Chameleon - Knowledge (XXG)

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background, has been shown to correlate directly to the spectral qualities of chameleon displays. Dwarf chameleons, the chameleon of study, occupy a wide variety of habitats from forests to grasslands to shrubbery. It was demonstrated that chameleons in brighter areas tended to present brighter signals, but chameleons in darker areas tended to present relatively more contrasting signals to their backgrounds. This finding suggests that signal efficacy (and thus habitat) has affected the evolution of chameleon signaling. Stuart-Fox et al. note that it makes sense that selection for crypsis is not seen to be as important as selection for signal efficacy, because the signals are only shown briefly; chameleons are almost always muted cryptic colours.

1931: 1891: 2108: 1547: 1399:. The hyoid bone has an elongated, parallel-sided projection, called the entoglossal process, over which a tubular muscle, the accelerator muscle, sits. The accelerator muscle contracts around the entoglossal process and is responsible for creating the work to power tongue projection, both directly and through the loading of collagenous elements located between the entoglossal process and the accelerator muscle. The tongue retractor muscle, the hyoglossus, connects the hyoid and accelerator muscle, and is responsible for drawing the tongue back into the mouth following tongue projection. 1911: 1044: 1005:. The authors noted that the lizard has "short and wide skull, large orbits, elongated and robust lingual process, frontal with parallel margins, incipient prefrontal boss, reduced vomers, absent retroarticular process, low presacral vertebral count (between 15 and 17) and extremely short, curled tail"; the authors considered these traits to be indicative of the lizard's affiliation with Chamaeleonidae. The phylogenetic analysis conducted by the authors indicated that the lizard was a 1298:, though neither term is fully satisfactory, both being used in describing different feet, such as the zygodactyl feet of parrots or didactyl feet of sloths or ostriches, none of which is significantly like chameleon feet. Although "zygodactyl" is reasonably descriptive of chameleon foot anatomy, their foot structure does not resemble that of parrots, to which the term was first applied. As for didactyly, chameleons visibly have five toes on each foot, not two. 2099:

have remained popular though which may be due to the captive-breeding in the U.S. which has increased to the point that the U.S. can fulfill its demand, and has now even become a major exporter as well. In the U.S. they are so popular, that despite Florida having six invasive chameleon species due to the pet trade, reptile hobbyists in these areas search for chameleons to keep as pets or to breed and sell them, with some selling for up to a thousand dollars.

186: 1875: 875:, another reason why they change colour is to regulate their body temperatures, either to a darker colour to absorb light and heat to raise their temperature, or to a lighter colour to reflect light and heat, thereby either stabilizing or lowering their body temperature. Chameleons tend to show brighter colours when displaying aggression to other chameleons, and darker colours when they submit or "give up". Most chameleon genera (exceptions are 1480: 1027: 1456: 516: 1468: 5132: 1444: 133: 1290:, group contains three. On the rear feet, this arrangement is reversed, the medial group containing two toes, and the lateral group three. These specialized feet allow chameleons to grip tightly onto narrow or rough branches. Furthermore, each toe is equipped with a sharp claw to afford a grip on surfaces such as bark when climbing. It is common to refer to the feet of chameleons as 1422:

as chameleons have a very effective mechanism of holding onto their prey once the tongue has come into contact with it, including surface phenomena, such as wet adhesion and interlocking, and suction. The thermal insensitivity of tongue projection thus enables chameleons to feed effectively on cold mornings prior to being able to behaviorally elevate their body temperatures through

1759:) from Kenya and northern Tanzania eat a wide variety of small animals including ants, butterflies, caterpillars, snails, worms, lizards, geckos, amphibians, and other chameleons, as well as plant material, such as leaves, tender shoots, and berries. It can be maintained on a mixed diet including kale, dandelion leaves, lettuce, bananas, tomatoes, apples, crickets, and waxworms. 1716:) have a five- to seven-month gestation period. Each young chameleon is born within the sticky transparent membrane of its yolk sac. The mother presses each egg onto a branch, where it sticks. The membrane bursts and the newly hatched chameleon frees itself and climbs away to hunt for itself and hide from predators. The female can have up to 30 live young from one gestation. 844: 5120: 1384:

recently been found to have proportionately larger tongue apparatuses than their larger counterparts. Thus, smaller chameleons are able to project their tongues greater distances than the larger chameleons that are the subject of most studies and tongue length estimates, and can project their tongues more than twice their body length.

