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of the forelimb does not change the muscle synergies evoked by microstimulation of a motor cortical point. Consequently, the evoked movements reach nearly the same final end point and posture, with variability. However, the movement trajectories are quite different depending on the initial limb posture and the starting position of the paw. The evoked movement trajectory is most natural when the forelimb lays pendant ~ perpendicular to the ground (i.e., in equilibrium with the gravitational force). From other starting positions, the movements do not appear natural. The paths of the paw are curved with changes and reversals of direction and the passive influence of the gravitational force on the movements is obvious. These observations demonstrate that while the output of the cortical point evokes a seemingly coordinated limb movement from a rest position, it does not specify a particular movement direction or a controlled trajectory from other initial positions. Thus, in natural conditions a controlled movement must depend on the coordinated activation of a multitude of cortical points, terminating at a final locus of motor cortical activity, which holds the limb at a spatial location.
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body part. Some neurons responded to sound sources near the tactile receptive field. Some neurons also responded mnemonically, becoming active when a part of the body moved through space and approached the remembered location of an object in the dark. The activity of these multisensory neurons therefore signaled the presence of an object near or touching a part of the body, regardless of whether the object was felt, seen, heard, or remembered.
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180:(AST) seeks to explain how an information-processing machine could act the way people do, insisting it has consciousness, describing consciousness in the ways that we do, and claiming that it has an inner magic that transcends mere information-processing, even though it does not. AST is currently being incorporated into artificial intelligence systems through the work of the international
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others. According to the AST, when the brain computes that person X is aware of thing Y, it is in effect modeling the state in which person X is applying an attentional enhancement to signal Y. Awareness is an attention schema. In that theory, the same process can be applied to oneself. One's own awareness is a schematized model of one's own attention.
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requirements. Graziano suggests that the action-map view does not contradict the more traditional view of motor cortex as a set of fields with differing functions. Instead, the action map may help to explain why motor cortex is divided into functionally distinct fields and why the fields are arranged spatially as they are.
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Graziano was born in
Bridgeport Connecticut in 1967 and spent his childhood in Buffalo, New York. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Princeton University in 1989 in Psychology. He attended graduate school in neuroscience at MIT from 1989 to 1991 and then returned to Princeton University to
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Since 2010 Graziano's lab has studied the brain basis of consciousness. Graziano proposed that specialized machinery in the brain computes the feature of awareness and attributes it to other people in a social context. The same machinery, in that hypothesis, also attributes the feature of awareness
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Other researchers have since found a similar, ethological organization to motor cortical regions in monkeys, prosimians, cats, and rats. Notwithstanding, direct tests of the idea that the motor cortex contains a movement repertoire have not corroborated this hypothesis. Varying the initial position
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In
Graziano's proposal, many of the complexities of the motor cortex, such as its overlapping maps of the body and its multiple areas with somewhat different mixtures of properties, may be a result of representing the many parts of the movement repertoire each with its own specialized computational
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Each multisensory neuron responded to a touch within a specific "tactile receptive field" on the body surface. Each neuron also responded to a visual stimulus near or approaching the tactile receptive field. The "visual receptive field" was therefore a region of nearby space affixed to the relevant
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In the 1990s, Graziano with
Charles Gross described the properties of a set of multisensory neurons in the monkey brain. Building on the work of Hyvarinen and colleagues and Rizzolatti and colleagues Graziano and Gross described a network of brain areas that appeared to encode the space immediately
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This initial work became controversial because of the method of stimulation on a behavioral time scale. The method was not commonly used in the study of motor cortex although it had been used in the study of other brain regions. That controversy may have partially distracted from the other methods
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In the 2000s
Graziano's lab obtained evidence suggesting that the motor cortex might not contain a simple map of the body's muscles as in classical descriptions such as Penfield's description of a motor homunculus. Instead, the motor cortex may contain a mapping of coordinated, behaviorally useful
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Multimodal neurons in the monkey brain that encode the space near the body. Each neuron responds to touching a specific part of the body called the neuron's tactile receptive field. The same neuron responds to visual stimuli in the space near the tactile receptive field. Two examples are depicted.
