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developed a model for determining needs defined as a gap in results. Kaufman argued that an actual need can only be identified independent of a proposed solution. According to
Kaufman, to conduct a good-quality needs assessment, determine the current results and articulate the desired results; the
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A community needs assessment can be broadly categorized into three types based on their respective starting points. First, needs assessments which aim to discover weaknesses within the community and create a solution. Second, needs assessments which are structured around, and seek to address a
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A needs chain model is a framework that allows organizations to simultaneously consider the individuals' needs within an organization, and the organization's needs, in order to prioritise resources and identify areas of improvement for the organization.
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Burton, J. & Merrill, P. (1991). Needs assessment: Goals, need and priorities. In L. J. Briggs, K.L. Gustafson, and M.H. Tillman (Eds.), Instructional design: Principles and applications (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational
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Once the group has identified needs, they then generally turn to intensive needs assessment in order to rank the needs. This part of the research is concerned with examining the depth of the need, and potentially required resources.
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Individual assessments analyze how well an individual employee is doing a job and determines the individual's capacity to do different work. An individual assessment provides information on which employees need training and what
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Expressed needs are defined by the number of people who have sought help and focuses on circumstances where feelings are translated into action. A major weakness of expressed needs assumes that all people with needs seek
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Organizational assessments evaluate the level of organizational performance. An assessment of this type will determine the knowledge, skills, ability, and other characteristics (KSAOs) that are needed within the
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in order to "identify gaps in service delivery system to create a road map for improving neighborhood conditions by rationalizing the allocation of city dollars to social service programs".
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Ostroff., C & Ford, J.K. (1989). Assessing training needs: Critical levels of analysis. In I.L. Goldstein (Ed.), Training and development in organizations. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
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614:
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Nelson, R., Whitener, E., & Philcox, H. (1995). The assessment of end-user training needs. Communications of the
Association for Computing Machinery, 38(7) 27–39.
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Level of objectivity for all needs: This level requires all needs to have a certain level of objectivity, and to be based on deep investigation or further analysis.
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problem facing the community. Third, needs assessments of an organization which serves the community (domestic violence centers, community health clinics, etc.).
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Extensive research uses a large number of cases to determine the characteristics of a population, while intensive research examines one or a few cases in depth.
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Consumer leadership assessment is an assessment of the frequency with which community members use or are likely to use an existing or planned service.
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Rummler, G.A. & Brache, A.P. (1990). Improving performance: How to manage the white space on the organization chart. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
678:
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Gordon, S. (1994). Systematic training program design: Maximizing effectiveness and minimizing liability. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
850:
803:
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Hannum, W. & Hansen, C. (1989). Instructional systems development in large organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational
Technology.
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Needs assessments can help improve policy or program decisions, individuals, education, training, organizations, communities, or products.
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Rothwell, W.J. & Kazanas, H.C. (1992). Mastering the instructional design process: A systematic approach. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
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Sip Jan Pijil; Hillie
Veneman (2005). "Evaluating New Criteria and Procedures for Funding Special Needs Education in the Netherlands".
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Individual needs: Needs that pertain to the individual's attitudes about the organization or themselves, such as job satisfaction.
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Witkin, B.R. & Altschuld, J.W. (1995). Planning and conducting needs assessments: A practical guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
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Murk, P.J. & Wells, J.H. (1998). A practical guide to program planning. Training & Development
Journal, 42(10), 45–47.
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74:
59:
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Mager, R. F. & Pipe, P. (1997), Analyzing performance problems (3rd ed.). Atlanta, GA: Center for
Effective Performance.
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Robinson, D.G. & Robinson, J.C. (1995). Performance consulting: Moving beyond training. San
Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
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Fulgham, S. M.; Shaughnessy, M. (September–October 2008). "Q & A with Ed Tech Leaders: Interview with Roger Kaufman".
81:
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Witkin, B. R. (1994). Needs Assessment Since 1981: The State of the Practice. Evaluation Practice, 15 (1), 17–27.
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A Guide to Assessing Needs: Tools for collecting information, making decisions, and achieving development results
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Building Capacity to Participate in Environmental Protection Agency Activities: A Needs Assessment and Analysis
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Organizational need: Needs that pertain to behavior or tangible outcomes, such as market share or sales target.
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Perceived needs are defined by what people think about their needs; each standard changes with each respondent.
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Instrumental need: An intervention, product, or substance that is required to obtain satisfactory functioning.
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Relative needs are concerned with equity and must consider differences in population and social pathology.
