211:. Peter the Venerable's aim was to convert Muslims to Christianity, and for that reason it can be argued that his interpretation of Islam was inherently negative, but he did manage to set out "a more reasoned approach to Islam…through using its own sources rather than those produced by the hyperactive imagination of some earlier Western Christian writers". After circulating in manuscript, Peter the Venerable's so-called
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The dating proposed by Muir has also been disputed with it being the object of serious disagreements between orientalists. L. Massignon believes the composition to be later than Muir's suggestion, suggesting the 4th century hijri (10th century CE), arguing that the author borrowed from
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is controversial. The earliest surviving manuscripts of the Arabic text are seventeenth century. However, the Arabic manuscripts are predated by a twelfth-century Latin translation made in Spain, where the Arabic text is assumed to have been circulating among
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around the year 1000 as the
Epistle of "Abd al Masîh ibn Ishâc, Al Kindy". Both Muir and van Koningsveld favour a ninth-century date for the Apology. Muir is more specific about the date, identifying the Caliph, who remains unnamed in the epistles, as
294:, living in the Caliph's castle and being well versed in Christian theology. He is also described as having a close and trusted Christian friend called "Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi" (which translates as "Servant of
267:: The Muslim first invites the Christian to embrace Islam. The Christian declines this and in turn invites the Muslim to embrace Christianity. The Christian's answer comprises some six-sevenths of the text.
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concludes that the
Christian author took these criticisms from al-Rawandi and therefore he argues the letter was composed at the beginning of the 4th AH/10th CE century, agreeing with Massignon.
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It is attributed to an Arab
Christian referred to as Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi. This Al-Kindi is otherwise unknown, and is clearly different from the Muslim philosopher
676:
388:
Newman, N. A. The Early
Christian-Muslim Dialogue: A Collection of Documents from the First Three Islamic Centuries, 632-900 A.D.: Translations with Commentary.
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The significance of the work lies in its availability to Europe's educated elite from as early as the twelfth century as a source of information about Islam.
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on the part of the translator. While Peter of Toledo's Arabic appears to have been less than perfect, it was better than his Latin, and a French scholar
230:'s translation of 1882. Like its Latin predecessor, Muir's (partial) translation was intended for missionary purposes, as he states in the preface.
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Muir acknowledged difficulties in obtaining a reliable version of the Arabic text, but he defended the authenticity of the work, noting that the
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was the main translator. Professor van
Koningsveld has identified various errors in the Latin translation attributable to a limited knowledge of
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433:, Religious Polemics in Context: papers presented to the Second International Conference of the Leiden Institute for the Study of Religions
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making a case for
Christianity and drawing attention to alleged flaws in Islam. The word "apology" is a translation of the Arabic word
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Scholars continue to argue as to whether the letters derive from actual persons or represent a work of fiction by a single author.
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363:(d. 329 AH/940 CE). Arguing for a parallel between criticisms contained in the letter and in the work of the Muslim heretic
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The translation into Latin was a collaborative work on which a
Spaniard
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polished the Latin text. Both men were part of a team recruited by
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was published in print in the sixteenth century with a preface by
526:. ex officina typographica B. Belleri. Book 23, Chapters 41-69.
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336:"the manner in which the Caliph is throughout referred to..."
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Muslim-Christian
Encounters. Perceptions and Misperceptions
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ibn Ismail al-Hashimy" (which translates as "Servant of
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Description and links to various formats of the text
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the "freedom of our Author's treatment of Islam"...
339:the "political allusions" contained in the book...
414:The full name is Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi
255:purports to be a record of a dialogue between a
310:Controversy regarding the dating of the Apology
682:Christian texts of the medieval Islamic world
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394:Interdisciplinary Biblical Research Institute
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497:. J. Jetley for Asian Educational Services.
445:Robert of Ketton's translation of the Qur'an
480:. Chicago: New Amsterdam Books. p. 95.
290:), is described as a cousin of the unnamed
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
356:(d. 310 AH/923 CE) his criticism of the
270:The two participants are referred to by
478:A History of Muslim-Christian Relations
406:
643:, referring to the Apology of Al Kindi
603:(2 ed.). Brill Reference Online.
459:Peter the Venerable's Journey to Spain
384:Latin translations of the 12th century
243:, a major 13th century encyclopaedia.
58:Please improve this article by adding
677:Christianity in the Abbasid Caliphate
7:
226:became available in English through
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599:. In Bearman; et al. (eds.).
233:The book is extensively quoted in
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263:. In fact, the book contains two
157:, and it is used in the sense of
609:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4378
491:Hughes, Thomas Patrick (2001) .
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179:The date of composition of the
18:Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi
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60:secondary or tertiary sources
166:Abu Yûsuf ibn Ishâq al-Kindī
143:) is a medieval theological
27:Medieval theological polemic
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672:Christian apologetic works
462:, originally published in
638:William Montgomery Watt,
597:"Al-Kindi, 'Abd al-Masih"
662:Books critical of Islam
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559:The Apology of Al-Kindy
548:The Apology of Al-Kindy
537:The Apology of Al-Kindy
431:The Apology of Al-Kindi
657:1882 non-fiction books
601:Encyclopaedia Of Islam
429:P.S. van Koningsveld,
396:, 1993, pages 355–545.
47:relies excessively on
667:Books by William Muir
494:A Dictionary of Islam
476:Hugh Goddard (2000).
315:Views of William Muir
71:"Apology of al-Kindi"
367:(d. 298 AH/910 CE),
522:Speculum Historiale
235:Vincent of Beauvais
224:Apology of al-Kindy
205:Peter the Venerable
136:Apology of al-Kindi
222:Excerpts from the
213:Toledan Collection
175:Publishing history
595:Troupeau (2012).
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272:pseudonyms
112:March 2008
82:newspapers
49:references
466:40 (1956)
354:al-Tabari
330:Al-Ma'mun
298:, son of
282:, son of
265:apologies
261:Christian
518:(1624).
378:See also
247:Contents
186:Mozarabs
141:al-Kindy
358:Hanbali
321:Apology
284:Ishmael
253:Apology
181:Apology
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292:Caliph
259:and a
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209:Qur'an
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280:Allah
276:Allah
152:رسالة
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