730:. However, not all studies have supported this position. In 2012, Roger Benson argued that most of the characters supporting a basal position for caseasaurs pertained to the skull, and presented a phylogenetic analysis incorporating more postcranial data that resolved a clade comprising ophiacodontids and varanopids as the basalmost synapsid clade. However, new postcranial data from eothyridids and basal caseids established that caseasaurs were more basal than ophiacodontids and varanopids after all, with the characters supporting a more derived position for caseasaurs being the result of convergent evolution between caseids and more derived synapsids. The
4134:
3832:
147:
3844:
124:
4167:
3838:
3311:
3316:
1722:
challenged on the grounds that their bone microstructure specifically resembles fully pelagic animals, and is unlike the bone microstructure of semiaquatic animals, but that the body plan of caseids is inconsistent with a pelagic lifestyle. Moreover, caseid fossils are predominantly associated with arid upland deposits.
1721:
The paleoecology of caseids is debated. They are typically interpreted as terrestrial animals of dry, upland habitats. However, Caseids exhibit a similar bone microstructure to cetaceans and pinnipeds, which has led to the hypothesis that they led an aquatic lifestyle. This hypothesis has been
2034:
2512:
Sumida, Stuart S; Pelletier, Valerie; Berman, David S. (2014). "New
Information on the Basal Pelycosaurian-Grade Synapsid Oedaleops". In Kammerer, Christian F.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Fröbisch, Jörg (eds.).
345:, were among the largest terrestrial animals of the early Permian. These large herbivorous taxa reached a length of 4 to 6 meters (13 to 20 ft) and a mass of 330 to 500 kilograms (730 to 1,100 lb).
391:
epoch, along with varanopids. Two caseasaur taxa are known from the
Guadalupian of Russia, representing the geologically youngest known caseasaurs: the small, possibly omnivorous or insectivorous
4290:
2219:"Braincase and Inner Ear Anatomy of the Late Carboniferous Tetrapod Limnoscelis dynatis (Diadectomorpha) Revealed by High-Resolution X-ray Microcomputed Tomography"
2465:"First arboreal 'pelycosaurs' (Synapsida: Varanopidae) from the early Permian Chemnitz Fossil Lagerstätte, SE Germany, with a review of varanopid phylogeny"
1042:. However, some phylogenetic analyses have failed to resolve the eothyridids as a clade, instead finding them to be paraphyletic with respect to Caseidae.
2252:
Lambertz, M.; Shelton, C.D.; Spindler, F.; Perry, S.F. (2016). "A caseian point for the evolution of a diaphragm homologue among the earliest synapsids".
2297:
Mann, Arjan; Gee, Bryan M.; Pardo, Jason D.; Marjanović, David; Adams, Gabrielle R.; Calthorpe, Ami S.; Maddin, Hillary C.; Anderson, Jason S. (2020).
1027:, are uncertain, with some phylogenetic analyses finding it to be a caseid and others finding it to be a basal caseasaur belonging to neither family.
4280:
335:
Early caseasaurs, including all eothyridids, were relatively small animals. However, most caseids reached larger sizes, and some caseids, such as
2532:
2400:
2004:
Benson, R.J. (2012). "Interrelationships of basal synapsids: cranial and postcranial morphological partitions suggest different topologies".
1986:
2111:"A Re-Description of 'Mycterosaurus' smithae, an Early Permian Eothyridid, and Its Impact on the Phylogeny of Pelycosaurian-Grade Synapsids"
2576:
2549:
1967:
Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Kammerer, Christian F. (2018-10-22). "Non-Mammalian synapsids: the deep roots of the mammalian family tree".
332:
Among the most conspicuous characteristics uniting caseasaurs are an enlarged nostril and a snout tip that overhangs the tooth row.
2340:"Phylogeny of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates reassessed through revision and expansion of the largest published relevant data matrix"
4285:
4133:
2412:"The Oldest Caseid Synapsid from the Late Pennsylvanian of Kansas, and the Evolution of Herbivory in Terrestrial Vertebrates"
2299:"Reassessment of historic 'microsaurs' from Joggins, Nova Scotia, reveals hidden diversity in the earliest amniote ecosystem"
726:
Caseasauria is generally regarded as the most basal clade of synapsids, with all other synapsids being grouped in the clade
2033:
Berman, David S; Maddin, Hillary C.; Henrici, Amy C.; Sumida, Stuart S.; Scott, Diane; Reisz, Robert R. (2020-03-31).
