2149:
2161:
314:. The response to that emergency had revealed cracks in the federal government’s ability to react quickly to this type of large-scale animal disease outbreak, and raised concerns about the nation's ability to respond to agro-terrorism. The new legislation, called Securing our Agriculture and Food Act (H.R. 1238), amended the
448:
In the
October 2011 Bio-Response Report Card, the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction (established in 1994 as the Center for Counterproliferation Research, as an outgrowth of the Defense Counterproliferation Initiative) stated that the major challenges to biosecurity were:
2840:
383:
The FDA runs a program called the "FDA Medical
Countermeasures Initiative" (MCMi). It helps support "partner" agencies and organizations prepare for public health emergencies that could require MCMs. Its partners include government agencies at all levels of government,
81:(WHO) playing an important role in the management of the latter. WHO has described biosecurity as a strategic and integrated approach to analysing and managing relevant risks to human, animal and plant life and health and associated risks for the environment.
379:
that can protect from or treat the effects of a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) attack, or in the case of public health emergencies. MCMs can also be used for prevention and diagnosis of symptoms associated with CBRN attacks or threats.
114:, biosecurity encompasses the prevention of the theft of biological materials from research laboratories. These preventative measures are a combination of systems and practices put into its place at bioscience laboratories to prevent the use of dangerous
2356:
3174:
445:) led to increased attention on the risk of bioterrorism attacks in the United States. This led to increased funding to prepare for and respond to threats of bioterrorism. The US spent about $ 60 billion between October 2001 and September 2011.
258:
from aiding terrorism, without slowing scientific progress. It provides "advice, guidance, and leadership regarding biosecurity oversight of dual-use research to all
Federal departments and agencies with an interest in life sciences research".
714:"Biosecurity: Moving toward a Comprehensive Approach: A comprehensive approach to biosecurity is necessary to minimize the risk of harm caused by non-native organisms to agriculture, the economy, the environment, and human health"
222:
threats, whether naturally occurring, deliberate, or accidental, have the potential to spread globally and affect
American people and interests". The Department of State works with other US government agencies such as the
187:(APHIS) defines biosecurity as "everything that’s done to keep diseases and the pathogens that carry them – viruses, bacteria, funguses, parasites and other microorganisms – away from birds, property, and people".
3068:
3147:
3113:
2371:
3130:
2323:
133:
WHO has described biosecurity as a strategic and integrated approach to analysing and managing relevant risks to human, animal and plant life and health and associated risks for the environment.
2439:
954:
2408:
180:(NASDA) defined biosecurity as "the sum of risk management practices in defense against biological threats", and its main goal as "protect against the risk posed by disease and organisms".
84:
Biosecurity protocols are also used in laboratories and research facilities to prevent dangerous biological materials from falling into the hands of malevolent parties, particularly where
2891:
392:
provides funding for MCM-related programs. In June 2016, a Senate
Appropriations subcommittee approved a bill that would continue funding four specific medical countermeasure programs:
177:
2693:
2276:
2494:
2422:
397:
2488:
2478:
251:
2127:
2063:
198:, including the development, production, stockpiling, or use of biological weapons as well as outbreaks of newly emergent and epidemic disease". It is thus one aspect of
2220:
3179:
3135:
2338:
247:
1152:
1060:
2088:
194:
