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232:) is crossed with a mouse of a constant genetic background, the average percentage of the genetic material of the offspring that is derived from that constant background increases. The result, after sufficient reiterations, is an animal with the desired trait in the desired genetic background, with the percentage of genetic material from the original stem cells reduced to a minimum (on the order of 0.01%).
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parental generation is also an example for the back-crossing between two plants. In this case, the filial generation formed after the back cross may have a phenotype ratio of 1:1 if the cross is made with recessive parent or else all offspring may be having phenotype of dominant trait if the backcross is with a parent having the dominant trait. The former of these traits is also called a test cross.
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This image demonstrates backcrossing of a heterozygous mouse from one genetic background onto another genetic background. In this example, the gene knockout is performed on 129/Sv cells and then backcrossed into the C57B/6J genetic background. With each successive backcross, the percentage of C57B/6J
227:
lines, but is required in an animal with a different genetic background, the knockout animal is backcrossed against the animal of the required genetic background. As the figure shows, each time that the mouse with the desired trait (in this case the lack of a gene (i.e. a knockout), indicated by the
161:
Again, the pure tall (TT) and pure dwarf (tt) pea plants when crossed in the parental generation, produce all heterozygote (Tt) tall pea plants in the first filial generation. The cross between first filial heterozygote tall (Tt) pea plant and pure tall (TT) or pure dwarf (tt) pea plant of the
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Due to the nature of meiosis, in which chromosomes derived from each parent are randomly shuffled and assigned to each nascent gamete, the percentage of genetic material deriving from either cell line varies between offspring of a single crossing, but will have an
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Backcrossing may be deliberately employed in animals to transfer a desirable trait in an animal of inferior genetic background to an animal of preferable genetic background. In gene-knockout experiments in particular, where the knockout is performed on easily
240:. The genotype of each member of offspring may be assessed to choose not only an individual that carries the desired genetic trait, but also the minimum percentage of genetic material from the original stem cell line.
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crossed with one of its parents (or a genetically similar individual) can be termed a BC1 hybrid, and a further cross of the BC1 hybrid to the same parent (or a genetically similar individual) produces a BC2 hybrid.
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48:
or an individual genetically similar to its parent, to achieve offspring with a genetic identity closer to that of the parent. It is used in horticulture, animal breeding, and production of
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A consomic strain is an inbred strain with one of its chromosomes replaced by the homologous chromosome of another inbred strain via a series of marker-assisted backcrosses.
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from the nonrecurrent parents are often still present and can have unwanted traits associated with them.
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279:"Cottonwood hybrids gain fitness traits of both parents: a mechanism for their long-term persistence?"
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For very wide crosses, limited recombination may maintain thousands of "alien" genes within the elite
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Many backcrosses are required to produce a new cultivar, which can take many years.
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Crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents or a genetically similar individual
178:) of plants derived from the repeated backcrossing of a line with artificially
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472:- education and training materials for plant breeders and allied professionals
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82:, at the end of the backcrossing programme, an elite genotype is recovered.
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The Plant
Breeding and Genomics Community of Practice on eXtension
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DNA that constitutes the genome of the offspring is increased.
142:) is a naturally occurring hybrid species of Oxford ragwort (
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In plants, the term inbred backcross line (IBL) refers to a
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Schweitzer, J.A.; Martinsen, G.D.; Whitham, T.G. (2002).
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955:
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601:
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397:"Selection theory for marker-assisted backcrossing"
55:Backcrossed hybrids are sometimes described with
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8:
444:The Jackson Laboratory > Consomic strains
324:(Asteraceae), another hybrid derivative of
89:results, the elite combination is not lost.
583:Smart breeding (Marker-assisted selection)
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269:
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78:If the recurrent parent is an elite
1012:Selection methods in plant breeding
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395:Frisch M, Melchinger AE (2005).
318:Abbot, R.J.; Lowe, A.J. (2003).