3843:
3831:
146:
2463:
Spindler, Frederik; Werneburg, Ralf; Schneider, Joerg W.; Luthardt, Ludwig; Annacker, Volker; Rößler, Ronny (2018).
283:. These two groups share a number of specialised features associated with the morphology of the snout and external
2076:"A re-examination of the enigmatic Russian tetrapod Phreatophasma aenigmaticum and its evolutionary implications"
2655:
212:
734:, conventionally regarded as anamniote tetrapods, may prove to be synapsids even more basal than Caseasauria.
1046:
has been provisionally regarded as an eothyridid as well, without being included in a phylogenetic analysis.
2682:
2569:
1736:
299:
4187:
4035:
3837:
3310:
4247:
3942:
3916:
1968:
4234:
4000:
3968:
2423:
2261:
2122:
1731:
216:
3315:
4275:
4058:
4170:
3717:
3576:
3529:
2562:
2500:
2484:
2326:
2285:
2199:
2062:
2021:
1992:
265:
141:
39:
4252:
3657:
3630:
2528:
2492:
2451:
2396:
2379:
2361:
2318:
2277:
2240:
2191:
2183:
2150:
2097:
2054:
1982:
1741:
4225:
3687:
3426:
3286:
2929:
2520:
2476:
2441:
2431:
2369:
2351:
2310:
2269:
2230:
2175:
2140:
2130:
2087:
2046:
2013:
1974:
604:
272:, and include two superficially different families, the small insectivorous or carnivorous
3753:
3596:
3536:
3396:
3352:
2640:
560:
422:
312:, the earliest known synapsid. The caseasaurs were abundant during the later part of the
2427:
2298:
2265:
2126:
4081:
4012:
3710:
3639:
3559:
3522:
3480:
3471:
3223:
3127:
3072:
3061:
3018:
2984:
2894:
2769:
2667:
2514:
2446:
2411:
2374:
2339:
2145:
2110:
1583:
731:
727:
713:
709:
582:
492:
444:
317:
261:
133:
320:
caseasaur diversity declined because the group was outcompeted by the more successful
123:
4269:
4155:
4024:
3783:
3775:
3696:
3646:
3616:
3606:
3543:
3403:
3361:
3158:
3143:
3116:
3095:
2957:
2950:
2866:
2504:
2464:
2330:
2203:
2066:
1362:
1313:
1239:
1230:
393:
381:
354:
324:. The last caseasaurs became extinct at the end of the Guadelupian (Middle Permian).
313:
308:
303:
81:
2289:
2164:"The phylogeny of early amniotes and the affinities of Parareptilia and Varanopidae"
2025:
1996:
4160:
4150:
4114:
3974:
3931:
3905:
3767:
3703:
3508:
3494:
3487:
3410:
3382:
3109:
3025:
2964:
2908:
2901:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2794:
2163:
1693:
1638:
1560:
1537:
1467:
1267:
1135:
1016:
399:
341:
290:
The ancestor of caseasaurs can be traced back to an insect eating or an omnivorous
273:
240:
43:
2436:
2135:
2035:"New Primitive Caseid (Synapsida, Caseasauria) from the Early Permian of Germany"
2017:
1882:
1880:
4219:
3989:
3957:
3760:
3739:
3515:
3375:
3368:
3333:
3276:
3266:
3194:
3102:
2997:
2825:
2803:
2524:
1203:
1121:
717:
537:
388:
387:
Caseasaurs are one of the two pelycosaur clades known to have survived into the
380:
age, and numerous large herbivorous caseids are known from the
Kungurian of the
359:
56:
4104:
4094:
4047:
3874:
3861:
3795:
3725:
3673:
3457:
3389:
3236:
3151:
3136:
3046:
3039:
3011:
2936:
2922:
2480:
2395:. Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie. Stuttgart; New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
2179:
2109:
Brocklehurst, Neil; Reisz, Robert; Fernandez, Vincent; Fröbisch, Jörg (2016).
