Antonio López de Santa Anna

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government declared that Santa Anna was no longer president and that the Treaties were null and void. While Santa Anna was held captive in Texas, Poinsett offered a harsh assessment of his situation: "Say to General Santa Anna that when I remember how ardent an advocate he was of liberty ten years ago, I have no sympathy for him now, that he has gotten what he deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say to Mr. Poinsett that it is very true that I threw up my cap for liberty with great ardor, and perfect sincerity, but very soon found the folly of it. A hundred years to come my people will not be fit for liberty. They do not know what it is, unenlightened as they are, and under the influence of Catholic clergy, a despotism is a proper government for them, but there is no reason why it should not be a wise and virtuous one."

2172: 1874: 2195: 719: 760: 1826: 2214:, the daughter of wealthy Spanish parents in Veracruz, and the couple had four children: María de Guadalupe, María del Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López de Santa Anna y García. By 1825, Santa Anna had distinguished himself as a military man, joining the movement for independence. When Iturbide lost support, Santa Anna had been in the forefront of leaders seeking to oust him. Although his family was of modest means, Santa Anna was of good creole lineage; the García family may well have seen a match between their young daughter and the up-and-coming Santa Anna as advantageous. Inés' 782: 734: 2315: 771: 1582:. On 12 June he dissolved Congress and announced his decision to adopt the Plan of Cuernavaca, forming a new Catholic, centralist and conservative government. Santa Anna brokered a deal where, in exchange for preserving the privileges of the church and the army, the church promised a monthly donation to the government of 30,000–40,000 pesos. "The santanistas succeeded in achieving what the radicals had failed to do: forcing the Church to assist the republic's daily fiscal needs with its funds and properties." 1429: 5011: 1717:, claiming they were not recipients of any services provided by the Mexican government; as a result, new settlers were not allowed there. The new policy was a response to the U.S. attempts to purchase Texas from Mexico. Like other states discontented with the central government, the Texas Department of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in late 1835 and declared itself independent on 2 March 1836. The northeastern part of the state had been settled by numerous American immigrants. 68: 1944: 710: 1344:, a promoter of federal republicanism. Although Santa Anna was believed to be a supporter of the Scottish Rite conservatives, and Santa Anna was himself a member of the Scottish Rite, in the Montaño rebellion he eventually threw his support to the liberals. In his home state of Veracruz, the governor had thrown his support to the rebels, and in the aftermath of the rebellion's failure, Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped into the governorship. 2100: 1106:, endemic to the region. The port of Veracruz and environs were known to be unhealthy for those not native to the region, so he had a personal strategic advantage against military officers from elsewhere. Being an officer in a time of war was a way that a provincial, middle-class man could vault from obscurity to a position of leadership. Santa Anna distinguished himself in battle, a path that led him to a national political career. 1376: 1597:" ("The Seven Laws"). Santa Anna did not involve himself with the conservative effort to replace the federalist constitution with a unitary central government, seemingly uneasy with their political path. "Although he has been blamed for the change to centralism, he was not actually present during any of the deliberations that led to the abolition of the federalist charter or the elaboration of the 1836 Constitution." 1769: 2448: 2225:, visited with Inés at Manga de Clavo, where they were well-received with a breakfast banquet. Calderón de la Barca observed that "After breakfast, the Señora having dispatched an officer for her cigar-case, which was gold with a diamond latch, offered me a cigar, which I having declined, she lighted her own, a little paper 'cigarette', and the gentlemen followed her good example." 1705: 2039:, like the others, were hard fought losses, and American forces took the capital. "Despite his many faults as a tactician and his overbearing political ambition, Santa Anna was committed to fighting to the bitter end. His actions would prolong the war for at least a year, and more than any other single person it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a short war." 1505:, selling church property was the key to "transforming Mexico into a liberal, progressive nation of small landowners." Sale of nonessential church property would bring in much-needed revenue to the treasury. The army was also targeted for reform, since it was the largest single expenditure in the national budget. On Santa Anna's suggestion, the number of 1148:, Mexico's rich agricultural area. Although some creole elites had chafed as their upward mobility had been thwarted by the Bourbon Reforms, the Hidalgo Revolt saw most creoles favoring continued crown rule. In particular, Santa Anna's family "saw themselves as aligned to the peninsular elite, whom they served, and were in turn recognized as belonging". 1278:, met to decide their own position towards the federation. Santa Anna pledged his military forces to the protection of these key areas. "He attempted, in other words, to co-opt the movement, the first of many examples in his long career where he placed himself as the head of a generalized movement so it would become an instrument of his advancement." 1882: 1925:

With resentment growing, Santa Anna stepped down and fled Mexico City in December 1844. The buried leg he left behind in the capital was dug up by a mob and dragged through the streets until nothing was left of it. Fearing for his life, Santa Anna tried to elude capture, but in January 1845 he was apprehended by a group of Native Americans near

2347: 1732:. His expedition posed challenges of manpower, logistics, supply and strategy far beyond what he was prepared for, and it ended in disaster. To fund, organize and equip his army, Santa Anna relied, as he often did, on forcing wealthy men to "loan" him funds. He recruited hastily, sweeping up many derelicts and ex-convicts, as well as 2288:, the American assigned to aid Santa Anna while he was in the U.S., experimented with chicle in an attempt to use it as a substitute for rubber. He bought one ton of the substance from Santa Anna, but his experiments proved unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped to found the chewing gum industry with a product that he called " 2135:

Order of Guadalupe, Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Carlos III, and President of the Mexican Republic." The reality was that this administration was no more successful than his earlier ones, dependent on loans from moneylenders and support from conservative elites, the church, and the army.

2127:. Usually, revolts were fomented by military officers; this one was fomented by churchmen. Santa Anna was elected president on 17 March 1853. He honored his promises to the church, revoking a decree denying protection for the fulfillment of monastic vows, a reform promulgated twenty years earlier by Gómez Farías. The 1865:. The Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of the army and ordered him to defend the nation by any means necessary. Santa Anna engaged the French at Veracruz but was forced to retreat after a failed assault, sustaining injuries in his left leg and hand by cannon fire. His shattered ankle required 2246: 2134:

Although he gave himself exalted titles, Santa Anna's situation was quite vulnerable. He declared himself dictator-for-life with the title "Most Serene Highness". His full title in this final period of power was "Hero of the nation, General of Division, Grand Master of the National and Distinguished

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was removed from office, with the new government seeking to reinstate the constitution of 1824, with Santa Anna again assuming the presidency. Santa Anna, who had been in exile for only a year, returned to Mexico on 6 August 1846, two days after Paredes' ouster. He wrote to the new government stating

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Having expected tropical weather, Santa Anna's army suffered from cold, a lack of proper clothing and food shortages. Stretching a supply line far longer than ever before, there were not enough horses, mules, cattle and wagons available, resulting in units never having enough food, fuel, or feed. The

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in the U.S. The purchase money for the land was supposedly to go to Mexico's empty treasury. Santa Anna was unwilling to wait until the final transaction went through and the boundary line established, wanting access to the money immediately. He bargained with American bankers to get immediate cash,

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with a much smaller force and defeated the Spaniards, many of whom were suffering from yellow fever. The defeat of the Spanish Army not only firmly established Santa Anna as a national hero but also consolidated the independence of the new Mexican republic. From this point forward, Santa Anna styled

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were in conflict. Yucatán's closest trade partner was Cuba, a Spanish colony. Santa Anna took it upon himself to plan a landing force from Yucatán in Cuba, which he envisioned would result in Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", most especially himself. One thousand Mexicans were already on

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Two months after the death of his wife Inés in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 16-year-old María de Los Dolores de Tosta. The couple rarely lived together; de Tosta resided primarily in Mexico City, and Santa Anna's political and military activities took him around the country. They had no

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Soon after, with Bustamante's presidency descending into chaos, supporters asked Santa Anna to take control of the provisional government. Santa Anna was made president for the fifth time, taking over a nation with an empty treasury. The war with France had weakened the country, and the people were

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and the local legislatures in favor of the reforms; requested the protection of Santa Anna to fulfill the plan and recognize him as the only authority; removed from office deputies and officials who carried out enforcement of the reform laws and decrees; and provided military force to support Gómez

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which called for the arrest of 51 politicians, including Bustamante, for holding "unpatriotic" beliefs and their expulsion from the country. Gómez Farías claimed that Santa Anna was the driving force for the law, which evidence seems to support. With increasing resistance from the church as well as

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won the indirect elections for the presidency, with Guerrero coming in second. Even before all the votes had been counted, Santa Anna raised a rebellion and called for the nullification of the election results, as well for a new law expelling Spanish nationals who he believed to have been in league

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Following the 1842 elections, at which a new Congress was elected which opposed his rule, Santa Anna attempted to restore the treasury by raising taxes. Several Mexican states stopped dealing with the central government in response, and Yucatán and Laredo declared themselves independent republics.

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against President Guerrero, who left Mexico City to lead a counter-rebellion in the south. Guerrero was captured and executed after a summary trial in 1831, which shocked the nation. In 1832, Santa Anna seized the customs revenues from Veracruz and declared himself in rebellion against Bustamante.

