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629:(which made the occupation a squat which could then be evicted), police moved in without notice on 20 July 1972. They removed the tents and arrested eight people. Three days later, on 23 July, 200 activists returned to the site and were prevented from reoccupying it by 200 police, who dismantled the embassy. Chicka Dixon commented "we decided to fight the coppers, so we armed ourselves with little sticks". The police did not intervene, and after listening to speeches the crowd dispersed peacefully. The clash was later described by Anderson as "a bloody battle", which caused 36 police to be taken to hospital and 18 protesters to be sent to jail. A week later on 30 July, around 2000 people turned up, and the tents were re-erected afterwards removed by the protesters, in a peaceful demonstration.
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abolished; all reserves and land on which blacks were now living were handed back to them in full ownership; compensation for land lost was paid plus a percentage of the annual gross income; an
Aboriginal commission was formed to handle Aboriginal affairs and distribute all funds; all budget submissions were met and approved in time to enable all black organisations to function at the requirement of the people".
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883:, which was put on public display in front of the ceremonial fire. Police were called, and Buzzacott was charged with "dishonestly appropriating a bronze coat of arms with the intention of permanently depriving the Commonwealth of its property". Buzzacott also made an unsuccessful attempt to charge the Australian Government with
1311:...it still says something very powerful to the Australian public, and that is that Aboriginal Australia has been here for a very long time, and will continue to be here into the future... it's a symbol that has come to represent to me personally, the struggle, the political struggle, in particular, of Aboriginal Australia.
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These comments angered activists since they felt Abbott was proposing that the
Embassy should be evicted. Gillard and Abbott were hastily escorted from the restaurant under the protection of police officers, and during the scramble Gillard lost one of her shoes, which was collected by protesters. At
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went to the Lobby
Restaurant, close to the embassy site. That morning Abbott had been asked whether he found the Embassy "still relevant" and he had replied "I think the Indigenous people of Australia can be very proud of the respect in which they are held by every Australian and, yes, I think a lot
614:, and to unite all Aborigines despite cultural or language difficulties in the fight for their rights". They also expressed solidarity with other oppressed groups, and class struggles. Michael Anderson resigned as High Commissioner for the embassy at this time as he wished to turn his attention to a
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In May 1972, with winter approaching, embassy spokesman Sammy Watson Jnr announced that it would be cutting down its staff to four people over winter. A new accounting system would be introduced, with their bookkeeping open to inspection. Any donations superfluous to the needs of running the embassy
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in 1788, as
Aboriginal Australians never signed a treaty with European colonists nor ceded any of their land; reflecting on the five decades of the Tent Embassy's existence, Coe argued that the aims of the Aboriginal activist movement as they were formulated in the 1970s are still relevant to young
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On 26 January 2022, at 50 years old, the Tent
Embassy has become the longest continuous protest for Indigenous land rights in the world. Organisers said that the week of the anniversary is a chance for First Nations people to "honour and mourn our past, celebrate our survival and strategise for the
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During the first six months of its life in 1972 the
Embassy succeeded in uniting Aboriginal people throughout Australia in demanding uniform national land rights, and mobilised widespread non-Indigenous support for the cause. Humour was used to engage ordinary Australians. Other people associated
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to include
Aboriginal people in official population counts for constitutional purposes, and to be able to make separate laws for them; however, young urban Aboriginal people were not happy with progress since then. There had been many years of conservative governments in Australia, and during the
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and on the steps of
Parliament House and temporarily renamed it the Canberra Aboriginal Reserve. They charged Whitlam with forgetting his earlier promises. On 21 November the OAU said that the "mission" would remain on the Parliament House lawns until "The Department of Aboriginal Affairs was
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Many of the main participants in the
Embassy, including John Newfong, Cheryl Buchanan, Gary Foley and Michael Anderson, also produced Indigenous newspapers, which published alternative information from that found in mainstream newspapers. The Embassy also began to attract attention in the
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and moving forward in the future. Around 2,500 people, including Ngalan
Gilbert, grandson of Kevin Gilbert, attended the main march which finished at the site of the Aboriginal Tent Embassy. At a separate event, a crowd was addressed by the only surviving member of the original embassy,
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that they were legally entitled to camp outside Parliament since it was Commonwealth land. Dixon said that he became the "Minister for Defence" and they all assigned themselves portfolios. They painted the gutter "No Parking – Aboriginal Staff Only", and then introduced the
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It's a powerful symbol that has left a legacy to remind all Australians that it took four men sitting under an umbrella to heighten an awareness of many of the challenges that exist within the Aboriginal communities across the geographic diversity of this
429:, Indigenous people would be granted leases. They offered 50-year general-purpose leases for Aboriginal people which would be conditional upon their "intention and ability to make reasonable economic and social use of land", while reserving for the Crown
940:, were designed "to bring the anarchistic embassy site effectively under government control and direction", which "would be the total antithesis of the concept of the embassy and its significance to Indigenous communities Australia wide".