1978:
1440:
1339:
1140:
619:
467:
364:
101:
66:
4210:
2496:
2488:
2365:
2322:
2244:
2235:
2218:
2187:
2101:
2058:
1030:
Three genera are typically regarded as belonging to the family
Eothyrididae:
3891:
3746:
3447:
3172:
3032:
2943:
2887:
2880:
2818:
2748:
2735:
2694:
2585:
1514:
1491:
1290:
1221:
1180:
479:
377:
321:
277:
257:
191:
158:
106:
50:
2455:
2383:
2281:
2195:
2154:
2217:
Klembara, Jozef; Ruta, Marcello; Hain, Miroslav; Berman, David S. (2021).
2092:
367:
age, may be an eothyridid caseasaur. The earliest definitive caseasaur is
357:, alongside many other early amniote groups. The earliest known synapsid,
4204:
3732:
3586:
3501:
3256:
3246:
3179:
3165:
3088:
3081:
2836:
2811:
2615:
2609:
2050:
1253:
1217:
1157:
1108:
1020:
295:
280:
233:
178:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
17:
2915:
2624:
2356:
2273:
1327:
1089:
369:
291:
269:
111:
86:
2314:
2075:
4064:
3054:
2603:
168:
4181:
1945:
1943:
2873:
1886:
1835:
1385:
284:
253:
4239:
4185:
3859:
3331:
2733:
2596:
2558:
2554:
1934:
1795:
1793:
1871:
353:
Caseasaurs first appear in the fossil record in the late
1049:
The remaining caseasaurs belong to the family
Caseidae.
1023:. The affinities of the earliest definitive caseasaur,
1922:
1859:
1784:
1910:
4110:
4100:
4090:
4021:
3986:
3954:
3928:
3902:
3887:
3684:
3669:
3627:
3612:
3602:
3592:
3582:
3572:
3468:
3453:
3443:
3349:
3282:
3272:
3262:
3252:
3242:
3232:
2994:
2781:
2765:
1811:
237:
230:
4194:
4079:
4046:
4020:
4011:
3985:
3953:
3927:
3901:
3872:
3794:
3683:
3656:
3626:
3557:
3467:
3424:
3348:
3221:
3193:
3126:
3071:
2993:
2982:
2835:
2793:
2780:
2746:
2693:
2666:
2639:
1082:
2519:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 7–23.
1949:
1772:
1760:
2074:Brocklehurst, Neil; Fröbisch, Jörg (2017-02-21).
2338:Marjanović, David; Laurin, Michel (2019-01-04).
1847:
1009:Phylogeny of Caseidae, after Berman et al. 2020
264:. Caseasaurs are currently known only from the
1015:Most caseasaurs are divided into two families,
1970:Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics
712:, showing the possible alternate positions of
2570:
1799:
8:
2162:Ford, David P.; Benson, Roger B. J. (2020).
708:Phylogenetic position of Caseasauria within
2516:Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida
4182:
4017:
3880:
3869:
3856:
3662:
3565:
3436:
3432:
3345:
3341:
3328:
3218:
3003:
2990:
2790:
2758:
2754:
2743:
2730:
2672:
2645:
2636:
2593:
2577:
2563:
2555:
2254:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1898:
1485:The geologically youngest known caseasaur
1056:
122:
31:
2445:
2435:
2410:Reisz, Robert R.; Fröbisch, Jörg (2014).
2373:
2355:
2234:
2144:
2134:
2091:
1753:
4291:Taxa named by Samuel Wendell Williston
1823:
2550:Palaeos Vertebrates 390.100 Synapsida
7:
2006:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1911:Sumida, Pelletier & Berman 2014
889:
867:
785:
763:
741:
597:
575:
553:
530:
508:
485:
460:
437:
415:
2223:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
25:
1228:Originally assigned to the genus
4166:
4165:
4132:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3314:
3309:
1973:. De Gruyter. pp. 117–198.
1812:Brocklehurst & Fröbisch 2017
145:
4281:Pennsylvanian first appearances
2168:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1950:Angielczyk & Kammerer 2018
1773:Angielczyk & Kammerer 2018
1761:Angielczyk & Kammerer 2018
1:
397:, and the large, herbivorous
2437:10.1371/journal.pone.0094518
2136:10.1371/journal.pone.0156810
2018:10.1080/14772019.2011.631042
1848:Marjanović & Laurin 2019
2525:10.1007/978-94-007-6841-3_2
376:Caseids thrived during the
4307:
1252:
720:may belong to Sauropsida.