853:(a) Reversible colour change is shown for two males (m1 and m2): during excitation (white arrows), background skin shifts from the baseline state (green) to yellow/orange, and both vertical bars and horizontal mid-body stripe shift from blue to whitish (m1). Some animals (m2) have their blue vertical bars covered by red pigment cells. 920:

are reflected and which are absorbed. Exciting the lattice increases the distance between the nanocrystals, and the skin reflects longer wavelengths of light. Thus, in a relaxed state the crystals reflect blue and green, but in an excited state the longer wavelengths such as yellow, orange, green, and red are reflected.

871:, but most commonly in social signaling and in reactions to temperature and other conditions. The relative importance of these functions varies with the circumstances, as well as the species. Colour change signals a chameleon's physiological condition and intentions to other chameleons. Because chameleons are 1412:

with which the tongue is launched, known to exceed 3000 W kg, exceeds that which muscle is able to produce, indicating the presence of an elastic power amplifier to power tongue projection. The recoil of elastic elements in the tongue apparatus is thus responsible for large percentages of the overall

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Although nearly half of all chameleon species today live in Madagascar, this offers no basis for speculation that chameleons might originate from there. In fact, it has recently been shown that chameleons most likely originated in mainland Africa. It appears there were two distinct oceanic migrations

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as their primary defense. Chameleons can change both their colours and their patterns (to varying extents) to resemble their surroundings or disrupt the body outline and remain hidden from a potential enemy's sight. Only if detected, chameleons actively defend themselves. They adopt a defensive body

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from their mouths to capture prey located some distance away. While the chameleons' tongues are typically thought to be one and a half to two times the length of their bodies (their length excluding the tail), smaller chameleons (both smaller species and smaller individuals of the same species) have

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While the exact evolutionary history of colour change in chameleons is still unknown, there is one aspect of the evolutionary history of chameleon colour change that has already been conclusively studied: the effects of signal efficacy. Signal efficacy, or how well the signal can be seen against its

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become sluggish as their body temperatures decline, due to a reduction in the contractile velocity of their muscles, chameleons are able to project their tongues at high performance even at low body temperatures. The thermal sensitivity of tongue retraction in chameleons, however, is not a problem,

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Chameleons have the most distinctive eyes of any reptile. The upper and lower eyelids are joined, with only a pinhole large enough for the pupil to see through. Each eye can pivot and focus independently, allowing the chameleon to observe two different objects simultaneously. This gives them a full

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tail, their laterally compressed bodies, their head casques, their projectile tongues used for catching prey, their swaying gait, and in some species crests or horns on their brow and snout. Chameleons' eyes are independently mobile, and because of this the chameleon’s brain is constantly analyzing

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The U.S. has been the main importer of chameleons since the early 1980s accounting for 69% of African reptile exports. However, there have been large declines due to tougher regulations to protect species from being taken from the wild and due to many becoming invasive in places like Florida. They

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Chameleons have two superimposed layers within their skin that control their colour and thermoregulation. The top layer contains a lattice of guanine nanocrystals, and by exciting this lattice the spacing between the nanocrystals can be manipulated, which in turn affects which wavelengths of light

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crystals. Chameleons change colour by "actively tuning the photonic response of a lattice of small guanine nanocrystals in the s-iridophores". This tuning, by an unknown molecular mechanism, changes the wavelength of light reflected off the crystals which changes the colour of the skin. The colour

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The skin of a chameleon also contains some yellow pigments, which combined with the blue reflected by a relaxed crystal lattice results in the characteristic green colour which is common of many chameleons in their relaxed state. Chameleon colour palettes have evolved through evolution and the

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Chameleons lay flexible-shelled eggs which are affected by environmental characteristics during incubation. The egg mass is the most important in differentiating survivors of Chameleon during incubation. An increase in egg mass will depend on temperature and water potential. To understand the

855:(b) Red dots: time evolution in the CIE chromaticity chart of a third male with green skin in a high-resolution video; dashed white line: optical response in numerical simulations using a face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice of guanine crystals with lattice parameter indicated with black arrows. 1277:

that have secondarily adopted a terrestrial habit have retained the same foot morphology with little modification. On each foot, the five distinguished toes are grouped into two fascicles. The toes in each fascicle are bound into a flattened group of either two or three, giving each foot a