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elder Aunty Matilda House-Williams, who was there when the embassy was founded in 1972, condemned the fire and said the protest did not represent the embassy or Canberran Indigenous people. Some of the outsiders have been charged.
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31. Frank Roberts speaks at the Aboriginal Tent Embassy, 8 February 1972. 32. Gough Whitlam speaks at the Aboriginal Tent Embassy, 8 February, 1972... 34. Bobbi Sykes speaks at the Aboriginal Tent Embassy, 8 February
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There have been a number of suspicious fires at the site. The most devastating fire took place in June 2003, when 31 years of records were lost. Police again attempted to remove protesters from the site after this.
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did not allow for the eviction of the Embassy. A Bill was quickly added to make the Ordinance retrospective, and the Embassy was evicted again the next day, after it had been symbolically re-erected.
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1071:, a documentary film charting Black activism in South-East Australia made in 1972, documents the events, including the eviction by police. The film, whose title means "hungry for land" (in
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487:. The term "embassy" was deliberately chosen to draw attention to the fact Aboriginal people had never ceded sovereignty, and that there had never been any kind of treaty process with
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According to Australian scholar Lynda-June Coe, who is a niece of two of the co-founders, the Aboriginal activist movement traces its origins back to Aboriginal warriors who resisted
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negotiated the "temporary" removal of the Embassy with the Government, pending Government action on land rights. In December 1976 the embassy was dismantled after the passing of the
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also appear in the film, which celebrates their activism and asks the question why they are not better known today. It was made by Tamarind Tree Pictures in association with
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in mid-1975. The protest site was then relocated to various sites in Canberra until 1992. In March 1976, the Embassy was established in a house in the nearby suburb of
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about Aboriginal activism of the 1970s and since, marking the 50th anniversary of the Tent Embassy. The film was written and directed by Indigenous filmmaker
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would be given to community projects. Watson and Gary Foley said that the aim of the embassy was "to develop awareness among urban Blacks, in particular, of
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in 1995, after being registered in 1987, as the only Aboriginal site in Australia that is recognised nationally as representing political struggle for all
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later wrote in his 2014 book about the embassy that the term "tent embassy" was intended to serve as a reminder that Aboriginal people were living in
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Lothian, Kathy (December 2007). "Moving Blackwards: Black Power and the Aboriginal Embassy". In Hannah, Mark; Macfarlane, Ingereth (eds.).
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planned a series of events over two days, to celebrate the struggle for Aboriginal land rights and the theatre of political protest. The
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1443:"Australian Aborigines, Commonwealth policy and achievements statement by the prime minister — The Rt Hon. William McMahon, C.H., M.P."
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At the time, the Tent Embassy focused international attention on injustices in Australia, which had gone largely unnoticed hitherto.
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On the 20th anniversary of its founding in 1992, the Aboriginal Tent Embassy was re-established at the original site on the lawns of
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session with Gary Foley on stage. Ghillar Michael Anderson was the only one of the original four founders still alive at this time.
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on 18 December 2022 which includes a Q&A with Harvey and Gary Foley, and is freely available to Australian viewers on
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to be placed in front of Parliament House, where the eyes of the world could see the plight of the land's First Peoples.
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The Redfern Tent Embassy is not just fighting for affordable housing, but Aboriginal autonomy and self-determination.
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and Tony Coorey, first day of the Aboriginal Tent Embassy, January 1972; Police question protesters, January 1972,
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Writing to be heard: the Indigenous print media's role in establishing and developing an Indigenous public sphere
2003:
1777:"Item 680: Tribune negatives including speakers at the Aboriginal Tent Embassy, 8 February 1972, and Wendy Bacon"
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1722:"'Fifty years of resistance': Aboriginal Tent Embassy began with an umbrella and became a symbol of sovereignty"
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page that the shoe would be returned only in exchange for stolen land, but the shoe was later returned to her.
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1052:, a documentary film charting Black activism in South-East Australia made in 1972, was screened at the event.
