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government declared that Santa Anna was no longer president and that the
Treaties were null and void. While Santa Anna was held captive in Texas, Poinsett offered a harsh assessment of his situation: "Say to General Santa Anna that when I remember how ardent an advocate he was of liberty ten years ago, I have no sympathy for him now, that he has gotten what he deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say to Mr. Poinsett that it is very true that I threw up my cap for liberty with great ardor, and perfect sincerity, but very soon found the folly of it. A hundred years to come my people will not be fit for liberty. They do not know what it is, unenlightened as they are, and under the influence of Catholic clergy, a despotism is a proper government for them, but there is no reason why it should not be a wise and virtuous one."
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2214:, the daughter of wealthy Spanish parents in Veracruz, and the couple had four children: María de Guadalupe, María del Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López de Santa Anna y García. By 1825, Santa Anna had distinguished himself as a military man, joining the movement for independence. When Iturbide lost support, Santa Anna had been in the forefront of leaders seeking to oust him. Although his family was of modest means, Santa Anna was of good creole lineage; the García family may well have seen a match between their young daughter and the up-and-coming Santa Anna as advantageous. Inés'
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1582:. On 12 June he dissolved Congress and announced his decision to adopt the Plan of Cuernavaca, forming a new Catholic, centralist and conservative government. Santa Anna brokered a deal where, in exchange for preserving the privileges of the church and the army, the church promised a monthly donation to the government of 30,000–40,000 pesos. "The santanistas succeeded in achieving what the radicals had failed to do: forcing the Church to assist the republic's daily fiscal needs with its funds and properties."
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1717:, claiming they were not recipients of any services provided by the Mexican government; as a result, new settlers were not allowed there. The new policy was a response to the U.S. attempts to purchase Texas from Mexico. Like other states discontented with the central government, the Texas Department of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in late 1835 and declared itself independent on 2 March 1836. The northeastern part of the state had been settled by numerous American immigrants.
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1344:, a promoter of federal republicanism. Although Santa Anna was believed to be a supporter of the Scottish Rite conservatives, and Santa Anna was himself a member of the Scottish Rite, in the Montaño rebellion he eventually threw his support to the liberals. In his home state of Veracruz, the governor had thrown his support to the rebels, and in the aftermath of the rebellion's failure, Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped into the governorship.
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1106:, endemic to the region. The port of Veracruz and environs were known to be unhealthy for those not native to the region, so he had a personal strategic advantage against military officers from elsewhere. Being an officer in a time of war was a way that a provincial, middle-class man could vault from obscurity to a position of leadership. Santa Anna distinguished himself in battle, a path that led him to a national political career.
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1597:" ("The Seven Laws"). Santa Anna did not involve himself with the conservative effort to replace the federalist constitution with a unitary central government, seemingly uneasy with their political path. "Although he has been blamed for the change to centralism, he was not actually present during any of the deliberations that led to the abolition of the federalist charter or the elaboration of the 1836 Constitution."
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2225:, visited with Inés at Manga de Clavo, where they were well-received with a breakfast banquet. Calderón de la Barca observed that "After breakfast, the Señora having dispatched an officer for her cigar-case, which was gold with a diamond latch, offered me a cigar, which I having declined, she lighted her own, a little paper 'cigarette', and the gentlemen followed her good example."
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2039:, like the others, were hard fought losses, and American forces took the capital. "Despite his many faults as a tactician and his overbearing political ambition, Santa Anna was committed to fighting to the bitter end. His actions would prolong the war for at least a year, and more than any other single person it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a short war."
1505:, selling church property was the key to "transforming Mexico into a liberal, progressive nation of small landowners." Sale of nonessential church property would bring in much-needed revenue to the treasury. The army was also targeted for reform, since it was the largest single expenditure in the national budget. On Santa Anna's suggestion, the number of
1148:, Mexico's rich agricultural area. Although some creole elites had chafed as their upward mobility had been thwarted by the Bourbon Reforms, the Hidalgo Revolt saw most creoles favoring continued crown rule. In particular, Santa Anna's family "saw themselves as aligned to the peninsular elite, whom they served, and were in turn recognized as belonging".
1278:, met to decide their own position towards the federation. Santa Anna pledged his military forces to the protection of these key areas. "He attempted, in other words, to co-opt the movement, the first of many examples in his long career where he placed himself as the head of a generalized movement so it would become an instrument of his advancement."
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With resentment growing, Santa Anna stepped down and fled Mexico City in
December 1844. The buried leg he left behind in the capital was dug up by a mob and dragged through the streets until nothing was left of it. Fearing for his life, Santa Anna tried to elude capture, but in January 1845 he was apprehended by a group of Native Americans near
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1732:. His expedition posed challenges of manpower, logistics, supply and strategy far beyond what he was prepared for, and it ended in disaster. To fund, organize and equip his army, Santa Anna relied, as he often did, on forcing wealthy men to "loan" him funds. He recruited hastily, sweeping up many derelicts and ex-convicts, as well as
2288:, the American assigned to aid Santa Anna while he was in the U.S., experimented with chicle in an attempt to use it as a substitute for rubber. He bought one ton of the substance from Santa Anna, but his experiments proved unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped to found the chewing gum industry with a product that he called "
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Order of
Guadalupe, Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Carlos III, and President of the Mexican Republic." The reality was that this administration was no more successful than his earlier ones, dependent on loans from moneylenders and support from conservative elites, the church, and the army.
2127:. Usually, revolts were fomented by military officers; this one was fomented by churchmen. Santa Anna was elected president on 17 March 1853. He honored his promises to the church, revoking a decree denying protection for the fulfillment of monastic vows, a reform promulgated twenty years earlier by Gómez Farías. The
1865:. The Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of the army and ordered him to defend the nation by any means necessary. Santa Anna engaged the French at Veracruz but was forced to retreat after a failed assault, sustaining injuries in his left leg and hand by cannon fire. His shattered ankle required
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Although he gave himself exalted titles, Santa Anna's situation was quite vulnerable. He declared himself dictator-for-life with the title "Most Serene
Highness". His full title in this final period of power was "Hero of the nation, General of Division, Grand Master of the National and Distinguished
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was removed from office, with the new government seeking to reinstate the constitution of 1824, with Santa Anna again assuming the presidency. Santa Anna, who had been in exile for only a year, returned to Mexico on 6 August 1846, two days after
Paredes' ouster. He wrote to the new government stating
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Having expected tropical weather, Santa Anna's army suffered from cold, a lack of proper clothing and food shortages. Stretching a supply line far longer than ever before, there were not enough horses, mules, cattle and wagons available, resulting in units never having enough food, fuel, or feed. The
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in the U.S. The purchase money for the land was supposedly to go to Mexico's empty treasury. Santa Anna was unwilling to wait until the final transaction went through and the boundary line established, wanting access to the money immediately. He bargained with
American bankers to get immediate cash,
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with a much smaller force and defeated the
Spaniards, many of whom were suffering from yellow fever. The defeat of the Spanish Army not only firmly established Santa Anna as a national hero but also consolidated the independence of the new Mexican republic. From this point forward, Santa Anna styled
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were in conflict. Yucatán's closest trade partner was Cuba, a
Spanish colony. Santa Anna took it upon himself to plan a landing force from Yucatán in Cuba, which he envisioned would result in Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", most especially himself. One thousand Mexicans were already on
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Two months after the death of his wife Inés in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 16-year-old María de Los
Dolores de Tosta. The couple rarely lived together; de Tosta resided primarily in Mexico City, and Santa Anna's political and military activities took him around the country. They had no
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Soon after, with
Bustamante's presidency descending into chaos, supporters asked Santa Anna to take control of the provisional government. Santa Anna was made president for the fifth time, taking over a nation with an empty treasury. The war with France had weakened the country, and the people were
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and the local legislatures in favor of the reforms; requested the protection of Santa Anna to fulfill the plan and recognize him as the only authority; removed from office deputies and officials who carried out enforcement of the reform laws and decrees; and provided military force to support Gómez
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which called for the arrest of 51 politicians, including Bustamante, for holding "unpatriotic" beliefs and their expulsion from the country. Gómez Farías claimed that Santa Anna was the driving force for the law, which evidence seems to support. With increasing resistance from the church as well as
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won the indirect elections for the presidency, with Guerrero coming in second. Even before all the votes had been counted, Santa Anna raised a rebellion and called for the nullification of the election results, as well for a new law expelling Spanish nationals who he believed to have been in league
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Following the 1842 elections, at which a new Congress was elected which opposed his rule, Santa Anna attempted to restore the treasury by raising taxes. Several Mexican states stopped dealing with the central government in response, and Yucatán and Laredo declared themselves independent republics.
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against President Guerrero, who left Mexico City to lead a counter-rebellion in the south. Guerrero was captured and executed after a summary trial in 1831, which shocked the nation. In 1832, Santa Anna seized the customs revenues from Veracruz and declared himself in rebellion against Bustamante.
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For conservatives, the liberal reform of Gómez Farías was radical and threatened the power of the elites. Santa Anna's actions in allowing this first reform (followed by a more sweeping one in 1855) might have been a test case for liberalism. At this point, Santa Anna was a liberal; by giving the
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to properly bury their bodies. Hostile Indians picked off stragglers and foragers. Waterborne sicknesses spread quickly when the men were forced to drink any water they could find on the trail. The officers proved to be mostly incompetent, yet the highly insulated and rigid hierarchy of the army
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Santa Anna was highly controversial at the time and ever since. In the 2007 biography by Will Fowler, he was depicted as, "a liberal, a Republican, an army man, a hero, a revolutionary, a regional strongman, but never a politician. He presented himself as a mediator who was both anti-party and
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stating that "in his official character as chief of the Mexican nation, he acknowledged the full, entire, and perfect Independence of the Republic of Texas." In exchange, Burnet and the Texas government guaranteed Santa Anna's safety and transport to Veracruz. Meanwhile, in Mexico City, a new
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Santa Anna's legacy has subsequently come to be viewed as profoundly negative, with historians and many Mexicans ranking him as "the principal inhabitant even today of Mexico's black pantheon of those who failed the nation". He is considered one of the most unpopular and controversial Mexican
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With that battle, the way was clear for Scott's forces to advance further onto Mexico City. Santa Anna's aim was to protect the capital at all costs and waged defensive warfare, placing strong defenses on the most direct road into the city at El Peñon, which Scott then avoided. Battles at
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had hoped to acquire territory in the north by purchase or force, but the Mexican government was not willing to yield. In a gambit to change the dynamic, Polk sent agents to secretly meet with the exiled Santa Anna. They thought they had extracted a promise from him that they would lift a
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editorialized that "had Santa Anna treated the vanquished with moderation and generosity, it would have been difficult if not impossible to awaken that general sympathy for the people of Texas which now impels so many adventurous and ardent spirits to throng to the aid of their brethren."