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For conservatives, the liberal reform of Gómez Farías was radical and threatened the power of the elites. Santa Anna's actions in allowing this first reform (followed by a more sweeping one in 1855) might have been a test case for liberalism. At this point, Santa Anna was a liberal; by giving the

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to properly bury their bodies. Hostile Indians picked off stragglers and foragers. Waterborne sicknesses spread quickly when the men were forced to drink any water they could find on the trail. The officers proved to be mostly incompetent, yet the highly insulated and rigid hierarchy of the army

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Santa Anna was highly controversial at the time and ever since. In the 2007 biography by Will Fowler, he was depicted as, "a liberal, a Republican, an army man, a hero, a revolutionary, a regional strongman, but never a politician. He presented himself as a mediator who was both anti-party and

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stating that "in his official character as chief of the Mexican nation, he acknowledged the full, entire, and perfect Independence of the Republic of Texas." In exchange, Burnet and the Texas government guaranteed Santa Anna's safety and transport to Veracruz. Meanwhile, in Mexico City, a new

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Santa Anna's legacy has subsequently come to be viewed as profoundly negative, with historians and many Mexicans ranking him as "the principal inhabitant even today of Mexico's black pantheon of those who failed the nation". He is considered one of the most unpopular and controversial Mexican

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With that battle, the way was clear for Scott's forces to advance further onto Mexico City. Santa Anna's aim was to protect the capital at all costs and waged defensive warfare, placing strong defenses on the most direct road into the city at El Peñon, which Scott then avoided. Battles at

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had hoped to acquire territory in the north by purchase or force, but the Mexican government was not willing to yield. In a gambit to change the dynamic, Polk sent agents to secretly meet with the exiled Santa Anna. They thought they had extracted a promise from him that they would lift a

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editorialized that "had Santa Anna treated the vanquished with moderation and generosity, it would have been difficult if not impossible to awaken that general sympathy for the people of Texas which now impels so many adventurous and ardent spirits to throng to the aid of their brethren."

1140:, which entailed fighting the insurgency before switching sides against the crown, presaged his many shifts in allegiance during his later political career. In June 1810, the 16-year-old Santa Anna joined the Fijo de Veracruz infantry regiment. In September of that year, secular cleric 1109:

Santa Anna's provincial origins made him uncomfortable in the halls of power in Mexico City, which were dominated by cliques of elite men, and thus he frequently made retreats to his base in Veracruz. He cultivated contact with ordinary Mexican men and pursued entertainments such as

1247:, who had supported Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, returned to their base in southern Mexico and raised a rebellion against Iturbide. The commander of imperial forces in Veracruz, who had fought against the rebels, changed sides and joined the rebels. The new coalition proclaimed the 1461:

Mexico was faced with an empty treasury and an 11 million peso debt incurred by the Bustamante government. Gómez Farías could not cut back on the bloated expenditures on the army and sought other revenues. Taking a chapter out of the late Bourbon Reforms, he targeted the

1090:(governor) of Veracruz secured Santa Anna's military appointment despite the fact that he was underage. His parents' marriage produced seven children, four sisters and two brothers, and Santa Anna was close to his sister Francisca and brother Manuel, who also joined the army. 2284:. He attempted but was unsuccessful in convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers that this substance could be more useful in tires than the materials they were originally using. Although he introduced chewing gum to the U.S., Santa Anna did not make any money from the product. 2186:

Santa Anna married twice, both times to wealthy young women. At neither wedding ceremony did he appear, legally empowering his future father-in-law to serve as a proxy at his first wedding and a friend at his second. One assessment of the two marriages is that they were

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from 1837 to 1839. He was a controversial and pivotal figure in Mexican politics during the 19th century, to the point that he has been called an "uncrowned monarch", and historians often refer to the three decades after Mexican independence as the "Age of Santa Anna".

1232:. However, Iturbide subsequently removed Santa Anna from the post, prompting Santa Anna to rise in rebellion in December 1822 against Iturbide. He already had significant power in his home region of Veracruz, and "he was well along the path to becoming the regional 2003:, Santa Anna's home ground, he rapidly moved southward to engage with the invaders and protect the capital. For the Mexicans it would have been better if Scott could have been prevented from leaving the Gulf Coast, but they could not prevent Scott's march on 2236:

children. In his will, he acknowledged and made provisions for four: Paula, María de la Merced, Petra, and José López de Santa Anna. Biographers have identified three more: Pedro López de Santa Anna, and Ángel and Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna.

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As opinion turned against the reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded to return to the presidency and Gómez Farías resigned. This set the stage for conservatives to reshape Mexico's government from a federalist republic to a unitary central republic.

1171:, in which he was cited for bravery. Santa Anna was promoted quickly; he became a second lieutenant in February 1812 and first lieutenant before the end of that year. During the initial rebellion, the young officer witnessed Arredondo's fierce 1563: 1990:'s army. Santa Anna mobilized troops and artillery and rapidly marched north. His forces outnumbered Taylor's, but his troops were exhausted, ill-clothed, hungry and equipped with inferior weapons when the two armies clashed at the 2131:, who had been expelled from Spanish realms by the crown in 1767, were allowed to return to Mexico ostensibly to educate poorer classes, and much of their property, which the crown had confiscated and sold, was restored to them. 1994:

on 22–23 February 1847. Hard fighting over two days brought an inconclusive result, with Santa Anna withdrawing from the field of battle overnight just as complete victory was at hand, taking war trophies such as cannons and

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of much of his leg, which he ordered buried with full military honors. Despite Mexico's final capitulation to French demands, Santa Anna used his war service and visible sacrifice to the nation to re-enter Mexican politics.

2123:(now Colombia). In April 1853, he was invited to return to Mexico by conservatives who had overthrown a weak liberal government, initiated under the Plan de Hospicio, drawn up by the clerics in the cathedral chapter of 2031:, an old political and military rival of Santa Anna's, did not recognize his authority as supreme commander and disobeyed his orders as to where his troops should be placed. Valencia's Army of the North was routed. The 5367: 1712:

In 1835, Santa Anna repealed the Mexican constitution, which ultimately led to the beginning of the Texas Revolution. His reasoning for the repeal was that American settlers in Texas were not paying taxes or

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of the Mexican coast to allow him to return and that he would broker a deal. Once back in Mexico at the head of an army, however, Santa Anna reneged on the deal and took up arms against the U.S. invasion.

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on 27 March 1836. However, his forces suffered unexpectedly heavy casualties. In an 1874 letter, Santa Anna asserted that killing the defenders of Alamo was his only option, stressing that Texan commander

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of convenience, bringing considerable wealth to Santa Anna and that his lack of attendance at the ceremonies "appears to confirm that he was purely interested in the financial aspect o the alliance."

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Although Santa Anna's initial rebellion was important, Iturbide had loyal military men who were able to hold their own against the rebels in Veracruz. However, former insurgent leaders Guerrero and

5422: 2069:, Illinois was rumored to be ready to return the prosthetic to Mexico and, in 1942, a bill was introduced in the state legislature. The Association of Limb Manufacturers wanted to be part of the 5442: 2151:

while they gained the right to the revenue when the sale closed. Santa Anna's short-sighted deal netted the Mexican government only $ 250,000 against credit of $ 650,000 going to the bankers.

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was to blame for the degree of violence during the battle. Santa Anna believed that Travis was disrespectful towards him, and that if he had spared the Texans, it would have allowed

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No longer the main player in the movement against Iturbide or the creation of new political arrangements, Santa Anna sought to regain his position as a leader and marched forces to

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that he rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Congress. He also promised to support free trade with Spain, an important principle for his home region of Veracruz.

5097: 1725:, had his party accepted by Spanish authorities in exchange for defense against foreign threats. However, Mexico had declared independence from Spain before the elder Austin died. 1372:, clearing the way for Guerrero to assume office. Santa Anna gained prominence for his role in Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was lauded as a defender of federalism and democracy. 1575:

and closely monitor the reaction to a comprehensive attack on the special privileges of the army and the church, as well as confiscation of church wealth, enacted by Congress.

5427: 5181: 1474:(a 10% tax on agricultural production) was abolished as a legal obligation, and church property and finances were seized. The church's role in education was reduced and the 2520: 2171: 1794:

gained more experience and weaponry. Despite Houston's lack of ability to maintain strict control of the Army, they completely routed Santa Anna's much larger army at the

1444:, "It annoyed him and bored him, and perhaps frightened him." A biographer of Santa Anna describes his role during this period as the "absentee president". Vice-president 1857:

In 1838, Santa Anna found a chance for redemption from the loss of Texas. After Mexico rejected demands for financial compensation for losses suffered by its citizens,

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anti-politics in the decades when the new country of Mexico was wracked by factional infighting. He was always more willing to lead an army than to lead his country".

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Initially Santa Anna, like most creole military officers, fought for the crown against the mixed-raced insurgents for independence; his commanding officer was Colonel

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in Veracruz. Gómez Farías was a moderate, but he had a radical liberal congress with which to contend, perhaps a reason that Santa Anna left executive power to him.