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Why construct the feature of awareness and attribute it to other people? In order to understand and predict the behavior of other people, it is useful to monitor other people's attentional state. Attention is a data handling method by which some signals in the brain are enhanced at the expense of
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The conjunction of these two previous findings led to the suggestion that awareness may be a computed feature constructed by an expert system in the brain, that at least partly overlaps the TPJ and STS. In that proposal, the feature of awareness can be attributed to other people in the context of
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In
Graziano's interpretation, these multisensory neurons form a specialized brain-wide network that encodes the space near the body, computes a margin of safety, and helps to coordinate movements in relation to nearby objects with an emphasis on withdrawal or blocking movements. A subtle level of
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Graziano writes literary novels under his own name and children's novels under the pseudonym B. B. Wurge. His stated reason for the pseudonym is to ensure that children do not accidentally read the wrong category of book. His novels have been praised for their originality, vividness, and surreal
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For example, stimulation of one site always caused the hand to close in a grip, the arm to bring the hand to the mouth, and the mouth to open. Stimulation of another site always caused the grip to open, the palm to face away from the body, and the arm to extend, as if the monkey were reaching to
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In their initial experiments, Graziano and colleagues used electrical microstimulation on the motor cortex of monkeys. Most previous protocols in the motor cortex used very brief stimulation, such as for a hundredth of a second. Graziano applied the stimulation for half a second each time, on a
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Electrical stimulation of these multisensory neurons almost always evoked a complex, coordinated movement that resembled a flinching, blocking, or protecting action. Chemical inhibition of these neurons produced a "nerves of steel" state in which defensive reactions were inhibited. Chemical
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behaviorally relevant time scale, in order to match the typical duration of a monkey's reaching and grasping. The longer stimulation train in
Graziano's experiments evoked complex movements that included many joints and that resembled movements from the animal's behavioral repertoire.
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used to study the action map. For example, computational models show that when the complex movement repertoire of a monkey is arranged in a flattened map, with similar movements represented near each other, the map closely resembles the known arrangement of the monkey motor cortex.
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Graziano has made contributions in three areas of neuroscience: how neurons in the primate brain encode peripersonal space, how the motor cortex controls complex movement, and the possible neuronal basis of consciousness. These contributions are detailed in the following sections.
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The neurons that encode peripersonal space may also provide a neuronal basis for the psychological phenomenon of personal space. Personal space, described by Hall, is the flexible bubble of space around each person that is protected from intrusion by other people.
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First, certain regions of the cortex are recruited during social perception as people construct models of other people's minds. These regions include, among other areas, the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and the
83:
complete his doctoral degree in 1996, in
Neuroscience and Psychology. He remained at Princeton University as a postdoctoral researcher and then as a professor of neuroscience and psychology.
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Gallagher, HL; Happé, F; Brunswick, N; Fletcher, PC; Frith, U; Frith, CD (2000). "Reading the mind in cartoons and stories: an fMRI study of 'theory of mind' in verbal and nonverbal tasks".
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Fletcher, PC; Happé, F; Frith, U; Baker, SC; Dolan, RJ; Frackowiak, RS; Frith, CD (1995). "Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of "theory of mind" in story comprehension".
1501:
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Vogeley, K; Bussfeld, P; Newen, A; Herrmann, S; Happé, F; Falkai, P; Maier, W; Shah, NJ; et al. (2001). "Mind reading: neural mechanisms of theory of mind and self-perspective".
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Second, when these same regions of cortex are damaged, people suffer from a catastrophic disruption of their own awareness of events and objects around them. The clinical syndrome of
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enhancement of these neurons produced a "super flincher" state in which any mild stimulus, such as an object gently moved toward the face, evoked a full-blown flinching reaction.
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58:, is not correct and is better described as a map of complex actions that make up the behavioral repertoire. His publications on this topic have had a widespread impact among
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The peripersonal neurons may also play a central role in the body schema an internally computed model of the body first proposed to exist by Head and Holmes in 1911.
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Graziano, MSA; Gross, CG (1993). "A bimodal map of space: somatosensory receptive fields in the macaque putamen with corresponding visual receptive fields".
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Ciaramidaro, A; Adenzato, M; Enrici, I; Erk, S; Pia, L; Bara, BG; Walter, H (2007). "The intentional network: how the brain reads varieties of intentions".
