3117:
3104:
3089:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2983:Schoutedamoeba
2979:
2972:
2965:
2962:Penardochlamys
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2871:
2869:incertae sedis
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2787:Comatrichaceae
2784:
2778:
2776:
2774:Stemonitidales
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2756:Meridermatales
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2673:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2600:Reticulariales
2593:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2540:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2519:Ceratiomyxidae
2515:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2489:Coremiostelium
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2455:Cavenderiaceae
2451:
2449:
2447:Acytosteliales
2440:
2439:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2259:Mastigamoebida
2255:
2253:
2244:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2220:Squamamoebidae
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2166:Vexilliferidae
2163:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1912:Trigonopyxidae
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1880:Sphaerothecina
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1811:Lesquereusidae
1807:
1805:
1798:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1777:Phryganellidae
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1681:Proplagiopyxis
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1576:Lamptoquadrula
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1534:Geoplagiopyxis
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1499:Ellipsopyxella
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1433:incertae sedis
1426:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1348:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1323:Echinamoebidae
1319:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:Mesomycetozoea
1257:
1252:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1196:Diaphoretickes
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1068:
1040:
1013:(8): 737–742.
983:
940:
921:(3): 380–410.
904:
885:(3): 397–404.
864:
835:
808:(4): 801–937.
792:
785:
753:
726:(2): 113–142.
710:
657:
610:
558:
517:
515:
512:
499:Mastigamoeba,
491:
488:
457:hydrogenosomes
387:
384:
368:
365:
325:
322:
198:
197:
185:
184:
178:
177:
155:M. punctachora
119:
118:
114:
113:
106:
104:
100:
99:
94:
92:
88:
87:
82:
80:
76:
75:
70:
68:
64:
63:
58:
56:
52:
51:
45:
44:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3244:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2948:Oscillosignum
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2927:Malpighamoeba
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2671:(dark-spored)
2668:
2664:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Dianemataceae
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2577:Cribrariaceae
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2538:(Myxomycetes)
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2396:Holomastigida
2394:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2364:Protosteliida
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:Phalansterium
2350:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2318:Darbyshirella
2315:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:Sapocribridae
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2153:Dactylopodida
2150:
2144:
2143:Discamoebidae
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Dermamoebidae
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2097:Thecamoebidae
2095:
2093:
2092:Stenamoebidae
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Parvamoebidae
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2025:Himatismenida
2022:
2016:
2015:Balamuthiidae
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2002:Acanthopodida
1999:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1983:Stygamoebidae
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1837:Plagiopyxidae
1835:
1833:
1832:Centropyxidae
1830:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:Phryganellina
1768:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1730:Suiadifflugia
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1604:Microquadrula
1601:
1599:
1598:
1597:Meisterfeldia
1594:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:Nolandellidae
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:Flabellulidae
1371:
1369:
1368:Rhizamoebidae
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1328:Vermamoebidae
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1315:Echinamoebida
1312:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:Stramenopiles
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1186:(major groups
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
997:
990:
988:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
908:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
871:
869:
865:
860:
854:
846:
839:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
793:
788:
786:9783110841237
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
760:
758:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
714:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
679:(in German).
