790:
organic carbon in the deep ocean is elevated compared to fresh surface ocean organic matter that has not been degraded. An exponential increase in C/N ratios is observed with increasing water depth—with C/N ratios reaching ten at intermediate water depths of about 1000 meters and up to 15 in the deep ocean (deeper than about 2500 meters) . This elevated C/N signature is preserved in the sediment until another form of diagenesis, post-depositional diagenesis, alters its C/N signature once again. Post-depositional diagenesis occurs in organic-carbon-poor marine sediments where bacteria can oxidize organic matter in aerobic conditions as an energy source. The oxidation reaction proceeds as follows: CH
841:
dominance and vascular dominance often lead to conclusions about the state of the lake during these distinct periods of isotopic signatures. Times in which algal signals dominate lakes suggest a deep-water lake, while times in which vascular plant signals dominate lakes suggest the lake is shallow, dry, or marshy. Using the C/N ratio in conjunction with other sediment observations, such as physical variations, D/H isotopic analyses of fatty acids and alkanes, and δ13C analyses on similar biomarkers can lead to further regional climate interpretations that describe the more significant phenomena at play.
36:
861:. A feedstock with a near-optimal C:N ratio will be consumed quickly. Any excess C will cause the N originally in the soil to be consumed, competing with the plant for nutrients (immobilization) – at least temporarily until the microbes die. Any excess N, on the other hand, will usually just be left behind (mineralization), but too much excess may result in leaching losses. The recommended C:N ratio for soil materials is, therefore, 30:1. A
613:
781:
carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of about 4 to 10. However, it has been observed that only 10% of this organic matter (algae) produced in the surface ocean sinks to the deep ocean without being degraded by bacteria in transit, and only about 1% is permanently buried in the sediment. An important process called sediment
836:
Unlike in marine sediments, diagenesis does not pose a large threat to the integrity of the C/N ratio in lacustrine sediments. Though wood from living trees around lakes have consistently higher C/N ratios than wood buried in sediment, the change in elemental composition is not large enough to remove
789:
produced is degraded in the deep ocean. The microbial communities utilizing the sinking organic carbon as an energy source, are partial to nitrogen-rich compounds because much of these bacteria are nitrogen-limited and much prefer it over carbon. As a result, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of sinking
840:
For example, two studies on
Mangrove Lake, Bermuda, and Lake Yunoko, Japan, show irregular, abrupt fluctuations between C/N around 11 to 18. These fluctuations are attributed to shifts from mainly algal dominance to land-based vascular dominance. Results of studies that show abrupt shifts in algal
805:
The same principle described above explains the preferential degradation of nitrogen-rich organic matter within the sediments, as they are more labile and in higher demand. This principle has been utilized in paleoceanographic studies to identify core sites that have not experienced much microbial
802:+ 4H + 4e, with standard free energy of –27.4 kJ mol (half-reaction). Once all of the oxygen is used up, bacteria can carry out an anoxic sequence of chemical reactions as an energy source, all with negative ∆G°r values, with the reaction becoming less favorable as the chain of reactions proceeds.
809:
Lastly, ammonia, the product of the second reduction reaction, which reduces nitrate and produces nitrogen gas and ammonia, is readily adsorbed on clay mineral surfaces and protected from bacteria. This has been proposed to explain lower-than-expected C/N signatures of organic carbon in sediments
722:
land-based plants, depending on the type of photosynthesis they undergo. Therefore, the C/N ratio serves as a tool for understanding the sources of sedimentary organic matter, which can lead to information about the ecology, climate, and ocean circulation at different times in Earth's history.
721:
are terrestrial-based or marine-based. Carbon-to-nitrogen ratios indicate the degree of nitrogen limitation of plants and other organisms. They can identify whether molecules found in the sediment under study come from land-based or algal plants. Further, they can distinguish between different
780:
Organic matter that is deposited in marine sediments contains a key indicator as to its source and the processes it underwent before reaching the floor as well as after deposition, its carbon to nitrogen ratio. In the global oceans, freshly produced algae in the surface ocean typically have a
849:
In microbial communities like soil, the C:N ratio is a key indicator as it describes a balance between energetic foods (represented by carbon) and material to build protein with (represented by nitrogen). An optimal C:N ratio of around 24:1 provides for higher microbial activity.
940:
Given the C:N ratio and one of C and N contents, the other content may be calculated using the very definition of the ratio. When only the ratio is known, one must estimate the total C+N% or one of the contents to get both values.
730:
C/N ratios in the range of 4-10:1 usually come from marine sources, whereas higher ratios are likely to come from a terrestrial source. Vascular plants from terrestrial sources tend to have C/N ratios greater than 20. The lack of
837:
the vascular versus non-vascular plant signals due to the refractory nature of terrestrial organic matter. Abrupt shifts in the C/N ratio down-core can be interpreted as shifts in the organic source material.