1873: 1266:, then to San Luis Potosí, proclaiming his role as the "protector of the federation". Representatives from San Luis Potosí and other north-central regions, such as 982:. His leadership in the war and his willingness to fight to the bitter end prolonged that conflict: "more than any other single person it was Santa Anna who denied 2338:. He died at his home in Mexico City on 21 June 1876 at age 82. Santa Anna was buried with full military honors in a glass coffin in Panteón del Tepeyac Cemetery. 4640: 2614: 5072: 955:

in 1835 and in restoring it in 1847. He came to power as a liberal twice in 1832 and in 1847 respectively, both times sharing power with the liberal statesman

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of his prosthetic cork leg, which remains as a war trophy in the U.S. held by the Illinois State Military Museum but no longer on display. A second leg, a

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Santa Anna's family prospered in Veracruz, where the merchant class dominated politics. His paternal uncle, Ángel López de Santa Anna, was a public clerk (

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missions there. In 1833 he organized the Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission civilian settlement, as well as defend the province against perceived

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for forty-eight hours. After conquering Zacatecas, he planned to move on to Coahuila y Tejas to quell the rebellion there, which was being supported by

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With no path now for a quick resolution to the conflict in the north, Polk authorized an invasion to take Mexico City, redirecting the bulk of General

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Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April 1833, but while he desired the title, he was not interested in governing. According to Mexican historian

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The bloody conflict ended with Santa Anna forcing the resignation of Bustamante's cabinet, and an agreement was brokered for new elections in 1833.

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claims five. Historian of Latin America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven times that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, often for short periods. The

5397: 5352: 1364:, fled to the mountains and organized his own rebellion. Zavala brought the fighting into Mexico City, with his supporters seizing an armory, the 1056:

Antonio López de Santa Anna y Pérez (born 1761), a university graduate and a lawyer; his mother was Manuela Pérez de Lebrón y Cortés (died 1814).

959:, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías after switching sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also known for his ostentatious and 4328: 1155:. In 1811 he was wounded in the left hand by an arrow while fighting in the town of Amoladeras, in the intendancy (administrative district) of 4735: 3928: 3907: 1962: 1125: 4322: 2296: 1002: 822: 718: 4344: 1802:

captured Santa Anna near a marsh; the general had hastily dressed himself in a dead Mexican dragoon's uniform but was quickly recognized.

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The prosthetic leg later played a role in international politics. As relations between the U.S. and Mexico warmed during the run-up to

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had favored peninsular-born Spaniards over American-born; young Santa Anna's family was affected by the growing disgruntlement of

5432: 5038: 4649: 4332: 2466: 2285: 2269:; he had many roosters that he entered into competitions and would have his roosters compete with cocks from all over the world. 2265:

and businesses with the hopes that he would become rich. During his many years in exile, he was a passionate fan of the sport of

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children, leading biographer Will Fowler to speculate that either the marriage was primarily platonic or de Tosta was infertile.

1917:. The action inflicted numerous casualties with no political gain, but Texans began to be persuaded of the potential benefits of 4164:. "The Several Legs of Santa Anna: A Saga of Secular Relics." Past & Present, Volume 206, Issue suppl_5, 2010, pp. 227–255, 5372: 2163:

overthrew Santa Anna under the Plan of Ayutla, which called for his removal from office. He went into exile yet again in 1855.

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He is played by Rubén Padilla (Mexican actor, not to be confused with the homonymous American athlete) in the John Wayne film

2261:. He had left Mexico because of his unpopularity with the Mexican people after his defeat in 1848. Santa Anna participated in 1152: 5407: 5357: 4296: 4027:

Cole, David A. "The Early Career of Antonio López de Santa Anna," PhD dissertation. Christ Church, University of Oxford 1977.

2461: 1837: 1486: 4750: 4720: 4695: 4583: 4539: 4466: 4388: 4371: 2299:, seeking once again to play the role as the country's defender and savior, only to be refused by Juárez. Later that year a 1445: 1433: 956: 501: 289: 160: 2719:"Reviewed work: The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867., D. A. Brading" 5342: 5166: 4846: 4730: 4626: 4529: 4107: 3174: 1547: 1319: 1028:

Libraries cites the same figure of eleven times, but adds Santa Anna was only president for six years due to short terms.

1025: 921: 233: 1898:, was marching towards Mexico City in opposition to Santa Anna. Commanding the army, Santa Anna crushed the rebellion in 1517:

the army, the Plan of Cuernavaca was issued, likely orchestrated by former general and governor of the Federal District,

1318:. Victoria came to the presidency with little factional conflict, and served out his entire four-year term. However, the 997:, Santa Anna began to fade into the background in Mexican politics even as the nation entered the decisive period of the 5321: 5271: 5058: 4821: 4600: 4573: 4546: 4519: 4492: 4473: 4446: 4419: 4408: 4397: 4378: 4198: 2417: 2331: 1966:

he had no aspirations to the presidency but would eagerly use his military experience in the new conflict with the U.S.

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himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of the Patria". His main act of self-promotion was to call himself the "

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In the 1828 election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate for the presidency. Another important liberal,

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Costeloe, Michael P. (1989). "Generals versus Politicians: Santa Anna and the 1842 Congressional Elections in Mexico".

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In May 1834, Santa Anna ordered the disarmament of the civic militia and urged Congress to abolish the controversial

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ships to sail to Cuba when word came that the Spanish were reinforcing their colony, so the invasion was called off.

1198:, Santa Anna also joined the fight for independence. Political developments in Spain, where liberals had ousted King 940:. He became well known in the United States due to his role in the Texas Revolution and in the Mexican–American War. 4085:

Fowler, Will. "All the President's Women: The Wives of General Antonio López de Santa Anna in 19th century Mexico",

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Alemán, Jesse. "The Ethnic in the Canon; or, on Finding Santa Anna's" Wooden Leg"." MELUS 29.3/4 (2004): 165–182.

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Throughout his political career, Santa Anna was known for switching sides in the recurring conflict between the

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in Veracruz. There he wrote a manifesto in which he reflected on his experiences and decision-making in Texas.

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Archontology.org, Home » Nations » Mexico » Heads of State » LÓPEZ de SANTA ANNA, Antonio

2062:. Santa Anna had a replacement leg made which is displayed at the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City. 5402: 5107: 4929: 4881: 4745: 4690: 4566: 4556: 4255: 4161: 2233: 2120: 2090: 2074: 2054:

and was reportedly used by the soldiers as a baseball bat; it is displayed at the home of Illinois Governor

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medical facilities were minimal and poorly supplied. Morale sank as soldiers realized there were not enough

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Fowler, Will. "All the President's Women: The Wives of General Antonio Santa Anna in 19th century Mexico",

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fashion than during his first administration. His government banned anti-Santanista newspapers and jailed

1799: 1641: 1557: 1470:, and the church had supported Bustamante's government, so targeting that institution was a logical move. 1311: 1199: 1187: 944: 913: 786: 637: 5303: 5279: 5189: 4866: 4798: 4135: 2943: 2408: 2373: 2368:", "Santy Anno" or other variations, which have been recorded many times by 20th century folk musicians. 2078: 2043: 2036: 2008: 1991: 1947: 1795: 1780: 1572: 1530: 1498: 1463: 1341: 1006: 964: 551: 4989: 4949: 4924: 4740: 1295: 1251:, which called for the end of the monarchy, restoration of the Constituent Congress, and creation of a 3943: 2245: 1877:

Santa Anna was severely wounded and narrowly escaped capture in the French attack on Veracruz in 1838.

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Historians debate the exact number of his presidencies, as he would often share power and make use of

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Gadsden Purchase of 1854, territory purchased by the U.S. for a better transcontinental railway route

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The Mexican victory at the Alamo bought time for Houston and his Texas forces. During the siege, the

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with the conservatives. The rebellion initially had few supporters, although southern Mexican leader

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Augustin I, rewarded Santa Anna with the command of the vital port of Veracruz, the gateway from the

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Santa Anna's mother favored her son's choice of a military career, supporting his desire to join the

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Costeloe, Michael P. (1974). "Santa Anna and the Gómez Farías Administration in Mexico, 1833–1834".

5247: 5081: 5023: 4964: 4911: 4891: 4871: 4851: 4710: 4104:

País de un solo hombre: el México de Santa Anna. Volumen II. La sociedad de fuego cruzado 1829–1836

3346:"Santa Anna to McArdle, March 16, 1874: Letter Explaining Why the Alamo Defenders Had to Be Killed" 3170:

País de un solo hombre: el México de Santa Anna. Volumen II. La sociedad de fuego cruzado 1829–1836

2146:, the land in northwest Mexico that the U.S. wanted, was much easier terrain for the building of a 2016: 1954: 1943: 1813: 1749: 1332:

plotting rebellion. The so-called Montaño rebellion in December 1827 called for the prohibition of

1086:, rather than be a shopkeeper as his father preferred. His mother's friendly relationship with the 1053: 889: 341: 200: 92: 2138:

A major miscalculation was Santa Anna's sale of territory to the U.S. in what became known as the

2042:

Perhaps Santa Anna's most personal and ignominious incident in the war was the capture during the

1325:

Even before the election, there was unrest in Mexico, with some conservatives affiliated with the

5223: 5089: 4660: 4127: 3605: 3501: 3415:

tamu.edu, "Manifesto which General Antonio Lopez De Santa Anna Addresses to His Fellow Citizens",

3097: 2738: 2699: 2396: 2304: 2250: 2055: 1844: 1806: 1423: 1397: 1307: 1052:(New Spain), on 21 February 1794 into a respected Spanish family. He was named after his father, 722: 4984: 4954: 4856: 4705: 4685: 4429: 3960: 3954: 3799: 3793: 3310: 1593:

as acting president. He soon replaced the 1824 constitution with the new document known as the "

1590: 1391:

to retake Mexico, invading Tampico with a force of 2,600 troops. Santa Anna marched against the

1156: 933: 386: 2781:

Earle, Rebecca. "A Grave for Europeans? Disease, Death, and the Spanish-American Revolutions,"

2639:

Archer, Christon I. "Fashioning a New Nation" in Michael C. Meyer and William H. Beezley, eds.