475:, but there are also many species that live on the ground. The arboreal species use their prehensile tail as an extra anchor point when they are moving or resting in trees or bushes; because of this, their tail is often referred to as a "fifth limb". Depending on species, they range from 1416:

One consequence of the incorporation of an elastic recoil mechanism to the tongue projection mechanism is relative thermal insensitivity of tongue projection relative to tongue retraction, which is powered by muscle contraction alone, and is heavily thermally sensitive. While other

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While some authorities have previously preferred to use this subfamilial classification on the basis of the absence of evidence principle, these authorities later abandoned this subfamilial division, no longer recognizing any subfamilies with the family Chamaeleonidae.

1910: 1693:) have been known to lay clutches of 20–200 (veiled chameleons) and 10–40 (panther chameleons) eggs. Clutch sizes can also vary greatly among the same species. Eggs generally hatch after four to 12 months, again depending on the species. The eggs of 916:, conspicuous colour changes that are used for communication between chameleons have increased whereas anti-predator camouflage colour changes have decreased relative to the native source population in Kenya where there are more predators. 447:

in the family exhibit considerable variability in their capacity to change colour. For some, it is more of a shift of brightness (shades of brown); for others, a plethora of colour-combinations (reds, yellows, greens, blues) can be seen.

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dynamics of water potential in Chameleon eggs, the consideration of exerted pressure on eggshells will be essential because the pressure of eggshells play an important role in the water relation of eggs during entire incubation period

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through combinations of pink, blue, red, orange, green, black, brown, light blue, yellow, turquoise, and purple. Chameleon skin has a superficial layer which contains pigments, and under the layer are cells with very small (nanoscale)

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part of the tail to the neck; both the extent and size of the spikes vary between species and individuals. These spikes help break up the definitive outline of the chameleon, which aids it when trying to blend into a background.

767:). Since that time, however, the validity of this subfamily designation has been the subject of much debate, although most phylogenetic studies support the notion that the pygmy chameleons of the subfamily Brookesiinae are not a 978:

from the mainland to Madagascar. The diverse speciation of chameleons has been theorized to have directly reflected the increase in open habitats (savannah, grassland, and heathland) that accompanied the Oligocene period.

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posture, present an attacker with a laterally flattened body to appear larger, warn with an open mouth, and, if needed, utilize feet and jaws to fight back. Vocalization is sometimes incorporated into threat displays.

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form over three-quarters of its diet. Some experts advise that the common chameleon should not be fed exclusively on crickets; these should make up no more than half the diet, with the rest a mixture of

1534:, and other materials that make up a chameleon's skeleton, possibly giving chameleons a secondary signaling system that does not interfere with their colour-changing ability, and may have evolved from 912:, adjust their colours for camouflage depending on the vision of the specific predator species (for example, bird or snake) by which they are being threatened. In the introduced Hawaiian population of 899:

there is also some in tubercles on the body. The fluorescence is derived from bones that only are covered in very thin skin and it possibly serves a signaling role, especially in shaded habitats.

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environment. Chameleons living in the forest have a more defined and colourful palette compared to those living in the desert or savanna, which have more of a basic, brown, and charred palette.

4690:"New species of Choleoeimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the veiled chameleon, Chamaeleo calyptratus (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae), with taxonomic revision of eimerian coccidia from chameleons" 2155:, the eponymous Prince says "Excellent, i' faith, of the chameleon's dish. I eat the air, promise-crammed." This refers to the Elizabethan belief that chameleons lived on nothing but the air. 4536:

Karsten, K. B.; Ferguson G. W.; Chen T. C.; Holick M. F. (2009). "Panther chameleons, Furcifer pardalis, behaviorally regulate optimal exposure to UV depending on dietary vitamin D3 status".

1856: 1518:. The bones emitted a bright blue glow and could even shine through the chameleon's four layers of skin. The face was found to have a different glow, appearing as dots otherwise known as 1841:

of adult chameleons. Invertebrates, especially ants, put a high predation pressure on chameleon eggs and juveniles. Chameleons are unlikely to be able to flee from predators and rely on

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Nearly all species of chameleon have prehensile tails, but they most often grip with the tail when they cannot use all four feet at once, such as when passing from one twig to another.

