44:
389:; they thrive in environments with 10-20% of atmospheric oxygen such as in upper mud or sand layers, or the water-sediment surface of shallow ponds. Some have been found in sewage treatment plants. Pelobionts are typically found worldwide, with studies confirming their extensive presence in temperate regions of Europe and North America. Habitats typically include freshwater rivers and lakes, with the highest abundance of organisms in stagnant water, where low-oxygen environments are common. Marine environments are also found to host pelobionts. Habitats in which pelobionts are found are organically rich.
3051:
481:. These have reduced so far that their only function is the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur clusters. They have no energy metabolic function, and as a result the organisms must attain energy by other means. To make up for the loss of ATP production, amitochondriate organisms have acquired the ability to import ATP.
392:
Though most pelobionts are free-living, some members are considered endobiotic, meaning they survive only in the guts of hosts. These members are completely anoxic, and thrive in areas of low pH. They have been found in various vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, particularly within primates and dogs.
359:
based on external morphological characteristics alone. However, recent discoveries regarding life cycles have shown that a single organism takes on many morphologies throughout its life cycle, putting the number of described species into question. There are currently 9 confirmed distinguished species
354:
was specified in 1891 to only include organisms with the following features: amoeboid flagellates with hyaline based cytoplasm, a direct connection between the flagellum and the nucleus, on occasions with lateral pseudopods, and nucleus with an elongated shape. Throughout the 20th century, hundreds
425:
The singular flagellum is composed of a 9 + 2 microtubule structure. The flagellar apparatus consists of a single basal body, from which the flagellum arises. There is a microtubular cone that directly connects the flagellar apparatus to the nucleus. In Type A species, this cone is wide, and
923:
Ptáčková, Eliška; Kostygov, Alexei Yu.; Chistyakova, Lyudmila V.; Falteisek, Lukáš; Frolov, Alexander O.; Patterson, David J.; Walker, Giselle; Cepicka, Ivan (May 2013). "Evolution of
Archamoebae: Morphological and Molecular Evidence for Pelobionts Including Rhizomastix, Entamoeba, Iodamoeba, and
422:. Uroids are present in Type A species, whereas Type B species feature a trailing pseudopod instead. Type A species typically grow to 200 ÎĽm in length, and Type B species are typically smaller than 80 ÎĽm in length. The flagellum ranges in length from 10 ÎĽm to 60 ÎĽm.
429:
The exterior of the cell is covered in a thin, unevenly distributed layer of organic filamentous material. These filaments run parallel to the cell and are 1 ÎĽm at their thickest point. The chemical composition of this extracellular covering is unknown. Some
474:. They produce Hydrogen gas as a by-product. Hydrogenosomes have been formed from mitochondria through loss of aerobic life stages. The biosynthesis of iron-sulfur clusters has transitioned to be a cytosolic function through a lateral gene transfer event.
444:
lack Golgi dictyosomes, though core Golgi functions are retained by related elements in the endomembrane system. The endoplasmic reticulum contains some bundled structures, and various vesicles that fulfil the core functions of a Golgi dictyosome.
434:
have spines distributed irregularly around the cell. These spines are hollow, and their composition is unknown. The organic layer sometimes contains symbionts of prokaryotic origin. The identity and relationship of these symbionts is unknown.
1059:
Simpson, AlaĹźtair G.B.; Bernard, Catherine; Fenchel, Tom; Patterson, David J. (January 1997). "The organisation of
Mastigamoeba schizophrenia n. sp.: More evidence of ultrastructural idiosyncrasy and simplicity in pelobiont protists".
512:
as it has served as a model organism for study and research regarding amitochondriate organisms. The method of iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis and how it has moved from the mitochondria to the cytosol has been extensively studied in
426:
arises from the base and the lateral ends of the basal body. In Type B species, this cone is narrow, and arises only from the base of the basal body. The flagellar apparatus is positioned anteriorly and aids in movement.