1140:, which entailed fighting the insurgency before switching sides against the crown, presaged his many shifts in allegiance during his later political career. In June 1810, the 16-year-old Santa Anna joined the Fijo de Veracruz infantry regiment. In September of that year, secular cleric
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Santa Anna's provincial origins made him uncomfortable in the halls of power in Mexico City, which were dominated by cliques of elite men, and thus he frequently made retreats to his base in Veracruz. He cultivated contact with ordinary Mexican men and pursued entertainments such as
1247:, who had supported Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, returned to their base in southern Mexico and raised a rebellion against Iturbide. The commander of imperial forces in Veracruz, who had fought against the rebels, changed sides and joined the rebels. The new coalition proclaimed the
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Mexico was faced with an empty treasury and an 11 million peso debt incurred by the Bustamante government. Gómez Farías could not cut back on the bloated expenditures on the army and sought other revenues. Taking a chapter out of the late Bourbon Reforms, he targeted the
1090:(governor) of Veracruz secured Santa Anna's military appointment despite the fact that he was underage. His parents' marriage produced seven children, four sisters and two brothers, and Santa Anna was close to his sister Francisca and brother Manuel, who also joined the army.
2284:. He attempted but was unsuccessful in convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers that this substance could be more useful in tires than the materials they were originally using. Although he introduced chewing gum to the U.S., Santa Anna did not make any money from the product.
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Santa Anna married twice, both times to wealthy young women. At neither wedding ceremony did he appear, legally empowering his future father-in-law to serve as a proxy at his first wedding and a friend at his second. One assessment of the two marriages is that they were
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from 1837 to 1839. He was a controversial and pivotal figure in Mexican politics during the 19th century, to the point that he has been called an "uncrowned monarch", and historians often refer to the three decades after Mexican independence as the "Age of Santa Anna".
1232:. However, Iturbide subsequently removed Santa Anna from the post, prompting Santa Anna to rise in rebellion in December 1822 against Iturbide. He already had significant power in his home region of Veracruz, and "he was well along the path to becoming the regional
2003:, Santa Anna's home ground, he rapidly moved southward to engage with the invaders and protect the capital. For the Mexicans it would have been better if Scott could have been prevented from leaving the Gulf Coast, but they could not prevent Scott's march on
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children. In his will, he acknowledged and made provisions for four: Paula, María de la Merced, Petra, and José López de Santa Anna. Biographers have identified three more: Pedro López de Santa Anna, and Ángel and Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna.
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As opinion turned against the reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded to return to the presidency and Gómez Farías resigned. This set the stage for conservatives to reshape Mexico's government from a federalist republic to a unitary central republic.
1171:, in which he was cited for bravery. Santa Anna was promoted quickly; he became a second lieutenant in February 1812 and first lieutenant before the end of that year. During the initial rebellion, the young officer witnessed Arredondo's fierce
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1990:'s army. Santa Anna mobilized troops and artillery and rapidly marched north. His forces outnumbered Taylor's, but his troops were exhausted, ill-clothed, hungry and equipped with inferior weapons when the two armies clashed at the
2131:, who had been expelled from Spanish realms by the crown in 1767, were allowed to return to Mexico ostensibly to educate poorer classes, and much of their property, which the crown had confiscated and sold, was restored to them.
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on 22–23 February 1847. Hard fighting over two days brought an inconclusive result, with Santa Anna withdrawing from the field of battle overnight just as complete victory was at hand, taking war trophies such as cannons and
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of much of his leg, which he ordered buried with full military honors. Despite Mexico's final capitulation to French demands, Santa Anna used his war service and visible sacrifice to the nation to re-enter Mexican politics.
2123:(now Colombia). In April 1853, he was invited to return to Mexico by conservatives who had overthrown a weak liberal government, initiated under the Plan de Hospicio, drawn up by the clerics in the cathedral chapter of
2031:, an old political and military rival of Santa Anna's, did not recognize his authority as supreme commander and disobeyed his orders as to where his troops should be placed. Valencia's Army of the North was routed. The
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In 1835, Santa Anna repealed the Mexican constitution, which ultimately led to the beginning of the Texas Revolution. His reasoning for the repeal was that American settlers in Texas were not paying taxes or
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of the Mexican coast to allow him to return and that he would broker a deal. Once back in Mexico at the head of an army, however, Santa Anna reneged on the deal and took up arms against the U.S. invasion.
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on 27 March 1836. However, his forces suffered unexpectedly heavy casualties. In an 1874 letter, Santa Anna asserted that killing the defenders of Alamo was his only option, stressing that Texan commander
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of convenience, bringing considerable wealth to Santa Anna and that his lack of attendance at the ceremonies "appears to confirm that he was purely interested in the financial aspect o the alliance."
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Although Santa Anna's initial rebellion was important, Iturbide had loyal military men who were able to hold their own against the rebels in Veracruz. However, former insurgent leaders Guerrero and
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2069:, Illinois was rumored to be ready to return the prosthetic to Mexico and, in 1942, a bill was introduced in the state legislature. The Association of Limb Manufacturers wanted to be part of the
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while they gained the right to the revenue when the sale closed. Santa Anna's short-sighted deal netted the Mexican government only $ 250,000 against credit of $ 650,000 going to the bankers.
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was to blame for the degree of violence during the battle. Santa Anna believed that Travis was disrespectful towards him, and that if he had spared the Texans, it would have allowed
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No longer the main player in the movement against Iturbide or the creation of new political arrangements, Santa Anna sought to regain his position as a leader and marched forces to
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that he rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Congress. He also promised to support free trade with Spain, an important principle for his home region of Veracruz.
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1725:, had his party accepted by Spanish authorities in exchange for defense against foreign threats. However, Mexico had declared independence from Spain before the elder Austin died.
1372:, clearing the way for Guerrero to assume office. Santa Anna gained prominence for his role in Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was lauded as a defender of federalism and democracy.
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and closely monitor the reaction to a comprehensive attack on the special privileges of the army and the church, as well as confiscation of church wealth, enacted by Congress.
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1474:(a 10% tax on agricultural production) was abolished as a legal obligation, and church property and finances were seized. The church's role in education was reduced and the
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gained more experience and weaponry. Despite Houston's lack of ability to maintain strict control of the Army, they completely routed Santa Anna's much larger army at the
1444:, "It annoyed him and bored him, and perhaps frightened him." A biographer of Santa Anna describes his role during this period as the "absentee president". Vice-president
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In 1838, Santa Anna found a chance for redemption from the loss of Texas. After Mexico rejected demands for financial compensation for losses suffered by its citizens,
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anti-politics in the decades when the new country of Mexico was wracked by factional infighting. He was always more willing to lead an army than to lead his country".
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Initially Santa Anna, like most creole military officers, fought for the crown against the mixed-raced insurgents for independence; his commanding officer was Colonel
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in Veracruz. Gómez Farías was a moderate, but he had a radical liberal congress with which to contend, perhaps a reason that Santa Anna left executive power to him.
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1266:, then to San Luis Potosí, proclaiming his role as the "protector of the federation". Representatives from San Luis Potosí and other north-central regions, such as
982:. His leadership in the war and his willingness to fight to the bitter end prolonged that conflict: "more than any other single person it was Santa Anna who denied
2338:. He died at his home in Mexico City on 21 June 1876 at age 82. Santa Anna was buried with full military honors in a glass coffin in Panteón del Tepeyac Cemetery.
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in 1835 and in restoring it in 1847. He came to power as a liberal twice in 1832 and in 1847 respectively, both times sharing power with the liberal statesman
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of his prosthetic cork leg, which remains as a war trophy in the U.S. held by the Illinois State Military Museum but no longer on display. A second leg, a
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Santa Anna's family prospered in Veracruz, where the merchant class dominated politics. His paternal uncle, Ángel López de Santa Anna, was a public clerk (
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missions there. In 1833 he organized the Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission civilian settlement, as well as defend the province against perceived
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for forty-eight hours. After conquering Zacatecas, he planned to move on to Coahuila y Tejas to quell the rebellion there, which was being supported by
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With no path now for a quick resolution to the conflict in the north, Polk authorized an invasion to take Mexico City, redirecting the bulk of General
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Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April 1833, but while he desired the title, he was not interested in governing. According to Mexican historian
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The bloody conflict ended with Santa Anna forcing the resignation of Bustamante's cabinet, and an agreement was brokered for new elections in 1833.
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claims five. Historian of Latin America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven times that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, often for short periods. The
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1364:, fled to the mountains and organized his own rebellion. Zavala brought the fighting into Mexico City, with his supporters seizing an armory, the
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Antonio López de Santa Anna y Pérez (born 1761), a university graduate and a lawyer; his mother was Manuela Pérez de Lebrón y Cortés (died 1814).
959:, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías after switching sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also known for his ostentatious and
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1155:. In 1811 he was wounded in the left hand by an arrow while fighting in the town of Amoladeras, in the intendancy (administrative district) of
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captured Santa Anna near a marsh; the general had hastily dressed himself in a dead Mexican dragoon's uniform but was quickly recognized.
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The prosthetic leg later played a role in international politics. As relations between the U.S. and Mexico warmed during the run-up to
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986:'s dream of a short war." Even after the war was over, Santa Anna continued to cede national territory to the Americans through the
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1929:. They turned him over to authorities, and he was imprisoned. Santa Anna's life was ultimately spared, but he was exiled to Cuba.
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had favored peninsular-born Spaniards over American-born; young Santa Anna's family was affected by the growing disgruntlement of
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2269:; he had many roosters that he entered into competitions and would have his roosters compete with cocks from all over the world.
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and businesses with the hopes that he would become rich. During his many years in exile, he was a passionate fan of the sport of
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children, leading biographer Will Fowler to speculate that either the marriage was primarily platonic or de Tosta was infertile.
1917:. The action inflicted numerous casualties with no political gain, but Texans began to be persuaded of the potential benefits of
4164:. "The Several Legs of Santa Anna: A Saga of Secular Relics." Past & Present, Volume 206, Issue suppl_5, 2010, pp. 227–255,
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overthrew Santa Anna under the Plan of Ayutla, which called for his removal from office. He went into exile yet again in 1855.
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He is played by Rubén Padilla (Mexican actor, not to be confused with the homonymous American athlete) in the John Wayne film
2261:. He had left Mexico because of his unpopularity with the Mexican people after his defeat in 1848. Santa Anna participated in
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Cole, David A. "The Early Career of Antonio López de Santa Anna," PhD dissertation. Christ Church, University of Oxford 1977.