1102:
Zahn, R.; Comas, M.C.; Klaus, A., eds. (February 1999). "Sources, preservation, and thermal maturity of organic matter in
Pliocene-Pleistocene organic-carbon-rich sediments of the western Mediterranean Sea".
880:
feedstock is similar to that of soil feedstock. The recommendation is around 20-30:1. The microbes prefer a ratio of 30-35:1, but the carbon is usually not completely digested (especially in the case of
900:
The C and N contents of feedstocks is generally known from lookup tables listing common types of feedstock. It is important to deduct the moisture content if the listed value is for dry material.
767:(CF-IRMS). However, for more practical applications, desired C/N ratios can be achieved by blending commonly used substrates of known C/N content, which are readily available and easy to use.
949:
The C:N ratio of mixed feedstocks is calculated by summing their C and N amounts together and dividing the two results. For compost, moisture is also an important factor.
1702:
1455:
1088:
1043:
Prahl, F. G., J. R. Ertel, M. A. Goni, M. A. Sparrow, and B. Eversmeyer (1994). "Terrestrial
Organic-Carbon Contributions to Sediments on the Washington Margin".
1750:
Rouwenhorst, R. J.; Jzn, J. F.; Scheffers, W. A.; van Dijken, J. P. (Feb–Mar 1991). "Determination of protein concentration by total organic carbon analysis".
1788:
123:
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Jasper, John P.; Gagosian, Robert B. (April 1990). "The sources and deposition of organic matter in the Late
Quaternary Pigmy Basin, Gulf of Mexico".
977:
Ishiwatari, R.; M. Uzaki (1987). "Diagenetic
Changes of Lignin Compounds in a More Than 0.6 Million-Year-Old Lacustrine Sediment (Lake Biwa, Japan)".
408:
81:
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An imbalance of C:N ratio causes a slowdown in the composting process and a drop in temperature. When the C:N ratio is less than 15:1, outgassing of
581:
1131:
Müller, P.J (June 1977). "CN ratios in
Pacific deep-sea sediments: Effect of inorganic ammonium and organic nitrogen compounds sorbed by clays".
108:
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462:
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Brenna, J. T.; Corso, T. N.; Tobias, H. J.; Caimi, R. J. (September 1997). "High-precision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry".
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51:
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accounts for the other 9% of organic carbon that sank to the deep ocean floor, but was not permanently buried, that is 9% of the
1686:
1469:
Meyers, Philip A. (June 1994). "Preservation of elemental and isotopic source identification of sedimentary organic matter".
1247:
Meyers, Philip A. (June 1994). "Preservation of elemental and isotopic source identification of sedimentary organic matter".
1599:
Li, Yong; Wu, Jinshui; Shen, Jianlin; Liu, Shoulong; Wang, Cong; Chen, Dan; Huang, Tieping; Zhang, Jiabao (December 2016).
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The C:N ratio of microbes themselves is generally around 10:1. A lower ratio is correlated with higher soil productivity.
511:
516:
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181:
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of organic material, exists in elevated concentrations (1 - >14μM) within cohesive shelf sea sediments found in the
1397:"Lacustrine organic geochemistry—an overview of indicators of organic matter sources and diagenesis in lake sediments"
751:, and greater amount of proteins in algae versus vascular plants causes this significant difference in the C/N ratio.
1353:; Grant, B.; Horowitz, M.; Rau, G.H. (April 1996). "Mid-Pliocene warmth: stronger greenhouse and stronger conveyor".
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1516:"Separation of Autochthonous and Allochthonous Materials in Lacustrine Sediments by Density Differences"
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824:(depth: 1–30 cm). The sediment depth exceeds 1m and would be a suitable study site for conducting
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Gray KR, Biddlestone AJ. 1973. Composting - process parameters. The
Chemical Engineer. Feb. pp 71-76
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113:
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may occur, creating odor and losing nitrogen. A finished compost has a C:N ratio of around 10:1.
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1021:
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Stewart, Keith (2006). It's A Long Road to A Tomato. New York: Marlowe & Company. p. 155.
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Dahlem. "Flux to the
Seafloor", Group Report, eds. K.W. Bruland et al., pp. 210–213, 1988.
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1601:"Soil microbial C:N ratio is a robust indicator of soil productivity for paddy fields"
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The C:N ratio of soil can be modified by the addition of materials such as compost,
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content (often reported in animal feed) or from reported macronutrient levels as
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activity or contamination by terrestrial sources with much higher C/N ratios.