496:
the dominant trophic form is as a multinucleate, in which it can have up to 46 nuclei. Reproduction occurs by mitosis and subsequent budding. When multinucleate, this results in unequal nuclei amongst daughter cells.
537:
Milyutina, Irina A.; Aleshin, Vladimir V.; Mikrjukov, Kirill A.; Kedrova, Olga S.; Petrov, Nikolai B. (July 2001). "The unusually long small subunit ribosomal RNA gene found in amitochondriate amoeboflagellate
888:
Chavez, Lawrence A.; Balamuth, William; Gong, Thomas (August 1986). "A Light and
Electron Microscopical Study of a New, Polymorphic Free-Living Amoeba, Phreatamoeba balamuthi n. g., n. sp. 1".
408:
are polymorphic; they switch between multiple morphologies throughout their life cycles. They can exist as amoeboid flagellates, aflagellate amoebae, multinucleate amoebae, and as cysts.
297:
and are treated by some as indistinguishable at the generic level, though this is not universally accepted. All species share many similarities with other pelobionts, such as
245:
The genus is relatively understudied, and under contention regarding the composition of the genus. While dozens of species have been described (some in other genera such as
869:
364:, with many more in contention. Tom Cavalier-Smith described the class Archamoebae in 1983 and among others included the order Mastigamoebid, which includes the genus
3144:
1087:
Gill, Erin E.; Diaz-Triviño, Sara; Barberà , Maria José; Silberman, Jeffrey D.; Stechmann, Alexandra; Gaston, Daniel; Tamas, Ivica; Roger, Andrew J. (2007-10-17).
959:
Frolov, A. O.; Chystyakova, L. V.; Malysheva, M. N. (February 2011). "Light and electron microscopic study of
Pelomyxa flava sp.n. (archamoebae, pelobiontida)".
3183:
342:
was described as a genus of species characterized by an ameboid body with a hyaline based cytoplasm and a flagellum. Due to its similarities to genera such as
43:
3131:
3157:
1089:"Novel mitochondrion-related organelles in the anaerobic amoeba Mastigamoeba balamuthi: Novel mitochondrion-related organelles in M. balamuthi"
729:
Bernard, Catherine; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Patterson, David J. (May 2000). "Some free-living flagellates (protista) from anoxic habitats".
633:(2006). "Ultrastructural description of Breviata anathema, n. Gen., n. Sp., the organism previously studied as "Mastigamoeba invertens"".
1153:
521:
are thought to be an intermediate degenerate stage between a typical mitochondria and more reduced mitosomes found in other pelobionts.
795:
3209:
1186:
1181:
3162:
470:. These function to produce ATP by partial anaerobic oxidation of pyruvate. Hydrogenosomes have lost their genome, and the
414:
are divided into two main clades. Clade A includes those species that are large with a broader and larger flagellum (e.g.,
3170:
1265:
1255:
1238:
438:
The cyst stage is surrounded by a wall of unknown composition. The cyst stage is uninucleate, and filled with granules.
371:
Historically, amoeboid flagellates have been considered
Pelobionts, which encompasses mastigamoebids and pelomyxids.
171:
3188:
459:
have been reduced to or changed to forms that still retain some mitochondrial function or have altered functions.
3237:
811:
Larsen, Jacob; Patterson, David J. (August 1990). "Some flagellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments".
580:
Gill, E.; Diaz-Triviño, S.; Barberà , M.; Silberman, J.; Stechmann, A.; Gaston, D.; Tamas, I.; Roger, A. (2007).
471:
165:
1009:; Fabre, Olivier; van der Giezen, Mark; Harding, Marilyn; Horner, David S.; Kunji, Edmund R.S. (April 2005).