678:
674:
670:
664:
662:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
614:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:
563:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
522:
519:
513:
511:
509:
508:M. balamuthi
505:
500:
496:
489:
487:
484:
483:M. balamuthi,
480:
476:
475:Mastigamoeba
471:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
453:M. balamuthi
449:
447:
446:Mastigamoeba
442:
440:
439:Mastigamoeba
435:
432:
431:Mastigamoeba
428:
425:
422:
416:
412:
410:
406:
405:M. balamuthi)
402:
398:
396:
392:
385:
383:
379:
377:
373:
372:Mastigamoebae
366:
364:
361:
358:
356:
352:
347:
342:
341:Mastigamoeba
338:
334:
330:
329:Mastigamoeba
323:
321:
319:
317:
312:
307:
305:
304:
297:
296:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:Mastigamoeba
214:
210:
206:
205:
196:
195:
191:
186:
183:
179:
176:
175:
174:
169:
168:
163:
162:
157:
156:
151:
150:
145:
144:
139:
138:
133:
132:
127:
126:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
102:
101:
97:
93:
90:
89:
85:
81:
78:
77:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
57:
54:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
3099:Mastigamoeba
3069:Mastigamoeba
3068:
3023:
3016:
3011:Triaenamoeba
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2934:Microcorycia
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2878:Belonocystis
2876:
2868:
2826:Tasmaniomyxa
2824:
2729:Stemonitidia
2569:Cribrariales
2494:
2487:
2434:
2427:Dictyostelia
2391:Cavosteliida
2374:Acramoebidae
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2264:Pelobiontida
2210:Idionectidae
2202:Squamocutida
2161:Paramoebidae
2120:Mayorellidae
2107:Dermamoebida
2084:Thecamoebida
1993:Centramoebia
1975:Stygamoebida
1897:Lamtopyxidae
1853:Heleoperidae
1825:Excentrosoma
1816:Difflugiidae
1804:Longithecina
1754:Organoconcha
1742:
1737:Trigonopyxis
1735:
1728:
1723:Sexangularia
1721:
1716:Schoenbornia
1714:
1709:Pseudonebela
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1667:Pontigulasia
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1632:Paraquadrula
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1583:Leptochlamys
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1548:Hoogenraadia
1546:
1539:
1532:
1527:Geamphorella
1525:
1518:
1511:
1506:Ellipsopyxis
1504:
1497:
1490:
1485:Conicocassis
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1451:Shamkiriidae
1432:
1363:Leptomyxidae
1245:Opisthokonta
1085:
1081:
1071:
1057:(1): 87–98.
1054:
1050:
1043:
1010:
1006:
956:(1): 81–89.
953:
949:
943:
918:
914:
913:Endolimax".
907:
882:
878:
844:
838:
805:
801:
795:
768:
723:
719:
713:
680:
676:
630:(2): 65–78.
627:
623:
613:
578:
574:
536:
532:
528:
521:
507:
504:M. balamuthi
503:
498:
494:
493:
482:
478:
474:
472:
465:
452:
450:
445:
443:
438:
436:
430:
429:
426:
421:Mastigamoeba
420:
417:
413:
408:
404:
401:Mastigamoeba
400:
399:
395:Mastigamoeba
394:
391:Mastigamoeba
390:
389:
380:
371:
370:
362:
359:
355:Mastigamoeba
354:
351:Mastigamoeba
350:
346:Mastigamoeba
345:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:
314:
310:
308:
301:
300:It includes
298:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:Kent, 1880;
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:Phreatamoeba
235:
233:
216:
204:Mastigamoeba
203:
202:
201:
193:
190:Phreatamoeba
189:
188:
171:
165:
159:
153:
149:M. longfilum
147:
143:M. invertens
141:
135:
131:M. balamuthi
129:
123:
122:
109:Mastigamoeba
108:
107:
67:(unranked):
41:Mastigamoeba
40:
25:Mastigamoeba
24:
18:
3093:Wikispecies
2997:Subulamoeba
2976:Rhabdamoeba
2941:Microglomus
2906:Gibbodiscus
2899:Corallomyxa
2820:Physaraceae
2810:Didymiaceae
2649:Trichiaceae
2560:Cribariidia
2534:Myxogastria
2412:Eumycetozoa
2359:Flamellidae
2332:Ischnamoeba
2325:Dictyamoeba
2311:Arboramoeba
2304:Angulamoeba
2284:Rhizomastix
2270:Tricholimax
2251:Archamoebea
2138:Vannellidae
2075:Flabellinia
1902:Netzeliidae
1674:Prantlitina
1569:Lamptopyxis
1513:Erugomicula
1492:Cornuapyxis
1422:Arcellinida
1355:Leptomyxida
683:(1): 1–24.