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more than 100 mya (agamids being more closely related). Since fossils have been found in Africa, Europe, and Asia, chameleons were certainly once more widespread than they are today.

1890: 5986: 3811: 1359:. Chameleons exposed to ultraviolet light show increased social behavior and activity levels, are more inclined to bask, feed, and reproduce as it has a positive effect on the 4877: 4237: 2233: 2047:

Chameleons are popular reptile pets, mostly imported from African countries like Madagascar, Tanzania, and Togo. The most common in the trade are the Senegal chameleon (

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Berg, Philipp; Berg, Jessica; Berg, Rainer (2020). "Predator–prey interaction between a boomslang, Dispholidus types, and a flap-necked chameleon, Chamaeleo dilepis".

4510: 4351: 5845: 1679:. The female will dig a hole—from 10–30 cm (4–12 in), deep depending on the species—and deposit her eggs. Clutch sizes vary greatly with species. Small 5884: 4808:

Rabinovitch, Oded (2013). "Chameleons between Science and Literature: Observation, Writing, and the Early Parisian Academy of Sciences in the Literary Field".

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Diaz-Paniagua C, Cuadrado M (2003), "Influence of incubation conditions on hatching success, embryo development and hatchling phenotype of common chameleon (

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Glaw, Frank; Köhler, Jörn; Hawlitschek, Oliver; Ratsoavina, Fanomezana M.; Rakotoarison, Andolalao; Scherz, Mark D. & Vences, Miguel (28 January 2021).

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Tongue projection occurs at extremely high performance, reaching the prey in as little as 0.07 seconds, having been launched at accelerations exceeding 41

1352:, so there is neither an ear-opening nor an eardrum. However, chameleons are not deaf: they can detect sound frequencies in the range of 200–600 Hz. 859:(d) TEM images of guanine nanocrystals in S-iridophores in the excited state and three-dimensional model of an FCC lattice (shown in two orientations). 1618:, but each species tends to be a restricted to only one of a few different habitat types. The typical chameleons from the subfamily Chamaeleoninae are 471:

and adapted for visual hunting of invertebrates, mostly insects, although the large species also can catch small vertebrates. Chameleons typically are

5819: 1668:(although some biologists prefer to avoid the term ovoviviparous because of inconsistencies with its use in some animal groups, instead just using 5858: 1855: 3194: 3649: 3310: 1640:. Many chameleon species have small distributions and are considered threatened. Declining chameleon numbers are mostly due to habitat loss. 5075:

Herrel, A.; Meyers, J. J.; Nishikawa, K. C.; De Vree, F. (2001). "Morphology and histochemistry of the hyolingual apparatus in chameleons".

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Herrel, A.; Meyers, J. J.; Nishikawa, K. C.; De Vree, F. (2001). "Morphology and histochemistry of the hyolingual apparatus in chameleons".

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Townsend, T.; Larson, A. (2002). "Molecular phylogenetics and mitochondrial genomic evolution in the Chamaeleonidae (Reptilia, Squamata)".

4442: 857:(c) Haematoxylin and eosin staining of a cross-section of white skin showing the epidermis (ep) and the two thick layers of iridophores. 1592: 4796: 3067: 2433: 5976: 4616: 4591: 4046: 3839: 3760: 3339: 2662: 2134: 843: 618: 572: 460:

two separate, individual images of its environment. When hunting prey, the eyes focus forward in coordination, affording the animal

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conditions and from lowlands to highlands, with the vast majority occurring in Africa (about half of the species are restricted to

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Andrews (2008), "Effects of incubation temperature on growth and performance of the veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus",

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Chameleons vary greatly in size and body structure, with maximum total lengths varying from 22 mm (0.87 in) in male

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Ligon, Russell A (2014). "Defeated chameleons darken dynamically during dyadic disputes to decrease danger from dominants".

2107: 1977:. Other roundworms are transmitted through food contaminated with roundworm eggs; the larvae burrow through the wall of the 1443: 2653:

Tilbury, Colin (2014). "Overview of the Systematics of the Chamaeleonidae". In Tolley, Krystal A.; Herrel, Anthony (eds.).

2276: 1636:, which comprises the majority of the species in the subfamily Brookesiinae, live low in vegetation or on the ground among 5871: 2254: 1023:

in 2020, and was noted to have several convergently chameleon-like features, including adaptations for ballistic feeding.