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2299:, seeking once again to play the role as the country's defender and savior, only to be refused by Juárez. Later that year a
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2719:"Reviewed work: The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867., D. A. Brading"
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Libraries cites the same figure of eleven times, but adds Santa Anna was only president for six years due to short terms.
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1898:, was marching towards Mexico City in opposition to Santa Anna. Commanding the army, Santa Anna crushed the rebellion in
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the army, the Plan of Cuernavaca was issued, likely orchestrated by former general and governor of the Federal District,
1318:. Victoria came to the presidency with little factional conflict, and served out his entire four-year term. However, the
997:, Santa Anna began to fade into the background in Mexican politics even as the nation entered the decisive period of the
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he had no aspirations to the presidency but would eagerly use his military experience in the new conflict with the U.S.
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himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of the Patria". His main act of self-promotion was to call himself the "
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In the 1828 election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate for the presidency. Another important liberal,
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Costeloe, Michael P. (1989). "Generals versus Politicians: Santa Anna and the 1842 Congressional Elections in Mexico".
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In May 1834, Santa Anna ordered the disarmament of the civic militia and urged Congress to abolish the controversial
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ships to sail to Cuba when word came that the Spanish were reinforcing their colony, so the invasion was called off.
1198:, Santa Anna also joined the fight for independence. Political developments in Spain, where liberals had ousted King
940:. He became well known in the United States due to his role in the Texas Revolution and in the Mexican–American War.
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Fowler, Will. "All the President's Women: The Wives of General Antonio López de Santa Anna in 19th century Mexico",
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Alemán, Jesse. "The Ethnic in the Canon; or, on Finding Santa Anna's" Wooden Leg"." MELUS 29.3/4 (2004): 165–182.
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Throughout his political career, Santa Anna was known for switching sides in the recurring conflict between the
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in Veracruz. There he wrote a manifesto in which he reflected on his experiences and decision-making in Texas.
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Archontology.org, Home » Nations » Mexico » Heads of State » LÓPEZ de SANTA ANNA, Antonio
2062:. Santa Anna had a replacement leg made which is displayed at the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City.
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and was reportedly used by the soldiers as a baseball bat; it is displayed at the home of Illinois Governor
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medical facilities were minimal and poorly supplied. Morale sank as soldiers realized there were not enough
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fashion than during his first administration. His government banned anti-Santanista newspapers and jailed
1799:
1641:
1557:
1470:, and the church had supported Bustamante's government, so targeting that institution was a logical move.
1311:
1199:
1187:
944:
913:
786:
637:
5303:
5279:
5189:
4866:
4798:
4135:
2943:
2408:
2373:
2368:", "Santy Anno" or other variations, which have been recorded many times by 20th century folk musicians.
2078:
2043:
2036:
2008:
1991:
1947:
1795:
1780:
1572:
1530:
1498:
1463:
1341:
1006:
964:
551:
4989:
4949:
4924:
4740:
1295:
1251:, which called for the end of the monarchy, restoration of the Constituent Congress, and creation of a
3943:
2245:
1877:
Santa Anna was severely wounded and narrowly escaped capture in the French attack on Veracruz in 1838.
1016:
Historians debate the exact number of his presidencies, as he would often share power and make use of
67:
5382:
5377:
5231:
4939:
4896:
4876:
4725:
4680:
4512:
4502:
4439:
4355:
3939:
2403:
2103:
Gadsden Purchase of 1854, territory purchased by the U.S. for a better transcontinental railway route
2020:
1786:
The Mexican victory at the Alamo bought time for Houston and his Texas forces. During the siege, the
1776:
1467:
1404:
1356:
with the conservatives. The rebellion initially had few supporters, although southern Mexican leader
1224:
Augustin I, rewarded Santa Anna with the command of the vital port of Veracruz, the gateway from the
1099:
1082:
Santa Anna's mother favored her son's choice of a military career, supporting his desire to join the
952:
909:
775:
713:
539:
322:
266:
3080:
Costeloe, Michael P. (1974). "Santa Anna and the Gómez Farías Administration in Mexico, 1833–1834".
5247:
5081:
5023:
4964:
4911:
4891:
4871:
4851:
4710:
4104:
País de un solo hombre: el México de Santa Anna. Volumen II. La sociedad de fuego cruzado 1829–1836
3346:"Santa Anna to McArdle, March 16, 1874: Letter Explaining Why the Alamo Defenders Had to Be Killed"
3170:
País de un solo hombre: el México de Santa Anna. Volumen II. La sociedad de fuego cruzado 1829–1836
2146:, the land in northwest Mexico that the U.S. wanted, was much easier terrain for the building of a
2016:
1954:
1943:
1813:
1749:
1332:
plotting rebellion. The so-called Montaño rebellion in December 1827 called for the prohibition of
1086:, rather than be a shopkeeper as his father preferred. His mother's friendly relationship with the
1053:
889:
341:
200:
92:
2138:
A major miscalculation was Santa Anna's sale of territory to the U.S. in what became known as the
2042:
Perhaps Santa Anna's most personal and ignominious incident in the war was the capture during the
1325:
Even before the election, there was unrest in Mexico, with some conservatives affiliated with the
5223:
5089:
4660:
4127:
3605:
3501:
3415:
tamu.edu, "Manifesto which General Antonio Lopez De Santa Anna Addresses to His Fellow Citizens",
3097:
2738:
2699:
2396:
2304:
2250:
2055:
1844:
1806:
1423:
1397:
1307:
1052:(New Spain), on 21 February 1794 into a respected Spanish family. He was named after his father,
722:
4984:
4954:
4856:
4705:
4685:
4429:
3960:
3954:
3799:
3793:
3310:
1593:
as acting president. He soon replaced the 1824 constitution with the new document known as the "
1590:
1391:
to retake Mexico, invading Tampico with a force of 2,600 troops. Santa Anna marched against the
1156:
933:
386:
2781:
Earle, Rebecca. "A Grave for Europeans? Disease, Death, and the Spanish-American Revolutions,"
2639:
Archer, Christon I. "Fashioning a New Nation" in Michael C. Meyer and William H. Beezley, eds.
2077:
denied the transfer. As of 2016 the leg still resided in the Illinois State Military Museum in
1322:
was quite different, with considerable political conflict in which Santa Anna became involved.
5194:
5140:
5130:
5034:
4999:
4906:
4861:
4831:
4803:
4785:
4770:
4610:
4202:
4178:
4111:
4008:
3964:
3924:
3903:
3882:
3876:
3803:
3457:
3178:
3168:
3120:
2594:
2431:
He is played by Raul Julia in a cast of TV and future stars such as Alec Baldwin in the movie
2391:
2188:
2160:
2112:
2108:
2059:
2000:
1758:
1722:
1645:
1348:
1248:
1221:
1176:
1172:
1072:
709:
127:
3844:
3451:
3117:
Frontier Settlement in Mexican California; The Híjar-Padrés Colony and Its Origins, 1769–1835
2386:
season 2 episode 18 "The Final Shinsult" largely revolves around Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.
4836:
4816:
4715:
4665:
4485:
4456:
3897:
3493:
3089:
2730:
2691:
2680:"The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867"
2382:
2156:
2139:
2128:
2028:
1918:
1891:
1699:
1613:
1244:
1191:
1168:
987:
975:
925:
874:
837:
334:
4334:
A pictorial history of Texas, from the earliest visits of European adventurers to A.D. 1879
4974:
3636:
2206:. Kuperferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen Zu Berlin, Id. Number: VIII E. 2440, 1831–1834.
1914:
1809:
1753:
1482:
1392:
1068:
979:
804:
55:
4780:
2182:, 1855. Note her tiara. Santa Anna was considered by some an uncrowned monarch of Mexico.
1357:
1124:
wielding both military and political power, similar to others who emerged in the wake of
4314:
2489:
2218:
allowed Santa Anna to purchase the first of his haciendas, Manga de Clavo, in Veracruz.
2099:
2073:
ceremonies. The state passed a non-binding resolution to return the prosthetic, but the
1375:
5199:
4755:
4675:
4170:
2534:
2257:
From 1855 to 1874, Santa Anna lived in exile in Cuba, the United States, Colombia, and
2199:
2094:
1987:
1983:
1926:
1840:
1683:
1494:
1449:
1441:
1409:
1333:
1256:
1225:
1195:
1102:
had important ramifications for his military career, as he had developed immunity from
1076:
994:
4140:
Jackson, Jack. "Santa Anna's 1836 Campaign: Was It Directed Toward Ethnic Cleansing?"
3425:
1063:) and became aggrieved when the town council of Veracruz prevented him from moving to
5336:
5125:
2453:
2308:
2273:
2152:
1970:
1858:
1729:
1654:
1625:
1526:
1326:
1299:
1160:
983:
563:
72:
2295:
In 1865, Santa Anna attempted to return to Mexico and offer his services during the
5135:
5115:
4032:
The Central Republic in Mexico, 1835–1846: Hombres de Bien in the Age of Santa Anna
4003:
Camnitzer, L. "The two versions of Santa Anna's leg and the ethics of public art."
2552:
The Central Republic in Mexico, 1835–1846: Hombres de Bien in the Age of Santa Anna
2266:
2179:
2070:
2066:
1843:
in 1837, Santa Anna was allowed to return to Mexico. He was transported aboard the
1718:
1678:. But, after two hours of combat on 12 May 1835, Santa Anna's "Army of Operations"
1662:
The Zacatecas militia, the largest and best supplied of the Mexican states, led by
1229:
1111:
1103:
1083:
1017:
33:
2155:
thought the amount was likely much higher. A group of liberals including Alvarez,
1768:
1271:
1267:
1040:
Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born in
3918:
3394:
2311:, where he tried to raise money for an army to return and take over Mexico City.
1448:
took over the responsibility of governing the nation while Santa Anna retired to
978:, a series of military failures during the Mexican–American War, and the ensuing
5120:
4979:
4192:
4188:
2615:"Santa Anna in Life and Legend – His Serene Highness and the Absentee President"
2322:
where Santa Anna spent the last years of his life and wrote most of his memoirs.
2319:
2281:
2124:
1791:
1787:
1762:
1594:
1553:
1490:
1329:
1064:
974:
His intermittent periods of rule, which lasted from 1832 to 1853, witnessed the
917:
615:
4311:, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington
1779:
shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded Sam Houston,
1728:
Santa Anna marched north to bring Texas back under Mexican control by a brutal
1600:
Several states openly rebelled against the changes, including Alta California,
3364:
2443:
1881:
1866:
1862:
1830:
1667:
1629:
1291:
1287:
1275:
998:
929:
842:
619:
3593:
1175:
policy of mass executions. The early fighting against the rebels gave way to
3619:
Remembering the Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S.-Mexican War
3582:
Remembering the Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S.-Mexican War
2365:
2346:
1910:
1704:
1633:
1506:
1337:
1180:
1121:
1049:
599:
3584:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press 2012, pp. 26, 157–158, 232–233
3711:, No. 79, Latin America: History, war, and independence (2005), pp. 57–58.