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46:, an explanation of how, and for what adaptive advantage, brains attribute the property of awareness to themselves. His previous work focused on how the
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Rizzolatti, G; Scandolara, C; Matelli, M; Gentilucci, M. (1981). "Afferent properties of periarcuate neurons in macaque monkeys. II. Visual responses".
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Fogassi, L; Gallese, V.; di
Pellegrino, G; Fadiga, L; Gentilucci, M; Luppino, M; Pedotti, A; Rizzolatti, G (1992). "Space coding by premotor cortex".
2625:
Vallar, G; Perani, D (1986). "The anatomy of unilateral neglect after right-hemisphere stroke lesions. A clinical/CT-scan correlation study in man".
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grasp an object. Other sites evoked other complex movements. The behavioral repertoire of the animal seemed to be rendered onto the cortical sheet.
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1339:"Motor cortex outputs evoked by long-duration microstimulation encode synergistic muscle activation patterns not controlled movement trajectories"
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activation might bias ongoing behavior to avoid collision, whereas a strong level of activation evidently causes an overt defensive action.
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monitors the space around the body and controls movement within that space. Notably he has suggested that the classical map of the body in
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Brunet, E; Sarfati, Y; Hardy-Baylé, MC; Decety, J (2000). "A PET investigation of the attribution of intentions with a nonverbal task".
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1902:; Boldrey, E (1937). "Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation".
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1974:"Microstimulation reveals specialized subregions for different complex movements in posterior parietal cortex of prosimian galagos"
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Cooke, DF; Graziano, MSA (2004). "Sensorimotor integration in the precentral gyrus: Polysensory neurons and defensive movements".
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Karnath, HO; Ferber, S; Himmelbach, M (2001). "Spatial awareness is a function of the temporal not the posterior parietal lobe".
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Graziano, MSA; Aflalo, TN; Cooke, DF (2005). "Arm movements evoked by electrical stimulation in the motor cortex of monkeys".
202:, or loss of awareness of one side of space, is particularly profound after damage to the TPJ or STS in the right hemisphere.
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From
Graziano MSA and Gross CG (1998) Spatial maps for the control of movement. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 8: 195 -201.
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Graziano, MSA; Botvinick, MM (2002). "How the brain represents the body: insights from neurophysiology and psychology".
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2082:"Spatial segregation of different modes of movement control in the whisker representation of rat primary motor cortex"
995:"Super-flinchers and nerves of steel: Defensive movements altered by chemical manipulation of a cortical motor area"
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Saxe, R; Kanwisher, N (2003). "People thinking about thinking people: fMRI investigations of theory of mind".
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Saxe, R; Wexler, A (2005). "Making sense of another mind: the role of the right temporo-parietal junction".
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Graziano, MSA; Reiss, LAJ; Gross, CG (1999). "A neuronal representation of the location of nearby sounds".
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Graziano, MSA; Cooke, DF (2006). "Parieto-frontal interactions, personal space, and defensive behavior".
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Hyvarinen, J. (1981). "Regional distribution of functions in parietal association area 7 of the monkey".
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850:"Relationship between unconstrained arm movement and single neuron firing in the macaque motor cortex"
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social perception. It can also be attributed to oneself, in effect creating one's own awareness.
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Graziano, MSA; Hu, XT; Gross, CG (1997). "Visuo-spatial properties of ventral premotor cortex".
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imagination. His book for children, The Last
Notebook of Leonardo, won the 2011 Moonbeam Award.
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Graziano, MSA; Yap, GS; Gross, CG (1994). "Coding of visual space by pre-motor neurons".
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Graziano, MSA; Cooke, DF; Taylor, CSR (2000). "Coding the location of the arm by sight".
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Graziano, MSA; Hu, XT; Gross, CG (1997). "Coding the locations of objects in the dark".
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42:. His scientific research focuses on the brain basis of awareness. He has proposed the
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2159:"Human consciousness and its relationship to social neuroscience: A novel hypothesis"
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409:"Human consciousness and its relationship to social neuroscience: A novel hypothesis"
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Graziano, MSA (2006). "The organization of behavioral repertoire in motor cortex".
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Aflalo, TN; Graziano, MSA (2008). "Four dimensional spatial reasoning in humans".