1270:
1146:
2698:
3071:
2690:
313:
159:
153:
141:
1011:"A Novel ADP/ATP Transporter in the Mitosome of the Microaerophilic Human Parasite Entamoeba histolytica"
2677:
2557:
2389:
1938:
1456:
1451:
1233:
775:
2534:
1712:
1705:
2979:
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679:
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2708:
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820:
183:
2993:
2797:
2766:
2610:
2499:
2465:
2457:
1821:
1586:
234:, amitochondriate organisms that are polymorphic. Their dominant life cycle stage is as an amoeboid
2937:
2587:
2328:
2012:
177:
3021:
2888:
2836:
2739:
2579:
2401:
2384:
1719:
1558:
1537:
1495:
1461:
778:(1983). Schenk, HEA; Schwemmler, WS (eds.). "A 6-kingdom classification and a unified phylogeny".
404:
are characterized as amoeboid flagellates with hyaline cytoplasm. The hyaline cytoplasm is clear.
3054:
2986:
2951:
2909:
2570:
2369:
2342:
2335:
2321:
2314:
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231:
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59:
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941:
905:
836:
791:
746:
703:
650:
603:
559:
2902:
1628:
1354:
455:
Archamoebae are all amitochondriate, meaning they lack typical mitochondria. Mitochondria in
3201:
2725:
2521:
1902:
1771:
1698:
1175:
1100:
1069:
1025:
1010:
968:
933:
897:
828:
783:
738:
695:
642:
593:
551:
488:
is a uninucleate amoeboid flagellate, though some species have multinucleate morphologies.
3242:
2792:
2717:
2618:
2480:
2048:
2020:
1881:
1873:
1635:
1572:
1416:
1388:
1315:
106:
824:
2972:
2784:
2269:
2230:
2176:
1922:
1787:
1691:
1544:
1509:
1333:
1206:
901:
582:"Novel mitochondrion-related organelles in the anaerobic amoeba Mastigamoeba balamuthi"
1073:
555:
3231:
2958:
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2406:
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2225:
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2153:
2125:
2107:
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1993:
1847:
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1406:
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467:
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17:
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2130:
2117:
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2003:
1985:
1907:
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937:
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2529:
2422:
2261:
2148:
2085:
1684:
1523:
1502:
1432:
1365:
684:"Untersuchungen über die mikroskopische Fauna Argentiniens: Vorläufiger Bericht"
94:
3094:
3000:
2807:
2646:
2140:
2071:
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1917:
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1670:
1656:
1649:
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1398:
1303:
1029:
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832:
787:
239:
235:
980:
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707:
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2356:
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1600:
1411:
1295:
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1162:
386:
303:
135:
82:
70:
1114:
1037:
945:
654:
607:
563:
222:
of pelobionts, and treated by some as members of the
Archamoebae group of
909:
3088:
3035:
2628:
2446:
2305:
1976:
1481:
1245:
478:
326:
542:: its rRNA predicted secondary structure and phylogenetic implication".
3136:
2203:
854:
Walker, G., Zadrobilkova, E., & Cepicka, I. (2017). "Archamoebae".
699:
448:
Peroxisomes are not present in all
Archamoebae. Studies show that some
418:. Clade B includes those that are smaller, with narrow flagella (e.g.,
223:
2250:
2194:
1565:
3065:
683:
219:
3069:
1135:
3123:
1131:
477:
Other species have reduced mitochondrial organelles called
780:
3078:
2878:
2806:
2783:
2765:
2747:
2738:
2716:
2707:
2689:
2676:
2645:
2627:
2609:
2600:
2578:
2569:
2556:
2543:
2520:
2479:
2456:
2436:
2419:
2304:
2260:
2247:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2162:
2139:
2116:
2093:
2084:
2057:
2034:
2011:
2002:
1984:
1975:
1931:
1890:
1872:
1856:
1835:
1814:
1805:
1780:
1764:
1442:
1429:
1397:
1364:
1351:
1324:
1294:
1285:
492:has up to 10 nuclei in its multinucleate stage. In
385:are a type of Pelobiont. Pelobionts are considered
782:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.: 1027–1034.
