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has been widely circulated, as have many of his other images. Backus and Oruc wrote that
Kitaoka created these images by a kind of "evolutionary process": "Patterns that gave rise to the maximum illusory motion were selected, and new patterns were made by varying them in an iterative cycle."
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At about the same time that the Pinna illusion was published, Akiyoshi
Kitaoka started to produce seemingly unending variants of images that contain illusory motion. Perhaps the most famous of these, entitled 'Rotating snakes', involves several components, as, perhaps, all good illusions
79:, Tsukuba, Japan, where he studied animal psychology (burrowing behavior in rats) and (at the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience) neuronal activity of the inferotemporal cortex in macaque monkeys. After his 1991
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visual system. Explanation details in German in: Hans-Werner
Hunziker, (2006) Im Auge des Lesers: foveale und periphere Wahrnehmung - vom Buchstabieren zur Lesefreude, Transmedia Stäubli Verlag Zürich 2006
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Kitaoka, A. (2008) Cognitive psychology of visual illusion. Japanese
Journal of Cognitive Psychology,5, 177-185 (in Japanese with English abstract)
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Kitaoka, A. and Ashida, H. (2007) A variant of the anomalous motion illusion based upon contrast and visual latency. Perception, 36, 1019-1035.
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Noguchi, K., Kitaoka, A., and
Takashima, M. (2008) Gestalt-oriented perceptual research in Japan: Past and present. Gestalt Theory, 30, 11-28
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Kitaoka, A. (2007) Psychological approaches to art. Japanese
Journal of Psychonomic Science,26, 97-102 (in Japanese with English abstract)
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Backus, Benjamin T.; Oruç, Ipek (December 30, 2005). "Illusory motion from change over time in the response to contrast and luminance".
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of geometrical shape, brightness, color, in motion illusions and other visual phenomena like
Gestalt completion and
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In 2007, he received the Award for
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In 2006, he received the Gold Prize of the 9th L'ORÉAL Art and
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under the guidance of the late
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from the Institute of Psychology, University of Tsukuba, he specialized in
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Burr, David; Thompson, Peter (2011). "Motion psychophysics: 1985–2010".
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Masters of Deception: Escher, Dalí & the Artists of Optical Illusion
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In 2008, his designs were the inspiration for the experimental pop band
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Like many of his motion illusions based on the interaction between the
393:(11). Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO): 10.
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268:"Artificial image oscillation enhances the rotating snakes illusion"
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334:"Dizzying optical illusions by Akiyoshi Kitaoka – in pictures"
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The authors of a review of the last 25 years of motion
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Murakami, I.; Kitaoka, A.; Ashida, H. (2010-03-19).
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360:"Professor Akiyoshi Kitaoka's optical illusions"
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189:. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 147.
451:The Japanese Journal of Psychonomic Science
309:"The Rotating Snakes Are All In Your Mind"
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602:Academic staff of Ritsumeikan University
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447:"Visual illusion in ARTPOP and pop art"
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307:Lombrozo, Tania (March 24, 2014).
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130:'s critically acclaimed album,
60:An optical illusion similar to
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45:at the College of Letters,
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445:Kitaoka, Akiyoshi (2014).
133:Merriweather Post Pavilion
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67:In 1984, he received a
35:, born August 19, 1961)
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43:Psychology
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39:Professor
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