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Goel, V; Grafman, J; Sadato, N; Hallett, M (1995). "Modeling other minds".
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The Spaces Between Us: A Story of Neuroscience, Evolution, and Human Nature
66:. His novels rely partly on his background in psychology and are known for
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God, Soul, Mind, Brain: A Neuroscientist's Reflections on the Spirit World
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74:. Graziano also composes music including symphonies and string quartets.
27:
2033:"Multiple parietal-frontal pathways mediate grasping in macaque monkeys"
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The proposed AST was partly motivated by two sets of previous findings.
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Rethinking Consciousness: A Scientific Theory of Subjective Experience
195:(TPJ) bilaterally but with a strong emphasis on the right hemisphere.
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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
1141:"Complex movements evoked by microstimulation of precentral cortex"
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Princeton University, Department of Psychology, Faculty Information
173:
to oneself. Damage to that machinery disrupts one's own awareness.
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Three modern symphonies and five character sketches in full score
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Strick, PL (2002). "Stimulating Research on Motor Cortex".
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As stated in the catalog of the National Library of Israel.
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1085:"Complex movements evoked by microstimulation of Area VIP"
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Type physicalism (reductive materialism, identity theory)
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Cooke, DF; Taylor, CSR; Moore, T; Graziano, MSA (2003).
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Children's Novels (written under the name B. B. Wurge):
2152:
2150:
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Gharbawie, OA; Stepniewska, I; Qi, H; Kaas, JH (2011).
1219:
Ethier, C; Brizzi, L; Darling, WG; Capaday, C (2006).
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Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness
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actions that make up a typical movement repertoire.
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1271:Ramanathan, D; Conner, JM; Tuszynski, MH (2006).
1461:Geekscribe.com, book review from Oct. 18, 2009.
809:"Mapping behavioral repertoire onto the cortex"
1221:"Linear summation of cat motor cortex outputs"
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1139:Graziano, MSA; Taylor, CSR; Moore, T (2002).
8:
2559:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1870:"Sensory disturbances from cerebral lesions"
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1972:Stepniewska, I; Fang, PC; Kaas, JH (2005).
1534:. Teaticket, Massachusetts: Quercus Press.
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1841:Common Mechanisms in Perception and Action
3360:Electromagnetic theories of consciousness
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1843:. Attention and Performance. Oxford, UK:
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1343:Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience
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3370:Higher-order theories of consciousness
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2488:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.02.013
2263:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.011
1828:
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1756:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.09.009
911:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112924
3385:Lamme's recurrent feedback hypothesis
1332:
1330:
1328:
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7:
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3897:20th-century American psychologists
3892:21st-century American psychologists
162:Basis of consciousness in the brain
22:(born May 22, 1967) is an American
3877:21st-century American male writers
3676:Subjective character of experience
3572:Neural correlates of consciousness
2157:Graziano, MSA; Kastner, S (2011).
1839:Prinz, W; Hommel, B, eds. (2002).
848:Aflalo, TN; Graziano, MSA (2007).
807:Graziano, MSA; Aflalo, TN (2007).
407:Graziano, MSA; Kastner, S (2011).
380:Consciousness and the Social Brain
296:Consciousness and the Social Brain
14:
3706:Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation
3355:Damasio's theory of consciousness
1612:Hyvarinen, J; Poranen, A (1974).
1475:"book review from Sept. 14, 2009"
993:Cooke, DF; Graziano, MSA (2004).
133:An action map in the motor cortex
3850:
3841:
3840:
3768:Journal of Consciousness Studies
3656:Sociology of human consciousness
3492:Dual consciousness (split-brain)
3395:Orchestrated objective reduction
2402:10.1097/00001756-199509000-00009
2133:. Teaticket MA: Leapfrog Press.
1189:The Intelligent Movement Machine
378:Graziano, Michael S. A. (2013).
284:The Intelligent Movement Machine
30:who is currently a professor of
3774:Online Consciousness Conference
3761:How the Self Controls Its Brain
1502:"book review from Dec. 3, 2009"
1337:Capaday, Charles (2022-08-11).
20:Michael Steven Anthony Graziano
16:American scientist and novelist
3420:Altered state of consciousness
2098:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3760-04.2005
2080:Haiss, F; Schwartz, C (2005).