674:
672:
1147:
1005:Chan, Ka Wai; Slotboom, Dirk-Jan; Cox, Sian;
466:have mitochondrial related organelles called
8:
868:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
281:(ChĂ vez et al., 1986) Simpson et al., 1997;
238:. Species are typically free living, though
3066:
2744:
2713:
2686:
2606:
2575:
2566:
2553:
2453:
2433:
2416:
2257:
2244:
2208:
2199:
2090:
2008:
1981:
1811:
1802:
1439:
1426:
1361:
1348:
1291:
1154:
1140:
1132:
355:of species were described under the genus
42:
31:
1104:
597:
529:
289:Bernard, Simpson and Patterson, 2000.
861:
635:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
1807: Glutinoconcha
1000:
998:
7:
883:
881:
879:
770:
768:
575:
573:
902:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05630.x
688:Archiv fĂĽr Mikroskopische Anatomie
508:is the most well-known species of
324:(ATCC 50338) is now classified as
257:), the well described species are
25:
3050:
3049:
1106:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05979.x
1062:European Journal of Protistology
647:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00087.x
599:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05979.x
517:. The mitochondrial remnants in
269:Frenzel, 1897 Lemmermann, 1914;
743:10.1080/00785236.1999.10409422
452:contain peroxisomal proteins.
320:A strain previously called as
1:
1074:10.1016/S0932-4739(97)80024-7
556:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00556-X
293:was initially referred to as
242:species have been described.
938:10.1016/j.protis.2012.11.005
27:Genus of flagellar amoeboids
890:The Journal of Protozoology
54:spp., fig. 3-4, fig. 16-18
3259:
813:Journal of Natural History
285:Simpson et al., 1997; and
283:Mastigamoeba schizophrenia
3045:
2415:
2243:
1801:
1425:
1347:
1169:
1030:10.1016/j.cub.2005.02.068
973:10.1134/S1990519X1101007X
833:10.1080/00222939000770571
788:10.1515/9783110841237-104
484:The main trophic form of
198:
191:
132:
127:
60:Scientific classification
58:
50:
41:
34:
856:Handbook Of The Protists
472:electron-transport chain
287:Mastigamoeba punctachora
275:Mastigamoeba trichophora
961:Cell and Tissue Biology
629:Walker, G.; Dacks, J.;
1093:Molecular Microbiology
586:Molecular Microbiology
506:Mastigamoeba balamuthi
322:Mastigamoeba invertens
314:Mastigamoeba balamuthi
295:Phreatamobea balamuthi
291:Mastigamoeba balamuthi
279:Mastigamoeba balamuthi
2699:Echinosteliopsidaceae
858:. pp. 1349–1403.
230:are characterized as
2691:Echinosteliopsidales
501:Practical Importance
271:Mastigamoeba viridis
267:Mastigamoeba chlamys
263:Mastigamoeba simplex
18:Mastigamoeba simplex
825:1990JNatH..24..801L
378:Habitat and Ecology
259:Mastigamoeba aspera
3055:Category:Amoebozoa
2678:Columellomycetidae
2558:Lucisporomycetidae
2428:(true slime molds)
2425:
2421:
2390:Schizoplasmodiidae
2253:
2249:
1939:Cylindrifflugiidae
1793:Cryptodifflugiidae
1457:Mississippiellidae
1452:Bipseudostomatidae
1435:
1431:
1357:
1353:
776:Cavalier-Smith, T.
700:10.1007/BF02954385
540:Pelomyxa palustris
277:Lauterborn, 1901;
3225:
3224:
3197:Open Tree of Life
3072:Taxon identifiers
3063:
3062:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2816:Lamprodermataceae
2757:Clastodermataceae
2734:
2733:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2596:
2595:
2535:Protosporangiidae
2516:
2515:
2239:
2238:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2080:
2079:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1874:Hyalospheniformes
1713:Pseudawerintzewia
1706:Protocucurbitella
1309:Trichosphaeriidae
1007:Embley, T. Martin
682:(December 1891).
680:Frenzel, Johannes
631:Martin Embley, T.