defines biosecurity as "security against the inadvertent, inappropriate, or intentional malicious or malevolent use of potentially dangerous biological agents or
3091:
2504:
1387:
274:
that could pose a severe threat directly to human, animal or plant health, or to animal or plant products that may be consumed. FSAP is jointly managed by the
2261:
2771:
3096:
2846:
2595:
2000:
326:, agriculture and veterinary systems against terrorism and other high-risk events, thus making this person responsible for coordinating the efforts of the
2609:
2520:
2332:
2315:
1747:
184:
3141:
2615:
3254:
2653:
2377:
2229:
1197:
210:
In the US, biosecurity is governed by the Bureau of
Western Hemisphere Affairs, which is within the Department of State. The Bureau promotes global
2913:
2514:
228:
3006:
2621:
2366:
2412:
2281:
1697:
1121:
2213:
2116:
1073:
2698:
902:
3001:
2328:
2304:
275:
20:
1116:
Includes major statutes, regulations, case law, research publications and other reports, resources (government and civil) and publications
102:
The term "biosecurity" has multiple meanings and is defined differently according to various disciplines. The term was first used by the
3268:
2917:
2449:
224:
3119:
2474:
2253:
2099:
1977:
1897:
1737:
1712:
746:
3169:
2813:
2678:
2663:
2510:
2296:
1646:
1038:
873:
503:
2830:
2668:
322:, through the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security for Health Affairs, to lead the federal government’s efforts to ensure the
3205:
3035:
2927:
2818:
2206:
2025:
1982:
1222:
513:
240:
3354:
3249:
2775:
2569:
2361:
2020:
1702:
1631:
1570:
1363:
1255:
327:
278:(DSAT) at the CDC, which is part of the HHS, and the Agriculture Select Agent Services (AgSAS) at APHIS, which is part of the
1942:
1840:
1375:
430:
319:
2683:
302:
bill" was signed by the
President and passed in both houses 2017, the result of concerns raised after the 2015 outbreak of
3210:
3074:
2957:
2872:
2605:
2470:
2286:
2186:
2165:
2133:
2010:
1937:
315:
236:
141:
928:
2933:
2834:
2500:
2266:
1922:
1190:
1079:
985:
411:
279:
263:
191:
2909:
2723:
2030:
1962:
1338:
508:
232:
27:. It obtains guidance and advice on specific matters relating to biosecurity from various other government agencies.
3264:
1732:
1353:
2484:
847:
2779:
1932:
1727:
1565:
1217:
533:
78:
730:
713:
3231:
2564:
2548:
2348:
1865:
1742:
1707:
1456:
1446:
1420:
687:
657:
152:
as well as the wider environment. However, the term has evolved to encompass much more. It includes managing
3344:
2921:
2702:
2687:
2658:
2153:
1927:
1770:
1580:
1552:
1275:
1265:
1183:
153:
2965:
2713:
2179:
2172:
1992:
1947:
1902:
1717:
1681:
1671:
1466:
1441:
1425:
1410:
1392:
465:
368:
338:
Naturally occurring pathogens are a constant battle for the U.S. agriculture and aquaculture industries.
24:
583:
3339:
3334:
3220:
3124:
3101:
2454:
2070:
2015:
1972:
1855:
1830:
1795:
1471:
1062:
The
Bipartisan WMD Terrorism Research Center's Bio-Response Report Card: 21st Century Biological Threats
107:
557:
Koblentz, Gregory D. (2010). "Biosecurity
Reconsidered: Calibrating Biological Threats and Responses".
2733:
2679:
Middle-Atlantic
Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research
3375:
3215:
2883:
2866:
2790:
2035:
2005:
1957:
1952:
1875:
1780:
1676:
1499:
1358:
1343:
1318:
1303:
1260:
438:
434:
111:
54:
254:. It is tasked with recommending policies on such questions as how to prevent published research in
1967:
1850:
1845:
1590:
1509:
1328:
1308:
1298:
376:
85:
955:"Alliance for Biosecurity applauds subcommittee efforts to sustain medical countermeasure funding"
3314:
3226:
1912:
1907:
1542:
1504:
1461:
1380:
1107:
632:
574:
418:
219:
38:
658:"Biosecurity: An integrated approach to manage risk to human, animal and plant life and health"
3309:
3030:
2901:
2795:
2728:
2121:
2104:
2075:
1870:
1754:
1560:
1313:
1250:
1069:
624:
616:
404:
3304:
3259:
2996:
2672:
2045:
1917:
1892:
1785:
1611:
1585:
1537:
1532:
1514:
1451:
1402:
1323:
1293:
1288:
1245:
725:
608:
566:
518:
127:
2198:
3319:
3062:
3025:
2805:
2785:
1880:
1790:
1775:
1641:
1606:
1415:
303:
211:
199:
1164:
353:
Disinfection — Avoiding cross-contamination through disinfection and cleaning protocols.