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1417:"Still We Rise tracks the names and stories behind 50-year-old Aboriginal tent embassy protest in Canberra"
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3103:"Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra still 'the ground zero for First Nations people' nearly 50 years on"
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The beach umbrella was soon replaced by several tents and Aboriginal people, including activists such as
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737:, and it was re-established on 30 October by the Organisation of Aboriginal Unity (OAU), who staged a
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339:. The Embassy has been a site of protest and support for grassroots campaigns for the recognition of
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1252:. Coe also stated that the Tent Embassy serves as a symbol which extends back to the arrival of the
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491:; they were the only cultural group in Australia who did not have an embassy to represent them. Dr
319:, the Aboriginal Tent Embassy is made up of signs and tents. Since 1992 it has been located on the
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helped to fund the event, which included coachloads of attendees coming from the country, and a
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on the steps of Parliament House and the Tent Embassy was re-established. The sit-in ended when
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1681:"A short history of the Aboriginal Tent Embassy – an indelible reminder of unceded sovereignty"
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771:; however, this closed in 1977. For a short period in 1979, the embassy was re-established by
304:) 1972, and celebrating its 50th anniversary in 2022, it is the longest continuous protest for
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On 30 May 1974 the embassy was destroyed in a storm, but its contents were safeguarded by the
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1547:"A milestone for Black sovereignty in this country: celebrating 50 years of the Tent Embassy"
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On 6 February 1972 the Aboriginal Tent Embassy presented a list of demands to Parliament:
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1491:"Aboriginal Tent Embassy - 'the guys who woke up Australia' - marks its 50th anniversary"
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Nation set up a Peace Camp and combined ashes from Canberra's sacred fire to the fire at
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issued a new policy relating to Aboriginal land use. Under this new legislation by the
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2323:"Reconciling two settings: responding to threats to social and scenic heritage values"
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2804:"Still We Rise: Bold documentary explores the history of the Aboriginal Tent Embassy"
1611:"Indigenous activism heads online as the Aboriginal Tent Embassy celebrates 50 years"
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924:) announced a review into the Aboriginal Tent Embassy. A non-Indigenous professional
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1233:. Harvey has produced and directed several other short films and television series.
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2064:"Aboriginal Embassy Site, King George Tce, Parkes, ACT, Australia (Place ID 18843)"
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The 30th anniversary was celebrated in January 2002, when at which time a group of
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Legal title and mining rights to areas in and around all Australian capital cities.
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said on the 50th anniversary that it was just as relevant now as it had ever been:
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Compensation money for lands not returnable to take the form of a down-payment of
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Williams suggested calling the tiny protest, at that point just a camp with a few
2590:"Old Parliament House Aboriginal Tent Embassy marks 50 anniversary on January 26"
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1217:. Harvey was informed by talks with Gary Foley, now an academic and historian.
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called for the eviction of the Tent Embassy in 2005, viewing it as an eyesore.
514:; the parliament in the Northern Territory to be predominantly Aboriginal with
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has changed since then and I think it probably is time to move on from that".
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in South Africa. This energy was tapped into by Indigenous rights protesters.
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2830:"Still We Rise reflects on revolutionary Aboriginal Tent Embassy 50 years on"
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in 1946 where the initial idea and inspiration for the Embassy was raised by
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2514:"Gillard, Abbott escorted under guard amid Aboriginal Tent Embassy protest"
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2533:"Gillard and Abbott rescued after being trapped by protesters in Canberra"
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First established in 1972 under a beach umbrella as a protest against the
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Land rights, self-determination and reassertion of Indigenous sovereignty
960:, 26 January 2012, the Embassy celebrated its fortieth anniversary. The
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2465:"Aboriginal protesters overreacted to Tony Abbott, says Warren Mundine"
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2298:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 November 2005. Archived from
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In 2012, there were six other tent embassies dotted around the nation.
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on the lawn in front of Parliament House (now Old Parliament House).
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The day was marked by cultural events and speeches, with a focus on
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In August 2005, the Federal Government (then the fourth term of the
805:, who had been involved in the early days, were buried at the site.
2911:"'Intercontinental Cry' Article on Australian Sovereignty movement"
1883:. No. 1753. New South Wales, Australia. 2 May 1972. p. 10
1646:"Aboriginal Tent Embassy: 50 years on, the struggles remain urgent"
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to promote reconciliation. This sacred fire was originally made by
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3785:
2636:"Huge crowds march on 50th anniversary of Aboriginal Tent Embassy"
1970:"'The Rally Is Calling': Dashiell Moore Interviews Lionel Fogarty"
1784:. Manuscripts, oral history and pictures catalogue (old catalogue)
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947:
908:
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272:
3176:, including footage of police marching on protesters in June 1972
2988:"Collapsing Australian Architecture: the Aboriginal Tent Embassy"
2975:"Nomadic Resistance: Tent Embassies and Collapsible Architecture"
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Wright, Jessica; Harrison, Dan; Welch, Dylan (27 January 2012).