1529:, where politics was pursued in secrecy; declared void the laws passed by
1360:
soon Santa Anna, while Zavala, under threat of arrest by the conservative
4323:
Benson Latin American Collection – Antonio López de Santa Anna Collection
3124:
2364:
He features in several 19th century British sea shanties, frequently as "
2350:
Grave of Santa Anna and his second wife, Sra. Dolores Tosta de Santa Anna
2335:
2300:
2289:
2262:
1996:
1975:
1906:
1741:
1649:
1454:
1252:
1145:
1116:
1045:
1009:. An elderly Santa Anna was allowed to return to the nation by President
960:
901:
884:
595:
2011:. U.S. forces outflanked him and against strong odds defeated his army.
1481:
Gómez Farías sought to extend these reforms to the frontier province of
4618:
4165:
3505:
3331:
Presley, James. "Santa Anna's Invasion of Texas: A Lesson in Command",
2742:
2703:
2679:
2327:
2116:
2047:
1798:
on 21 April 1836. The day after the battle, a small Texan force led by
1687:
1621:
1617:
1605:
1562:
1471:
1263:
37:
5050:
4308:
3101:
4077:
Tornel and Santa Anna: The Writer and the Caudillo, Mexico, 1795–1853
3899:
Tornel and Santa Anna: the writer and the caudillo, Mexico, 1795–1853
3568:
2424:
He is played by Olivier Martinez in the History Channel's miniseries
2277:
2004:
1899:
1714:
1671:
1609:
1041:
951:. He managed to play a prominent role in both discarding the liberal
863:
Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón
781:
770:
591:
18:
Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón
3497:
2734:
2695:
2202:, which his first wife's dowry enabled him to purchase. Painting by
1571:
moderate Gómez Farías responsibility for the reforms, he could have
1509:
was to be reduced as well as the number of generals and brigadiers.
3655:. Chapel Hill: the University of North Carolina Press. p. 358.
3093:
1752:
on 6 March 1836, and executed more than 342 Texan prisoners at the
2948:
Grand Lodge of Free & Accepted Masons of the State of New York
2718:
2345:
2313:
2244:
2215:
2193:
2170:
2098:
1942:
1880:
1872:
1824:
1767:
1703:
1675:
1561:
1436:, Santa Anna's vice president 1833–34, who enacted liberal reforms
1427:
1374:
1369:
1368:. President-elect Gómez Pedraza resigned and soon after went into
967:
multiple times and referring to himself by the honorific title of
908:
in 1821. He would go on to play a notable role in the fall of the
759:
2107:
Following Mexico's defeat in 1848, Santa Anna went into exile in
1790:
had more time to plunder ports along the Gulf of Mexico, and the
1020:; biographer Will Fowler gives the figure of six terms while the
4046:
Caudillos y caciques: Antonio López de Santa Anna y Juan Álvarez
1765:
to establish a dominant position that could threaten him later.
5054:
4622:
4338:
4089:, No. 79, Latin America: History, war, and independence (2005),
2932:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press (1987), pp. 44–45.
2591:
Latin America since Independence A History with Primary Sources
2506:
What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848
2334:
and returned to Mexico, by then crippled and almost blind from
993:
After he was overthrown and exiled in 1855 through the liberal
3621:. Amherst, University of Massachusetts Press 2012, pp. 157–158
1648:. Their fierce resistance was possibly fueled by Santa Anna's
3057:, chapter 7, "The Absentee President, 1832–1835", pp. 133–157
2772:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1977, pp. 38–72
2619:
University of Texas At Austin – University of Texas Libraries
1682:
and took almost 3,000 prisoners. He allowed his army to loot
1478:
closed. All this caused concern among Mexican conservatives.
3831:
1636:. Several of these states formed their own governments: the
3569:
Flight of Santa Anna showing him without his prosthetic leg
1745:
meant that Santa Anna was kept ignorant of these problems.
1210:
Rebellion against the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, 1822–1823
1829:
French bombardment of the fort of San Juan de Ulúa in the
1310:, a liberal federalist, became the first president of the
4245:
Mexicans at Arms-Puro Federalist and the Politics of War
3772:
3770:
3288:
The Alamo Story: From Early History to Current Conflicts
1501:. However, for liberal intellectual and Catholic priest
892:
multiple times between 1833 and 1855. He also served as
5098:
To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World
3998:
Santa Anna: The Story of the Enigma Who Once Was Mexico
3948:(in Spanish). México: Ballescá y Cía. pp. 210–226.
3731:
3729:
1290:
as emperor in March, Santa Anna was sent to command in
1206:, made many elites in Mexico reconsider their options.
5368:
Mexican military personnel of the Mexican–American War
4053:
El general don Antonio López de Santa Anna (1810–1833)
3959:(2 ed.). UK: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp.
2488:
Callcott, Wilfred H., "Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez De,"
1748:
Santa Anna's forces killed 189 Texan defenders at the
1708:
Fall of the Alamo to Santa Anna's forces, 6 March 1836
963:
style of rule, making use of the military to dissolve
2867:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1998, p. 103.
2565:
The Dead March: A History of the Mexican-American War
2221:
The first Spanish ambassador to Mexico and his wife,
1403:
Three months later, in December 1829, Vice-president
5423:
Candidates in the 1833 Mexican presidential election
4144:(March 2002) 15#1 pp. 10–37; argues that it was
1013:
in 1874, and he died in relative obscurity in 1876.
5314:
5208:
5180:
5149:
5106:
5088:
3222:
1067:to advance his career. Since the late 18th-century
810:
800:
792:
753:
748:
740:
728:
704:
649:
633:
625:
605:
578:
573:
557:
545:
535:
517:
507:
495:
485:
464:
454:
444:
423:
413:
403:
380:
370:
358:
340:
328:
316:
295:
283:
260:
250:
227:
217:
199:
187:
177:
154:
144:
121:
109:
90:
53:
5443:People of the Second French intervention in Mexico
3653:Church and State in Latin America, revised edition
2759:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska 2007, pp. 13–17.
2521:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
4238:A Line in the Sand: The Alamo in Blood and Memory
4124:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1987
3878:On Art, Artists, Latin America, and Other Utopias
2415:He is played by J. Carrol Naish in the 1955 film
1890:discontented. Also, a rebel army led by Generals
1351:, also supported Guerrero. However, conservative
1190:switched sides in 1821 and allied with insurgent
4122:The Mexican Republic: The First Decade 1823–1832
4005:On art, artists, Latin America and other utopias
3664:
3662:
3238:. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1985, p. 64.
3210:
2930:The Mexican Republic: The First Decade 1823–1832
2518:Warren, Richard. "Antonio López de Santa Anna".
2326:In 1874, Santa Anna took advantage of a general
4285:. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1993.
4226:. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1983.
3236:México en la época de los agiotistas, 1821–1857
2567:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 2017, 88.
2232:Several women claimed to have borne Santa Anna
1913:to suppress opposition. In 1842, he directed a
1340:Freemasons, and the expulsion of U.S. diplomat
44: and the second or maternal family name is
5438:People of Mexican side in the Texas Revolution
4276:Don Antonio López de Santa Anna: Mito y enigma
2816:Pani, Erika. "Antonio López de Santa Anna" in
2395:, Santa Anna is mentioned and is portrayed by
1999:as evidence of his victory. With Scott's army
1585:On 4 January 1835, Santa Anna returned to his
1136:Santa Anna's early military career during the
5066:
4634:
4233:. Mexico City: Instituto de Mexicología 1990.
4034:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993.
3875:Camnitzer, Luis (2009). Weiss, Rachel (ed.).
2944:"Santa Anna's 1825 Scottish Rite Certificate"
2889:Benson, Nettie Lee. "The Plan of Casa Mata",
2854:Pani, "Antonio López de Santa Anna", p. 1334.
2554:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993.
1114:. Over his career, Santa Anna was a populist
8:
3993:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1998
3747:Potash, Robert. "Testaments de Santa Anna."
2678:Lockhart, James; Brading, D. A. (May 1992).
2176:Portrait of Doña Dolores Tosta de Santa Anna
1836:After some time in exile, and after meeting
1666:, was well armed with .753 caliber British '
1652:committed against his defeated enemies. The
1525:; discouraged tolerance of the influence of
1497:colonial ambitions from the trading post at
900:Santa Anna was in charge of the garrison at
878:; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876), or just
5240:With Davy Crockett at the Fall of the Alamo
4132:The Alamo 1836: Santa Anna's Texas Campaign
4094:Santa Anna: Aurora y ocaso de un comediante
3723:Fowler, "All the President's Women", p. 58.
3719:
3717:
3456:. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 64.
3350:Texas State Library and Archives Commission
1861:sent forces that landed in Veracruz in the
1736:who could not understand Spanish commands.
1379:Military action in Pueblo Viejo during the
1202:and began implementing the Spanish liberal
1144:sparked a spontaneous mass uprising in the
5428:Recipients of Mexican presidential pardons
5073:
5059:
5051:
4641:
4627:
4619:
4360:
4309:A Continent Divided: The U.S. – Mexico War
4039:The Eagle: The Autobiography of Santa Anna
3902:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 20.
3881:. University of Texas Press. p. 199.
3798:. UK: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp.
2820:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 1334.
2484:
2482:
279:10 October 1841 – 26 October 1842
66:
50:
4070:Mexico in the Age of Proposals, 1821–1853
4048:. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1972.
4017:Chartrand, Rene, and Younghusband, Bill.
3518:
2303:owned by Gilbert Thompson, son-in-law of
2198:Santa Anna's first and favorite hacienda
2027:were lost. At Contreras, Mexican General
1953:In 1846, following American victories at
1476:Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico
1282:Santa Anna and the early Mexican Republic
882:, was a Mexican soldier, politician, and
5264:Davy Crockett: King of the Wild Frontier
4269:México, Santa Anna, y la guerra de Texas
3938:Olavarría y Ferrari, Enrique de (1880).
2942:Walter, Catherine M. (18 January 2017).