3289:
3017:
1805:
1722:
1656:
1651:
1370:
1348:
1283:
1232:
1206:
442:
299:
3369:
2110:
1835:
1820:
1815:
1800:
1621:
1575:
1333:
523:
389:
323:
255:
195:
123:
50:
980:
596:
578:
3349:
3329:
3324:
2416:
2083:
1481:
1240:
1140:
770:
636:
498:
283:
267:
165:
103:
66:
58:
3175:
Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction
796:
612:
33:
is set of measures aimed at preventing the introduction and/or spread of harmful
3107:
2991:
2975:
2857:
2738:
1666:
1661:
1626:
1489:
350:
Isolation — Minimizing human-fish contact, and keeping fish safe from predators.
97:
30:
3294:
1825:
1810:
1636:
1616:
570:
528:
295:
215:
137:
126:
and agricultural and natural resource managers to prevent the spread of these
620:
2094:
2040:
1494:
493:
372:
149:
628:
2654:
Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (formerly Center for Biosecurity)
822:
2970:
2824:
2270:
1887:
161:
115:
74:
70:
46:
34:
1033:
1860:
488:
388:, universities, research centers, and FDA medical product centers. The
307:
157:
145:
110:
communities. Starting from the late 1990s in response to the threat of
62:
1524:
136:
The term has in the past been used purely to describe preventive and
1007:
156:
to people, industries or environment. These may be from foreign or
3069:
Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs
2444:
1122:"A National Biosafety and Biosecurity System in the United States"
271:
119:
88:
is being undertaken, for both peaceful and military applications.
42:
3148:
Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013
3114:
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act
2372:
Joint Program Executive Office of Chemical and Biological Defense
1175:
356:
Monitoring — Collecting culture samples for routine surveillance.
3131:
Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
2599:
2589:
2585:
2423:
Integrated National Biodefense Medical Countermeasures Portfolio
311:
2324:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
2202:
1179:
1165:"Biosecurity and Biodefense Resource: U.S. Government Agencies"
1108:"Agricultural Biosecurity [Overview and resource list]"
65:
caused by natural occurrences, accident, or deliberate acts of
2586:
National Medical Response Team/National Pharmacy Response Team
385:
148:
arriving at a specific location that could damage crops and
3007:
Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System
2622:
Bioterror Rapid Response and Advanced Technology Laboratory
2440:
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
2367:
Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System
874:"Biosecurity in Aquaculture: Fighting Disease Transmission"
731:
10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0593:BMTACA]2.0.CO;2
250:
is a panel of experts that reports to the Secretary of the
2409:
National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research
2892:
National Intelligence Assessments on Infectious Diseases
178:
National Association of State Departments of Agriculture
2694:
Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies
2277:
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
2065:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
595:
Meyerson, Laura A.; Reaser, Jamie K. (4 January 2002).
471:
medical countermeasure development and approval process
243:
and partner countries in order to protect US citizens.
2699:
National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases
2495:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
398:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
1120:
Monaco, Lisa O.; Holdren, John P. (29 October 2015).
252:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
239:(NIH), and also international organizations like the
286:, while AgSAS is concerned with animals and plants.
3282:
3240:
3196:
3189:
3160:
3084:
3055:
3048:
3016:
2984:
2956:
2947:
2900:
2882:
2856:
2804:
2764:
2755:
2712:
2644:
2635:
2578:
2557:
2541:
2534:
2463:
2432:
2399:
2390:
2347:
2314:
2295:
2252:
2243:
2236:
2054:
1991:
1763:
1690:
1599:
1551:
1523:
1480:
1434:
1401:
1274:
1231:
1012:
Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction
37:, in order to minimise the risk of transmission of
712:Meyerson, Laura A.; Reaser, Jamie K. (July 2002).
441:on US media and government outlets (both real and
346:Biosecurity measures in aquaculture may include:
3120:Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002
3180:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540
3136:Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act
2772:Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program
2339:National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
248:National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
57:and other industries of countries, it protects
2664:Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment
2269:(National Biosurvelliance Integration Center,
2089:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
140:measures put in place to minimise the risk of
3092:Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989
2831:Global Bio-Surveillance Technology Initiative
2214:
1191:
8:
2669:Center for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens
2262:DHS Chemical and Biological Defense Division
688:"Explainer: why Australia needs biosecurity"
359:Destruction — Eradicating harmful organisms.