409:M. simplex)
386:Description
333:Mastigella
288:Mastigella
84:Archamoebae
3221:Categories
3004:Thecochaos
2990:Stereomyxa
2913:Hartmannia
2797:Physarales
2636:Trichiales
2591:Trichiidia
2496:Synstelium
2339:Heliamoeba
2130:Vannellida
2061:Goceviidae
2056:Pellitidae
1907:Arcellidae
1846:Volnustoma
1744:Wailesella
1660:Pomoriella
1646:Physochila
1639:Pentagonia
1611:Nabranella
1541:Geopyxella
1520:Frenopyxis
1388:Euamoebida
1293:Trichosida
514:References
339:the genus
337:Mastigina,
229:endobiotic
225:flagellate
173:M. simplex
2955:Parmulina
2920:Malamoeba
2626:Liceaceae
2346:Filamoeba
2277:Entamoeba
2048:Pellitida
1590:Maghrebia
1478:Armipyxis
1401:Amoebidae
1285:Corycidia
1276:Tubulinea
1240:Amoebozoa
1218:Alveolata
1206:Cryptista
1181:Eukaryota
1152:Amoebozoa
970:1990-519X
853:cite book
830:0022-2933
740:0078-5326
697:0176-7364
468:mitosomes
376:microoxic
293:Entamoeba
244:Mastigina
240:Dinamoeba
221:anaerobic
194:Mastigina
167:M. setosa
125:M. aspera
72:Amoebozoa
60:Eukaryota
3084:Q6785543
3078:Wikidata
3025:Zonomyxa
2885:Boveella
2618:Liceales
2436:Coenonia
2295:Variosea
1966:Discosea
1471:Argynnia
1464:Apolimia
1457:Acipyxis
1235:Amorphea
1213:Rhizaria
1201:Hacrobia
1191:Excavata
1176:Bacteria
1112:30581896
1104:18045382
1035:16160605
1027:15854906
978:19999809
935:23312407
748:84902557
705:87149699
652:31046569
644:16579808
605:30581896
597:18045382
553:11470518
357:.
318:anathema
316:Breviata
213:protists
182:Synonyms
137:M. hylae
117:Species
91:Family:
55:Domain:
3139:1205317
3126:3210452
2892:Biomyxa
2193:Cutosea
1618:Oopyxis
1344:Elardia
1250:Animals
1171:Archaea
915:Protist
899:3746722
810:Bibcode
720:Ophelia
324:History
103:Genus:
79:Class:
3232:Conosa
3204:428551
3191:563111
2240:Conosa
2184:Evosea
1555:Jungia
1228:Plants
1165:Domain
1110:
1102:
1033:
1025:
976:
968:
933:
897:
828:
783:
746:
738:
703:
695:
650:
642:
603:
595:
551:
242:, and
3199:WoRMS
3178:81099
3152:43885
3134:IRMNG
3113:62534
1255:Fungi
1108:S2CID
1031:S2CID
1003:(PDF)
974:S2CID
744:S2CID
701:S2CID
648:S2CID
601:S2CID
209:genus
207:is a
3173:NCBI
3147:ITIS
3121:GBIF
3018:Unda
1100:PMID
1023:PMID
966:ISSN
931:PMID
895:PMID
859:link
826:ISSN
781:ISBN
736:ISSN
693:ISSN
640:PMID
593:PMID
549:PMID
533:Gene
335:and
3160:NBN
3108:EoL
1090:doi
1059:doi
1015:doi
958:doi
923:doi
919:164
887:doi
818:doi
773:doi
728:doi
685:doi
632:doi
583:doi
541:doi
537:272
349:of
3223::
3201::
3188::
3175::
3162::
3149::
3136::
3123::
3110::
3095::
3080::
1106:.
1098:.
1086:66
1084:.
1080:.
1055:33
1053:.
1029:.
1021:.
1011:15
1009:.
1005:.
986:^
972:.
964:.
952:.
929:.
917:.
893:.
883:33
881:.
867:^
855:}}
851:{{
824:.
816:.
806:24
804:.
779:.
756:^
742:.
734:.
724:52
722:.
699:.
691:.
681:38
675:.
660:^
646:.
638:.
628:53
626:.
599:.
591:.
579:66
577:.
573:.
561:^
547:.
535:.
320:.
306:.
238:,
215:.
1262:)
1144:e
1137:t
1130:v
1114:.
1092::
1065:.
1061::
1037:.
1017::
980:.
960::
954:5
937:.
925::
901:.
889::
861:)
832:.
820::
812::
789:.
775::
750:.
730::
707:.
687::
654:.
634::
607:.
585::
555:.
543::
295:.
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