1566:Santa Anna in a Mexican military uniform
1228:to the rest of the nation and site of a
354:24 April 1834 – 27 January 1835
4352:Texas Prisoners in Mexico 3 August 1843
4224:Santa Anna: El dictador resplandeciente
4063:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press
2723:The Hispanic American Historical Review
2684:The Hispanic American Historical Review
2478:
2280:, which he intended to sell for use in
1961:in the Mexican-American War, President
1407:, a conservative, mounted a successful
1314:in 1824, following the creation of the
673: 1825; died 1844)
4236:Roberts, Randy & Olson, James S.,
3776:
3735:
3530:
2893:25, no. 1, (February 1945): pp. 45–56.
2842:
2576:
2085:President for the last time, 1853–1855
1512:The government soon issued a law, the
1194:, fighting for independence under the
531:16 April 1837 – 17 March 1839
519:Vice President of the Mexican Republic
399:27 October – 15 December 1833
342:President of the United Mexican States
105:20 April 1853 – 5 August 1855
3787:
3785:
3311:"Santa Anna and the Texas Revolution"
2770:The Army in Bourbon Mexico, 1760–1810
2654:"TSHA | Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de"
2272:In the 1850s, Santa Anna traveled to
1126:Spanish American wars of independence
873:
7:
4283:Santa Anna: Espectro de una sociedad
4271:. Mexico City: Editorial Diana 1979.
4166:https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtq019
3632:"Santa Anna's leg? Come and take it"
3119:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2307:, brought Santa Anna to his home in
1521:. The plan called for repeal of the
1294:. At the time, Yucatán's capital of
1079:whose upward mobility was thwarted.
1003:Second French Intervention in Mexico
823:Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico
4219:, 2 November 2008; essay by scholar
4158:. New York: Twayne Publishers 1968.
3856:Review by Patricia L. P. Thompson,
3606:"Santa Anna's Leg Took a Long Walk"
3486:Bulletin of Latin American Research
2891:Hispanic American Historical Review
1821:Redemption, dictatorship, and exile
213:4 June – 12 September 1844
140:20 May – 15 September 1847
27:8th President of Mexico (1794–1876)
5256:The Alamo: Shrine of Texas Liberty
4478:10 October 1841 – 26 October 1842
4254:Washington, D.C.: Brassey's 2003.
1620:, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán,
1286:In May 1823, following Iturbide's
1022:Texas State Historical Association
875:[anˈtonjoˈlopesðesanˈtana]
246:14 May – 6 September 1843
25:
5388:19th-century presidents of Mexico
4065:; a favorable scholarly biography
4019:Santa Anna's Mexican Army 1821–48
3956:A History of Modern Latin America
3795:A History of Modern Latin America
3391:"Captivity of Antonio Santa Anna"
2508:, Oxford Univ. Press, p. 660
1534:Farías in implementing the plan.
1466:. Anticlericalism was a tenet of
1098:Santa Anna's origins on Mexico's
201:President of the Mexican Republic
5009:
4424:24 April 1834 – 27 January 1835
4177:. New York: HarperCollins 1997.
4147:Jackson, Jack, and Wheat, John.
2969:"Santa Anna's Masonry Confirmed"
2467:List of heads of state of Mexico
2446:
2058:(who served in the regiment) in
1805:After three weeks in captivity.
1032:presidents of the 19th century.
780:
769:
758:
732:
717:
708:
629:Panteón del Tepeyac, Mexico City
312:20 March – 10 July 1839
173:21 March – 2 April 1847
4520:Provisional President of Mexico
4493:Provisional President of Mexico
4474:Provisional President of Mexico
4252:Santa Anna: A Curse Upon Mexico
4151:, Texas State Historical Assoc.
3275:The Central Republic, 1835–1846
2115:. Two years later, he moved to
1933:Mexican–American War, 1846–1848
1688:settlers from the United States
1418:"Absentee President", 1833–1835
1005:, and the establishment of the
693:
670:
5398:Mexican independence activists
5353:Leaders who took power by coup
4605:20 April 1853 – 9 August 1855
4413:27 October – 15 December 1833
2462:History of democracy in Mexico
1915:military expedition into Texas
1680:defeated the Zacatecan militia
1616:, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro,
1132:War of Independence, 1810–1821
440:18 June – 5 July 1833
1:
4318:: Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
4278:. Mexico City: Condumex 1987.
4217:"Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna"
3945:México a través de los siglos
3824:"The New York Public Library"
3764:. London: Century, pp. 32–33.
1548:Centralist Republic of Mexico
1336:, implicitly meaning liberal
1236:." Santa Anna claimed in his
922:Centralist Republic of Mexico
683:María de los Dolores de Tosta
481:17 May – 3 June 1833
76:
5413:Governors of Yucatán (state)
4601:Dictator-President of Mexico
4316:The Handbook of Texas Online
4199:University of Nebraska Press
3845:Mex general's Staten ex-isle
3594:"Captured Leg of Santa Anna"
3365:"Capture site of Santa Anna"
3115:Hutchinson, C. Alan (1969).
2641:The Oxford History of Mexico
2504:Howe, Daniel Walker (2007),
2210:In 1825, Santa Anna married
1885:Antonio López de Santa Anna.
36:, the first or paternal
5296:Alamo: The Price of Freedom
5288:The Alamo: 13 Days to Glory
5172:Manuel Fernández Castrillón
5157:Antonio López de Santa Anna
4995:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
4721:Francisco Javier Echeverría
4701:Antonio López de Santa Anna
4578:20 May – 15 September 1847
4574:Interim President of Mexico
4547:Interim President of Mexico
4524:4 June – 12 September 1844
4467:Francisco Javier Echeverría
4447:Interim President of Mexico
4305:Antonio López de Santa Anna
4274:Vázquez, Josefina Zoraida.
4231:Antonio López de Santa Anna
3828:The New York Public Library
2433:The Alamo: 13 days to glory
2249:Santa Anna photographed by
2050:, was also captured by the
2009:set defenses at Cerro Gordo
1905:Santa Anna ruled in a more
1485:, promoting legislation to
1138:Mexican War of Independence
920:, the establishment of the
867:Antonio López de Santa Anna
833:Zacatecas rebellion of 1835
818:Mexican War of Independence
660:María Inés de la Paz García
290:Francisco Javier Echeverría
60:Antonio López de Santa Anna
5464:
5418:Exiled Mexican politicians
4847:Francisco León de la Barra
4297:Santa Anna Letters on the
4175:Mexico: Biography of Power
4108:Fondo de Cultura Económica
4000:. Hamden CT: Anchon, 1964.
3847:Retrieved 22 November 2018
3751:, Vol. 13, No. 3, 430–440.
3175:Fondo de Cultura Económica
3042:Mexico: Biography of Power
2589:Dawson, Alexander (2010).
2539:Mexico: Biography of Power
2494:, Retrieved 18 April 2017.
2223:Fanny Calderón de la Barca
2088:
1936:
1921:by the more powerful U.S.
1812:and Santa Anna signed the
1697:
1694:Texas Revolution 1835–1836
1638:Republic of the Rio Grande
1551:
1545:
1421:
1213:
1165:Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition
932:, the promulgation of the
916:, the promulgation of the
31:
5348:Vice presidents of Mexico
5218:Remember the Alamo (song)
5018:
5007:
4970:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
4822:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
4656:
4607:
4598:
4590:
4580:
4571:
4563:
4553:
4544:
4536:
4526:
4517:
4509:
4499:
4497:4 March – 4 October 1843
4490:
4482:
4471:
4463:
4453:
4444:
4436:
4426:
4417:
4406:
4395:
4385:
4376:
4368:
4363:
4100:González Pedrero, Enrique
4055:. Mexico City: UNAM 1950.
3991:Forging Mexico, 1821–1835
3760:Calderón de la Barca, F.
3453:Texas and the Mexican War
3165:González Pedrero, Enrique
2865:Forging Mexico, 1821–1835
2593:. Routledge. p. 36.
2332:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
1773:"Surrender of Santa Anna"
1306:Former insurgent general
1216:Casa Mata Plan Revolution
1153:José Joaquín de Arredondo
1142:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
1011:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
856:
828:Casa Mata Plan Revolution
569:
524:
474:
433:
392:
347:
305:
272:
239:
206:
166:
133:
98:
86:
65:
4917:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez
4584:Manuel de la Peña y Peña
4551:21 March – 2 April 1847
4451:20 March – 10 July 1839
4264:. Mexico City: Jus 1958.
4096:. Mexico City: Jus 1956.
3617:Wagenen, Michael Scott.
3608:, Latin American Studies
3580:Wagenen, Michael Scott.
3223:Olavarría y Ferrari 1880
2717:Lockhart, James (1992).
2491:Handbook of Texas Online
2148:transcontinental railway
1664:Francisco García Salinas
969:His Most Serene Highness
894:Vice President of Mexico
744:The Napoleon of the West
161:Manuel de la Peña y Peña
56:His Most Serene Highness
5433:Politicians from Xalapa
5167:Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma
4887:Francisco Lagos Cházaro
4766:Manuel María Lombardini
4731:José Joaquín de Herrera
4594:Manuel María Lombardini
4530:José Joaquín de Herrera
4339:Portal to Texas History
4299:Portal to Texas History
4256:excerpt and text search
4136:excerpt and text search
4081:excerpt and text search
4023:excerpt and text search
3923:. U of Nebraska Press.
3335:(1968) 10#3 pp. 241–252
3333:Arizona & the West,
2399:in an alternate ending.
2091:Second Mexican Republic
1159:. In 1813 he served in
906:Mexico won independence
234:José Joaquín de Herrera
116:Manuel María Lombardini
75:of General Santa Anna,
5373:Conservatism in Mexico
5162:Martín Perfecto de Cos
4842:Manuel González Flores
4761:Juan Bautista Ceballos
4402:18 June – 5 July 1833
4142:Journal of South Texas
4130:, and McBride, Angus.
3696:The Politics of Penury
3430:sonsofdewittcolony.org
3199:The Politics of Penury
3173:(in Spanish). México:
3029:The Politics of Penury
2818:Encyclopedia of Mexico
2351:
2323:
2282:making carriage wheels
2254:
2207:
2204:Johann Moritz Rugendas
2183:
2104:
2033:Battle for Mexico City
1950:
1886:
1878:
1833:
1800:James Austin Sylvester
1783:
1709:
1567:
1558:Rebellion in Zacatecas
1542:Central Republic, 1835
1437:
1387:In 1829, Spain made a
1384:
1186:When royalist officer
914:First Mexican Republic
888:who served as the 8th
871:Spanish pronunciation:
5408:Governors of Veracruz
5358:People from New Spain
5190:Juana Navarro Alsbury
4902:Plutarco Elías Calles
4867:Francisco S. Carvajal
4799:Manuel Robles Pezuela
4696:Valentín Gómez Farías
4540:Valentín Gómez Farías
4389:Valentín Gómez Farías
4383:17 May – 4 June 1833
4372:Valentín Gómez Farías
4154:Jones, Oakah L., Jr.