3097:Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
2596:Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
3193:
3052:
2953:
2761:
2641:
2538:
2521:Foreign Disease Weed Science Research Unit
2396:
2249:
2240:
2221:
2207:
2199:
2160:
1198:
1184:
1176:
1034:"Counterproliferation Initiative (PDD 18)"
747:"The Future Of Ag Biosecurity In The U.S."
552:
550:
290:Securing our Agriculture and Food Act 2017
185:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
3142:Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act
2616:Aeromedical Biological Containment System
2570:Nebraska Biocontainment Patient Care Unit
2445:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
2357:Assistant SECDEF for NCB Defense Programs
2100:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
897:
895:
729:
3255:United States biological weapons program
2378:National Center for Medical Intelligence
2230:United States biological defense program
2128:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
907:FDA: Emergency Preparedness and Response
69:. The term also extends to dealing with
41:to people, animals and plants caused by
2914:National Strategy for Homeland Security
546:
437:by terrorists and a subsequent wave of
266:(FSAP) regulates the use of biological
229:Department of Health and Human Services
160:organisms, but they can also extend to
2413:National Interagency Biodefense Campus
2282:National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility
1698:Corporate environmental responsibility
2684:Center for Biodefense Immune Modeling
597:"A Unified Definition of Biosecurity"
7:
3002:Autonomous Pathogen Detection System
2329:Division of Select Agents and Toxins
2307:(Advisory Committee on Bioterrorism)
2305:National Counterproliferation Center
2287:National Bioforensic Analysis Center
2071:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
745:Helmstetter, Michael (19 May 2020).
276:Division of Select Agents and Toxins
21:Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
2450:Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
903:"What are Medical Countermeasures?"
2835:Bio-Surveillance Management Office
2501:Homeland Security Research Program
1713:Environmental full-cost accounting
14:
3170:Global Health Security Initiative
2814:National Biosurveillance Strategy
2511:Plum Island Animal Disease Center
1647:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
1169:Federation of American Scientists
1145:United States Department of State
1039:Federation Of American Scientists
933:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
775:United States Department of State
504:Global Health Security Initiative
474:medical countermeasure dispensing
306:that had a devastating effect on
122:for malicious use, as well as by
3300:Biosecurity in the United States
3206:1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
3036:Positive pressure personnel suit
2928:National Disaster Medical System
2159:
2148:
2147:
2117:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
1112:National Agricultural Law Center
514:International Health Regulations
241:Pan American Health Organization
17:Biosecurity in the United States
3355:Smallpox virus retention debate
3250:United States Army Medical Unit
2776:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
2362:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
1703:Corporate social responsibility
1632:Ocean thermal energy conversion
1571:Community-supported agriculture
1256:Human impact on the environment
686:Fitt, Gary (15 November 2013).
328:Department of Homeland Security
282:(USDA). DSAT is concerned with
1943:Socially responsible marketing
961:. Washington, D.C. 8 June 2016
909:. Food and Drug Administration
320:Secretary of Homeland Security
1:
3211:1989 California medfly attack
3075:Biological Weapons Convention
2873:Personnel Reliability Program
2606:Epidemic Intelligence Service
2471:Galveston National Laboratory
2134:Sustainable Development Goals
1938:Socially responsible business
316:Homeland Security Act of 2002
237:National Institutes of Health
2934:Strategic National Stockpile
2485:Integrated Research Facility
2267:DHS Office of Health Affairs
1068:. WMD Center. October 2011.