166:Artificially recombinant lines
1:
453:Last Modified: June 11, 2010
413:10.1534/genetics.104.035451
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283:American Journal of Botany
230:positive selectable marker
198:(for the production of an
106:It is more restricted for
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970:Marker-assisted selection
558:Marker-assisted selection
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345:: 375–388. Archived from
186:, operating some kind of
113:In practice, sections of
320:"A new British species,
148:) and common groundsel (
136:York radiate groundsel (
30:Not to be confused with
1052:Outbreeding depression
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59:"BC"; for example, an
1057:Inbreeding depression
573:Preservation breeding
371:"Embryonic Stem Cell"
213:
132:Natural backcrossings
296:10.3732/ajb.89.6.981
99:It works poorly for
744:Designer crossbreed
322:Senecio eboracensis
139:Senecio eboracensis
101:quantitative traits
40:is a crossing of a
1144:Plant reproduction
578:Selective breeding
527:Lists of cultivars
449:2011-06-24 at the
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200:introgression line
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975:Natural selection
956:Selection methods
563:Mutation breeding
145:Senecio squalidus
16:(Redirected from
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739:Captive breeding
734:Breeding program
714:Backyard breeder
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373:. Archived from
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196:molecular marker
151:Senecio vulgaris
108:recessive traits
44:with one of its
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522:Lists of breeds
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289:(6): 981–990.
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407:(2): 909–17.
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377:on 2006-09-09
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50:gene knockout
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1149:Horticulture
958:and genetics
932:Sweet potato
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543:Backcrossing
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379:. Retrieved
375:the original
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354:. Retrieved
347:the original
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338:
330:S. squalidae
329:
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192:phenotypical
190:that can be
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85:As no "new"
54:
38:Backcrossing
37:
36:
1067:Sex linkage
1032:Codominance
1005:stabilizing
985:directional
871:(daffodils)
785:Callistemon
568:Outcrossing
326:S. vulgaris
156:S. vulgaris
52:organisms.
1138:Categories
1118:Rare breed
990:disruptive
927:Strawberry
658:Guinea pig
553:Inbreeding
548:Crossbreed
381:2008-01-01
356:2007-07-15
264:References
176:population
73:Advantages
1072:F1 hybrid
1047:Heterosis
1037:Epistasis
1027:Dominance
1022:Phenotype
980:balancing
937:Sweetcorn
920:cultivars
884:Nepenthes
869:Narcissus
852:Grevillea
812:Cherimoya
511:cultivars
225:stem cell
188:selection
184:wild type
182:with the
61:F1 hybrid
18:Backcross
1159:Breeding
1154:Genetics
1113:Landrace
1103:Germline
1098:Eugenics
1042:Dwarfing
1017:Genotype
995:negative
915:breeders
834:Cucumber
806:Capsicum
799:Cannabis
767:Japanese
685:breeding
668:breeding
631:breeding
593:Purebred
447:Archived
431:15802512
401:Genetics
339:Watsonia
305:21665697
247:See also
222:cultured
122:cultivar
80:genotype
1093:Breeder
965:Culling
877:Nemesia
840:Gazania
822:hybrids
621:Chicken
536:Methods
422:1450430
328:L. and
206:Animals
57:acronym
46:parents
942:Tomato
890:Olives
829:Coffee
817:Citrus
774:Banana
702:Turkey
692:Rabbit
680:Pigeon
638:Donkey
616:Cattle
588:Hybrid
507:Breeds
429:
419:
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258:Incest
174:(i.e.
115:genome
68:Plants
42:hybrid
1081:Other
895:Onion
863:Mango
846:Grape
792:Canna
779:Basil
762:Apple
697:Sheep
663:Horse
653:Goose
350:(PDF)
335:(PDF)
910:Rose
905:Rice
900:Pear
648:Goat
643:Duck
509:and
427:PMID
301:PMID
172:line
858:Hop
675:Pig
626:Dog
611:Cat
417:PMC
409:doi
405:170
291:doi
202:).
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343:24
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332:L"
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499:e
492:t
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