2077:

denied the transfer. As of 2016 the leg still resided in the Illinois State Military Museum in

1322:

was quite different, with considerable political conflict in which Santa Anna became involved.

5194: 5140: 5130: 5034: 4999: 4906: 4861: 4831: 4803: 4785: 4770: 4610: 4202: 4178: 4111: 4008: 3964: 3924: 3903: 3882: 3876: 3803: 3457: 3178: 3168: 3120: 2594: 2431:

He is played by Raul Julia in a cast of TV and future stars such as Alec Baldwin in the movie

2391: 2188: 2160: 2112: 2108: 2059: 2000: 1758: 1722: 1645: 1348: 1248: 1221: 1176: 1172: 1072: 709: 127: 3844: 3451: 3117:

Frontier Settlement in Mexican California; The Híjar-Padrés Colony and Its Origins, 1769–1835

2386:

season 2 episode 18 "The Final Shinsult" largely revolves around Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.

4836: 4816: 4715: 4665: 4485: 4456: 3897: 3493: 3089: 2730: 2691: 2680:"The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867" 2382: 2156: 2139: 2128: 2028: 1918: 1891: 1699: 1613: 1244: 1191: 1168: 987: 975: 925: 874: 837: 334: 4334:

A pictorial history of Texas, from the earliest visits of European adventurers to A.D. 1879

4974: 3636: 2206:. Kuperferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen Zu Berlin, Id. Number: VIII E. 2440, 1831–1834. 1914: 1809: 1753: 1482: 1392: 1068: 979: 804: 55: 17: 4780: 2182:, 1855. Note her tiara. Santa Anna was considered by some an uncrowned monarch of Mexico. 1357: 1124:

wielding both military and political power, similar to others who emerged in the wake of

4314: 2489: 2218:

allowed Santa Anna to purchase the first of his haciendas, Manga de Clavo, in Veracruz.

2099: 2073:

ceremonies. The state passed a non-binding resolution to return the prosthetic, but the

1375: 5199: 4755: 4675: 4170: 2534: 2257:

From 1855 to 1874, Santa Anna lived in exile in Cuba, the United States, Colombia, and

2199: 2094: 1987: 1983: 1926: 1840: 1683: 1494: 1449: 1441: 1409: 1333: 1256: 1225: 1195: 1102:

had important ramifications for his military career, as he had developed immunity from

1076: 994: 4140:

Jackson, Jack. "Santa Anna's 1836 Campaign: Was It Directed Toward Ethnic Cleansing?"

3425: 1063:) and became aggrieved when the town council of Veracruz prevented him from moving to 5336: 5125: 2453: 2308: 2273: 2152: 1970: 1858: 1729: 1654: 1625: 1526: 1326: 1299: 1160: 983: 563: 72: 2295:

In 1865, Santa Anna attempted to return to Mexico and offer his services during the

5135: 5115: 4032:

The Central Republic in Mexico, 1835–1846: Hombres de Bien in the Age of Santa Anna

4003:

Camnitzer, L. "The two versions of Santa Anna's leg and the ethics of public art."

2552:

The Central Republic in Mexico, 1835–1846: Hombres de Bien in the Age of Santa Anna

2266: 2179: 2070: 2066: 1843:

in 1837, Santa Anna was allowed to return to Mexico. He was transported aboard the

1718: 1678:. But, after two hours of combat on 12 May 1835, Santa Anna's "Army of Operations" 1662:

The Zacatecas militia, the largest and best supplied of the Mexican states, led by

1229: 1111: 1103: 1083: 1017: 33: 2155:

thought the amount was likely much higher. A group of liberals including Alvarez,

1768: 1271: 1267: 1040:

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born in

3918: 3394: 2311:, where he tried to raise money for an army to return and take over Mexico City. 1448:

took over the responsibility of governing the nation while Santa Anna retired to

978:, a series of military failures during the Mexican–American War, and the ensuing 5120: 4979: 4192: 4188: 2615:"Santa Anna in Life and Legend – His Serene Highness and the Absentee President" 2322:

where Santa Anna spent the last years of his life and wrote most of his memoirs.

2319: 2281: 2124: 1791: 1787: 1762: 1594: 1553: 1490: 1329: 1064: 974:

His intermittent periods of rule, which lasted from 1832 to 1853, witnessed the

917: 615: 4311:, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington 1779:

shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded Sam Houston,

1728:

Santa Anna marched north to bring Texas back under Mexican control by a brutal

1600:

Several states openly rebelled against the changes, including Alta California,

3364: 2443: 1881: 1866: 1862: 1830: 1667: 1629: 1291: 1287: 1275: 998: 929: 842: 619: 3593: 1175:

policy of mass executions. The early fighting against the rebels gave way to

3619:

Remembering the Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S.-Mexican War

3582:

Remembering the Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S.-Mexican War

2365: 2346: 1910: 1704: 1633: 1506: 1337: 1180: 1121: 1049: 599: 3584:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press 2012, pp. 26, 157–158, 232–233 3711:, No. 79, Latin America: History, war, and independence (2005), pp. 57–58. 1529:, where politics was pursued in secrecy; declared void the laws passed by 1360:

soon Santa Anna, while Zavala, under threat of arrest by the conservative

4323:

Benson Latin American Collection – Antonio López de Santa Anna Collection

3124: 2364:

He features in several 19th century British sea shanties, frequently as "

2350:

Grave of Santa Anna and his second wife, Sra. Dolores Tosta de Santa Anna

2335: 2300: 2289: 2262: 1996: 1975: 1906: 1741: 1649: 1454: 1252: 1145: 1116: 1045: 1009:. An elderly Santa Anna was allowed to return to the nation by President 960: 901: 884: 595: 2011:. U.S. forces outflanked him and against strong odds defeated his army. 1481:

Gómez Farías sought to extend these reforms to the frontier province of

4618: 4165: 3505: 3331:

Presley, James. "Santa Anna's Invasion of Texas: A Lesson in Command",

2742: 2703: 2679: 2327: 2116: 2047: 1798:

on 21 April 1836. The day after the battle, a small Texan force led by

1687: 1621: 1617: 1605: 1562: 1471: 1263: 37: 5050: 4308: 3101: 4077:

Tornel and Santa Anna: The Writer and the Caudillo, Mexico, 1795–1853

3899:

Tornel and Santa Anna: the writer and the caudillo, Mexico, 1795–1853

3568: 2424:

He is played by Olivier Martinez in the History Channel's miniseries

2277: 2004: 1899: 1714: 1671: 1609: 1041: 951:. He managed to play a prominent role in both discarding the liberal 863:

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón

781: 770: 591: 3497: 2734: 2695: 2202:, which his first wife's dowry enabled him to purchase. Painting by 1571:

moderate Gómez Farías responsibility for the reforms, he could have

1509:

was to be reduced as well as the number of generals and brigadiers.

3655:. Chapel Hill: the University of North Carolina Press. p. 358. 3093: 1752:

on 6 March 1836, and executed more than 342 Texan prisoners at the

2948:

Grand Lodge of Free & Accepted Masons of the State of New York

2718: 2345: 2313: 2244: 2215: 2193: 2170: 2098: 1942: 1880: 1872: 1824: 1767: 1703: 1675: 1561: 1436:, Santa Anna's vice president 1833–34, who enacted liberal reforms 1427: 1374: 1369: 1368:. President-elect Gómez Pedraza resigned and soon after went into 967:

multiple times and referring to himself by the honorific title of

908:

in 1821. He would go on to play a notable role in the fall of the

759: 2107:

Following Mexico's defeat in 1848, Santa Anna went into exile in

1790:

had more time to plunder ports along the Gulf of Mexico, and the

1020:; biographer Will Fowler gives the figure of six terms while the 4046:

Caudillos y caciques: Antonio López de Santa Anna y Juan Álvarez

1765:

to establish a dominant position that could threaten him later.

5054: 4622: 4338: 4089:, No. 79, Latin America: History, war, and independence (2005), 2932:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press (1987), pp. 44–45. 2591:

Latin America since Independence A History with Primary Sources

2506:

What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848

2334:

and returned to Mexico, by then crippled and almost blind from

993:

After he was overthrown and exiled in 1855 through the liberal

3621:. Amherst, University of Massachusetts Press 2012, pp. 157–158 1648:. Their fierce resistance was possibly fueled by Santa Anna's 3057:, chapter 7, "The Absentee President, 1832–1835", pp. 133–157 2772:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1977, pp. 38–72 2619:

University of Texas At Austin – University of Texas Libraries

1682:

and took almost 3,000 prisoners. He allowed his army to loot

1478:

closed. All this caused concern among Mexican conservatives.

3831: 1636:. Several of these states formed their own governments: the 3569:

Flight of Santa Anna showing him without his prosthetic leg

1745:

meant that Santa Anna was kept ignorant of these problems.