27:Extinct clade of synapsids
4145:
4130:
3883:
3868:
3855:
3828:
3665:
3568:
3439:
3435:
3344:
3340:
3327:
3307:
3217:
3006:
2761:
2757:
2742:
2729:
2675:
2648:
2635:
2592:
2481:10.1007/s12542-018-0405-9
2391:Reisz, Robert R. (1986).
2180:10.1038/s41559-019-1047-3
2039:Annals of Carnegie Museum
1979:10.1515/9783110341553-005
1800:Reisz & Fröbisch 2014
1636:
1581:
1383:
1134:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
954:
939:
924:
909:
894:
887:
872:
865:
850:
835:
820:
805:
790:
783:
771:Martensius bromackerensis
768:
761:
746:
617:
602:
595:
580:
573:
558:
551:
535:
528:
513:
506:
490:
483:
465:
458:
442:
435:
420:
228:
223:
142:Scientific classification
140:
130:
121:
34:
2236:10.3389/fevo.2021.709766
1836:Brocklehurst et al. 2016
1458:Originally described as
4286:Guadalupian extinctions
2303:Papers in Palaeontology
1737:Vertebrate paleontology
1151:; may be an eothyridid
957:Cotylorhynchus hancocki
942:Cotylorhynchus bransoni
252:is one of the two main
1899:Ford & Benson 2020
1059:Species of Caseasauria
306:, possibly resembling
260:, the other being the
4248:Paleobiology Database
2093:10.5194/fr-20-87-2017
927:Cotylorhynchus romeri
823:Trichasaurus texensis
134:Cotylorhynchus romeri
2051:10.2992/007.086.0103
1935:Lambertz et al. 2016
1887:Spindler et al. 2018
1860:Klembara et al. 2021
1732:Evolution of mammals
912:Alierasaurus ronchii
2428:2014PLoSO...994518R
2266:2016NYASA1385....3L
2127:2016PLoSO..1156810B
1061:
897:Angelosaurus romeri
875:Ennatosaurus tecton
808:Oromycter dolesorum
131:Fossil skeleton of
2357:10.7717/peerj.5565
2274:10.1111/nyas.13264
1872:Berman et al. 2020
1057:
853:Euromycter rutenus
266:Late Carboniferous
40:Late Carboniferous
4263:
4262:
4188:Taxon identifiers
4179:
4178:
4141:
4140:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4075:
4074:
3851:
3850:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3658:Sphenacodontoidea
3631:Palaeohatteriidae
3553:
3552:
3420:
3419:
3323:
3322:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3213:
3212:
3189:
3188:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2534:978-94-007-6840-6
2402:978-3-437-30486-6
2315:10.1002/spp2.1316
1988:978-3-11-034155-3
1913:, pp. 20–21.
1742:Permian tetrapods
1714:
1713:
1346:M. bromackerensis
1013:
1012:
1003:
1002:
994:
993:
985:
984:
976:
975:
967:
966:
724:
723:
702:
701:
693:
692:
684:
683:
675:
674:
666:
665:
657:
656:
648:
647:
639:
638:
630:
629:
276:, and the large,
247:
246:
219:
16:(Redirected from
4298:
4256:
4255:
4243:
4242:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4183:
4169:
4168:
4136:
4112:
4102:
4092:
4023:
4018:
3988:
3956:
3930:
3904:
3889:
3881:
3870:
3857:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3688:Sphenacodontidae
3686:
3671:
3663:
3629:
3614:
3604:
3594:
3584:
3574:
3566:
3470:
3455:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3427:Haptodontiformes
3351:
3346:
3342:
3329:
3318:
3313:
3287:Protoclepsydrops
3284:
3274:
3264:
3254:
3244:
3234:
3219:
3004:
2996:
2991:
2930:Lalieudorhynchus
2791:
2783:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2744:
2731:
2673:
2646:
2637:
2630:
2629:
2594:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2556:
2538:
2508:
2459:
2449:
2439:
2406:
2387:
2377:
2359:
2334:
2293:
2248:
2238:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2158:
2148:
2138:
2105:
2095:
2070:
2029:
2000:
1953:
1947:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1923:Mann et al. 2020
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1788:
1785:Mann et al. 2020
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1521:C. sanangelensis
1115:May be a caseid
1062:
1060:
890:
868:
786:
764:
742:
737:
736:
605:Sphenacodontidae
598:
576:
554:
531:
509:
486:
461:
438:
416:
411:
410:
239:
232:
211:
206:
150:
149:
126:
116:
53:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4251:
4246:
4238:
4233:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4190:
4180:
4175:
4137:
4120:
4071:
4042:
4007:
3981:
3949:
3923:
3897:
3877:
3864:
3847:
3810:
3790:
3754:Secodontosaurus
3679:
3652:
3622:
3597:Hypselohaptodus
3562:
3549:
3537:Remigiomontanus
3463:
3429:
3416:
3397:Stereophallodon
3353:Ophiacodontidae
3336:
3319:
3293:
3209:
3185:
3122:
3067:
2987:
2970:
2831:
2776:
2751:
2738:
2709:
2689:
2662:
2656:Tetrapodomorpha
2641:Tetrapodomorpha
2631:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2583:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2511:
2462:
2409:
2403:
2390:
2337:
2296:
2251:
2216:
2208:
2206:
2161:
2121:(6): e0156810.