2049:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1777-11.2011
1237:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5332-05.2006
866:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3147-06.2007
1:
3522:Hard problem of consciousness
3380:Integrated information theory
2445:10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00230-1
2359:10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00053-6
1158:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00698-0
899:Annual Review of Neuroscience
523:10.1126/science.290.5497.1782
273:The Last Notebook of Leonardo
87:Contributions in neuroscience
3820:What Is It Like to Be a Bat?
3807:The Science of Consciousness
3681:Subjectivity and objectivity
2639:10.1016/0028-3932(86)90001-1
2306:10.1016/0010-0277(95)00692-R
2175:10.1080/17588928.2011.565121
1667:10.1016/0166-4328(81)90053-X
1583:10.1016/0006-8993(81)90533-3
1508:. 2009-12-03. Archived from
1012:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.07.029
826:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.013
627:10.1126/science.277.5323.239
425:10.1080/17588928.2011.565121
3813:Understanding Consciousness
3740:Consciousness and Cognition
3728:A Universe of Consciousness
1868:Head, H; Holmes, G (1911).
1698:Experimental Brain Research
1423:Graziano, M. S. A. (2009).
1396:Graziano, M. S. A. (2008).
1187:Graziano, M. S. A. (2008).
763:Experimental Brain Research
480:10.1037/0096-1523.34.5.1066
3913:
3787:The Astonishing Hypothesis
3482:Disorders of consciousness
1655:Behavioural Brain Research
1039:Journal of Neurophysiology
945:Journal of Neurophysiology
661:Journal of Neurophysiology
165:
3836:
3567:Minimally conscious state
3477:Consciousness after death
2315:21.11116/0000-0001-A1FA-F
1789:. Garden City, New York:
1356:10.3389/fncom.2022.851485
673:10.1152/jn.1997.77.5.2268
44:"attention schema" theory
3430:Artificial consciousness
2947:William Kingdon Clifford
1886:10.1093/brain/34.2-3.102
193:temporoparietal junction
62:but have also generated
3747:Consciousness Explained
3666:Stream of consciousness
3641:Secondary consciousness
3365:Global workspace theory
3350:Dynamic core hypothesis
3345:Attention schema theory
3319:Revisionary materialism
3234:Eliminative materialism
2757:Charles Augustus Strong
2086:Journal of Neuroscience
2037:Journal of Neuroscience
1999:10.1073/pnas.0501048102
1845:Oxford University Press
1399:The Love Song of Monkey
1298:10.1073/pnas.0601065103
1225:Journal of Neuroscience
1193:Oxford University Press
1102:10.1073/pnas.1031751100
854:Journal of Neuroscience
737:10.1126/science.7973661
384:Oxford University Press
319:Three Modern Symphonies
279:Books on Neuroscience:
261:Billy and the Birdfrogs
230:The Love Song of Monkey
178:attention schema theory
168:Attention schema theory
3801:The Emperor's New Mind
3607:Problem of other minds
3542:Introspection illusion
3375:Holonomic brain theory
2732:Alfred North Whitehead
2531:10.1006/nimg.2001.0789
2220:10.1006/nimg.1999.0525
2129:Graziano, MSA (2010).
1916:10.1093/brain/60.4.389
1827:Cite journal requires
1631:10.1093/brain/97.1.673
1530:Graziano, MSA (2011).
413:Cognitive Neuroscience
325:Symphonies 4, 5, and 6
290:God, Soul, Mind, Brain
110:
101:surrounding the body.
3602:Primary consciousness
3487:Divided consciousness
3390:Multiple drafts model
2892:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
1051:10.1152/jn.00955.2003
957:10.1152/jn.01303.2004
107:
3754:Cosmic Consciousness
3592:Philosophical zombie
3532:Higher consciousness
3425:Animal consciousness
3229:Double-aspect theory
2762:Christopher Peacocke
2672:. November 25, 2008.
1847:. pp. 136–157.
1787:The Hidden Dimension
1487:on October 29, 2013.
331:Five String Quartets
40:Princeton University
3527:Heterophenomenology
3440:Attentional control
3089:Lawrence Weiskrantz
2917:Patricia Churchland
2752:Brian O'Shaughnessy
2737:Arthur Schopenhauer
2588:2001Natur.411..950K
2043:(32): 11660–11677.