1210:

Rebellion against the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, 1822–1823

1829:

French bombardment of the fort of San Juan de Ulúa in the

1310:, a liberal federalist, became the first president of the 4245:

Mexicans at Arms-Puro Federalist and the Politics of War

3772: 3770: 3288:

The Alamo Story: From Early History to Current Conflicts

1501:. However, for liberal intellectual and Catholic priest 892:

multiple times between 1833 and 1855. He also served as

5098:

To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World

3998:

Santa Anna: The Story of the Enigma Who Once Was Mexico

3948:(in Spanish). México: Ballescá y Cía. pp. 210–226. 3731: 3729: 1290:

as emperor in March, Santa Anna was sent to command in

1206:, made many elites in Mexico reconsider their options. 5368:

Mexican military personnel of the Mexican–American War

4053:

El general don Antonio López de Santa Anna (1810–1833)

3959:(2 ed.). UK: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 2488:

Callcott, Wilfred H., "Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez De,"

1748:

Santa Anna's forces killed 189 Texan defenders at the

1708:

Fall of the Alamo to Santa Anna's forces, 6 March 1836

963:

style of rule, making use of the military to dissolve

2867:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1998, p. 103. 2565:

The Dead March: A History of the Mexican-American War

2221:

The first Spanish ambassador to Mexico and his wife,

1403:

Three months later, in December 1829, Vice-president

5423:

Candidates in the 1833 Mexican presidential election

4144:(March 2002) 15#1 pp. 10–37; argues that it was 1013:

in 1874, and he died in relative obscurity in 1876.