490:M. schizophrenia
211:
210:
16:(Redirected from
3250:
3238:Amoebozoa genera
3218:
3217:
3205:
3204:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3176:NHMSYS0020732954
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3140:
3139:
3127:
3126:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3067:
3053:
3052:
2980:Pseudothecamoeba
2749:Clastodermatales
2745:
2726:Echinosteliaceae
2714:
2687:
2683:
2607:
2576:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2550:
2522:Protosporangiida
2494:Dictyosteliaceae
2489:Raperosteliaceae
2454:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2417:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2209:
2200:
2091:
2009:
1982:
1903:Distomatopyxidae
1812:
1808:
1803:
1772:Microchlamyiidae
1699:Protoplagiopyxis
1664:Planhoogenraadia
1440:
1436:
1427:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1292:
1198:
1178:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1108:
1099:(6): 1306–1320.
1084:
1078:
1077:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1015:
1002:
993:
992:
956:
950:
949:
920:
914:
913:
885:
874:
873:
867:
859:
851:
845:
844:
808:
802:
801:
772:
763:
762:
726:
720:
719:
676:
667:
666:
626:
620:
619:
601:
592:(6): 1306–1320.
577:
568:
567:
550:(1–2): 131–139.
534:
462:Species such as
301:and the related
273:Prowazek, 1900;
172:M. schizophrenia
46:
32:
21:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3213:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3074:
3064:
3059:
3041:
2842:
2826:Kelleromyxaceae
2802:
2793:Stemonitidaceae
2779:
2775:Meridermataceae
2761:
2730:
2718:Echinosteliales
2709:Echinosteliidia
2703:
2681:
2680:
2664:
2641:
2623:
2619:Reticulariaceae
2592:
2562:(bright-spored)
2561:
2560:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2512:
2481:Dictyosteliales
2475:
2471:Acytosteliaceae
2452:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2411:
2395:Soliformoviidae
2380:Fractovitellida
2300:
2248:
2235:
2181:
2158:
2135:
2112:
2076:
2053:
2049:Cochliopodiidae
2030:
2021:Acanthamoebidae
1998:
1943:
1932:Cylindrothecina
1927:
1898:Cucurbitellidae
1886:
1882:Hyalospheniidae
1868:
1852:
1831:
1806:
1797:
1776:
1760:
1636:Paracentropyxis
1573:Lagenodifflugia
1430:
1421:
1417:Hartmannellidae
1393:
1389:Gephyramoebidae
1352:
1343:
1320:
1316:Microcoryciidae
1281:
1280:
1196:
1174:
1165:
1160:
1130:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1018:Current Biology
1013:
1004:
1003:
996:
958:
957:
953:
922:
921:
917:
887:
886:
877:
860:
853:
852:
848:
810:
809:
805:
798:
774:
773:
766:
728:
727:
723:
678:
677:
670:
628:
627:
623:
579:
578:
571:
536:
535:
531:
527:
503:
399:
380:
374:
337:
310:
261:Schulze, 1875;
203:
181:
175:
169:
163:
157:
151:
145:
139:
123:
109:
107:Mastigamoebidae
97:
85:
73:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3256:
3254:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3206:
3193:
3180:
3167:
3154:
3141:
3128:
3115:
3100:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2994:Schoutedamoeba
2990:
2983:
2976:
2973:Penardochlamys
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2882:
2880:incertae sedis
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2798:Comatrichaceae
2795:
2789:
2787:
2785:Stemonitidales
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2767:Meridermatales
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2611:Reticulariales
2604:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2551:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2530:Ceratiomyxidae
2526:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2500:Coremiostelium
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2466:Cavenderiaceae
2462:
2460:
2458:Acytosteliales
2451:
2450:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2272:
2270:Mastigamoebida
2266:
2264:
2255:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2231:Squamamoebidae
2228:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2177:Vexilliferidae
2174:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1923:Trigonopyxidae
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1891:Sphaerothecina
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1822:Lesquereusidae
1818:
1816:
1809:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1788:Phryganellidae
1784:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1692:Proplagiopyxis
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1587:Lamptoquadrula
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1545:Geoplagiopyxis
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1510:Ellipsopyxella
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1444:incertae sedis
1437:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1359:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1334:Echinamoebidae
1330:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:Mesomycetozoea
1268:
1263:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1207:Diaphoretickes
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1079:
1051:
1024:(8): 737–742.