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Kaufman, R. (1992). Strategic planning plus: An organizational guide (Rev. ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
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distance between results is the actual need. Once a need is identified, then a solution can be selected.
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A needs chain model is composed of aligned horizontal and vertical processes. The horizontal needs are:
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There are three types of need in a needs assessment: perceived need, expressed need and relative need.
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Altschuld, J. W. (2010). The Needs Assessment KIT. (ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. .
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425:"Availability and usefulness of selected health and socioeconomic data for community planning"
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Gilbert, T. (1978). Human competence: Engineering worthy performance. New York: McGraw-Hill.
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Bridging the Gaps: Toward an Efficient Social Service Delivery in Bayview Hunters Point
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A community needs assessment guide: a brief guide on how to conduct a needs assessment
989:
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Kaufman, R. (1972). Educational system planning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
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Occupational assessments examine the KSAOs required for affected occupational groups.
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Needs Assessment in Public Health: A Practical Guide for Students and Professionals
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Training needs assessment is an inquiry of training needs within an organization.
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Performance need: A level of performance required for satisfactory functioning.
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142:, or "gaps", between current conditions, and desired conditions, or "wants".
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Evaluation methodology basics: the nuts and bolts of sound evaluation
752:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Educational Technology Publications.
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Gupta, Kavita; Sleezer, Catherine M.; Russ-Eft, Darlene F. (2007).
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National Consumer Supporter Technical Assistance Center (2005).
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Designing and managing programs: An effectiveness-based approach
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examined statistics that showed a need within the community of
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Unconscious need: Needs that is unknown to those who have them.
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972:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
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Conscious need: Needs that are known to those who have them.
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Kaufman, Roger; Rojas, Alicia M.; Mayer, Hannah (1993).
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553:"Needs Chain Model, presented in AEA 2010, San Antonio"
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is a systematic process for determining and addressing
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Educational Management Administration & Leadership
329:"Needs Assessment Information (Wants determine needs)"
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There are three levels of training needs assessment:
813:Sharma, A.; Lanum, M.; Saurez-Balcazar, Y. (2000).
378:Kettner, P.M.; Moroney, R.M.; Martin, L.L. (2008).
362:Bradshaw, J. (1972). "The concept of social need".
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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822:Rossi, P.H.; Lipsey, M.W.; Freeman, H.E. (2004).
784:Watkins, R.; West Meiers, M.; Visser, Y. (2012).
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757:Peterson, Donna J.; Alexander, Greg R. (2001).
770:. Washington, DC: Environmental Law Institute.
416:Social welfare policy: Contributions to theory
168:Considered the "father of needs assessment",
8:
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761:. Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
677:Center for Urban Research & Learning.
423:Wallace, H.; Gold, E.; Dooley, S. (1967).
917:Learn how and when to remove this message
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122:Learn how and when to remove this message
845:(2 ed.). Pfeiffer. pp. 14–17.
27:Systematic process for determining needs
719:Mental Health America of South Carolina
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350:Watkins, West Meiers & Visser 2012
843:A Practical Guide to Needs Assessment
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521:Research Methods for Community Change
418:. The Hague, the Netherlands: Mouton.
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766:Environmental Law Institute (1999).
679:"A Community Needs Assessment Guide"
214:Also, it has four vertical factors:
60:adding citations to reliable sources
657:U.S. Office of Personnel Management
601:. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
366:. Vol. 30. pp. 640–643.
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824:Evaluation: a systematic approach
572:Shafloot, Fayez (November 2010).
429:American Journal of Public Health
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750:Needs Assessment: A User's Guide
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505:Kaufman, Rojas & Mayer 1993
493:Kaufman, Rojas & Mayer 1993
293:Environmental impact assessment
47:needs additional citations for
826:(7th ed.). London: Sage.
790:. Washington, DC: World Bank.
472:Fulgham & Shaughnessy 2008
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901:and help improve the section.
817:. Chicago: Loyola University.
409:. New York: Harper & Row.
712:"Community Needs Assessment"
653:"Training Needs Assessment"
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405:Motivation and personality
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232:Training needs assessment
628:10.1177/1741143205048176
517:Stoecker, Randy (2005).
860:Burke, Garance (2005).
578:. AEA 2010, San Antonio
525:. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
177:Extensive vs. intensive
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597:Davidson, EJ (2005).
441:10.2105/ajph.57.5.762
414:Ponsioen, J. (1962).
386:. Los Angeles: Sage.
303:Requirements analysis
281:Bayview Hunters Point
864:. UC Berkeley: GSPP.
56:improve this article
691:on 11 November 2011
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331:. ADPRIMA
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