5314: 5208: 5180: 5149: 5106: 5088: 3222: 1067:to advance his career. Since the late 18th-century 810: 800: 792: 753: 748: 740: 728: 704: 649: 633: 625: 605: 578: 573: 557: 545: 535: 517: 507: 495: 485: 464: 454: 444: 423: 413: 403: 380: 370: 358: 340: 328: 316: 295: 283: 260: 250: 227: 217: 199: 187: 177: 154: 144: 121: 109: 90: 53: 5443:People of the Second French intervention in Mexico 3653:Church and State in Latin America, revised edition 2759:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska 2007, pp. 13–17. 2521:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 4238:A Line in the Sand: The Alamo in Blood and Memory 4124:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1987 3878:On Art, Artists, Latin America, and Other Utopias 2415:He is played by J. Carrol Naish in the 1955 film 1890:discontented. Also, a rebel army led by Generals 1351:, also supported Guerrero. However, conservative 1190:switched sides in 1821 and allied with insurgent 4122:The Mexican Republic: The First Decade 1823–1832 4005:On art, artists, Latin America and other utopias 3664: 3662: 3238:. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1985, p. 64. 3210: 2930:The Mexican Republic: The First Decade 1823–1832 2518:Warren, Richard. "Antonio López de Santa Anna". 2326:In 1874, Santa Anna took advantage of a general 4285:. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1993. 4226:. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1983. 3236:México en la época de los agiotistas, 1821–1857 2567:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 2017, 88. 2232:Several women claimed to have borne Santa Anna 1913:to suppress opposition. In 1842, he directed a 1340:Freemasons, and the expulsion of U.S. diplomat 44: and the second or maternal family name is 5438:People of Mexican side in the Texas Revolution 4276:Don Antonio López de Santa Anna: Mito y enigma 2816:Pani, Erika. "Antonio López de Santa Anna" in 2395:, Santa Anna is mentioned and is portrayed by 1999:as evidence of his victory. With Scott's army 1585:On 4 January 1835, Santa Anna returned to his 1136:Santa Anna's early military career during the 5066: 4634: 4233:. Mexico City: Instituto de Mexicología 1990. 4034:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993. 3875:Camnitzer, Luis (2009). Weiss, Rachel (ed.). 2944:"Santa Anna's 1825 Scottish Rite Certificate" 2889:Benson, Nettie Lee. "The Plan of Casa Mata", 2854:Pani, "Antonio López de Santa Anna", p. 1334. 2554:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993. 1114:. Over his career, Santa Anna was a populist 8: 3993:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1998 3747:Potash, Robert. "Testaments de Santa Anna." 2678:Lockhart, James; Brading, D. A. (May 1992). 2176:Portrait of Doña Dolores Tosta de Santa Anna 1836:After some time in exile, and after meeting 1666:, was well armed with .753 caliber British ' 1652:committed against his defeated enemies. The 1525:; discouraged tolerance of the influence of 1497:colonial ambitions from the trading post at 900:Santa Anna was in charge of the garrison at 878:; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876), or just 5240:With Davy Crockett at the Fall of the Alamo 4132:The Alamo 1836: Santa Anna's Texas Campaign 4094:Santa Anna: Aurora y ocaso de un comediante 3723:Fowler, "All the President's Women", p. 58. 3719: 3717: 3456:. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 64. 3350:Texas State Library and Archives Commission 1861:sent forces that landed in Veracruz in the 1736:who could not understand Spanish commands. 1379:Military action in Pueblo Viejo during the 1202:and began implementing the Spanish liberal 1144:sparked a spontaneous mass uprising in the 5428:Recipients of Mexican presidential pardons 5073: 5059: 5051: 4641: 4627: 4619: 4360: 4309:A Continent Divided: The U.S. – Mexico War 4039:The Eagle: The Autobiography of Santa Anna 3902:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 20. 3881:. University of Texas Press. p. 199. 3798:. UK: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 2820:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 1334. 2484: 2482: 279:10 October 1841 – 26 October 1842 66: 50: 4070:Mexico in the Age of Proposals, 1821–1853 4048:. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1972. 4017:Chartrand, Rene, and Younghusband, Bill. 3518: 2303:owned by Gilbert Thompson, son-in-law of 2198:Santa Anna's first and favorite hacienda 2027:were lost. At Contreras, Mexican General 1953:In 1846, following American victories at 1476:Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico 1282:Santa Anna and the early Mexican Republic 882:, was a Mexican soldier, politician, and 5264:Davy Crockett: King of the Wild Frontier 4269:México, Santa Anna, y la guerra de Texas 3938:Olavarría y Ferrari, Enrique de (1880). 2942:Walter, Catherine M. (18 January 2017). 1566:Santa Anna in a Mexican military uniform 1228:to the rest of the nation and site of a 354:24 April 1834 – 27 January 1835 4352:Texas Prisoners in Mexico 3 August 1843 4224:Santa Anna: El dictador resplandeciente 4063:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2723:The Hispanic American Historical Review 2684:The Hispanic American Historical Review 2478: 2280:, which he intended to sell for use in 1961:in the Mexican-American War, President 1407:, a conservative, mounted a successful 1314:in 1824, following the creation of the 673: 1825; died 1844) 4236:Roberts, Randy & Olson, James S., 3776: 3735: 3530: 2893:25, no. 1, (February 1945): pp. 45–56. 2842: 2576: 2085:President for the last time, 1853–1855 1512:The government soon issued a law, the 1194:, fighting for independence under the 531:16 April 1837 – 17 March 1839 519:Vice President of the Mexican Republic 399:27 October – 15 December 1833 342:President of the United Mexican States 105:20 April 1853 – 5 August 1855 3787: 3785: 3311:"Santa Anna and the Texas Revolution" 2770:The Army in Bourbon Mexico, 1760–1810 2654:"TSHA | Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de" 2272:In the 1850s, Santa Anna traveled to 1126:Spanish American wars of independence 873: 7: 4283:Santa Anna: Espectro de una sociedad 4271:. Mexico City: Editorial Diana 1979. 4166:https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtq019 3632:"Santa Anna's leg? Come and take it" 3119:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2307:, brought Santa Anna to his home in 1521:. The plan called for repeal of the 1294:. At the time, Yucatán's capital of 1079:whose upward mobility was thwarted. 1003:Second French Intervention in Mexico 823:Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico 4219:, 2 November 2008; essay by scholar 4158:. New York: Twayne Publishers 1968. 3856:Review by Patricia L. P. Thompson, 3606:"Santa Anna's Leg Took a Long Walk" 3486:Bulletin of Latin American Research 2891:Hispanic American Historical Review 1821:Redemption, dictatorship, and exile 213:4 June – 12 September 1844 140:20 May – 15 September 1847 27:8th President of Mexico (1794–1876) 5256:The Alamo: Shrine of Texas Liberty 4478:10 October 1841 – 26 October 1842 4254:Washington, D.C.: Brassey's 2003. 1620:, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, 1286:In May 1823, following Iturbide's 1022:Texas State Historical Association 875:[anˈtonjoˈlopesðesanˈtana] 246:14 May – 6 September 1843 25: 5388:19th-century presidents of Mexico 4065:; a favorable scholarly biography 4019:Santa Anna's Mexican Army 1821–48 3956:A History of Modern Latin America 3795:A History of Modern Latin America 3391:"Captivity of Antonio Santa Anna" 2508:, Oxford Univ. Press, p. 660 1534:Farías in implementing the plan. 1466:. Anticlericalism was a tenet of 1098:Santa Anna's origins on Mexico's 201:President of the Mexican Republic 5009: 4424:24 April 1834 – 27 January 1835 4177:. New York: HarperCollins 1997. 4147:Jackson, Jack, and Wheat, John. 2969:"Santa Anna's Masonry Confirmed" 2467:List of heads of state of Mexico 2446: 2058:(who served in the regiment) in 1805:After three weeks in captivity. 1032:presidents of the 19th century. 780: 769: 758: 732: 717: 708: 629:Panteón del Tepeyac, Mexico City 312:20 March – 10 July 1839 173:21 March – 2 April 1847 4520:Provisional President of Mexico 4493:Provisional President of Mexico 4474:Provisional President of Mexico 4252:Santa Anna: A Curse Upon Mexico 4151:, Texas State Historical Assoc. 3275:The Central Republic, 1835–1846 2115:. Two years later, he moved to 1933:Mexican–American War, 1846–1848 1688:settlers from the United States 1418:"Absentee President", 1833–1835 1005:, and the establishment of the 693: 670: 5398:Mexican independence activists 5353:Leaders who took power by coup 4605:20 April 1853 – 9 August 1855 4413:27 October – 15 December 1833 2462:History of democracy in Mexico 1915:military expedition into Texas 1680:defeated the Zacatecan militia 1616:, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, 1132:War of Independence, 1810–1821 440:18 June – 5 July 1833 1: 4318:: Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna 4278:. Mexico City: Condumex 1987. 4217:"Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna" 3945:México a través de los siglos 3824:"The New York Public Library" 3764:. London: Century, pp. 32–33. 1548:Centralist Republic of Mexico 1336:, implicitly meaning liberal 1236:." Santa Anna claimed in his 922:Centralist Republic of Mexico 683:María de los Dolores de Tosta 481:17 May – 3 June 1833 76: 5413:Governors of Yucatán (state) 4601:Dictator-President of Mexico 4316:The Handbook of Texas Online 4199:University of Nebraska Press 3845:Mex general's Staten ex-isle 3594:"Captured Leg of Santa Anna" 3365:"Capture site of Santa Anna" 3115:Hutchinson, C. Alan (1969). 2641:The Oxford History of Mexico 2504:Howe, Daniel Walker (2007), 2210:In 1825, Santa Anna married 1885:Antonio López de Santa Anna. 36:, the first or paternal 5296:Alamo: The Price of Freedom 5288:The Alamo: 13 Days to Glory 5172:Manuel Fernández Castrillón 5157:Antonio López de Santa Anna 4995:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 4721:Francisco Javier Echeverría 4701:Antonio López de Santa Anna 4578:20 May – 15 September 1847 4574:Interim President of Mexico 4547:Interim President of Mexico 4524:4 June – 12 September 1844 4467:Francisco Javier Echeverría 4447:Interim President of Mexico 4305:Antonio López de Santa Anna 4274:Vázquez, Josefina Zoraida. 4231:Antonio López de Santa Anna 3828:The New York Public Library 2433:The Alamo: 13 days to glory 2249:Santa Anna photographed by 2050:, was also captured by the 2009:set defenses at Cerro Gordo 1905:Santa Anna ruled in a more 1485:, promoting legislation to 1138:Mexican War of Independence 920:, the establishment of the 867:Antonio López de Santa Anna 833:Zacatecas rebellion of 1835 818:Mexican War of Independence 660:María Inés de la Paz García 290:Francisco Javier Echeverría 60:Antonio López de Santa Anna 5464: 5418:Exiled Mexican politicians 4847:Francisco León de la Barra 4297:Santa Anna Letters on the 4175:Mexico: Biography of Power 4108:Fondo de Cultura Económica 4000:. Hamden CT: Anchon, 1964. 