986:National Academy of Sciences
827:Federal Select Agent Program
613:10.1126/science.295.5552.44a
412:Strategic National Stockpile
371:(MCMs) are products such as
280:US Department of Agriculture
264:Federal Select Agent Program
192:National Academy of Sciences
53:. As well as protecting the
2997:Biological Materials MASINT
2910:National Response Framework
2819:Laboratory Response Network
2780:Biological Threat Reduction
2724:Battelle Memorial Institute
1963:Sustainability organization
1748:Standards and certification
1339:Social return on investment
1141:"Biosafety and Biosecurity"
771:"Biosafety and Biosecurity"
509:Good Agricultural Practices
334:Agriculture and aquaculture
233:Centers for Disease Control
214:as part of its role in the
164:diseases and the threat of
3392:
3265:Aeromedical Isolation Team
1388:Systemic change resistance
959:Homeland Preparedness News
407:Special Reserve Fund (SRF)
206:Governance and legislation
95:
2143:
1566:Climate-smart agriculture
1213:
571:10.1162/isec.2010.34.4.96
534:World Health Organization
79:World Health Organization
2837:(BMO) (part of JPEO-CBD)
2565:State Health Departments
2549:Local Health Departments
1708:Environmental accounting
1457:Sustainable architecture
1447:Environmental technology
801:Office of Science Policy
3345:Isolation (health care)
3315:Biological warfare (BW)
2688:University of Rochester
2659:Henry L. Stimson Center
1581:Sustainable agriculture
459:detection and diagnosis
429:The destruction of the
369:Medical countermeasures
364:Medical countermeasures
23:, which is part of the
2124:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
1993:Sustainable management
1978:Urban drainage systems
1718:Environmental planning
1682:Water recycling shower
1672:Tidal stream generator
1467:Sustainable industries
1426:Sustainable population
1411:Demographic transition
1393:Tragedy of the commons
559:International Security
466:medical countermeasure
410:$ 575 million for the
396:$ 512 million for the
298:bill described as an "
25:US Department of State
3340:Entomological warfare
3241:Defunct organizations
3221:Wood Green ricin plot
3125:Project Bioshield Act
3102:Executive Order 13139
2455:Dugway Proving Ground
2016:Humanistic capitalism
1831:Environmental finance
1472:Sustainable packaging
929:"MCMi Collaborations"
848:"Where do you stand?"
462:environmental cleanup
225:Department of Defense
3216:2001 anthrax attacks
2884:Medical intelligence
2867:Select Agent Program
2791:Project Clear Vision
1983:Urban infrastructure
1677:Water heat recycling
1500:Conservation biology
1344:Steady-state economy
1319:Micro-sustainability
1304:Ecological footprint
1261:Planetary boundaries
377:pharmaceutical drugs
112:biological terrorism
55:agricultural economy
2084:Earth Summit (1992)
1738:Metrics and indices
1591:Sustainable fishery
1510:Holocene extinction
1329:Product stewardship
1299:Earth Overshoot Day
1114:. 20 February 2019.
77:diseases, with the
39:infectious diseases
19:is governed by the
3232:2013 ricin letters
3227:2003 ricin letters
2774:, implemented the
2703:George Mason Univ.
1543:Sustainable energy
1505:Endangered species
1462:Sustainable design
1376:Consumer behaviour
477:medical management
435:September 11, 2001
431:World Trade Center
419:pandemic influenza
403:$ 510 million for
390:federal government
220:infectious disease
218:network, "because
154:biological threats
3363:
3362:
3310:Biological hazard
3278:
3277:
3156:
3155:
3044:
3043:
3031:Biosafety cabinet
2943:
2942:
2902:Disaster response
2796:Project Jefferson
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2729:SRI International
2631:
2630:
2530:
2529:
2386:
2385:
2196:
2195:
2122:Earth Summit 2002
2105:Lisbon Principles
2077:Our Common Future
1755:Sustainable yield
1561:Civic agriculture
1314:Green consumption
1251:Global governance
1075:978-0-615-53710-8
981:"Biosecurity 101"
935:. 16 January 2018
880:. 30 October 2019
417:$ 72 million for
318:and requires the
128:biological agents
86:dual-use research
3383:
3305:Biological agent
3260:Sunshine Project
3194:
3053:
2954:
2916:(DHS; including
2765:Threat reduction
2762:
2734:Idaho Technology
2673:Brown University
2645:Academic centers
2642:
2539:
2397:
2250:
2241:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2200:
2163:
2162:
2151:
2150:
2095:Agenda 21 (1992)
2066:
2031:Natural resource
1918:Organic movement
1893:Impact investing
1612:Hydroelectricity
1586:Sustainable diet
1538:Renewable energy
1533:Carbon footprint
1515:Invasive species
1452:Natural building
1403:World population
1364:Marketing myopia
1324:Over-consumption
1294:Circular economy
1289:Anti-consumerism
1246:Environmentalism
1200:
1193:
1186:
1177:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1147:. 26 April 2019.