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Emerson, S.; Hedges, J. (2003), "Sediment
Diagenesis and Benthic Flux",
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10.1002/(SICI)1098-2787(1997)16:5<227::AID-MAS1>3.0.CO;2-J
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Examples of devices that can be used to measure this ratio are the
858:
591:
1514:
Ishiwatari, Ryoshi; Takamatsu, Nobuki; Ishibashi, Tomoko (1977).
1105:
Proceedings of the Ocean
Drilling Program, 161 Scientific Results
690:
907:, the N content may be estimated from the protein content as
713:
In the analysis of sediments, C/N ratios are a proxy for
865:
may be done to find the C:N ratio of the soil itself.
685:. It can, amongst other things, be used in analysing
1242:
1240:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1395:Meyers, Philip A., and Ryoshi Ishiwatari (1993).
918:calculation. The C content may be estimated from
1561:"Carbon to Nitrogen Ratios in Cropping Systems"
1752:Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods
1688:The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering
638:
8:
1454:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1087:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
717:research, having different uses whether the
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1107:. Vol. 161. Ocean Drilling Program.
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896:Estimating C and N contents of feedstocks
810:undergoing post-depositional diagenesis.
1390:
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1301:
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582:Territorialisation of carbon governance
26:
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763:and the continuous-flow isotope ratio
885:feedstock), hence the lowered ratio.
587:Total Carbon Column Observing Network
7:
735:, which has a chemical formula of (C
1730:University of Massachusetts Amherst
16:Chemical ratio in organic materials
14:
1705:from the original on 13 July 2021
1582:"Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C:N)"
1113:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.161.235.1999
612:
611:
34:
1211:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1133:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1045:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
979:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1328:10.1016/b0-08-043751-6/06112-0
547:Climate reconstruction proxies
1:
1520:Japanese Journal of Limnology
1764:10.1016/0165-022x(91)90024-q
1491:10.1016/0009-2541(94)90059-0
1424:10.1016/0146-6380(93)90100-P
1375:10.1016/0377-8398(95)00048-8
1269:10.1016/0009-2541(94)90059-0
1231:10.1016/0016-7037(90)90443-O
1153:10.1016/0016-7037(77)90047-3
1075:10.1016/0016-7037(94)90177-5
999:10.1016/0016-7037(87)90244-4
517:Carbonate compensation depth
182:Particulate inorganic carbon
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572:Carbon capture and storage
176:Particulate organic carbon
170:Dissolved inorganic carbon
1168:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
945:Managing mixed feedstocks
876:The role of C:N ratio in
577:Carbon cycle re-balancing
1355:Marine Micropaleontology
1308:Treatise on Geochemistry
659:carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
552:Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
512:Carbonate–silicate cycle
480:Carbon dioxide clathrate
475:Clathrate gun hypothesis
303:Net ecosystem production
164:Dissolved organic carbon
562:Deep Carbon Observatory
22:Part of a series on the
1726:"Analysis of Proteins"
1724:D. Julian McClements.
903:For foodstuffs with a
828:experiments with C:N.
382:Continental shelf pump
158:Total inorganic carbon
124:Satellite measurements
1533:10.3739/rikusui.38.94
1314:, Elsevier: 293–319,
567:Global Carbon Project
298:Ecosystem respiration
1685:Haug, Roger (1993).
1404:Organic Geochemistry
787:total organic carbon
396:Carbon sequestration
152:Total organic carbon
1617:2016NatSR...635266L
1483:1994ChGeo.114..289M
1416:1993OrGeo..20..867M
1367:1996MarMP..27..313R
1320:2003TrGeo...6..293E
1261:1994ChGeo.114..289M
1223:1990GeCoA..54.1117J
1180:1997MSRv...16..227B
1145:1977GeCoA..41..765M
1057:1994GeCoA..58.3035P
991:1987GeCoA..51..321I
695:soil organic matter
443:Atmospheric methane
409:Soil carbon storage
259:Reverse Krebs cycle
114:Ocean acidification
1672:CORNELL Composting
1605:Scientific Reports
905:nutrition analysis
816:produced from the
522:Great Calcite Belt
470:Aerobic production
290:Carbon respiration
232:Metabolic pathways
192:Primary production
1625:10.1038/srep35266
1586:Soil Health Nexus
1337:978-0-08-043751-4
1026:978-1-56924-330-5
765:mass spectrometer
671:ratio of the mass
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453:Methane emissions
109:In the atmosphere
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1471:Chemical Geology
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1783:External links
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1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1433:2027.42/30617
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1278:2027.42/31544
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
985:(2): 321–28.