3847:Retrieved 22 November 2018 3751:, Vol. 13, No. 3, 430–440. 3175:Fondo de Cultura Económica 3042:Mexico: Biography of Power 2589:Dawson, Alexander (2010). 2539:Mexico: Biography of Power 2494:, Retrieved 18 April 2017. 2223:Fanny Calderón de la Barca 2088: 1936: 1921:by the more powerful U.S. 1812:and Santa Anna signed the 1697: 1694:Texas Revolution 1835–1836 1638:Republic of the Rio Grande 1551: 1545: 1421: 1213: 1165:Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition 932:, the promulgation of the 916:, the promulgation of the 31: 18:Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana 5348:Vice presidents of Mexico 5218:Remember the Alamo (song) 5018: 5007: 4970:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 4822:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada 4656: 4607: 4598: 4590: 4580: 4571: 4563: 4553: 4544: 4536: 4526: 4517: 4509: 4499: 4497:4 March – 4 October 1843 4490: 4482: 4471: 4463: 4453: 4444: 4436: 4426: 4417: 4406: 4395: 4385: 4376: 4368: 4363: 4100:González Pedrero, Enrique 4055:. Mexico City: UNAM 1950. 3991:Forging Mexico, 1821–1835 3760:Calderón de la Barca, F. 3453:Texas and the Mexican War 3165:González Pedrero, Enrique 2865:Forging Mexico, 1821–1835 2593:. Routledge. p. 36. 2332:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada 1773:"Surrender of Santa Anna" 1306:Former insurgent general 1216:Casa Mata Plan Revolution 1153:José Joaquín de Arredondo 1142:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 1011:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada 856: 828:Casa Mata Plan Revolution 569: 524: 474: 433: 392: 347: 305: 272: 239: 206: 166: 133: 98: 86: 65: 4917:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez 4584:Manuel de la Peña y Peña 4551:21 March – 2 April 1847 4451:20 March – 10 July 1839 4264:. Mexico City: Jus 1958. 4096:. Mexico City: Jus 1956. 3617:Wagenen, Michael Scott. 3608:, Latin American Studies 3580:Wagenen, Michael Scott. 3223:Olavarría y Ferrari 1880 2717:Lockhart, James (1992). 2491:Handbook of Texas Online 2148:transcontinental railway 1664:Francisco García Salinas 969:His Most Serene Highness 894:Vice President of Mexico 744:The Napoleon of the West 161:Manuel de la Peña y Peña 56:His Most Serene Highness 5433:Politicians from Xalapa 5167:Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma 4887:Francisco Lagos Cházaro 4766:Manuel María Lombardini 4731:José Joaquín de Herrera 4594:Manuel María Lombardini 4530:José Joaquín de Herrera 4339:Portal to Texas History 4299:Portal to Texas History 4256:excerpt and text search 4136:excerpt and text search 4081:excerpt and text search 4023:excerpt and text search 3923:. U of Nebraska Press. 3335:(1968) 10#3 pp. 241–252 3333:Arizona & the West, 2399:in an alternate ending. 2091:Second Mexican Republic 1159:. In 1813 he served in 906:Mexico won independence 234:José Joaquín de Herrera 116:Manuel María Lombardini 75:of General Santa Anna, 5373:Conservatism in Mexico 5162:Martín Perfecto de Cos 4842:Manuel González Flores 4761:Juan Bautista Ceballos 4402:18 June – 5 July 1833 4142:Journal of South Texas 4130:, and McBride, Angus. 3696:The Politics of Penury 3430:sonsofdewittcolony.org 3199:The Politics of Penury 3173:(in Spanish). México: 3029:The Politics of Penury 2818:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2351: 2323: 2282:making carriage wheels 2254: 2207: 2204:Johann Moritz Rugendas 2183: 2104: 2033:Battle for Mexico City 1950: 1886: 1878: 1833: 1800:James Austin Sylvester 1783: 1709: 1567: 1558:Rebellion in Zacatecas 1542:Central Republic, 1835 1437: 1387:In 1829, Spain made a 1384: 1186:When royalist officer 914:First Mexican Republic 888:who served as the 8th 871:Spanish pronunciation: 5408:Governors of Veracruz 5358:People from New Spain 5190:Juana Navarro Alsbury 4902:Plutarco Elías Calles 4867:Francisco S. Carvajal 4799:Manuel Robles Pezuela 4696:Valentín Gómez Farías 4540:Valentín Gómez Farías 4389:Valentín Gómez Farías 4383:17 May – 4 June 1833 4372:Valentín Gómez Farías 4154:Jones, Oakah L., Jr. 4092:Fuentes Mares, José. 4059:Fowler, Will (2007), 4051:Flores Mena, Carmen. 4044:Díaz Díaz, Fernando. 4030:Costeloe, Michael P. 3953:Mead, Teresa (2016). 3917:Fowler, Will (2009). 3896:Fowler, Will (2000). 3792:Mead, Teresa (2016). 3352:. the State of Texas. 3211:González Pedrero 2004 2785:3 (1996), pp. 371–383 2550:Costeloe, Michael P. 2349: 2317: 2248: 2241:Later years and death 2197: 2174: 2102: 2044:Battle of Cerro Gordo 2037:Battle of Chapultepec 1992:Battle of Buena Vista 1986:'s troops to General 1948:Battle of Buena Vista 1946: 1884: 1876: 1828: 1796:Battle of San Jacinto 1781:battle of San Jacinto 1771: 1707: 1698:Further information: 1573:plausible deniability 1565: 1552:Further information: 1464:Roman Catholic Church 1446:Valentín Gómez Farías 1434:Valentín Gómez Farías 1431: 1378: 1342:Joel Roberts Poinsett 1298:and the port city of 1214:Further information: 1007:Second Mexican Empire 957:Valentín Gómez Farías 793:Years of service 787:United Mexican States 552:Valentin Gomez Farias 513:Valentín Gómez Farías 502:Valentín Gómez Farías 491:Valentín Gómez Farías 470:Valentín Gómez Farías 460:Valentin Gómez Farías 450:Valentín Gómez Farías 429:Valentín Gómez Farías 419:Valentín Gómez Farías 409:Valentín Gómez Farías 376:Valentín Gómez Farías 366:Valentín Gómez Farías 183:Valentín Gómez Farías 5343:Presidents of Mexico 5232:Martyrs of the Alamo 4940:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 4935:Miguel Alemán Valdés 4930:Manuel Ávila Camacho 4882:Roque González Garza 4781:Juan Álvarez Hurtado 4746:Pedro María de Anaya 4691:Manuel Gómez Pedraza 4681:Anastasio Bustamante 4671:José María Bocanegra 4650:Presidents of Mexico 4567:Pedro María de Anaya 4557:Pedro María de Anaya 4440:Anastasio Bustamante 4110:: Mexico City 2004. 4061:Santa Anna of Mexico 4041:; State House Press; 3996:Calcott, Wilfred H. 3940:Vicente Riva Palacio 3920:Santa Anna of Mexico 3571:accessed 28 May 2020 3544:Santa Anna of Mexico 3450:Shoup, Kate (2015). 3313:. Andrews University 3299:Lord (1961), p. 169. 3262:Santa Anna of Mexico 3249:Santa Anna of Mexico 3234:Tenenbaum, Barbara. 3152:Santa Anna of Mexico 3139:Santa Anna of Mexico 3068:Santa Anna of Mexico 3055:Santa Anna of Mexico 2831:Santa Anna of Mexico 2805:Santa Anna of Mexico 2757:Santa Anna of Mexico 2380:Fox animated series 2330:issued by President 1939:Mexican–American War 1777:William Henry Huddle 1503:José María Luis Mora 1405:Anastasio Bustamante 1353:Manuel Gómez Pedraza 1316:constitution of 1824 1204:constitution of 1812 953:Constitution of 1824 938:Mexican–American War 934:Constitution of 1843 918:Constitution of 1835 910:First Mexican Empire 848:Mexican–American War 714:Order of Charles III 540:Anastasio Bustamante 323:Anastasio Bustamante 194:Pedro María de Anaya 150:Pedro María de Anaya 5248:Heroes of the Alamo 5082:Battle of the Alamo 5024:President of Mexico 4965:Miguel de la Madrid 4960:José López Portillo 4945:Adolfo López Mateos 4912:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 4892:Adolfo de la Huerta 4872:Venustiano Carranza 4852:Francisco I. Madero 4827:José María Iglesias 4794:Félix María Zuloaga 4420:President of Mexico 4409:President of Mexico 4398:President of Mexico 4379:President of Mexico 4250:Scheina, Robert L. 3860:(2010) 72#1, p. 198 3640:. 11 November 2016. 3397:on 24 February 2012 3009:, pp. 218–219, 224. 2276:with a shipment of 2001:landing at Veracruz 1814:Treaties of Velasco 1750:Battle of the Alamo 1642:Republic of Yucatán 1393:Barradas Expedition 1188:Agustín de Iturbide 1026:University of Texas 890:president of Mexico 865:, usually known as 93:President of Mexico 42:López de Santa Anna 5448:Mexican Freemasons 5224:The Immortal Alamo 5150:Mexican commanders 4990:Enrique Peña Nieto 4950:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 4809:José Ignacio Pavón 4741:José Mariano Salas 4661:Guadalupe Victoria 4364:Political offices 4229:Paquel, Leonardo. 4215:Mabry, Donald J., 4128:Hardin, Stephen L. 4120:Green, Stanley C. 4037:Crawford, Ann F.; 3596:, Roadside America 3369:East Texas History 2928:Green, Stanley C. 2829:quoted in Fowler, 2768:Archer, Christon. 2658:www.tshaonline.org 2397:Joaquim de Almeida 2359:In popular culture 2352: 2324: 2255: 2251:George G. Rockwood 2208: 2189:arranged marriages 2184: 2105: 2056:Richard J. Oglesby 1959:Resaca de la Palma 1951: 1896:José Antonio Mexía 1887: 1879: 1834: 1784: 1710: 1568: 1468:Mexican liberalism 1438: 1424:Plan of Cuernavaca 1385: 1308:Guadalupe Victoria 949:Conservative Party 912:, the fall of the 723:Order of Guadalupe 5330: 5329: 5195:Susanna Dickinson 5141:William B. Travis 5131:Almaron Dickinson 5048: 5047: 5035:Emperor of Mexico 5002:(President-elect) 5000:Claudia Sheinbaum 4907:Emilio Portes Gil 4877:Eulalio Gutiérrez 4862:Victoriano Huerta 4786:Ignacio Comonfort 4751:Manuel de la Peña 4726:Valentín Canalizo 4617: 4616: 4608:Succeeded by 4581:Succeeded by 4554:Succeeded by 4527:Succeeded by 4513:Valentín Canalizo 4503:Valentín Canalizo 4500:Succeeded by 4454:Succeeded by 4427:Succeeded by 4386:Succeeded by 4267:Valadés, José C. 4260:Trueba, Alfonso. 4222:Muñoz, Rafael F. 4212:, popular history 4007:(1995): 199–207. 3989:Anna, Timothy E. 3930:978-0-8032-2638-8 3909:978-0-313-30914-4 3749:Historia Mexicana 2863:Anna, Timothy E. 2621:. 2 December 2020 2563:Guardino, Peter. 2406:in the 2004 film 2404:Emilio Echevarría 2392:The Mask of Zorro 2389:In the 1998 film 2161:Ignacio Comonfort 1850:to retire to his 1759:William B. Travis 1723:Stephen F. Austin 1646:Republic of Texas 1519:José María Tornel 1381:Battle of Tampico 1349:Lorenzo de Zavala 1249:Plan of Casa Mata 1177:guerrilla warfare 1173:counterinsurgency 860: 859: 267:Valentín Canalizo 223:Valentín Canalizo 16:(Redirected from 5455: 5393:Mexican amputees 5363:Mexican generals 5272:The Last Command 5182:Texian survivors 5075: 5068: 5061: 5052: 5013: 5012: 4711:José Justo Corro 4666:Vicente Guerrero 4643: 4636: 4629: 4620: 4591:Preceded by 4564:Preceded by 4537:Preceded by 4510:Preceded by 4483:Preceded by 4464:Preceded by 4437:Preceded by 4369:Preceded by 4361: 4337:, hosted by the 4281:Yañez, Agustín. 4243:Santoni, Pedro; 4211: 4064: 3974: 3949: 3934: 3913: 3892: 3861: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3834:on 27 July 2011. 3830:. 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4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4837:Porfirio Díaz 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4817:Benito Juárez 4815: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4716:Nicolás Bravo 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4637: 4632: 4630: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4595: 4589: 4585: 4576: 4575: 4568: 4562: 4558: 4549: 4548: 4541: 4535: 4531: 4522: 4521: 4514: 4508: 4504: 4495: 4494: 4487: 4486:Nicolás Bravo 4481: 4476: 4475: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4457:Nicolás Bravo 4449: 4448: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4381: 4380: 4373: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4208:0-8032-7902-7 4204: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4184: 4183:0-06-016325-9 4180: 4176: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4117: 4116:968-16-6377-2 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4014: 4013:9780292783492 4010: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3972: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3894: 3890: 3888:9780292783492 3884: 3880: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3738:, p. 92. 