275: 4330:(Cuvier, 1824) resulting in a healthy juvenile and revealing circumstantial evidence for sperm retention in this species" 3785: 2911:"Chameleons communicate with complex colour changes during contests: different body regions convey different information" 185: 3327: 1944: 1546: 1306: 1287: 1283: 2310: 2293: 5741: 2383: 2334: 4607:

Measey GJ, Raselimanana A, Herrel A (2014). "Ecology and Life History of Chameleons". In Tolley KA, Herrel A (eds.).

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Higham, T. E.; Anderson, C. V. (2014), "Function and adaptation of chameleons", in Tolley, K. A.; Herrel, A. (eds.),

1746:, is insectivorous, but eats leaves when other sources of water are not available. It can be maintained on a diet of 1479: 5966: 5798: 5150: 3593:"Extreme miniaturization of a new amniote vertebrate and insights into the evolution of genital size in chameleons" 3545: 2346: 2322: 2288: 2063:). Other chameleons seen in captivity (albeit on an irregular basis) include such species as the carpet chameleon ( 903: 31: 5889: 5971: 5811: 2683: 4981:

Anderson, C. V.; Sheridan, T.; Deban, S. M. (2012). "Scaling of the ballistic tongue apparatus in chameleons".

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Anderson, C. V.; Sheridan, T.; Deban, S. M. (2012). "Scaling of the ballistic tongue apparatus in chameleons".

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Stuart-Fox, Devi (2014). "Chameleon Behavior and Color Change". In Tolley, Krystal A.; Herrel, Anthony (eds.).

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Ott, M.; Schaeffel, F.; Kirmse, W. (1998). "Binocular vision and accommodation in prey-catching chamaeleons".

1067:. Many have head or facial ornamentation, such as nasal protrusions, or horn-like projections in the case of 2400:"Phylogeny and classification of the Chamaeleonidae (Sauria) with special reference to hemipenis morphology" 2127: 5694: 4739: 2840:

Walton, B. Michael; Bennett, Albert F. (1993). "Temperature-Dependent Color Change in Kenyan Chameleons".

1997: 1709: 1249: 1243: 1145: 1139: 1043: 955: 913: 648: 5746: 1467: 5910: 4345: 3546:"Natural Selection on Social Signals: Signal Efficacy and the Evolution of Chameleon Display coloration" 2070: 1738: 1075: 154: 5337: 3906: 2485: 1694: 5938: 2399: 1333:. Chameleons have the highest magnification (per size) of any vertebrate, with the highest density of 5767: 4902: 4817: 4751: 4406: 4083: 3709: 3491: 3432: 3375: 3147: 3015: 2715: 2702:

Teyssier, Jérémie; Saenko, Suzanne V.; van der Marel, Dirk; Milinkovitch, Michel C. (10 March 2015).

2500: 2095:. These are among the most sensitive reptiles one can own, requiring specialized attention and care. 1764: 1676: 1217: 142: 3198: 5961: 5732: 5136: 4450: 1755: 1270: 1069: 461: 394: 160: 5100: 5006: 4833: 4649: 4561: 4209: 4037:

Anderson, C. V.; Higham, T. E. (2014), "Chameleon anatomy", in Tolley, K. A.; Herrel, A. (eds.),

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Whiting, M.J.; Holland, B.S.; Keogh, J.S.; Noble, D.W.A.; Rankin, K.J.; Stuart-Fox, D. (2022).