994:
951:
932:(3): 380–410.
915:
896:(3): 397–404.
875:
846:
819:(4): 801–937.
803:
796:
764:
737:(2): 113–142.
721:
668:
621:
569:
528:
526:
523:
510:Mastigamoeba,
502:
499:
468:hydrogenosomes
398:
395:
379:
376:
336:
333:
209:
208:
196:
195:
189:
188:
166:M. punctachora
130:
129:
125:
124:
117:
115:
111:
110:
105:
103:
99:
98:
93:
91:
87:
86:
81:
79:
75:
74:
69:
67:
63:
62:
56:
55:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3255:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3056:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2959:Oscillosignum
2956:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2938:Malpighamoeba
2935:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2682:(dark-spored)
2679:
2675:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:Dianemataceae
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2588:Cribrariaceae
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2549:(Myxomycetes)
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2407:Holomastigida
2405:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Protosteliida
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2364:Phalansterium
2361:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2329:Darbyshirella
2326:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:Sapocribridae
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2164:Dactylopodida
2161:
2155:
2154:Discamoebidae
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Dermamoebidae
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2108:Thecamoebidae
2106:
2104:
2103:Stenamoebidae
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2044:Parvamoebidae
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2036:Himatismenida
2033:
2027:
2026:Balamuthiidae
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2013:Acanthopodida
2010:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1994:Stygamoebidae
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1848:Plagiopyxidae
1846:
1844:
1843:Centropyxidae
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:Phryganellina
1779:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1741:Suiadifflugia
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1615:Microquadrula
1612:
1610:
1609:
1608:Meisterfeldia
1605:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:Nolandellidae
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1384:Flabellulidae
1382:
1380:
1379:Rhizamoebidae
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1339:Vermamoebidae
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1326:Echinamoebida
1323:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:Stramenopiles
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1197:(major groups
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1008:
1001:
999:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
919:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
882:
880:
876:
871:
865:
857:
850:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
804:
799:
797:9783110841237
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
771:
769:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:(in German).
689:
685:
681:
675:
673:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
625:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
576:
574:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
533:
530:
524:
522:
520:
519:M. balamuthi
516:
511:
507:
500:
498:
495:
494:M. balamuthi,
491:
487:
486:Mastigamoeba
482:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
464:M. balamuthi
460:
458:
457:Mastigamoeba
453:
451:
450:Mastigamoeba
446:
443:
442:Mastigamoeba
439:
436:
433:
427:
423:
421:
417:
416:M. balamuthi)
413:
409:
407:
403:
396:
394:
390:
388:
384:
383:Mastigamoebae
377:
375:
372:
369:
367:
363:
358:
353:
352:Mastigamoeba
349:
345:
341:
340:Mastigamoeba
334:
332:
330:
328:
323:
318:
316:
315:
308:
307:
305:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:Mastigamoeba
225:
221:
217:
216:
207:
206:
202:
197:
194:
190:
187:
186:
185:
180:
179:
174:
173:
168:
167:
162:
161:
156:
155:
150:
149:
144:
143:
138:
137:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
113:
112:
108:
104:
101:
100:
96:
92:
89:
88:
84:
80:
77:
76:
72:
68:
65:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3110:Mastigamoeba
3080:Mastigamoeba
3079:
3034:
3027:
3022:Triaenamoeba
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2945:Microcorycia
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2889:Belonocystis
2887:
2879:
2837:Tasmaniomyxa
2835:
2740:Stemonitidia
2580:Cribrariales
2505:
2498:
2445:
2438:Dictyostelia
2402:Cavosteliida
2385:Acramoebidae
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2275:Pelobiontida
2221:Idionectidae
2213:Squamocutida
2172:Paramoebidae
2131:Mayorellidae
2118:Dermamoebida
2095:Thecamoebida
2004:Centramoebia
1986:Stygamoebida
1908:Lamtopyxidae
1864:Heleoperidae
1836:Excentrosoma
1827:Difflugiidae
1815:Longithecina
1765:Organoconcha
1753:
1748:Trigonopyxis
1746:
1739:
1734:Sexangularia
1732:
1727:Schoenbornia
1725:
1720:Pseudonebela
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1678:Pontigulasia
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1643:Paraquadrula
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1594:Leptochlamys
1592:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1559:Hoogenraadia
1557:
1550:
1543:
1538:Geamphorella
1536:
1529:
1522:
1517:Ellipsopyxis
1515:
1508:
1501:
1496:Conicocassis
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1462:Shamkiriidae
1443:
1374:Leptomyxidae
1256:Opisthokonta
1096:
1092:
1082:
1068:(1): 87–98.