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2328:. International Council on Monuments and Sites. Archived from
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Legal title and mining rights to all other presently existing
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National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Legal Services
625:
The demands were rejected, and following an amendment to the
3124:"The Aboriginal Embassy: An Account of the Protests of 1972"
331:, the Australian capital. It is not considered an official
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In October 1973, around 70 Aboriginal protesters staged a
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protests against Australian involvement in the Vietnam War
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conditions, and treated "like aliens in their own land".
292:
site as a focus for representing the political rights of
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Transgressions: Critical Australian Indigenous histories
1810:"Rhoda Roberts: the heartbreak and triumphs of her life"
468:; later Kevin "Bert" Johnson), arrived in Canberra from
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the high proportion of Indigenous Australians in prison
2776:"Still We Rise – screening and talk - Sun 18 Dec 2022"
1976:(Interview). Interviewed by Moore, Dashiell. p. 1
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owing to its heritage value. Directed and produced by
1679:
Carlson, Bronwyn; Coe, Lynda-June (13 January 2022).
1213:, and developed and produced in association with the
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Damage to the Embassy from December 2003 arson attack
2487:"Riot police rescue Gillard, Abbott from protesters"
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Sovereign Union:First Nations Asserting Sovereignty
472:, to establish an Aboriginal Embassy by planting a
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34:
3627:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
2617:Aboriginal Tent Embassy marks its 50th anniversary
1016:), causing more than $ 4 million worth of damage.
706:ruled in September 1972 that the amendment to the
570:and Frank Roberts Jnr, father of theatre director
1941:"50th Anniversary of the Aboriginal Tent Embassy"
1579:. Canberra: Parliamentary Library. Archived from
2531:Martin, Lisa; Curtis, Katina (26 January 2012).
1157:on 8 December 2022. It features interviews with
879:(which come with cultural obligations) from the
566:spoke at the Embassy on 8 February 1972, as did
280:addresses a protest at the Embassy, 30 July 1972
1323:The Redfern Tent Embassy was set up in 2014 by
1309:
1296:
633:with the Embassy demonstration in 1972 include
234:State and Commonwealth Governments of Australia
4114:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
3617:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
3194:recorded at the Embassy, 30 July 1972 (part 2)
3188:recorded at the Embassy, 30 July 1972 (part 1)
2721:"The theory and practice of ethnographic film"
2512:Packham, Ben; Vasek, Lanai (27 January 2012).
2210:"Five Fast Facts: The Aboriginal Tent Embassy"
962:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
928:firm, Mutual Mediations, was appointed by the
808:The site of the Tent Embassy was added to the
3602:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association
3213:
3101:Midena, Kate; Bourchier, Dan (28 June 2020).
2414:"Why the tent embassy shouldn't pack up camp"
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1120:The term "Ningla A-na" was also used for the
783:, as the "National Aboriginal Government" on
708:Trespass on Commonwealth Lands Ordinance 1932
627:Trespass on Commonwealth Lands Ordinance 1932
8:
4216:Organisations serving Indigenous Australians
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2664:"Demands of the Moratorium for Black Rights"
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814:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
2383:"Government announces tent embassy rethink"
2095:"Aboriginal tent embassy: icon or eyesore?"
1902:
1900:
1898:
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1573:"Aboriginal Tent Embassy: Icon or Eyesore?"
1278:age of criminal responsibility in Australia
529:lands and settlements throughout Australia.
421:government, which had refused to recognise
4191:Buildings and structures completed in 1972
3709:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
3694:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council
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2467:. Australian Associated Press. 29 May 2019
2236:"Kevin Buzzacott: Aboriginal Tent Embassy"
1963:
1961:
1891:– via National Library of Australia.
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810:Australian Register of the National Estate
31:
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2162:"The 40-year protest that changed little"
2136:Woroni (Canberra, ACT : 1950 - 2007)
1639:
1637:
1635:
1545:Quinn-Bates, Jennetta (20 January 2022).
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456:On 26 January 1972, four Aboriginal men,
546:billion and an annual percentage of the
452:speaking at the Embassy, 8 February 1972
106:From top: Billy Craigie, Bert Williams,
3431:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
3303:People from politics and public service
2564:"Gillard's shoe returned after protest"
2356:"Tents stay, people to go at 'embassy'"
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180:Dispossession of Indigenous Australians
27:Permanent on-going protest in Australia
3229:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
3089:
3079:
2781:Australian Centre for the Moving Image
2688:
2686:
2658:
2656:
2562:Medhora, Shalailah (27 January 2012).