487:), but with a single species in southern Europe, and a few across southern Asia as far east as 5897: 5754: 5268: 5092: 5056: 4998: 4969: 4930: 4859: 4767: 4711: 4612: 4587: 4553: 4422: 4201: 4159: 4111: 4042: 4014: 3948: 3880: 3835: 3805: 3756: 3725: 3645: 3622: 3565: 3515: 3507: 3460: 3401: 3335: 3306: 3253: 3235: 3175: 3116: 3049: 3031: 2940: 2857: 2800: 2749: 2731: 2658: 2635: 2583: 2526: 2466: 2429: 1936: 1801: 1623: 1496: 1392: 1356: 1302: 1171: 1165: 1014: 848: 817: 807: 166: 5850: 3421:"The first record of albanerpetontid amphibians (Amphibia: Albanerpetontidae) from East Asia" 5925: 5902: 5575: 5350: 5258: 5243: 5084: 5046: 5038: 4990: 4959: 4920: 4910: 4825: 4759: 4701: 4641: 4545: 4414: 4378: 4304: 4193: 4149: 4101: 4091: 4004: 3996: 3940: 3872: 3717: 3674: 3612: 3604: 3557: 3499: 3450: 3440: 3391: 3383: 3243: 3225: 3165: 3155: 3106: 3098: 3039: 3023: 2967: 2930: 2922: 2884: 2849: 2790: 2780: 2739: 2723: 2625: 2617: 2573: 2565: 2554:"Eastward from Africa: Palaeocurrent-mediated chameleon dispersal to the Seychelles islands" 2516: 2508: 2458: 2192: 2079: 1897: 1747: 1686: 1535: 1431: 1423: 1326: 1319: 1119: 1113: 937: 811: 580: 537: 436: 421: 148: 121: 4785: 4582:

Stuart-Fox D (2014). "Chameleon Behavior and Color Change". In Tolley KA, Herrel A (eds.).

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Chameleons of Africa, An Atlas including the chameleons of Europe, the Middle East and Asia

5618: 5585: 5528: 5248: 2819: 2298: 2264: 2123: 1881: 1728:, but larger species, such as the common chameleon, may also take other lizards and young 1572: 1568: 1409: 1019: 519: 172: 4891:"Ballistic tongue projection in chameleons maintains high performance at low temperature" 4072:"Ballistic tongue projection in chameleons maintains high performance at low temperature" 2606:"Large-scale phylogeny of chameleons suggests African origins and Eocene diversification" 4906: 4821: 4755: 4410: 4087: 3713: 3495: 3436: 3379: 3151: 3087:"Camouflage, communication and thermoregulation: lessons from colour changing organisms" 3019: 2719: 2504: 1947:, turned black and opened its mouth when an attempt was made to move it off a busy road. 1026: 966:

The chameleons are probably far older than that, perhaps sharing a common ancestor with

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Ott, Matthias; Schaeffel, Frank (1995). "A negatively powered lens in the chameleon".

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regions and inhabit all kinds of lowland and mountain forests, woodlands, shrublands,

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are best known for their distinct range of colours, being capable of colour-shifting

84: 46: 5010: 3892: 3686: 3577: 3480:"Enigmatic amphibians in mid-Cretaceous amber were chameleon-like ballistic feeders" 2979: 2869: 778:

In 2015, however, Glaw reworked the subfamilial division by placing only the genera

5673: 5638: 5538: 5513: 5440: 5365: 5104: 3960: 3737: 2853: 2538: 2359: 2145: 1503: 1360: 888: 791: 768: 688: 680: 523: 456: 291: 247: 2697: 2695: 2693: 5759: 4763: 3445: 3230: 3214:"Selection for Social Signalling Drives the Evolution of Chameleon Colour Change" 2785: 2769:"Selection for Social Signalling Drives the Evolution of Chameleon Colour Change" 2083:), and several species of pygmy and leaf-tailed chameleons, mostly of the genera 1086:

Typical sizes of species of chameleon commonly kept in captivity or as pets are:

5876: 5832: 5726: 5663: 5648: 5628: 5580: 5518: 5493: 5450: 5412: 5393: 5315: 5301: 5263: 4325: 3364:"Mid-Cretaceous amber fossils illuminate the past diversity of tropical lizards" 1966: 1790: 1654: 1637: 1607: 1576: 1372: 1006: 959:

from the Lower Miocene (about 13–23 mya) of the Czech Republic and Germany, and

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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levels, of which their insect diet is a poor source, by exposing themselves to

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lizards species are still inactive, likely temporarily expanding their thermal

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360-degree arc of vision around their bodies. Prey is located using monocular

998: 950: 868: 837: 711: 484: 476: 468: 452: 440: 367: 104: 69: 4771: 3511: 3239: 3136:"Invasive chameleons released from predation display more conspicuous colors" 3035: 3002:

Prötzel, David; Heß, Martin; Scherz, Mark D.; et al. (15 January 2018).

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Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part A, Ecological Genetics and Physiology

4205: 4163: 4115: 4018: 4000: 3952: 3884: 3626: 3569: 3519: 3478:

Daza, Juan D.; Stanley, Edward L.; Bolet, Arnau; et al. (2020-11-06).