3737: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3647: 3644: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3546:, pp. 256–257 3545: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3477: 3465: 3463:9781502609649 3459: 3455: 3454: 3446: 3443: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3312: 3305: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3186: 3184:968-16-6377-2 3180: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3018:Fowler (2007) 3015: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2845:, p. 27. 2844: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2671: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2643:(2000) p. 322 2642: 2636: 2633: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2602: 2600:9780415991964 2596: 2592: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2515: 2512: 2507: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2454:Mexico portal 2444: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2356: 2348: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2318:The house in 2316: 2312: 2310: 2309:Staten Island 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2274:New York City 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2247: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2167:Personal life 2166: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2157:Benito Juárez 2154: 2153:James Gadsden 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2010: 2007:. Santa Anna 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1971:James K. Polk 1967: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1892:José de Urrea 1883: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1842: 1839: 1832: 1827: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1730:show of force 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1701: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1655:New York Post 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1514:Ley del Caso, 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1389:final attempt 1382: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1327:Scottish Rite 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245:Nicolás Bravo 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230:customs house 1227: 1223: 1217: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1200:Ferdinand VII 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1100:eastern coast 1093: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1073:Spanish crown 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018:puppet rulers 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 976:loss of Texas 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 945:Liberal Party 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 895: 891: 887: 886: 881: 876: 868: 864: 855: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 815: 813: 809: 806: 803: 799: 795: 791: 788: 783: 777: 772: 766: 761: 756: 752: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 724: 720: 715: 711: 707: 703: 678: 677: 655: 654: 652: 648: 644: 639: 636: 632: 628: 626:Resting place 624: 621: 617: 608: 604: 601: 597: 593: 581: 577: 572: 568: 565: 564:Nicolas Bravo 562: 556: 553: 550: 544: 541: 538: 534: 528: 523: 520: 516: 512: 506: 503: 500: 494: 490: 484: 478: 473: 469: 463: 459: 453: 449: 443: 437: 432: 428: 422: 418: 412: 408: 402: 396: 391: 388: 385: 379: 375: 369: 365: 362: 357: 351: 346: 343: 339: 336: 335:Nicolás Bravo 333: 327: 324: 321: 315: 309: 304: 301:Nicolás Bravo 300: 294: 291: 288: 282: 276: 271: 268: 265: 259: 256:Nicolás Bravo 255: 249: 243: 238: 235: 232: 226: 222: 216: 210: 205: 202: 198: 195: 192: 186: 182: 176: 170: 165: 162: 159: 153: 149: 143: 137: 132: 129: 126: 120: 117: 114: 108: 102: 97: 94: 89: 85: 74: 73:Daguerreotype 69: 64: 57: 52: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 5302: 5294: 5286: 5278: 5270: 5262: 5254: 5246: 5238: 5230: 5222: 5156: 5136:Amos Pollard 5116:James Bonham 5022: 4700: 4599: 4572: 4545: 4518: 4491: 4472: 4445: 4418: 4407: 4396: 4377: 4345: 4333: 4315: 4298: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4261: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4193: 4189:Lord, Walter 4174: 4162:Knight, Alan 4155: 4148: 4141: 4131: 4121: 4103: 4093: 4086: 4076: 4069: 4060: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4031: 4018: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3955: 3944: 3919: 3898: 3877: 3857: 3852: 3840: 3832:the original 3827: 3818: 3794: 3761: 3756: 3748: 3743: 3708: 3703: 3695: 3690: 3682: 3677: 3669: 3652: 3646: 3635: 3626: 3618: 3613: 3601: 3589: 3581: 3576: 3564: 3556: 3551: 3543: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3467:. Retrieved 3452: 3445: 3433:. Retrieved 3429: 3420: 3411: 3401:10 September 3399:. Retrieved 3395:the original 3385: 3373:. Retrieved 3368: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3332: 3327: 3315:. Retrieved 3304: 3295: 3287: 3282: 3277:, pp. 46–65. 3274: 3269: 3261: 3256: 3248: 3243: 3235: 3230: 3218: 3206: 3201:, pp. 38–40. 3198: 3193: 3169: 3159: 3151: 3146: 3138: 3133: 3116: 3110: 3088:(1): 18–50. 3085: 3082:The Americas 3081: 3075: 3067: 3062: 3054: 3049: 3041: 3036: 3028: 3023: 3014: 3006: 3001: 2993: 2988: 2978:20 September 2976:. Retrieved 2972: 2963: 2953:20 September 2951:. Retrieved 2947: 2937: 2929: 2924: 2916: 2911: 2903: 2898: 2890: 2885: 2877: 2872: 2864: 2859: 2850: 2838: 2830: 2825: 2817: 2812: 2804: 2799: 2790: 2782: 2777: 2769: 2764: 2756: 2751: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2661:. Retrieved 2657: 2648: 2640: 2635: 2623:. Retrieved 2618: 2609: 2590: 2584: 2572: 2564: 2559: 2551: 2546: 2538: 2529: 2519: 2514: 2505: 2499: 2490: 2432: 2426:Texas Rising 2425: 2416: 2407: 2390: 2381: 2372: 2353: 2325: 2294: 2286:Thomas Adams 2271: 2267:cockfighting 2259:Saint Thomas 2256: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2209: 2185: 2180:Juan Cordero 2175: 2143: 2137: 2133: 2106: 2071:repatriation 2067:World War II 2064: 2052:4th Illinois 2041: 2013: 1997:battle flags 1981: 1968: 1952: 1923: 1904: 1888: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1835: 1804: 1785: 1772: 1747: 1738: 1727: 1719:Moses Austin 1711: 1661: 1653: 1602:Nuevo México 1599: 1586: 1584: 1580:Ley del Caso 1579: 1577: 1569: 1536: 1523:Ley del Caso 1522: 1513: 1511: 1480: 1460: 1453: 1439: 1408: 1402: 1386: 1365: 1358:Juan Álvarez 1346: 1324: 1305: 1285: 1261: 1242: 1233: 1219: 1185: 1163:against the 1150: 1135: 1115: 1112:cockfighting 1108: 1104:yellow fever 1097: 1087: 1084:Spanish Army 1081: 1060: 1058: 1050:Nueva España 1039: 1030: 1015: 992: 973: 968: 942: 904:at the time 899: 883: 879: 866: 862: 861: 811:Battles/wars 643:Conservative 640:(until 1833) 611:(1876-06-21) 609:21 June 1876 559:Succeeded by 526: 509:Succeeded by 476: 466:Succeeded by 435: 425:Succeeded by 394: 382:Succeeded by 349: 330:Succeeded by 307: 297:Succeeded by 274: 262:Succeeded by 241: 229:Succeeded by 208: 189:Succeeded by 168: 156:Succeeded by 135: 123:Succeeded by 100: 45: 41: 34:Spanish name 29: 5383:1876 deaths 5378:1794 births 5200:Juan Seguín 5121:James Bowie 4980:Vicente Fox 4776:Rómulo Díaz 4676:Pedro Vélez 4356:Texas Tides 4247:TCU Press; 3777:Fowler 2009 3736:Fowler 2009 3694:Tenenbaum, 3531:Fowler 2009 3469:23 December 3426:"Manifesto" 3375:28 November 3309:Wright, R. 3197:Tenenbaum, 3027:Tenenbaum, 2843:Fowler 2009 2577:Fowler 2009 2524:, v. 5, 48. 2320:Mexico City 2212:Inés García 2125:Guadalajara 2121:New Granada 2079:Springfield 1907:dictatorial 1792:Texian Army 1788:Texian Navy 1763:Sam Houston 1595:Siete Leyes 1554:Siete Leyes 1410:coup d'etat 1167:and at the 1065:Mexico City 961:dictatorial 645:(from 1833) 616:Mexico City 547:Preceded by 497:Preceded by 456:Preceded by 415:Preceded by 372:Preceded by 318:Preceded by 285:Preceded by 252:Preceded by 219:Preceded by 179:Preceded by 146:Preceded by 111:Preceded by 80: 1853 5337:Categories 4329:Santa Anna 4327:Sketch of 4262:Santa Anna 4156:Santa Anna 3273:Costeloe, 2690:(2): 277. 2533:quoted in 2473:References 2144:La Mesilla 2089:See also: 2021:Churubusco 1919:annexation 1911:dissidents 1867:amputation 1863:Pastry War 1831:Pastry War 1668:Brown Bess 1644:, and the 1630:Tamaulipas 1626:Nuevo León 1589:, placing 1507:battalions 1491:Franciscan 1487:secularize 1422:See also: 1330:Freemasons 1288:abdication 1276:Guanajuato 1054:licenciado 1036:Early life 999:Reform War 936:, and the 930:Pastry War 880:Santa Anna 843:Pastry War 754:Allegiance 585:1794-02-21 5304:The Alamo 5280:The Alamo 5108:Defenders 3685:, p. 359. 3555:Guardino 3317:2 October 3251:, p. 157. 3141:, p. 145. 3070:, p. 143. 3044:, p. 137. 2919:, p. 133. 2906:, p. 107. 2880:, p. 104. 2541:, p. 88. 2409:The Alamo 2374:The Alamo 2366:santianna 2336:cataracts 2017:Contreras 1955:Palo Alto 1742:chaplains 1650:reprisals 1634:Zacatecas 1499:Fort Ross 1338:York Rite 1272:Querétaro 1268:Michoacán 1181:stalemate 1122:strongman 1088:intendant 1061:escribano 990:in 1853. 796:1810–1855 729:Signature 600:New Spain 536:President 527:In office 477:In office 436:In office 395:In office 350:In office 308:In office 275:In office 242:In office 209:In office 169:In office 136:In office 101:In office 5315:See also 4191:(1961), 3698:, p. 138 3681:Mecham, 3668:Mecham, 3559:, p. 88. 3542:Fowler, 3264:, p. 158 3260:Fowler, 3247:Fowler, 3167:(2004). 3154:, p. 420 3150:Fowler, 3137:Fowler, 3066:Fowler, 3040:Krauze, 2833:, p. 17. 2807:, p. 18. 2803:Fowler, 2625:10 April 2440:See also 2301:schooner 2290:chiclets 2263:gambling 2253:, c.1870 2109:Kingston 2035:and the 1976:blockade 1852:hacienda 1587:hacienda 1531:Congress 1455:hacienda 1398:Napoleon 1366:Acordada 1300:Campeche 1253:republic 1234:caudillo 1117:caudillo 1046:Veracruz 965:Congress 947:and the 902:Veracruz 885:caudillo 741:Nickname 596:Veracruz 91:8th 32:In this 4134:(2001) 4079:(2000) 4021:(2004) 3961:126–127 3942:(ed.). 3868:Sources 3800:126–127 3506:3338755 3031:, p. 37 2743:2515558 2704:2515558 2328:amnesty 2234:natural 2129:Jesuits 2117:Turbaco 2113:Jamaica 2060:Decatur 1847:Pioneer 1734:Indians 1715:tariffs 1672:muskets 1622:Jalisco 1618:Durango 1606:Tabasco 1495:Russian 1472:Tithing 1292:Yucatán 1264:Tampico 1222:Emperor 1077:creoles 805:General 698: 690: 686: 675: 667: 663: 650:Spouses 638:Liberal 38:surname 5307:(2004) 5299:(1988) 5291:(1987) 5283:(1960) 5275:(1955) 5267:(1954) 5259:(1938) 5251:(1937) 5243:(1926) 5235:(1915) 5227:(1911) 5210:Legacy 5039:Regent 4240:(2002) 4205: 4181: 4114: 4072:(1998) 4011: 3967: 3927: 3906: 3885: 3806: 3504: 3460: 3435:14 May 3181: 3123: 3102:980380 3100: 3005:Anna, 2992:Anna, 2915:Anna, 2902:Anna, 2876:Anna, 2741: 2702: 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