4092:Fuentes Mares, José.
4059:Fowler, Will (2007),
4051:Flores Mena, Carmen.
4044:Díaz Díaz, Fernando.
4030:Costeloe, Michael P.
3953:Mead, Teresa (2016).
3917:Fowler, Will (2009).
3896:Fowler, Will (2000).
3792:Mead, Teresa (2016).
3352:. the State of Texas.
3211:González Pedrero 2004
2785:3 (1996), pp. 371–383
2550:Costeloe, Michael P.
2349:
2317:
2248:
2241:Later years and death
2197:
2174:
2102:
2044:Battle of Cerro Gordo
2037:Battle of Chapultepec
1992:Battle of Buena Vista
1986:'s troops to General
1948:Battle of Buena Vista
1946:
1884:
1876:
1828:
1796:Battle of San Jacinto
1781:battle of San Jacinto
1771:
1707:
1698:Further information:
1573:plausible deniability
1565:
1552:Further information:
1464:Roman Catholic Church
1446:Valentín Gómez Farías
1434:Valentín Gómez Farías
1431:
1378:
1342:Joel Roberts Poinsett
1298:and the port city of
1214:Further information:
1007:Second Mexican Empire
957:Valentín Gómez Farías
793:Years of service
787:United Mexican States
552:Valentin Gomez Farias
513:Valentín Gómez Farías
502:Valentín Gómez Farías
491:Valentín Gómez Farías
470:Valentín Gómez Farías
460:Valentin Gómez Farías
450:Valentín Gómez Farías
429:Valentín Gómez Farías
419:Valentín Gómez Farías
409:Valentín Gómez Farías
376:Valentín Gómez Farías
366:Valentín Gómez Farías
183:Valentín Gómez Farías
5343:Presidents of Mexico
5232:Martyrs of the Alamo
4940:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
4935:Miguel Alemán Valdés
4930:Manuel Ávila Camacho
4882:Roque González Garza
4781:Juan Álvarez Hurtado
4746:Pedro María de Anaya
4691:Manuel Gómez Pedraza
4681:Anastasio Bustamante
4671:José María Bocanegra
4650:Presidents of Mexico
4567:Pedro María de Anaya
4557:Pedro María de Anaya
4440:Anastasio Bustamante
4110:: Mexico City 2004.
4061:Santa Anna of Mexico
4041:; State House Press;
3996:Calcott, Wilfred H.
3940:Vicente Riva Palacio
3920:Santa Anna of Mexico
3571:accessed 28 May 2020
3544:Santa Anna of Mexico
3450:Shoup, Kate (2015).
3313:. Andrews University
3299:Lord (1961), p. 169.
3262:Santa Anna of Mexico
3249:Santa Anna of Mexico
3234:Tenenbaum, Barbara.
3152:Santa Anna of Mexico
3139:Santa Anna of Mexico
3068:Santa Anna of Mexico
3055:Santa Anna of Mexico
2831:Santa Anna of Mexico
2805:Santa Anna of Mexico
2757:Santa Anna of Mexico
2380:Fox animated series
2330:issued by President
1939:Mexican–American War
1777:William Henry Huddle
1503:José María Luis Mora
1405:Anastasio Bustamante
1353:Manuel Gómez Pedraza
1316:constitution of 1824
1204:constitution of 1812
953:Constitution of 1824
938:Mexican–American War
934:Constitution of 1843
918:Constitution of 1835
910:First Mexican Empire
848:Mexican–American War
714:Order of Charles III
540:Anastasio Bustamante
323:Anastasio Bustamante
194:Pedro María de Anaya
150:Pedro María de Anaya
5248:Heroes of the Alamo
5082:Battle of the Alamo
5024:President of Mexico
4965:Miguel de la Madrid
4960:José López Portillo
4945:Adolfo López Mateos
4912:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
4892:Adolfo de la Huerta
4872:Venustiano Carranza
4852:Francisco I. Madero
4827:José María Iglesias
4794:Félix María Zuloaga
4420:President of Mexico
4409:President of Mexico
4398:President of Mexico
4379:President of Mexico
4250:Scheina, Robert L.
3860:(2010) 72#1, p. 198
3640:. 11 November 2016.
3397:on 24 February 2012
3009:, pp. 218–219, 224.
2276:with a shipment of
2001:landing at Veracruz
1814:Treaties of Velasco
1750:Battle of the Alamo
1642:Republic of Yucatán
1393:Barradas Expedition
1188:Agustín de Iturbide
1026:University of Texas
890:president of Mexico
865:, usually known as
93:President of Mexico
42:López de Santa Anna
5448:Mexican Freemasons
5224:The Immortal Alamo
5150:Mexican commanders
4990:Enrique Peña Nieto
4950:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
4809:José Ignacio Pavón
4741:José Mariano Salas
4661:Guadalupe Victoria
4364:Political offices
4229:Paquel, Leonardo.
4215:Mabry, Donald J.,
4128:Hardin, Stephen L.
4120:Green, Stanley C.
4037:Crawford, Ann F.;
3596:, Roadside America
3369:East Texas History
2928:Green, Stanley C.
2829:quoted in Fowler,
2768:Archer, Christon.
2658:www.tshaonline.org
2397:Joaquim de Almeida
2359:In popular culture
2352:
2324:
2255:
2251:George G. Rockwood
2208:
2189:arranged marriages
2184:
2105:
2056:Richard J. Oglesby
1959:Resaca de la Palma
1951:
1896:José Antonio Mexía
1887:
1879:
1834:
1784:
1710:
1568:
1468:Mexican liberalism
1438:
1424:Plan of Cuernavaca
1385:
1308:Guadalupe Victoria
949:Conservative Party
912:, the fall of the
723:Order of Guadalupe
5330:
5329:
5195:Susanna Dickinson
5141:William B. Travis
5131:Almaron Dickinson
5048:
5047:
5035:Emperor of Mexico
5002:(President-elect)
5000:Claudia Sheinbaum
4907:Emilio Portes Gil
4877:Eulalio Gutiérrez
4862:Victoriano Huerta
4786:Ignacio Comonfort
4751:Manuel de la Peña
4726:Valentín Canalizo
4617:
4616:
4608:Succeeded by
4581:Succeeded by
4554:Succeeded by
4527:Succeeded by
4513:Valentín Canalizo
4503:Valentín Canalizo
4500:Succeeded by
4454:Succeeded by
4427:Succeeded by
4386:Succeeded by
4267:Valadés, José C.
4260:Trueba, Alfonso.
4222:Muñoz, Rafael F.
4212:, popular history
4007:(1995): 199–207.
3989:Anna, Timothy E.
3930:978-0-8032-2638-8
3909:978-0-313-30914-4
3749:Historia Mexicana
2863:Anna, Timothy E.
2621:. 2 December 2020
2563:Guardino, Peter.
2406:in the 2004 film
2404:Emilio Echevarría
2392:The Mask of Zorro
2389:In the 1998 film
2161:Ignacio Comonfort
1850:to retire to his
1759:William B. Travis
1723:Stephen F. Austin
1646:Republic of Texas
1519:José María Tornel
1381:Battle of Tampico
1349:Lorenzo de Zavala
1249:Plan of Casa Mata
1177:guerrilla warfare
1173:counterinsurgency
860:
859:
267:Valentín Canalizo
223:Valentín Canalizo
16:(Redirected from
5455:
5393:Mexican amputees
5363:Mexican generals
5272:The Last Command
5182:Texian survivors
5075:
5068:
5061:
5052:
5013:
5012:
4711:José Justo Corro
4666:Vicente Guerrero
4643:
4636:
4629:
4620:
4591:Preceded by
4564:Preceded by
4537:Preceded by
4510:Preceded by
4483:Preceded by
4464:Preceded by
4437:Preceded by
4369:Preceded by
4361:
4337:, hosted by the
4281:Yañez, Agustín.
4243:Santoni, Pedro;
4211:
4064:
3974:
3949:
3934:
3913:
3892:
3861:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3834:on 27 July 2011.
3830:. Archived from
3820:
3814:
3813:
3789:
3780:
3774:
3765:
3758:
3752:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3724:
3721:
3712:
3705:
3699:
3692:
3686:
3683:Church and State
3679:
3673:
3670:Church and State
3666:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3628:
3622:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3553:
3547:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3393:. Archived from
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3363:Sproat, Leslie.
3360:
3354:
3353:
3342:
3336:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3291:
3286:Edmondson, J.R.