984:
980:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
959:
952:
950:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
917:
916:crude protein
911:
906:
901:
895:
893:
891:
886:
884:
879:
871:
869:
866:
864:
860:
856:
851:
844:
842:
838:
831:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
788:
784:
775:
770:
768:
766:
762:
754:
752:
734:
725:
723:
720:
716:
708:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
648:
643:
641:
636:
634:
629:
628:
626:
625:
619:
609:
608:
607:
606:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
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568:
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563:
560:
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553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
537:
536:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
502:Marine cycles
500:
499:
495:
490:
489:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
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451:
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444:
441:
440:
436:
431:
430:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
397:
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383:
380:
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370:
368:
365:
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355:
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333:
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328:
323:
322:
314:
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304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
291:
286:
285:
275:
272:
270:
267:
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262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
233:
228:
227:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
205:
198:
195:
194:
193:
190:
189:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
139:
134:
133:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
102:
97:
96:
88:
85:
83:
82:Boreal forest
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
49:
42:
41:
37:
33:
32:
29:
25:
21:
20:
1814:Geochemistry
1755:
1751:
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1687:
1680:
1671:
1611:(1): 35266.
1608:
1604:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1526:(3): 94–99.
1523:
1519:
1509:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1450:cite journal
1407:
1403:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1311:
1307:
1287:
1252:
1248:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1136:
1132:
1104:
1097:
1083:cite journal
1048:
1044:
1016:
1007:
982:
978:
948:
939:
932:
928:
924:
909:
902:
899:
887:
875:
867:
852:
848:
839:
835:
812:
808:
804:
779:
761:CHN analyzer
758:
729:
715:paleoclimate
712:
666:
662:
658:
656:
551:
340:Martin curve
327:Carbon pumps
254:Calvin cycle
208:Black carbon
146:Total carbon
87:Geochemistry
28:Carbon cycle
1668:"C/N Ratio"
1351:Raymo, M.E.
755:Instruments
404:Carbon sink
367:Viral shunt
357:Marine snow
213:Blue carbon
67:Deep carbon
62:Atmospheric
52:Terrestrial
1804:Composting
1798:Categories
1709:16 October
953:References
832:Lacustrine
822:Celtic Sea
783:diagenesis
693:including
377:Whale pump
372:Jelly pump
352:Lipid pump
77:Permafrost
45:By regions
1542:0021-5104
1061:CiteSeerX
931:× 0.86 +
927:× 0.44 +
920:crude ash
863:soil test
733:cellulose
709:Sediments
687:sediments
667:C:N ratio
663:C/N ratio
1735:27 April
1703:Archived
1643:27739462
1442:36874753
890:ammonium
814:Ammonium
701:such as
679:nitrogen
618:Category
1772:2061559
1634:5064311
1613:Bibcode
1479:Bibcode
1412:Bibcode
1363:Bibcode
1316:Bibcode
1257:Bibcode
1219:Bibcode
1196:9538528
1176:Bibcode
1141:Bibcode
1053:Bibcode
987:Bibcode
878:compost
872:Compost
703:compost
669:) is a
463:Wetland
435:Methane
218:Kerogen
119:Removal
1770:
1695:
1641:
1631:
1540:
1440:
1334:
1194:
1063:
1024:
935:× 0.53
925:carbs%
912:× 0.16
883:lignin
857:, and
855:manure
798:O → CO
776:Marine
726:Ranges
675:carbon
616:
597:CO2SYS
458:Arctic
197:marine
57:Marine
1564:(PDF)
1438:S2CID
1400:(PDF)
933:prot%
910:prot%
859:mulch
794:O + H
592:C4MIP
540:Other
184:(PIC)
178:(POC)
172:(DIC)
166:(DOC)
160:(TIC)
154:(TOC)
1768:PMID
1737:2007
1711:2020
1693:ISBN
1639:PMID
1538:ISSN
1456:link
1332:ISBN
1192:PMID
1089:link
1022:ISBN
929:fat%
845:Soil
697:and
691:soil
689:and
148:(TC)
72:Soil
1760:doi
1629:PMC
1621:doi
1528:doi
1495:hdl
1487:doi
1475:114
1428:hdl
1420:doi
1371:doi
1324:doi
1273:hdl
1265:doi
1253:114
1227:doi
1184:doi
1149:doi
1109:doi
1071:doi
995:doi
681:in
673:of
665:or
1800::
1766:.
1756:22
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1728:.
1701:.
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1536:.
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741:10
705:.
657:A
274:C4
269:C3
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1762::
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1544:.
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1481::
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1430::
1422::
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1318::
1312:6
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1267::
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1221::
1198:.
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1155:.
1151::
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1115:.
1111::
1091:)
1077:.
1073::
1055::
1028:.
1001:.
997::
989::
800:2
796:2
792:2
749:n
747:)
745:5
743:O
739:H
737:6
661:(
646:e
639:t
632:v
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