2058:
2056:
1996:"Australia Day under a beach umbrella"
1609:Wellington, Shahni (23 January 2022).
378:. Patten had called for an Aboriginal
3109:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2634:Gleeson, Ashleigh (25 January 2022).
2272:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1097:), the film contains interviews with
916:Aboriginal Tent Embassy, January 2010
749:In February 1975 Aboriginal activist
699:as well as being heard on the stage.
606:. Support grew around the world too.
7:
4196:Buildings and structures in Canberra
3411:Literature of Indigenous Australians
3056:. Aboriginal History Monographs 16.
1004:In December 2021 and January 2022, "
657:(later partner of poet and activist
4201:History of Australia (1945–present)
3143:"Timeline: Aboriginal Tent Embassy"
3031:"Black Power in Redfern: 1968–1972"
2742:"Video Overview Ningla A-Na (1972)"
2391:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2354:Khadem, Nassim (10 December 2005).
2266:"Aboriginal Tent Embassy burnt out"
2000:Collaborating for Indigenous Rights
1968:Fogarty, Lionel (31 January 2019).
1908:"Timeline: Aboriginal Tent Embassy"
1619:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1499:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1450:Collaborating for Indigenous Rights
1415:Gbogbo, Mawunyo (7 December 2022).
1292:Minister for Indigenous Australians
1215:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
735:Department of the Capital Territory
341:Indigenous land rights in Australia
41:Indigenous land rights in Australia
3592:Aborigines Progressive Association
2968:. Defining Moments. 13 April 2018.
2719:MacBean, James Roy (Spring 1983).
1808:Ross, Isabella (25 January 2022).
1489:Bourchier, Dan (25 January 2022).
887:, but this was turned down by the
376:Aborigines Progressive Association
374:, President and co-founder of the
25:
4206:History of Indigenous Australians
2160:Jopson, Debra (20 January 2012).
1848:McLaren, Nick (20 January 2012).
1720:Allam, Lorena (26 January 2022).
1353:Australian Aboriginal sovereignty
714:1970s–1990s: temporary relocation
618:among Aboriginal people in rural
522:to all land within the Territory.
460:, Billy Craigie, Tony Coorey and
317:Indigenous Australian land rights
46:History of Indigenous Australians
4186:1972 establishments in Australia
2802:Perry, Kevin (7 December 2022).
2694:"N'Ingla A-Na - Review - Photos"
2588:Evans, Steve (25 January 2022).
2412:Foley, Gary (19 December 2005).
2292:"The Future of the Tent Embassy"
2021:Burrows, Elizabeth Anne (2010).
1782:State Library of New South Wales
1644:McIlroy, Tom (20 January 2022).
1519:Korff, Jens (21 December 2018).
1048:
992:first the Embassy posted on its
763:, having been introduced by the
743:Department of Aboriginal Affairs
730:agreed to meet with protesters.
94:
87:
76:
69:
58:
3930:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
2828:Ruben, Emma (7 December 2022).
2264:Yaxley, Louise (19 June 2003).
2101:. Chronology No. 3, 1999-2000.
1521:"Black Fire (Blackfire) (Film)"
1358:Redfern Aboriginal Tent Embassy
1316:Other Aboriginal tent embassies
1077:National Film and Sound Archive
801:In 1993, the ashes of the poet
759:with bipartisan support by the
756:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
661:, and mother of six children),
4211:Indigenous Australian politics
4142:Uluru Statement from the Heart
3559:Torres Strait Island languages
3029:Foley, Gary (5 October 2001).
2677:– via Reason in Revolt.
2006:. 22 July 2008. Archived from
1850:"40 years of canvas diplomacy"
1014:Museum of Australian Democracy
385:In 1967, Australians voted in
229:Indigenous people of Australia
1:
3607:Australian Aborigines' League
3587:Aborigines Advancement League
3504:Australian Aboriginal English
2995:Journal of Australian Studies
1377:"The Aboriginal Tent Embassy"
979:occurred when Prime Minister
952:Aboriginal Tent Embassy, 2015
300:. Established on 26 January (
298:Torres Strait Islander people
3647:National Reconciliation Week
2966:National Museum of Australia
2138:. 20 August 1979. p. 15
2069:Australian Heritage Database
1274:Aboriginal deaths in custody
681:international press such as
398:1960s there were also large
366:said that he had attended a
345:Aboriginal deaths in custody
3699:NSW Aboriginal Land Council
3637:Registered Aboriginal Party
3622:National Indigenous Council
3509:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
2936:Pen, Justin (6 July 2014).
2729:– via Red Dirt Films.
1650:Australian Financial Review
1571:Dow, Coral (4 April 2000).