1990:2005PNAS..102.4878S
1931:Nature Neuroscience
1556:"Sensory Motor Lab"
1289:2006PNAS..10311370R
1283:(30): 11370–11375.
719:1994Sci...266.1054G
713:(5187): 1054–1057.
571:1999Natur.397..428G
515:2000Sci...290.1782G
509:(5497): 1782–1786.
222:His books include:
200:hemispatial neglect
3827:Wider than the Sky
3794:The Conscious Mind
3597:Philosophy of mind
3577:Neurophenomenology
3552:Locked-in syndrome
3547:Knowledge argument
3211:Philosophy of mind
2832:George Henry Lewes
2802:Douglas Hofstadter
2525:(1 Pt 1): 170–81.
1943:10.1038/nn0802-714
1710:10.1007/bf00229894
1506:Barnstable Patriot
1457:2012-03-02 at the
1429:. Leapfrog Press.
1402:. Leapfrog Press.
775:10.1007/BF00228820
365:2010-04-29 at the
111:
96:Peripersonal space
3864:
3863:
3562:Mind–body problem
3512:Flash suppression
3472:Cartesian theater
3457:Binocular rivalry
3403:
3402:
3269:Mind–body dualism
3198:
3197:
3185:Victor J. Stenger
3160:Erwin Schrödinger
3114:Stanislas Dehaene
3094:Michael Gazzaniga
2978:Donald D. Hoffman
2862:John Polkinghorne
2842:Gottfried Leibniz
2582:(6840): 950–953.
2482:(10): 1391–1399.
2396:(13): 1741–1746.
2257:(13): 3105–3113.
1984:(13): 4878–4883.
1785:Hall, ET (1966).
1480:Publishers Weekly
1231:(20): 5574–5581.
1095:(10): 6163–6168.
860:(11): 2760–2780.
621:(5323): 239–241.
565:(6718): 428–430.
393:978-0-19-992864-4
225:Literary Novels:
3904:
3854:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3686:Unconscious mind
3314:Reflexive monism
3309:Property dualism
3284:New mysterianism
3244:Epiphenomenalism
3224:Computationalism
3219:Anomalous monism
3207:
3099:Michael Graziano
3069:Francisco Varela
2973:Carl Gustav Jung
2937:Thomas Metzinger
2907:Martin Heidegger
2887:Kenneth M. Sayre
2747:Bertrand Russell
2722:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2681:
2674:
2673:
2670:Princeton Packet
2665:
2659:
2658:
2627:Neuropsychologia
2622:
2616:
2615:
2596:10.1038/35082075
2571:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2550:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2476:Neuropsychologia
2471:
2465:
2464:
2439:(4): 1835–1842.
2428:
2422:
2421:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2347:Neuropsychologia
2342:
2336:
2335:
2317:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2251:Neuropsychologia
2246:
2240:
2239:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2092:(6): 1579–1587.
2077:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2011:
2001:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1880:(2–3): 102–254.
1865:
1859:
1858:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1744:Neuropsychologia
1739:
1730:
1729:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1483:. Archived from
1471:
1462:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1426:The Divine Farce
1420:
1414:
1413:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1358:
1334:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1300:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1184:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1136:
1125:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1045:(4): 1648–1660.
1034:
1025:
1024:
1014:
990:
977:
976:
951:(6): 4209–4223.
940:
931:
930:
894:
888:
887:
877:
845:
839:
838:
828:
804:
795:
794:
758:
749:
748:
730:
702:
693:
692:
667:(5): 2268–2292.
656:
647:
646:
610:
599:
598:
554:
543:
542:
498:
492:
491:
473:
464:(5): 1066–1077.
453:
447:
446:
436:
404:
398:
397:
375:
369:
357:
351:
348:
314:Books of music:
250:Death My Own Way
244:The Divine Farce
3912:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3832:
3715:
3691:Unconsciousness
3502:Explanatory gap
3452:Binding problem
3399:
3333:
3194:
3180:Susan Blackmore
3133:
3124:Stuart Hameroff
3044:Antonio Damasio
3027:
3023:Wolfgang Köhler
2961:
2922:Paul Churchland
2827:George Berkeley
2797:Donald Davidson
2713:
2708:
2678:
2677:
2668:"Book Review".