1129:
1115:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1078:. Archived from
1067:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1014:. 1 October 2015
1004:
998:
997:
995:
993:
977:
971:
970:
968:
966:
951:
945:
944:
942:
940:
925:
919:
918:
916:
914:
899:
890:
889:
887:
885:
870:
864:
863:
861:
859:
844:
838:
837:
835:
833:
819:
813:
812:
810:
808:
793:
787:
786:
784:
782:
767:
761:
760:
758:
756:
742:
736:
735:
733:
709:
703:
702:
700:
698:
692:The Conversation
683:
677:
676:
674:
672:
662:
654:
648:
647:
645:
643:
592:
586:
582:
554:
519:Invasive species
433:in Manhattan on
324:security of food
176:In 2001, the US
3391:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3335:Decontamination
3320:Biosurveillance
3274:
3242:
3236:
3198:
3197:Past biological
3185:
3162:
3152:
3080:
3063:Geneva Protocol
3040:
3026:Biosafety level
3012:
2980:
2949:
2939:
2896:
2878:
2852:
2806:Biosurveillance
2800:
2786:Project Bacchus
2757:
2743:
2715:
2708:
2647:and think tanks
2646:
2637:
2627:
2574:
2553:
2526:
2459:
2428:
2401:
2392:
2382:
2343:
2310:
2291:
2245:
2232:
2227:
2197:
2192:
2139:
2064:
2056:
2055:Agreements and
2050:
1987:
1791:Climate finance
1759:
1686:
1642:Reclaimed water
1595:
1547:
1519:
1476:
1430:
1416:Family planning
1397:
1270:
1227:
1209:
1204:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1136:
1119:
1106:
1103:
1101:Further reading
1098:
1097:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
979:
978:
974:
964:
962:
953:
952:
948:
938:
936:
927:
926:
922:
912:
910:
901:
900:
893:
883:
881:
872:
871:
867:
857:
855:
846:
845:
841:
831:
829:
821:
820:
816:
806:
804:
795:
794:
790:
780:
778:
777:. 26 April 2019
769:
768:
764:
754:
752:
744:
743:
739:
711:
710:
706:
696:
694:
685:
684:
680:
670:
668:
660:
656:
655:
651:
641:
639:
594:
593:
589:
556:
555:
548:
543:
538:
484:
439:anthrax attacks
427:
366:
344:
336:
304:avian influenza
292:
212:health security
208:
200:health security
174:
100:
94:
12:
11:
5:
3389:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:Agro-terrorism
3286:
3284:
3283:Related topics
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3163:representation
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3018:Biocontainment
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2870:
2863:
2861:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2768:
2766:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2691:
2681:
2676:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2508:
2498:
2492:
2482:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2246:administrative
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2157:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2130:(Rio+20, 2012)
2125:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2081:
2073:
2068:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1876:Infrastructure
1873:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1806:Eco-capitalism
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1723:Sustainability
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1691:Accountability
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1349:Sustainability
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1284:Anthropization
1280:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:Sustainability
1205:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1135:
1134:External links
1132:
1131:
1130:
1126:whitehouse.gov
1117:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1074:
1052:
1025:
999:
972:
946:
920:
891:
865:
839:
814:
803:. 21 July 2017
788:
762:
737:
724:(7): 593–600.
704:
678:
667:. 3 March 2010
649:
587:
545:
544:
542:
539:
537:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
485:
483:
480:
479:
478:
475:
472:
469:
463:
460:
457:
454:
426:
423:
422:
421:
415:
408:
401:
365:
362:
361:
360:
357:
354:
351:
343:
340:
335:
332:
300:agro-terrorism
291:
288:
207:
204:
173:
172:US definitions
170:
142:invasive pests
124:customs agents
96:Main article:
93:
90:
51:microorganisms
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3388:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:International
3159:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:and equipment
2946:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2754:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:Organizations
2235:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2111:Earth Charter
2109:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Environmental
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Refurbishment
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:Organizations
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:Green economy
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Eco-socialism
1819:
1817:
1816:Eco-investing
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:Disinvestment
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:Marine energy
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:Cultured meat
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Simple living
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:"Biosecurity"
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1085:on 2011-12-25
1081:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1000:
988:
987:
982:
976:
973:
960:
956:
950:
947:
934:
930:
924:
921:
908:
904:
898:
896:
892:
879:
875:
869:
866:
854:. 24 May 2017
853:
849:
843:
840:
828:
824:
818:
815:
802:
798:
792:
789:
776:
772:
766:
763:
751:
748:
741:
738:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
705:
693:
689:
682:
679:
666:
659:
653:
650:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
591:
588:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:(4): 96–132.