1282:debate around Australia Day
1237:Significance and commentary
1221:has a special screening at
977:Australia Day 2012 protests
914:Corroboree for Sovereignty,
846:Camperdown, New South Wales
118:, July 1972; January 2015;
4252:
4077:Constitutional recognition
3946:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
3582:Aboriginal Medical Service
2624:ABC News, 26 January 2022.
2440:"Australia Day Turns Ugly"
1087:, with whom he later made
3471:Traditional custodianship
3007:10.1080/14443050109387636
2962:"Aboriginal Tent Embassy"
2835:National Indigenous Times
2444:The Sydney Morning Herald
2004:National Museum Australia
1454:National Museum Australia
1257:Aboriginal people today.
1209:, with some financing by
1124:marches on 14 July 1972.
975:What became known as the
852:and lit by Wiradjuri man
512:Commonwealth of Australia
427:native title in Australia
248:
223:
51:
39:
3936:Australian Frontier Wars
3642:Reconciliation Australia
3122:Robinson, Scott (1994).
1203:Ghillar Michael Anderson
1042:, and early participant
1040:Ghillar Michael Anderson
856:at the embassy in 1998.
641:(aka Sammy Watson Jnr),
532:The preservation of all
263:Ghillar Michael Anderson
108:Ghillar Michael Anderson
4226:Separatism in Australia
3988:Australian history wars
3849:Contemporary visual art
3265:Torres Strait Islanders
2986:Cowan, Gregory (2001).
1577:Parliament of Australia
881:Australian Coat of Arms
867:, reclaimed the sacred
787:, site of the proposed
413:), then prime minister
395:Commonwealth Government
391:Australian Constitution
286:Aboriginal Tent Embassy
35:Aboriginal Tent Embassy
4231:Squatting in Australia
3684:Kimberley Land Council
3534:Pama–Nyungan languages
3524:Loanwords into English
3441:Religion and mythology
3394:Torres Strait Islander
3245:Aboriginal Australians
1313:
1301:
1025:2022: 50th anniversary
983:and Opposition Leader
953:
944:2012: 40th anniversary
917:
836:, Isabel Coe from the
829:
556:Australian Labor Party
510:as a State within the
453:
423:Aboriginal land rights
387:an historic referendum
353:Indigenous sovereignty
306:Indigenous land rights
294:Aboriginal Australians
281:
161:35.30111°S 149.13000°E
4221:Protests in Australia
4023:Native Title Act 1993
3958:Cummeragunja walk-off
3704:Northern Land Council
3554:Torres Strait English
3481:Torres Strait Islands
3024:on 30 September 2012.
2103:Australian Government
2074:Australian Government
1974:Cordite Poetry Review
1756:The Global Dispatches
1246:European colonisation
1151:Torres Strait Islands
1083:(brother of producer
951:
912:
832:In the leadup to the
827:
548:gross national income
536:throughout Australia.
448:
337:Australian Government
276:
197:Nonviolent resistance
3679:Central Land Council
3167:Clips from the film
2167:The Maitland Mercury
1875:"Aboriginal Embassy"
1813:(audio (55m) + text)
1463:on 22 September 2020
930:Territories Minister
834:2000 Sydney Olympics
796:Old Parliament House
789:new Parliament House
409:On 26 January 1972 (
325:Old Parliament House
166:-35.30111; 149.13000
3436:Outstation movement
3275:Western Australians
2335:on 25 February 2012
2321:Truscott, Marilyn.
2241:. Bella Belle. 2005
2195:8 July 2018 at the
2132:"Aboriginal rights"
2029:Griffith University
1689:. Republished from
1081:Alessandro Cavadini
441:1972: establishment
402:as well as against
157: /
140:Canberra, Australia
4129:Stolen Generations
4119:Self-determination
4039:Stolen Generations
3973:Historical figures
3953:Caledon Bay crisis
3776:Fire-stick farming
3689:Maralinga Tjarutja
3308:Performing artists
3180:Koori History page
3161:Aboriginal Embassy
3131:Aboriginal History
3063:10.22459/T.12.2007
2891:. 18 February 2019
2595:The Canberra Times
2543:on 7 February 2012
2199:(2002 documentary)
2037:10.25904/1912/3292
1914:. 3 September 2013
1752:"The Bush Capital"
1583:on 17 October 2013
1441:McMahon, William.