2108:
2073:
2032:
2003:
1989:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1728:
1719:
1058:
1055:
1053:List of species
1004:
995:
986:
977:
968:
749:Eocasea martini
703:
694:
685:
676:
667:
658:
649:
640:
631:
561:Ophiacodontidae
423:Seymouriamorpha
409:
351:
330:
236:
210:
204:
144:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4304:
4302:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4268:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4244:
4231:
4216:
4200:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4108:
4098:
4087:
4085:
4082:Incertae sedis
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4061:
4052:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4029:
4027:
4015:
4013:Eutheriodontia
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3994:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3962:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3936:
3934:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3910:
3908:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3884:
3878:
3873:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3714:
3711:Ctenospondylus
3707:
3700:
3692:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3643:
3640:Palaeohatteria
3635:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3610:
3600:
3590:
3580:
3569:
3563:
3560:Sphenacodontia
3558:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3523:Melanedaphodon
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3481:Bohemiclavulus
3476:
3474:
3472:Edaphosauridae
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3440:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3355:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3280:
3270:
3260:
3250:
3240:
3229:
3227:
3224:Incertae sedis
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3130:
3128:Varanodontinae
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3075:
3073:Mesenosaurinae
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3062:Thrausmosaurus
3058:
3051:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3019:Archaeovenator
3015:
3007:
3001:
2988:
2985:Eupelycosauria
2983:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2895:Cotylorhynchus
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2770:Diadectomorpha
2762:
2752:
2747:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2683:Reptiliomorpha
2676:
2670:
2668:Reptiliomorpha
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2649:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2597:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2544:External links
2542:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2509:
2475:(2): 315–364.
2460:
2407:
2401:
2388:
2335:
2309:(4): 605–625.
2294:
2249:
2214:
2159:
2106:
2071:
2030:
2012:(4): 601–624.
2001:
1987:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:, p. 128.
1939:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1789:
1777:
1775:, p. 127.
1765:
1763:, p. 125.
1752:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1584:Cotylorhynchus
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:R. russellorum
1366:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1224:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1149:incertae sedis
1145:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1104:incertae sedis
1101:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1054:
1051:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
991:
988:
987:
983:
982:
979:
978:
974:
973:
970:
969:
965:
964:
961:
960:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
938:
935:
934:
931:
930:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
908:
905:
904:
901:
900:
893:
888:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
871:
866:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
838:Casea nicholsi
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
789:
784:
782:
779:
778:
775:
774:
767:
762:
760:
757:
756:
753:
752:
745:
740:
732:diadectomorphs
728:Eupelycosauria
722:
721:
714:Diadectomorpha
710:Reptiliomorpha
705:
704:
700:
699:
696:
695:
691:
690:
687:
686:
682:
681:
678:
677:
673:
672:
669:
668:
664:
663:
660:
659:
655:
654:
651:
650:
646:
645:
642:
641:
637:
636:
633:
632:
628:
627:
624:
623:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
601:
596:
594:
591:
590:
587:
586:
583:Edaphosauridae
579:
574:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
557:
552:
550:
547:
546:
543:
542:
534:
529:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
512:
507:
505:
502:
501:
498:
497:
493:Diadectomorpha
489:
484:
482:
476:
475:
472:
471:
464:
459:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
445:Diadectomorpha
441:
436:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
419:
414:
408:
407:Classification
405:
350:
347:
337:Cotylorhynchus
329:
326:
318:Middle Permian
262:Eupelycosauria
245:
244:
226:
225:
221:
220:
202:
195:
194:
189:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
138:
137:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4303:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4172:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:Phthinosuchia
4154:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4135:
4117:
4116:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4037:
4036:Therocephalia
4033:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4025:Therocephalia
4019:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3785:
3784:Tetraceratops
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:Tappenosaurus
3773:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3697:Cryptovenator
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3647:Pantelosaurus
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3617:Tetraceratops
3611:
3609:
3608:
3607:Kenomagnathus
3601:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3546:
3545:
3544:Xyrospondylus
3541:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3404:Stereorhachis
3401:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3362:Archaeothyris
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3317:
3312:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3159:Tambacarnifex
3156:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:Mycterosaurus
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3117:Microvaranops
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3096:Elliotsmithia
3093:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2958:Ruthenosaurus
2955:
2953:
2952:
2951:Phreatophasma
2948:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:Callibrachion
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2422:(4): e94518.