2667:
2666:
2662:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2551:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2030:
2029:
2025:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1838:
1826:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1513:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1459:Wayback Machine
1451:
1444:
1437:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1336:
1335:
1324:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1186:
1185:
1174:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1036:
1035:
1028:
992:
991:
980:
942:
941:
934:
896:
895:
891:
847:
846:
842:
806:
805:
798:
760:
759:
752:
728:10.1.1.211.7236
704:
703:
696:
658:
657:
650:
612:
611:
602:
556:
555:
546:
500:
499:
495:
471:10.1.1.505.5736
455:
454:
450:
406:
405:
401:
394:
377:
376:
372:
367:Wayback Machine
358:
354:
349:
345:
340:
237:Cretaceous Dawn
216:
182:Astound project
170:
164:
135:
98:
89:
80:
60:neuroscientists
48:cerebral cortex
17:
12:
11:
5:
3910:
3908:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3848:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3731:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3701:Visual masking
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3651:Sentiocentrism
3648:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3279:Neutral monism
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3259:Interactionism
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3190:Wolfgang Pauli
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:Steven Laureys
3116:
3111:
3106:
3104:Patrick Wilken
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:Gerald Edelman
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3049:Benjamin Libet
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3003:Max Wertheimer
3000:
2995:
2990:
2988:Gustav Fechner
2985:
2983:Franz Brentano
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2957:William Seager
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:René Descartes
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2882:Keith Frankish
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:Galen Strawson
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:Edmund Husserl
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2787:David Papineau
2784:
2779:
2777:David Chalmers
2774:
2772:Daniel Dennett
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2742:Baruch Spinoza
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2675:
2660:
2633:(5): 609–622.
2617:
2566:
2509:
2466:
2423:
2380:
2337:
2300:(2): 109–128.
2284:
2241:
2214:(2): 157–166.
2198:
2146:
2139:
2121:
2072:
2023:
1964:
1937:(8): 714–715.
1921:
1910:(4): 389–443.
1891:
1860:
1854:978-0198510697
1853:
1829:|journal=
1806:
1800:978-0385084765
1799:
1777:
1750:(6): 845–859.
1731:
1704:(3): 686–690.
1688:
1661:(2): 147–163.
1645:
1624:(4): 673–692.
1604:
1577:(2): 287–303.
1571:Brain Research
1561:
1547:
1541:978-0982747018
1540:
1522:
1490:
1463:
1442:
1436:978-1935248040
1435:
1415:
1408:
1388:
1322:
1260:
1208:
1202:978-0195326703
1201:
1172:
1151:(5): 841–851.
1126:
1072:
1026:
1005:(4): 585–593.
978:
932:
905:(1): 105–134.
889:
840:
819:(2): 239–251.
796:
750:
694:
648:
600:
544:
493:
448:
399:
392:
370:
352:
342:
341:
339:
336:
335:
334:
328:
322:
312:
311:
305:
299:
293:
287:
277:
276:
270:
264:
254:
253:
247:
241:
233:
215:
212:
166:Main article:
163:
160:
134:
131:
97:
94:
88:
85:
79:
76:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3909:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3882:Living people
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3857:
3849:
3847:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3587:Phenomenology
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3517:Hallucination
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Functionalism
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:Roger Penrose
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:Marvin Minsky
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:Eugene Wigner
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:Annaka Harris
3143:
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3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Giulio Tononi
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:Francis Crick
3062:
3060:
3059:Christof Koch
3057:
3055:
3054:Bernard Baars
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:William James
3016:
3014:
3013:Wilhelm Wundt
3011:
3009:
3008:Sigmund Freud
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Julian Jaynes
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:William Lycan
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Joseph Levine
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:Immanuel Kant
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:Frank Jackson
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
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2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2711:Consciousness
2705:
2700:
2698:
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2252:
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2169:(2): 98–113.
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2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
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1892:
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1856:
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1600:
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1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
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1548:
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1512:on 2015-10-16
1511:
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1427:
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1409:9780981514802
1405:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
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1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
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1265:
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1179:
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1173:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
987:
985:
983:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
937:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
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890:
885:
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822:
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801:
797:
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788:
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780:
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769:(1): 96–109.