3284:
3278:
3271:
3265:
3258:
3252:
3245:
3239:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3077:
3071:
3064:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3038:
3032:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3010:
3003:
2997:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2939:
2933:
2926:
2920:
2913:
2907:
2900:
2894:
2887:
2881:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2827:
2821:
2814:
2808:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2779:
2773:
2766:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2561:
2555:
2548:
2542:
2531:
2525:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2495:
2486:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2418:The Last Command
2402:He is played by
2383:King of the Hill
2140:Gadsden Purchase
2029:Gabriel Valencia
1721:, the father of
1700:Texas Revolution
1614:Coahuila y Tejas
1383:, September 1829
1334:secret societies
1320:election of 1828
1312:Mexican republic
1238:Plan of Veracruz
1192:Vicente Guerrero
1169:Battle of Medina
988:Gadsden Purchase
926:Texas Revolution
877:
872:
838:Texas Revolution
785:
784:
774:
773:
765:Kingdom of Spain
763:
762:
749:Military service
736:
721:
712:
697:
695:
674:
672:
612:
589:21 February 1794
588:
586:
574:Personal details
560:
548:
529:
510:
498:
488:
479:
467:
457:
447:
438:
426:
416:
406:
397:
383:
373:
363:
352:
331:
319:
310:
298:
286:
277:
263:
253:
244:
230:
220:
211:
190:
180:
171:
157:
147:
138:
124:
112:
103:
81:
78:
70:
51:
21:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5310:
5204:
5176:
5145:
5102:
5084:
5079:
5049:
5044:
5014:
5010:
5005:
4985:Felipe Calderón
4975:Ernesto Zedillo
4955:Luis Echeverría
4925:Lázaro Cárdenas
4921:
4857:Pedro Lascuráin
4813:
4790:
4736:Mariano Paredes
4706:Miguel Barragán
4686:Melchor Múzquiz
4652:
4647:
4613:
4604:
4596:
4586:
4577:
4569:
4559:
4550:
4542:
4532:
4523:
4515:
4505:
4496:
4488:
4477:
4469:
4459:
4450:
4442:
4432:
4430:Miguel Barragán
4423:
4412:
4401:
4391:
4382:
4374:
4293:
4288:
4209:
4197:, Lincoln, NE:
4194:A Time to Stand
4187:
4171:Krauze, Enrique
4149:Almonte's Texas
4087:Feminist Review
4058:
3982:
3980:Further reading
3977:
3971:
3952:
3937:
3931:
3916:
3910:
3895:
3889:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3855:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3791:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3768:
3759:
3755:
3746:
3742:
3734:
3727:
3722:
3715:
3709:Feminist Review
3706:
3702:
3693:
3689:
3680:
3676:
3667:
3660:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3637:Chicago Tribune
3630:
3629:
3625:
3616:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3550:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3498:10.2307/3338755
3483:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3371:. Leslie Sproat
3362:
3361:
3357:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3285:
3281:
3272:
3268:
3259:
3255:
3246:
3242:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3149:
3145:
3136:
3132:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3065:
3061:
3052:
3048:
3039:
3035:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3000:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2897:
2888:
2884:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2828:
2824:
2815:
2811:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2750:
2735:10.2307/2515558
2716:
2715:
2711:
2696:10.2307/2515558
2677:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2562:
2558:
2549:
2545:
2535:Krauze, Enrique
2532:
2528:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2361:
2344:
2305:Daniel Tompkins
2297:French invasion
2243:
2169:
2097:
2087:
1969:U.S. President
1963:Mariano Paredes
1941:
1935:
1823:
1810:David G. Burnet
1807:Texas President
1754:Goliad Massacre
1702:
1696:
1591:Miguel Barragán
1560:
1550:
1544:
1483:Alta California
1426:
1420:
1284:
1218:
1212:
1179:and a military
1157:San Luis Potosí
1134:
1096:
1069:Bourbon Reforms
1038:
980:Mexican Cession
870:
852:
779:
778:
768:
767:
757:
716:
700:
699:
696: 1844)
691:
687:
684:
676:
668:
664:
661:
641:
634:Political party
614:
610:
590:
584:
582:
558:
546:
530:
525:
508:
496:
486:
480:
475:
465:
455:
445:
439:
434:
424:
414:
404:
398:
393:
387:Miguel Barragán
381:
371:
359:
353:
348:
329:
317:
311:
306:
296:
284:
278:
273:
261:
251:
245:
240:
228:
218:
212:
207:
188:
178:
172:
167:
155:
145:
139:
134:
122:
110:
104:
99:
82:
79:
61:
58:
49:
46:Pérez de Lebrón
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5461:
5459:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5403:Generalissimos
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5335:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5300:
5292:
5284:
5276:
5268:
5260:
5252:
5244:
5236:
5228:
5220:
5214:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5112:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5055:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5032:
5029:Vice president
5019:
5016:
5015:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4897:Álvaro Obregón
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4832:Juan N. Méndez
4829:
4824:
4819:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4804:Miguel Miramón
4801:
4796:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4771:Martín Carrera
4768:
4763:
4758:
4756:Mariano Arista
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4623:
4615:
4614:
4611:Martín Carrera
4609:
4606:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4579:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4552:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4525:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4498:
4489:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4452:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4425:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4384:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4349:
4342:
4325:
4320:
4312:
4302:
4292:
4291:External links
4289:
4287:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4207:
4185:
4168:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4125:
4118:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4075:Fowler, Will.
4073:
4068:Fowler, Will.
4066:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4025:
4015:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:978-1405120517
3969:
3950:
3935:
3929:
3914:
3908:
3893:
3887:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3858:The Historian,
3849:
3837:
3815:
3809:978-1405120517
3808:
3781:
3779:, p. 229.
3766:
3762:Life in Mexico
3753:
3740:
3725:
3713:
3700:
3687:
3674:
3672:, pp. 358–359.
3658:
3651:Lloyd (1966).
3643:
3623:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3573:
3561:
3557:The Dead March
3548:
3535:
3533:, p. 239.
3523:
3519:Camnitzer 2009
3511:
3492:(2): 257–274.
3476:
3462:
3442:
3417:
3408:
3382:
3355:
3337:
3324:
3301:
3292:
3290:(2000) p. 378.
3279:
3266:
3253:
3240:
3227:
3225:, p. 344.
3215:
3213:, p. 468.
3203:
3190:
3183:
3156:
3143:
3130:
3107:
3094:10.2307/980380
3072:
3059:
3053:Fowler, Will.
3046:
3033:
3020:
3011:
3007:Forging Mexico
2998:
2996:, pp. 205–206.
2994:Forging Mexico
2985:
2973:pubs.royle.com
2960:
2934:
2921:
2917:Forging Mexico
2908:
2904:Forging Mexico
2895:
2882:
2878:Forging Mexico
2869:
2856:
2847:
2835:
2822:
2809:
2796:
2794:Fowler, (2007)
2787:
2783:War in History
2774:
2761:
2755:Fowler, Will.
2748:
2729:(2): 277–279.
2709:
2670:
2645:
2632:
2606:
2599:
2581:
2579:, p. xxi.
2569:
2556:
2543:
2526:
2511:
2496:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2413:
2400:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2357:
2343:
2340:
2242:
2239:
2200:Manga de Clavo
2168:
2165:
2095:Plan of Ayutla
2086:
2083:
2075:National Guard
2025:Molino del Rey
1988:Winfield Scott
1984:Zachary Taylor
1937:Main article:
1934:
1931:
1841:Andrew Jackson
1838:U.S. President
1822:
1819:
1695:
1692:
1684:Zacatecas City
1674:and Baker .61
1546:Main article:
1543:
1540:
1527:Masonic lodges
1450:Manga de Clavo
1442:Enrique Krauze
1419:
1416:
1400:of the West".
1283:
1280:
1257:federal system
1226:Gulf of Mexico
1220:Iturbide, now
1211:
1208:
1196:Plan of Iguala
1133:
1130:
1095:
1092:
1037:
1034:
995:Plan of Ayutla
858:
857:
854:
853:
851:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
814:
812:
808:
807:
802:
798:
797:
794:
790:
789:
776:Mexican Empire
755:
751:
750:
746:
745:
742:
738:
737:
730:
726:
725:
706:
702:
701:
689:
685:
682:
681:
680:
679:
666:
662:
659:
658:
657:
656:
653:
651:
647:
646:
635:
631:
630:
627:
623:
622:
613:(aged 82)
607:
603:
602:
580:
576:
575:
571:
570:
567:
566:
561:
555:
554:
549:
543:
542:
537:
533:
532:
522:
521:
515:
514:
511:
505:
504:
499:
493:
492:
489:
487:Vice President
483:
482:
472:
471:
468:
462:
461:
458:
452:
451:
448:
446:Vice President
442:
441:
431:
430:
427:
421:
420:
417:
411:
410:
407:
405:Vice President
401:
400:
390:
389:
384:
378:
377:
374:
368:
367:
364:
361:Vice President
356:
355:
345:
344:
338:
337:
332:
326:
325:
320:
314:
313:
303:
302:
299:
293:
292:
287:
281:
280:
270:
269:
264:
258:
257:
254:
248:
247:
237:
236:
231:
225:
224:
221:
215:
214:
204:
203:
197:
196:
191:
185:
184:
181:
175:
174:
164:
163:
158:
152:
151:
148:
142:
141:
131:
130:
128:Martín Carrera
125:
119:
118:
113:
107:
106:
96:
95:
88:
87:
84:
83:
71:
63:
62:
59:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5460:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
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5414:
5411:
5409:
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5401:
5399:
5396:
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5389:
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5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5323:
5322:Alamo Mission
5320:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5289:
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5129:
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5126:Davy Crockett
5124:
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5119:
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5020:
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5001:
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4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
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4978:
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4973:
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4961:
4958:
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4951:
4948:
4946:
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4933:
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4928:
4926:
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4922:
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4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4837:Porfirio Díaz
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4817:Benito Juárez
4815:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
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4769:
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4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4716:Nicolás Bravo
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
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4669:
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4664:
4662:
4659:
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4655:
4651:
4644:
4639:
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4632:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4612:
4603:
4602:
4595:
4589:
4585:
4576:
4575:
4568:
4562:
4558:
4549:
4548:
4541:
4535:
4531:
4522:
4521:
4514:
4508:
4504:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4486:Nicolás Bravo
4481:
4476:
4475:
4468:
4462:
4458:
4457:Nicolás Bravo
4449:
4448:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4399:
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4380:
4373:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4348:
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4343:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4208:0-8032-7902-7
4204:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4183:0-06-016325-9
4180:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4116:968-16-6377-2
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:9780292783492
4010:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3972:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3888:9780292783492
3884:
3880:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3738:, p. 92.
3737:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3647:
3644:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3546:, pp. 256–257
3545:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3477:
3465:
3463:9781502609649
3459:
3455:
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3396:
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3228:
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3207:
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3200:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3184:968-16-6377-2
3180:
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3147:
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3140:
3134:
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3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3018:Fowler (2007)
3015:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2845:, p. 27.