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:Fossil Record
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
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2007:
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1787:, p. 15.
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1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1363:Ruthenosaurus
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:P. aenigmatum
1318:
1316:
1315:
1314:Phreatophasma
1311:
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1307:
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1300:
1298:
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1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1240:Callibrachion
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:Mycterosaurus
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1216:
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1211:
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404:
402:
401:
396:
395:
394:Phreatophasma
390:
385:
383:
382:United States
379:
374:
372:
371:
366:
362:
361:
356:
355:Carboniferous
348:
346:
344:
343:
338:
333:
327:
325:
323:
319:
316:, but by the
315:
314:Early Permian
311:
310:
309:Archaeothyris
305:
304:Carboniferous
301:
300:Pennsylvanian
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
279:
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113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
49:306–254
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
4195:
4161:Theriodontia
4151:Pelycosauria
4115:Niaftasuchus
4113:
4103:
4093:
4080:
3943:Dinocephalia
3932:Dinocephalia
3917:Biarmosuchia
3906:Biarmosuchia
3890:
3835:
3782:
3774:
3768:Steppesaurus
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3716:
3709:
3704:Ctenorhachis
3702:
3695:
3672:
3645:
3638:
3615:
3605:
3595:
3585:
3575:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3509:Ianthasaurus
3507:
3500:
3495:Glaucosaurus
3493:
3488:Edaphosaurus
3486:
3479:
3456:
3446:
3411:Varanosaurus
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3383:Echinerpeton
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3285:
3275:
3265:
3255:
3245:
3235:
3222:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3135:
3115:
3110:Mesenosaurus
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3026:Ascendonanus
3024:
3017:
3010:
2965:Trichasaurus
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2909:Ennatosaurus
2907:
2902:Datheosaurus
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2860:Arisierpeton
2858:
2853:Angelosaurus
2851:
2846:Alierasaurus
2844:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2795:Eothyrididae
2784:
2768:
2620:
2614:Superclass:
2515:
2472:
2468:
2419:
2415:
2393:Pelycosauria
2392:
2347:
2343:
2306:
2302:
2257:
2253:
2226:
2222:
2207:. Retrieved
2174:(1): 57–65.
2171:
2167:
2118:
2114:
2086:(1): 87–93.