564:
560:
553:
551:
547:
540:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
524:Public health
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
481:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
456:communication
455:
452:
451:
450:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
424:
420:
416:
413:
409:
406:
402:
399:
395:
394:
393:
391:
387:
381:
378:
374:
370:
363:
358:
355:
352:
349:
348:
347:
341:
339:
333:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
289:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:select agents
265:
260:
257:
256:biotechnology
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
217:
213:
205:
203:
201:
197:
196:biotechnology
193:
188:
186:
181:
179:
171:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:environmental
105:
99:
91:
89:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
26:
22:
18:
3350:Select agent
3330:CBRN defense
3325:Bioterrorism
3299:
3243:and programs
3065:(1925, 1975)
2758:and projects
2638:governmental
2417:Fort Detrick
2402:departmental
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2152:
2076:
1841:Construction
1764:Applications
1482:Biodiversity
1241:Anthropocene
1168:
1156:
1144:
1125:
1111:
1087:. Retrieved
1080:the original
1061:
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1037:
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1011:
1002:
990:. Retrieved
984:
975:
963:. Retrieved
958:
949:
937:. Retrieved
932:
923:
911:. Retrieved
906:
882:. Retrieved
877:
868:
856:. Retrieved
851:
842:
830:. Retrieved
826:
817:
805:. Retrieved
800:
791:
779:. Retrieved
774:
765:
753:. Retrieved
749:
740:
721:
717:
707:
695:. Retrieved
691:
681:
669:. Retrieved
664:
652:
640:. Retrieved
607:(5552): 44.
604:
600:
590:
562:
558:
499:Bioterrorism
468:availability
447:
428:
382:
367:
345:
337:
293:
284:human health
261:
245:
209:
189:
182:
175:
166:bioterrorism
135:
132:
104:agricultural
101:
83:
67:bioterrorism
59:human health
29:
16:
15:
3376:Biosecurity
3108:Patriot Act
3085:Legislation
2992:Cell CANARY
2976:Respirators
2858:Biosecurity
2739:Phoenix Air
2716:contractors
2057:conferences
1928:Procurement
1871:Development
1771:Advertising
1733:Measurement
1667:Tidal power
1662:Small hydro
1627:Micro hydro
1490:Biosecurity
1442:Appropriate
1371:Sustainable
1354:Advertising
1276:Consumption
1266:Development
797:"NSABB FAQ"
453:attribution
342:Aquaculture
235:(CDC), and
98:Biosecurity
92:Terminology
31:Biosecurity
3295:Biodefense
2958:Protection
2948:Technology
2936:(CDC, DHS)
2860:/Biosurety
2849:(Civilian)
2827:(EPA, CDC)
2782:(DoD) plus
2714:Government
2425:(DHHS/DoD)
2374:(JPEO-CBD)
1948:Sanitation
1903:Livelihood
1826:Ecovillage
1811:Eco-cities
1728:Accounting
1637:Pico hydro
1617:Hydropower
1435:Technology
1233:Principles
1157:USDA APHIS
1089:2011-11-22
823:"About Us"
718:BioScience
541:References
529:Quarantine
425:Challenges
296:bipartisan
216:biodefense
138:quarantine
3199:incidents
2985:Detection
2041:Recycling
2036:Planetary
2026:Materials
2021:Landscape