1153:. It premiered on
1075:), is held in the
1035:reparatory justice
1006:Sovereign Citizens
954:
918:
863:, including Uncle
830:
765:Whitlam government
684:The New York Times
616:voter registration
527:Aboriginal reserve
508:Northern Territory
454:
431:rights to minerals
349:self-determination
313:McMahon government
290:protest occupation
282:
201:civil disobedience
131:26/27 January 1972
4173:
4172:
4056:Western Australia
3791:Possum-skin cloak
3722:
3721:
3714:Tiwi Land Council
3549:Taboo on the dead
3514:Australian Creole
3255:Aboriginal groups
3149:. 1 January 1970.
2938:"'The long haul'"
2865:. 8 December 2022
2747:Australian Screen
2493:. 26 January 2012
2010:on 17 March 2012.
1945:indigenous.gov.au
922:Howard government
861:Aboriginal elders
761:Fraser government
704:ACT Supreme Court
612:Black nationalism
604:(Aboriginal) flag
271:
270:
239:
238:
16:(Redirected from
4243:
3667:
3499:Avoidance speech
3461:Smoking ceremony
3222:
3215:
3208:
3199:
3163:Official website
3150:
3138:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3077:
3065:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3037:on 30 April 2019
3033:. Archived from
3025:
3023:
3017:. Archived from
2992:
2982:
2981:on 24 July 2010.
2977:. Archived from
2969:
2949:
2948:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2917:. 1 January 2010
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
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2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2799:
2793:
2792:
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2772:
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2762:
2760:
2758:
2737:
2731:
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2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
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2690:
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2631:
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2618:
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2607:
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2604:
2602:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2539:. Archived from
2528:
2522:
2521:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2435:
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2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2327:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2302:on 27 April 2016
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2251:Internet Archive
2248:
2246:
2240:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2212:. Archived from
2206:
2200:
2189:Fire of the Land
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2105:. 4 April 2000.
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2060:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1937:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1904:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1871:
1865:
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1762:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1717:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1691:The Conversation
1676:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1641:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1606:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1525:Creative Spirits
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1486:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1456:. Archived from
1447:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1412:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1373:
1211:Screen Australia
1139:documentary film
1122:Black Moratorium
1030:next 50 years".
904:Ngunnawal people
889:Attorney-General
695:, and performed
545:
458:Michael Anderson
225:
224:
205:peaceful protest
172:
171:
169:
168:
167:
162:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
98:
91:
80:
73:
62:
32:
21:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4109:Media portrayal
4072:1967 Referendum
4060:
3968:Gurindji Strike
3963:Day of Mourning
3915:
3825:
3718:
3665:
3563:
3519:Language groups
3485:
3327:
3279:
3231:
3226:
3157:
3141:
3126:
3121:
3112:
3110:
3100:
3088:
3078:
3074:
3049:
3040:
3038:
3028:
3021:
2990:
2985:
2972:
2960:
2957:
2955:Further reading
2952:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2857:"Still We Rise"
2855:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2827:
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2822:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2774:
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2766:
2756:
2754:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2633:
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2587:
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2448:
2446:
2437:
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2422:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2393:. 1 August 2005
2381:
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2364:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2270:The World Today
2263:
2262:
2258:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2197:Wayback Machine
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2041:
2039:
2031:. p. 227.
2020:
2019:
2015:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1938:
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1917:
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1396:
1386:
1384:
1383:. 29 March 2019
1375:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1349:
1325:Lyall Munro Jnr
1318:
1239:
1195:Bertie Williams
1177:, and music by
1132:
1065:
1058:
1044:Cheryl Buchanan
1027:
1002:
946:
865:Kevin Buzzacott
850:Kevin Buzzacott
822:
773:Lyall Munro Jnr
751:Charles Perkins
726:Prime Minister
716:
677:("Mum Shirl").