1065:
1061:
1054:
1021:
1017:
967:(1): 81–89.
964:
960:
954:
929:
925:
924:Endolimax".
918:
893:
889:
855:
849:
816:
812:
806:
779:
734:
730:
724:
691:
687:
641:(2): 65–78.
638:
634:
624:
589:
585:
547:
543:
539:
532:
518:
515:M. balamuthi
514:
509:
505:
504:
493:
489:
485:
483:
476:
463:
461:
456:
454:
449:
447:
441:
440:
437:
432:Mastigamoeba
431:
428:
424:
419:
415:
412:Mastigamoeba
411:
410:
406:Mastigamoeba
405:
402:Mastigamoeba
401:
400:
391:
382:
381:
373:
370:
366:Mastigamoeba
365:
362:Mastigamoeba
361:
357:Mastigamoeba
356:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:
325:
321:
319:
312:
311:It includes
309:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:Kent, 1880;
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:Phreatamoeba
246:
244:
227:
215:Mastigamoeba
214:
213:
212:
204:
201:Phreatamoeba
200:
199:
182:
176:
170:
164:
160:M. longfilum
158:
154:M. invertens
152:
146:
142:M. balamuthi
140:
134:
133:
120:Mastigamoeba
119:
118:
78:(unranked):
52:Mastigamoeba
51:
36:Mastigamoeba
35:
29:
3104:Wikispecies
3008:Subulamoeba
2987:Rhabdamoeba
2952:Microglomus
2917:Gibbodiscus
2910:Corallomyxa
2831:Physaraceae
2821:Didymiaceae
2660:Trichiaceae
2571:Cribariidia
2545:Myxogastria
2423:Eumycetozoa
2370:Flamellidae
2343:Ischnamoeba
2336:Dictyamoeba
2322:Arboramoeba
2315:Angulamoeba
2295:Rhizomastix
2281:Tricholimax
2262:Archamoebea
2149:Vannellidae
2086:Flabellinia
1913:Netzeliidae
1685:Prantlitina
1580:Lamptopyxis
1524:Erugomicula
1503:Cornuapyxis
1433:Arcellinida
1366:Leptomyxida
694:(1): 1–24.