2006:Fisheries
1973:Transport
1898:Landscape
1881:Marketing
1856:Gardening
1796:Community
1743:Reporting
1607:Footprint
1495:Biosphere
884:12 August
852:Countable
621:0036-8075
584:Full text
494:Biosafety
405:BioShield
373:biologics
183:The USDA
150:livestock
116:pathogens
49:or other
35:organisms
3370:Category
3056:Treaties
3009:(JBAIDS)
2971:NBC suit
2833:(GBTI),
2825:BioWatch
2756:Programs
2701:(NCBID;
2535:Response
2464:Civilian
2433:Military
2393:research
2271:BioWatch
2154:Category
1953:Sourcing
1888:Greening
1781:Business
1657:Security
1652:Scarcity
697:22 March
671:13 April
629:11780645
579:57560210
482:See also
162:pandemic
146:diseases
75:pandemic
71:epidemic
63:biorisks
61:against
47:bacteria
3190:History
2912:of the
2841:ESSENCE
2579:Federal
2391:Federal
2244:Federal
2187:Degrees
2180:Studies
2173:Science
1968:Tourism
1861:Geopark
1851:Finance
1846:Fashion
1421:Control
1309:Ethical
1218:Outline
1008:"About"
965:15 June
913:15 June
665:WHO.int
637:6357565
601:Science
489:Biorisk
400:(BARDA)
308:poultry
231:(HHS),
158:endemic
43:viruses
3223:(2002)
3182:(2004)
3144:(2006)
3138:(2005)
3127:(2004)
3116:(2002)
3110:(2001)
3104:(1999)
3077:(1972)
3071:(1969)
2930:(DHHS)
2592:, HHS)
2523:(USDA)
2400:Trans-
2136:(2015)
2113:(2000)
2107:(1997)
2091:(1992)
2079:(1987)
2011:Forest
1913:Market
1908:Living
1525:Energy
1381:Market
1072:
1045:25 May
1018:25 May
992:25 May
939:25 May
878:Syndel
858:25 May
832:25 May
807:25 May
781:22 May
755:25 May
750:Forbes
642:25 May
635:
627:
619:
577:
272:toxins
120:toxins
2875:(DoD)
2869:(CDC)
2843:(DoD)
2821:(CDC)
2624:(CDC)
2618:(CDC)
2558:State
2542:Local
2507:/DHS)
2497:(HHS)
2489:NIAID
2487:(HHS/
2479:NIAID
2166:Lists
2046:Waste
1958:Space
1866:Green
1600:Water
1359:Brand
1223:Index
1083:(PDF)
1066:(PDF)
661:(PDF)
633:S2CID
575:S2CID
414:(SNS)
2966:MOPP
2920:and
2918:NIMS
2847:RODS
2778:and
2636:Non-
2600:USMC
2590:NDMS
2515:USDA
2475:UTMB
2316:DHHS
1786:City
1553:Food
1070:ISBN
1047:2020
1020:2020
994:2020
967:2016
941:2020
915:2016
886:2020
860:2020
834:2020
809:2020
783:2020
757:2020
699:2020
673:2020
644:2020
625:PMID
617:ISSN
443:hoax
386:NGOs
375:and
312:Iowa
270:and
262:The
246:The
190:The
118:and
106:and
73:and
3269:DoD
3049:Law
2922:ICS
2610:CDC
2505:EPA
2349:DoD
2333:CDC
2297:DNI
2254:DHS
1776:Art
726:doi
609:doi
605:295
567:doi
310:in
144:or
3372::
2415:,
1167:.
1155:.
1143:.
1124:.
1110:.
1036:.
1010:.
983:.
957:.
931:.
905:.
894:^
876:.
850:.
825:.
799:.
773:.
722:52
720:.
716:.
690:.
663:.
631:.
623:.
615:.
603:.
599:.
573:.
563:34
561:.
549:^
330:.
294:A
227:,
202:.
168:.
130:.
45:,
3271:)
3267:(
2924:)
2705:)
2690:)
2686:(
2675:)
2671:(
2612:)
2608:(
2602:)
2598:(
2588:(
2517:)
2513:(
2503:(
2491:)
2481:)
2477:/
2473:(
2419:)
2411:(
2335:)
2331:(
2273:)
2222:e
2215:t
2208:v
1199:e
1192:t
1185:v
1171:.
1159:.
1128:.
1092:.
1049:.
1022:.
996:.
969:.
943:.
917:.
888:.
862:.
836:.
811:.
785:.
759:.
734:.
728::
701:.
675:.
646:.
611::
581:.
569::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.