2844:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2643:(2000) p. 322
2642:
2636:
2633:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2600:9780415991964
2596:
2592:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2454:Mexico portal
2444:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2318:The house in
2316:
2312:
2310:
2309:Staten Island
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:New York City
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2167:Personal life
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:Benito Juárez
2154:
2153:James Gadsden
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2007:. Santa Anna
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1971:James K. Polk
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:José de Urrea
1883:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:show of force
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1701:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:New York Post
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1514:Ley del Caso,
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1389:final attempt
1382:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1327:Scottish Rite
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:Nicolás Bravo
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:customs house
1227:
1223:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1200:Ferdinand VII
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:eastern coast
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1073:Spanish crown
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:puppet rulers
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:loss of Texas
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:Liberal Party
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
895:
891:
887:
886:
881:
876:
868:
864:
855:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
813:
809:
806:
803:
799:
795:
791:
788:
783:
777:
772:
766:
761:
756:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
678:
677:
655:
654:
652:
648:
644:
639:
636:
632:
628:
626:Resting place
624:
621:
617:
608:
604:
601:
597:
593:
581:
577:
572:
568:
565:
564:Nicolas Bravo
562:
556:
553:
550:
544:
541:
538:
534:
528:
523:
520:
516:
512:
506:
503:
500:
494:
490:
484:
478:
473:
469:
463:
459:
453:
449:
443:
437:
432:
428:
422:
418:
412:
408:
402:
396:
391:
388:
385:
379:
375:
369:
365:
362:
357:
351:
346:
343:
339:
336:
335:Nicolás Bravo
333:
327:
324:
321:
315:
309:
304:
301:Nicolás Bravo
300:
294:
291:
288:
282:
276:
271:
268:
265:
259:
256:Nicolás Bravo
255:
249:
243:
238:
235:
232:
226:
222:
216:
210:
205:
202:
198:
195:
192:
186:
182:
176:
170:
165:
162:
159:
153:
149:
143:
137:
132:
129:
126:
120:
117:
114:
108:
102:
97:
94:
89:
85:
74:
73:Daguerreotype
69:
64:
57:
52:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
5302:
5294:
5286:
5278:
5270:
5262:
5254:
5246:
5238:
5230:
5222:
5156:
5136:Amos Pollard
5116:James Bonham
5022:
4700:
4599:
4572:
4545:
4518:
4491:
4472:
4445:
4418:
4407:
4396:
4377:
4345:
4333:
4315:
4298:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4193:
4189:Lord, Walter
4174:
4162:Knight, Alan
4155:
4148:
4141:
4131:
4121:
4103:
4093:
4086:
4076:
4069:
4060:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4018:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3955:
3944:
3919:
3898:
3877:
3857:
3852:
3840:
3832:the original
3827:
3818:
3794:
3761:
3756:
3748:
3743:
3708:
3703:
3695:
3690:
3682:
3677:
3669:
3652:
3646:
3635:
3626:
3618:
3613:
3601:
3589:
3581:
3576:
3564:
3556:
3551:
3543:
3538:
3526:
3514:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3467:. Retrieved
3452:
3445:
3433:. Retrieved
3429:
3420:
3411:
3401:10 September
3399:. Retrieved
3395:the original
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3368:
3358:
3349:
3340:
3332:
3327:
3315:. Retrieved
3304:
3295:
3287:
3282:
3277:, pp. 46–65.
3274:
3269:
3261:
3256:
3248:
3243:
3235:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3201:, pp. 38–40.
3198:
3193:
3169:
3159:
3151:
3146:
3138:
3133:
3116:
3110:
3088:(1): 18–50.
3085:
3082:The Americas
3081:
3075:
3067:
3062:
3054:
3049:
3041:
3036:
3028:
3023:
3014:
3006:
3001:
2993:
2988:
2978:20 September
2976:. Retrieved
2972:
2963:
2953:20 September
2951:. Retrieved
2947:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2911:
2903:
2898:
2890:
2885:
2877:
2872:
2864:
2859:
2850:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2804:
2799:
2790:
2782:
2777:
2769:
2764:
2756:
2751:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2657:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2623:. Retrieved
2618:
2609:
2590:
2584:
2572:
2564:
2559:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2529:
2519:
2514:
2505:
2499:
2490:
2432:
2426:Texas Rising
2425:
2416:
2407:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2353:
2325:
2294:
2286:Thomas Adams
2271:
2267:cockfighting
2259:Saint Thomas
2256:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2209:
2185:
2180:Juan Cordero
2175:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2106:
2071:repatriation
2067:World War II
2064:
2052:4th Illinois
2041:
2013:
1997:battle flags
1981:
1968:
1952:
1923:
1904:
1888:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1835:
1804:
1785:
1772:
1747:
1738:
1727:
1719:Moses Austin
1711:
1661:
1653:
1602:Nuevo México
1599:
1586:
1584:
1580:Ley del Caso
1579:
1577:
1569:
1536:
1523:Ley del Caso
1522:
1513:
1511:
1480:
1460:
1453:
1439:
1408:
1402:
1386:
1365:
1358:Juan Álvarez
1346:
1324:
1305:
1285:
1261:
1242:
1233:
1219:
1185:
1163:against the
1150:
1135:
1115:
1112:cockfighting
1108:
1104:yellow fever
1097:
1087:
1084:Spanish Army
1081:
1060:
1058:
1050:Nueva España
1039:
1030:
1015:
992:
973:
968:
942:
904:at the time
899:
883:
879:
866:
862:
861:
811:Battles/wars
643:Conservative
640:(until 1833)
611:(1876-06-21)
609:21 June 1876
559:Succeeded by
526:
509:Succeeded by
476:
466:Succeeded by
435:
425:Succeeded by
394:
382:Succeeded by
349:
330:Succeeded by
307:
297:Succeeded by
274:
262:Succeeded by
241:
229:Succeeded by
208:
189:Succeeded by
168:
156:Succeeded by
135:
123:Succeeded by
100:
45:
41:
34:Spanish name
29:
5383:1876 deaths
5378:1794 births
5200:Juan Seguín
5121:James Bowie
4980:Vicente Fox
4776:Rómulo Díaz
4676:Pedro Vélez
4356:Texas Tides
4247:TCU Press;
3777:Fowler 2009
3736:Fowler 2009
3694:Tenenbaum,
3531:Fowler 2009
3469:23 December
3426:"Manifesto"
3375:28 November
3309:Wright, R.
3197:Tenenbaum,
3027:Tenenbaum,
2843:Fowler 2009
2577:Fowler 2009
2524:, v. 5, 48.
2320:Mexico City
2212:Inés García
2125:Guadalajara
2121:New Granada
2079:Springfield
1907:dictatorial
1792:Texian Army
1788:Texian Navy
1763:Sam Houston
1595:Siete Leyes
1554:Siete Leyes
1410:coup d'etat
1167:and at the
1065:Mexico City
961:dictatorial
645:(from 1833)
616:Mexico City
547:Preceded by
497:Preceded by
456:Preceded by
415:Preceded by
372:Preceded by
318:Preceded by
285:Preceded by
252:Preceded by
219:Preceded by
179:Preceded by
146:Preceded by
111:Preceded by
80: 1853
5337:Categories
4329:Santa Anna
4327:Sketch of
4262:Santa Anna
4156:Santa Anna
3273:Costeloe,
2690:(2): 277.
2533:quoted in
2473:References
2144:La Mesilla
2089:See also:
2021:Churubusco
1919:annexation
1911:dissidents
1867:amputation
1863:Pastry War
1831:Pastry War
1668:Brown Bess
1644:, and the
1630:Tamaulipas
1626:Nuevo León
1589:, placing
1507:battalions
1491:Franciscan
1487:secularize
1422:See also:
1330:Freemasons
1288:abdication
1276:Guanajuato
1054:licenciado
1036:Early life
999:Reform War
936:, and the
930:Pastry War
880:Santa Anna
843:Pastry War
754:Allegiance
585:1794-02-21
5304:The Alamo
5280:The Alamo
5108:Defenders
3685:, p. 359.
3555:Guardino
3317:2 October
3251:, p. 157.
3141:, p. 145.
3070:, p. 143.
3044:, p. 137.
2919:, p. 133.
2906:, p. 107.
2880:, p. 104.
2541:, p. 88.
2409:The Alamo
2374:The Alamo
2366:santianna
2336:cataracts
2017:Contreras
1955:Palo Alto
1742:chaplains
1650:reprisals
1634:Zacatecas
1499:Fort Ross
1338:York Rite
1272:Querétaro
1268:Michoacán
1181:stalemate
1122:strongman
1088:intendant
1061:escribano
990:in 1853.
796:1810–1855
729:Signature
600:New Spain
536:President
527:In office
477:In office
436:In office
395:In office
350:In office
308:In office
275:In office
242:In office
209:In office
169:In office
136:In office
101:In office
5315:See also
4191:(1961),
3698:, p. 138
3681:Mecham,
3668:Mecham,
3559:, p. 88.
3542:Fowler,
3264:, p. 158
3260:Fowler,
3247:Fowler,
3167:(2004).
3154:, p. 420
3150:Fowler,
3137:Fowler,
3066:Fowler,
3040:Krauze,
2833:, p. 17.
2807:, p. 18.
2803:Fowler,
2625:10 April
2440:See also
2301:schooner
2290:chiclets
2263:gambling
2253:, c.1870
2109:Kingston
2035:and the
1976:blockade
1852:hacienda
1587:hacienda
1531:Congress
1455:hacienda
1398:Napoleon
1366:Acordada
1300:Campeche
1253:republic
1234:caudillo
1117:caudillo
1046:Veracruz
965:Congress
947:and the
902:Veracruz
885:caudillo
741:Nickname
596:Veracruz
91:8th
32:In this
4134:(2001)
4079:(2000)
4021:(2004)
3961:126–127
3942:(ed.).
3868:Sources
3800:126–127
3506:3338755
3031:, p. 37
2743:2515558
2704:2515558
2328:amnesty
2234:natural
2129:Jesuits
2117:Turbaco
2113:Jamaica
2060:Decatur
1847:Pioneer
1734:Indians
1715:tariffs
1672:muskets
1622:Jalisco
1618:Durango
1606:Tabasco
1495:Russian
1472:Tithing
1292:Yucatán
1264:Tampico
1222:Emperor
1077:creoles
805:General
698:
690:
686:
675:
667:
663:
650:Spouses
638:Liberal
38:surname
5307:(2004)
5299:(1988)
5291:(1987)
5283:(1960)
5275:(1955)
5267:(1954)
5259:(1938)
5251:(1937)
5243:(1926)
5235:(1915)
5227:(1911)
5210:Legacy
5039:Regent
4240:(2002)
4205:
4181:
4114:
4072:(1998)
4011:
3967:
3927:
3906:
3885:
3806:
3504:
3460:
3435:14 May
3181:
3123:
3102:980380
3100:
3005:Anna,
2992:Anna,
2915:Anna,
2902:Anna,
2876:Anna,
2741:
2702:
2663:19 May
2597:
2435:(1987)
2428:(2015)
2342:Legacy
2278:chicle
2159:, and
2023:, and
2005:Xalapa
1900:Puebla
1859:France
1676:rifles
1640:, the
1632:, and
1610:Sonora
1452:, his
1362:Senate
1296:Mérida
1274:, and
1255:and a
1094:Career
1071:, the
1042:Xalapa
1001:, the
928:, the
924:, the
705:Awards
620:Mexico
592:Xalapa
5090:Siege
4354:From
4331:from
3502:JSTOR
3125:23067
3098:JSTOR
2739:JSTOR
2700:JSTOR
2216:dowry
1370:exile
1161:Texas
1146:Bajío
692:(
688:
669:(
665:
4203:ISBN
4179:ISBN
4112:ISBN
4009:ISBN
3965:ISBN
3925:ISBN
3904:ISBN
3883:ISBN
3804:ISBN
3471:2022
3458:ISBN
3437:2023
3403:2006
3377:2023
3319:2018
3179:ISBN
3121:OCLC
2980:2023
2955:2023
2665:2023
2627:2024
2595:ISBN
2093:and
1957:and
1927:Xico
1894:and
1845:USS
1556:and
1489:the
1432:Dr.
1120:, a
984:Polk
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