420:M. simplex)
397:Description
344:Mastigella
299:Mastigella
95:Archamoebae
3232:Categories
3015:Thecochaos
3001:Stereomyxa
2924:Hartmannia
2808:Physarales
2647:Trichiales
2602:Trichiidia
2507:Synstelium
2350:Heliamoeba
2141:Vannellida
2072:Goceviidae
2067:Pellitidae
1918:Arcellidae
1857:Volnustoma
1755:Wailesella
1671:Pomoriella
1657:Physochila
1650:Pentagonia
1622:Nabranella
1552:Geopyxella
1531:Frenopyxis
1399:Euamoebida
1304:Trichosida
525:References
350:the genus
348:Mastigina,
240:endobiotic
236:flagellate
184:M. simplex
2966:Parmulina
2931:Malamoeba
2637:Liceaceae
2357:Filamoeba
2288:Entamoeba
2059:Pellitida
1601:Maghrebia
1489:Armipyxis
1412:Amoebidae
1296:Corycidia
1287:Tubulinea
1251:Amoebozoa
1229:Alveolata
1217:Cryptista
1192:Eukaryota
1163:Amoebozoa
981:1990-519X
864:cite book
841:0022-2933
751:0078-5326
708:0176-7364
479:mitosomes
387:microoxic
304:Entamoeba
255:Mastigina
251:Dinamoeba
232:anaerobic
205:Mastigina
178:M. setosa
136:M. aspera
83:Amoebozoa
71:Eukaryota
3095:Q6785543
3089:Wikidata
3036:Zonomyxa
2896:Boveella
2629:Liceales
2447:Coenonia
2306:Variosea
1977:Discosea
1482:Argynnia
1475:Apolimia
1468:Acipyxis
1246:Amorphea
1224:Rhizaria
1212:Hacrobia
1202:Excavata
1187:Bacteria
1123:30581896
1115:18045382
1046:16160605
1038:15854906
989:19999809
946:23312407
759:84902557
716:87149699
663:31046569
655:16579808
616:30581896
608:18045382
564:11470518
368:.
329:anathema
327:Breviata
224:protists
193:Synonyms
148:M. hylae
128:Species
102:Family:
66:Domain:
3150:1205317
3137:3210452
2903:Biomyxa
2204:Cutosea
1629:Oopyxis
1355:Elardia
1261:Animals
1182:Archaea
926:Protist
910:3746722
821:Bibcode
731:Ophelia
335:History
114:Genus:
90:Class:
3243:Conosa
3215:428551
3202:563111
2251:Conosa
2195:Evosea
1566:Jungia
1239:Plants
1176:Domain
1121:
1113:
1044:
1036:
987:
979:
944:
908:
839:
794:
757:
749:
714:
706:
661:
653:
614:
606:
562:
253:, and
3210:WoRMS
3189:81099
3163:43885
3145:IRMNG
3124:62534
1266:Fungi
1119:S2CID
1042:S2CID
1014:(PDF)
985:S2CID
755:S2CID
712:S2CID
659:S2CID
612:S2CID
220:genus
218:is a
3184:NCBI
3158:ITIS
3132:GBIF
3029:Unda
1111:PMID
1034:PMID
977:ISSN
942:PMID
906:PMID
870:link
837:ISSN
792:ISBN
747:ISSN
704:ISSN
651:PMID
604:PMID
560:PMID
544:Gene
346:and
3171:NBN
3119:EoL
1101:doi
1070:doi
1026:doi
969:doi
934:doi
930:164
898:doi
829:doi
784:doi
739:doi
696:doi
643:doi
594:doi
552:doi
548:272
360:of
3234::
3212::
3199::
3186::
3173::
3160::
3147::
3134::
3121::
3106::
3091::
1117:.
1109:.
1097:66
1095:.
1091:.
1066:33
1064:.
1040:.
1032:.
1022:15
1020:.
1016:.
997:^
983:.
975:.
963:.
940:.
928:.
904:.
894:33
892:.
878:^
866:}}
862:{{
835:.
827:.
817:24
815:.
790:.
767:^
753:.
745:.
735:52
733:.
710:.
702:.
692:38
686:.
671:^
657:.
649:.
639:53
637:.
610:.
602:.
590:66
588:.
584:.
572:^
558:.
546:.
331:.
317:.
249:,
226:.
1273:)
1155:e
1148:t
1141:v
1125:.
1103::
1076:.
1072::
1048:.
1028::
991:.
971::
965:5
948:.
936::
912:.
900::
872:)
843:.
831::
823::
800:.
786::
761:.
741::
718:.
698::
665:.
645::
618:.
596::
566:.
554::
306:.
20:)
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