2083:
2079:
2042:
2038:
2009:
2005:
1969:
1960:Bibliography
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1720:
1717:Paleoecology
1699:
1694:Trichasaurus
1692:
1676:
1660:
1644:
1639:Angelosaurus
1637:
1621:
1605:
1589:
1582:
1566:
1561:Alierasaurus
1559:
1543:
1538:Arisierpeton
1536:
1520:
1513:
1497:
1490:
1473:
1468:Ennatosaurus
1466:
1460:Casea rutena
1459:
1446:
1439:
1423:
1407:
1391:
1384:
1368:
1361:
1345:
1338:
1319:
1312:
1297:O. dolesorum
1296:
1289:
1274:D. macrourus
1273:
1268:Datheosaurus
1266:
1245:
1238:
1229:
1209:
1202:
1186:
1179:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1136:Eothyrididae
1127:
1120:
1103:
1095:
1088:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1017:Eothyrididae
1014:
956:
955:
941:
940:
926:
925:
911:
910:
896:
895:
874:
873:
852:
851:
837:
836:
822:
821:
807:
806:
793:Casea broili
792:
791:
770:
769:
748:
747:
725:
618:
603:
581:
559:
536:
515:
514:
491:
466:
443:
421:
400:Ennatosaurus
398:
392:
386:
375:
368:
358:
352:
342:Alierasaurus
340:
336:
334:
331:
307:
302:time of the
289:
274:Eothyrididae
249:
248:
241:Eothyrididae
229:
207:
198:
185:
132:
44:Late Permian
29:
4226:Caseasauria
4220:Wikispecies
4196:Caseasauria
4001:Gorgonopsia
3990:Gorgonopsia
3975:dicynodonts
3969:Anomodontia
3958:Anomodontia
3761:Sphenacodon
3740:Macromerion
3530:Ramodendron
3516:Lupeosaurus
3376:Clepsydrops
3369:Baldwinonus
3334:Metopophora
3277:Mastersonia
3267:Knoxosaurus
3195:Metopophora
3103:Heleosaurus
2998:Varanopidae
2826:Vaughnictis
2804:Asaphestera
2785:Caseasauria
2260:(1): 3–20.
1824:Benson 2012
1700:T. texensis
1622:C. bransoni
1606:C. hancocki
1424:C. nicholsi
1408:C. halselli
1204:Vaughnictis
1128:A. platyris
1122:Asaphestera
1071:Year Named
1044:Asaphestera
1040:Vaughnictis
718:Varanopidae
538:Varanopidae
516:Caseasauria
389:Guadalupian
360:Asaphestera
328:Description
278:herbivorous
250:Caseasauria
208:Caseasauria
4276:Caseasaurs
4270:Categories
4149:See also:
4105:Kamagorgon
4095:Dinosaurus
4059:Cynodontia
4048:Cynodontia
3875:Therapsida
3862:Therapsida
3805:see below↓
3796:Therapsida
3726:Dimetrodon
3674:Shashajaia
3458:Milosaurus
3390:Ophiacodon
3237:Dimacrodon
3204:see below↓
3152:Ruthiromia
3137:Aerosaurus
3047:Nitosaurus
3040:Dendromaia
3012:Apsisaurus
2937:Martensius
2923:Euromycter
2704:see below↓
2209:2020-02-07
1748:References
1567:A. ronchii
1544:A. simplex
1447:E. rutenus
1441:Euromycter
1392:C. broilii
1340:Martensius
1246:C. gaudryi
1210:V. smithae
1164:E. parkeyi
1147:Synapsida
1141:Bashkirian
1096:E. martini
620:Therapsida
468:Sauropsida
365:Bashkirian
322:therapsids
35:Caseasaurs
4063:includes
3973:includes
3892:Raranimus
3747:Neosaurus
3448:Ianthodon
3173:Varanodon
3033:Eoscansor
2944:Oromycter
2888:Caseopsis
2881:Caseoides
2819:Oedaleops
2749:Synapsida
2736:Synapsida
2695:Synapsida
2616:Tetrapoda
2602:Kingdom:
2586:Synapsida
2505:133846070
2497:0031-0220
2489:1867-6812
2366:2167-8359
2350:: e5565.
2331:218925814
2323:2056-2802
2245:2296-701X
2204:209673326
2188:2397-334X
2102:2193-0074
2067:216027787
2059:0097-4463
2045:(1): 43.