768:
764:
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712:
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690:
686:
682:
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670:
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624:
620:
616:
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607:
605:
601:
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592:
588:
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580:
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576:
572:
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481:
477:
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467:
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452:
449:
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440:
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430:
426:
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418:
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400:
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371:
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361:
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251:
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234:
231:
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159:
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147:
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139:
132:
130:
127:
123:
119:
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102:
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72:magic realism
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3726:
3671:Subconscious
3631:
3617:Quantum mind
3109:Roger Sperry
3098:
3084:Karl Pribram
3032:Neuroscience
2942:Thomas Nagel
2817:Fred Dretske
2792:David Pearce
2767:Colin McGinn
2669:
2663:
2630:
2626:
2620:
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2555:cite journal
2522:
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2469:
2436:
2432:
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2389:
2383:
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2340:
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2163:Cog Neurosci
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2036:
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1981:
1977:
1967:
1934:
1930:
1924:
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1903:
1894:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1840:
1820:cite journal
1809:
1791:Anchor Books
1786:
1780:
1747:
1743:
1701:
1697:
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1648:
1621:
1617:
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1510:the original
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1342:
1280:
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1228:
1224:
1188:
1148:
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52:motor cortex
36:Neuroscience
19:
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3887:1967 births
3304:Physicalism
3299:Parallelism
3294:Panpsychism
3264:Materialism
3239:Emergentism
3129:Wolf Singer
2998:Kurt Koffka
2927:Philip Goff
2902:Michael Tye
2897:Max Velmans
2877:Karl Popper
2867:John Searle
2852:John Eccles
2837:Georges Rey
2390:NeuroReport
1900:Penfield, W
64:controversy
3871:Categories
3696:Upanishads
3497:Experience
3462:Blindsight
3289:Nondualism
3170:Max Planck
3150:David Bohm
2966:Psychology
2857:John Locke
2782:David Hume
2725:Philosophy
2519:NeuroImage
2433:NeuroImage
2208:NeuroImage
1516:2010-01-04
338:References
68:surrealism
56:homunculus
32:Psychology
3711:Yogachara
3646:Sentience
3507:Free will
3447:Awareness
3435:Attention
3324:Solipsism
3039:Anil Seth
2912:Ned Block
2461:206118958
2294:Cognition
1365:1662-5188
723:CiteSeerX
466:CiteSeerX
78:Biography
24:scientist
3846:Category
3582:Ontology
3537:Illusion
3254:Idealism
3203:Theories
2655:40805768
2604:11418859
2539:11525326
2496:15936784
2453:12948738
2367:10617288
2332:16321133
2279:16379004
2271:17669444
2236:11846982
2228:10679187
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2067:21832196
2018:15772167
1951:12149622
1772:11368801
1764:16277998
1726:38313581
1599:53178684
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1317:16837575
1255:16707808
1167:12062029
1121:12719522
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1059:14586035
1021:15312656
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835:17964243
643:13648729
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531:11099420
488:18823195
443:22121395
363:Archived
267:Squiggle
28:novelist
3856:Commons
3633:Purusha
3622:Reentry
3415:Agnosia
3338:Science
2718:Figures
2647:3785649
2612:4312553
2584:Bibcode
2547:7053366
2504:2714027
2418:8560791
2410:8541472
2375:8933444
2324:8556839
2184:3223025
2107:6726007
2058:3166522
1986:Bibcode
1959:6146202
1718:1644132
1683:4028658
1675:7248055
1640:4434188
1591:7214136
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973:9521256
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745:7973661
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681:9163357
635:9211852
615:Science
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587:9989407
567:Bibcode
511:Bibcode
503:Science
434:3223025
3780:Psyche
3627:Sakshi
3612:Qualia
3408:Topics
3274:Monism
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327:(2012)
321:(2011)
310:(2019)
304:(2018)
298:(2013)
292:(2010)
286:(2008)
275:(2010)
269:(2009)
263:(2008)
252:(2012)
246:(2009)
240:(2008)
232:(2008)
54:, the
3720:Works
3467:Brain
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214:Books
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3557:Mind
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