655:Cheryl Buchanan
620:New South Wales
543:
506:Control of the
464:(son of singer
462:Bertie Williams
443:
415:William McMahon
380:mission station
368:political rally
361:
315:'s approach to
288:is a permanent
267:
266:
259:
254:
235:
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4162:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4134:Half-Caste Act
4126:
4124:Reconciliation
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4102:Protected Area
4099:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4036:
4031:
4029:Pilbara strike
4026:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3975:
3970:
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3851:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3806:Spinifex resin
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
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3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3544:Sign languages
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3486:
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3358:
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3348:
3343:
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3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3318:Visual artists
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
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3257:
3252:
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2726:Film Quarterly
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2700:. 24 June 2008
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1145:, who is from
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1111:Carole Johnson
1093:(1975), about
1085:Fabio Cavadini
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697:street theatre
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474:beach umbrella
466:Harry Williams
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981:Julia Gillard
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690:
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672:
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667:Kevin Gilbert
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564:Gough Whitlam
561:
560:in opposition
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520:mining rights
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4097:Native title
4051:Tent embassy
4050:
4034:Pintupi Nine
4021:
3941:Bathurst War
3928:
3911:Yininmadyemi
3896:Sandpainting
3891:Papunya Tula
3886:NATSIA Award
3874:Music groups
3796:Scarred tree
3766:Dugout canoe
3456:Sacred sites
3371:The Dreaming
3313:Sportspeople
3182:, with links
3168:
3146:
3134:
3130:
3111:. Retrieved
3106:
3052:
3039:. Retrieved
3035:the original
3019:the original
2998:
2994:
2979:the original
2965:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2919:. Retrieved
2914:
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2893:. Retrieved
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2867:. Retrieved
2860:
2851:
2839:. Retrieved
2833:
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2807:
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2779:
2757:28 September
2755:. Retrieved
2745:
2735:
2724:
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2697:
2678:
2673:28 September
2671:. Retrieved
2643:. Retrieved
2639:
2629:
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2593:
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2567:
2557:
2545:. Retrieved
2541:the original
2536:
2526:
2517:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2490:
2481:
2471:27 September
2469:. Retrieved
2459:
2447:. Retrieved
2443:
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2417:
2407:
2395:. Retrieved
2386:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2359:
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2330:the original
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2295:
2286:
2274:. Retrieved
2269:
2259:
2249:– via
2243:. Retrieved
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:the original
2204:
2188:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2165:
2140:. Retrieved
2135:
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2098:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2067:
2042:28 September
2040:. Retrieved
2023:
2016:
2008:the original
1999:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1973:
1948:. Retrieved
1944:
1916:. Retrieved
1911:
1885:. Retrieved
1878:
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1853:
1820:. Retrieved
1816:
1803:
1794:
1787:. Retrieved
1780:
1771:
1759:. Retrieved
1755:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:The Guardian
1725:
1694:. Retrieved
1684:
1653:. Retrieved
1649:
1622:. Retrieved
1614:
1585:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1576:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1550:
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1524:
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1494:
1465:. Retrieved
1458:the original
1449:
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1420:
1385:. Retrieved
1380:
1371:
1322:
1319:
1310:
1305:Linda Burney
1302:
1297:
1286:
1259:
1243:
1240:
1218:
1189:and others.
1175:Denis Walker
1171:Chicka Dixon
1134:
1133:
1128:
1119:
1099:Fred Hollows
1088:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1047:
1046:. The film
1032:
1028:
1010:anti-vaxxers
1003:
990:
974:
955:
919:
913:
897:
893:
858:
831:
807:
800:
793:
785:Capital Hill
777:Cecil Patten
754:
748:
732:
717:
707:
701:
682:
679:
671:Denis Walker
651:Alana Doolan
631:
626:
624:
608:
591:Chicka Dixon
587:John Newfong
576:
553:
534:sacred sites
516:native title
501:
478:
455:
408:
384:
364:Chicka Dixon
362:
310:
285:
283:
261:
256:
251:
244:Lead figures
29:
4092:Land rights
3995:King plates
3811:Sweet foods
3781:Food groups
3751:Bush tucker
3491:Language(s)
3426:NAIDOC Week
3376:Enumeration
3285:Individuals
3250:Communities
3169:Ningla-A-Na
3137:(1): 49–63.
3041:18 February
2895:10 December
2869:10 December
2841:10 December
2813:10 December
2808:TV Blackbox
2787:10 December
2220:20 February
1822:2 September
1789:2 September
1551:IndigenousX
1426:10 December
1381:The Commons
1329:Jenny Munro
1327:, his wife
1303:Federal MP
1254:First Fleet
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1095:Palm Island
1069:Ningla A-Na
1062:Ningla A-Na
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568:Bobbi Sykes
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4180:Categories
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3746:Bush bread
3612:Mass media
3539:Placenames
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3406:Kurdaitcha
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3351:Corroboree
3270:Victorians
3260:Tasmanians
2645:27 January
2601:25 January
2491:abc.net.au
2423:26 January
2397:26 January
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2245:27 January
2173:27 January
2142:21 January
2116:25 January
1950:25 January
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1556:25 January
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1183:Dan Sultan
1163:Gary Foley
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3186:Speeches
3172:(1972),
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2698:OzMovies
2497:13 April
2387:ABC News
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1761:13 April
1615:ABC News
1495:ABC News
1421:ABC News
1347:See also
1159:Paul Coe
1115:Paul Coe
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1073:Arrernte
994:Facebook
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854:Paul Coe
781:Paul Coe
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689:BBC News
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435:forestry
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278:Bob Maza
136:Location
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