1677:A. romeri
1661:A. greeni
1645:A. dolani
1590:C. romeri
1515:Caseoides
1498:C. agilis
1492:Caseopsis
1474:E. tecton
1291:Oromycter
1222:Sakmarian
1181:Oedaleops
1080:Location
1036:Oedaleops
480:Synapsida
378:Kungurian
363:from the
349:Evolution
298:from the
258:synapsids
256:of early
224:Families
213:Williston
192:Synapsida
165:Kingdom:
159:Eukaryota
18:Caseasaur
4240:42329760
4205:Wikidata
4171:Category
3733:Eosyodon
3718:Cutleria
3587:Haptodus
3577:Cutleria
3502:Gordodon
3257:Gorgodon
3247:Driveria
3180:Watongia
3166:Varanops
3089:Cabarzia
3082:Anningia
2837:Caseidae
2812:Eothyris
2610:Chordata
2608:Phylum:
2604:Animalia
2456:24739998
2416:PLOS ONE
2384:30631641
2290:24680688
2282:27859325
2196:31900445
2155:27333277
2115:PLOS ONE
2026:84706899
1997:92370138
1726:See also
1254:Caseidae
1218:Asselian
1187:O. campi
1158:Eothyris
1109:Gzhelian
1068:Species
1032:Eothyris
1021:Caseidae
296:synapsid
281:Caseidae
268:and the
234:Caseidae
179:Chordata
175:Phylum:
169:Animalia
155:Domain:
4211:Q131807
4065:mammals
2916:Eocasea
2625:Amniota
2447:3989228
2424:Bibcode
2375:6322490
2262:Bibcode
2146:4917111
2123:Bibcode
1328:Roadian
1090:Eocasea
1074:Family
1025:Eocasea
370:Eocasea
292:reptile
270:Permian
4253:140368
3055:Pyozia
2531:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2454:
2444:
2399:
2382:
2372:
2364:
2329:
2321:
2288:
2280:
2243:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2153:
2143:
2100:
2065:
2057:
2024:
1995:
1985:
1083:Notes
1065:Genus
1038:, and
294:-like
254:clades
2874:Casea
2621:Clade
2501:S2CID
2485:eISSN
2344:PeerJ
2327:S2CID
2286:S2CID
2200:S2CID
2063:S2CID
2022:S2CID
1993:S2CID
1704:1910
1681:1962
1665:1962
1649:1953
1626:1962
1610:1953
1594:1937
1571:2014
1548:2019
1525:1953
1502:1962
1478:1956
1451:1974
1428:1954
1412:1954
1396:1910
1386:Casea
1373:2011
1350:2020
1324:1954
1301:2005
1278:1904
1250:1893
1214:1965
1191:1965
1168:1937
1132:1934
1100:2014
285:naris
199:Clade
186:Clade
4057:see
4034:see
3999:see
3967:see
3941:see
3915:see
2681:see
2654:see
2529:ISBN
2493:ISSN
2469:PalZ
2452:PMID
2397:ISBN
2380:PMID
2362:ISSN
2319:ISSN
2278:PMID
2258:1385
2241:ISSN
2192:PMID
2184:ISSN
2151:PMID
2098:ISSN
2055:ISSN
1983:ISBN
1077:Age
1019:and
339:and
217:1912
57:Preęž’
4235:EoL
2521:doi
2477:doi
2442:PMC
2432:doi
2370:PMC
2352:doi
2311:doi
2270:doi
2231:doi
2176:doi
2141:PMC
2131:doi
2088:doi
2047:doi
2014:doi
1975:doi
4272::
4250::
4237::
4222::
4207::
2623::
2527:.
2499:.
2491:.
2483:.
2473:92
2471:.
2467:.
2450:.
2440:.
2430:.
2418:.
2414:.
2378:.
2368:.
2360:.
2346:.
2342:.
2325:.
2317:.
2305:.
2301:.
2284:.
2276:.
2268:.
2256:.
2239:.
2229:.
2225:.
2221:.
2198:.
2190:.
2182:.
2170:.
2166:.
2149:.
2139:.
2129:.
2119:11
2117:.
2113:.
2096:.
2084:20
2082:.
2078:.
2061:.
2053:.
2043:86
2041:.
2037:.
2020:.
2010:10
2008:.
1991:.
1981:.
1942:^
1879:^
1792:^
1034:,
716:.
540:?
495:?
447:?
403:.
384:.
373:.
287:.
215:,
201::
188::
107:Pg
51:Ma
46:,
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2578:e
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2537:.
2523::
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2479::
2458:.
2434::
2426::
2420:9
2405:.
2386:.
2354::
2348:6
2333:.
2313::
2307:6
2292:.
2272::
2264::
2247:.
2233::
2227:9
2212:.
2178::
2172:4
2157:.
2133::
2125::
2104:.
2090::
2069:.
2049::
2028:.
2016::
1999:.
1977::
1937:.
1925:.
1901:.
1889:.
1874:.
1862:.
1850:.
1838:.
1826:.
1814:.
1802:.
1220:–
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112:N
102:K
97:J
92:T
87:P
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77:D
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