3464: 3405: 3387: 3257: 3179: 3160: 3120: 3102: 3053: 2944: 2926: 2804: 2753: 2639: 2621: 2587: 2569: 2530: 2470: 2462: 1083:, and males are typically much more ornamented than the female chameleons. 5119: 3729: 3678: 5711: 5643: 5473: 5445: 5388: 5383: 5311: 5204: 5192: 5173: 4738:

Carpenter, Angus I.; Marcus Rowcliffe, J.; Watkinso n, Andrew R. (2004).

4706: 2521: 2197: 2180: 2029: 2012: 1962: 1958: 1813: 1619: 1603: 1580: 1519: 1396: 990: 892: 751: 739: 472: 346: 318: 237: 217: 99: 94: 79: 74: 64: 5027:"Evidence for an elastic projection mechanism in the chameleon tongue. " 4267:"Habitat loss and fragmentation reduce chameleon population in Tanzania" 3362:

Daza, Juan D.; Stanley, Edward L.; Wagner, Philipp; et al. (2016).

5465: 5355: 5198: 4994: 4964: 4943: 4154: 4133: 3876: 2727: 2023: 1989: 1842: 1782: 1611: 1523: 1515: 1403: 1295: 1291: 1002: 989:(2016) described a small (10.6 mm in snout-vent length), probably 971: 832: 826: 786: 727: 705: 504: 444: 332: 304: 227: 114: 89: 5088: 4645: 4309: 4292: 3985:"Evidence for an elastic projection mechanism in the chameleon tongue" 3944: 1924:

while crossing a road in Namibia adopts a threatening defense posture.

5837: 5623: 5186: 3721: 1866: 1834: 1773: 1743: 1725: 1615: 1531: 1380: 1338: 994: 820:. Different chameleon species are able to vary their colouration and 679:

In 1986, the family Chamaeleonidae was divided into two subfamilies,

500: 480: 432: 207: 5824: 5688: 5142: 4418: 2512: 5785: 4549: 3561: 1553:, Lokobe Strict Reserve. The 30 species of chameleons in the genus 5668: 5296: 5230: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 2106: 1970: 1830: 1584: 1545: 1388: 1345: 1279: 1042: 931: 842: 624: 514: 488: 428: 1762:

The common chameleon of Europe, North Africa, and the Near East,

1622:, usually living in trees or bushes, although a few (notably the 4948:

muscle dynamics of the ballistic tongue apparatus in chameleons"

4138:

muscle dynamics of the ballistic tongue apparatus in chameleons"

3834:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 63–83, 1769: 1729: 1567:

and on the island of Madagascar, although a few species live in

435:

with 200 species described as of June 2015. The members of this

5692: 5146: 4177:

Herrel, A.; Meyers, J. J.; Aerts, P.; Nishikawa, K. C. (2000).

4041:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 7–55, 1984:

Chameleons are subject to several protozoan parasites, such as

4878:"Scientists find Madagascar chameleon last seen 100 years ago" 4586:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 115–130. 3755:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 115–130. 2657:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 151–174. 2552:

Townsend, T. M.; Tolley, K. A.; Glaw, F.; et al. (2011).

2484:

Raxworthy, C. J.; Forstner, M. R. J.; Nussbaum, R. A. (2002).

2181:"Taxonomic checklist of chameleons (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)" 1794: 1732:. The range of diets can be seen from the following examples: 1495:

Certain species of chameleons have bones that glow when under

1349: 552: 5772: 4611:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 85–114. 4324:

Laube, Alexandra; Negro, Thorsten; Augustin, Andreas (2020).

3544:

Stuart-Fox, D.; Moussalli, Adnan; Whiting, Martin J. (2007).

2335: 2311: 2277: 662: 652: 638: 4127: 4125: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 3792:. August 2004. Archived from the original on 22 January 2008 2704:"Photonic crystals cause active colour change in chameleons" 2234:"Inside the Secretive World of Florida's Chameleon Catchers" 1969:). Threadworms can be transmitted by biting insects such as 1797:, and plant materials such as green leaves, oats, and fruit. 4297:

Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research

4032: 4030: 4028: 3825: 3823: 3821: 2111:

Chameleon in a German translation of Gessner's book (1563).

1817: 607: 595: 586: 561: 558: 543: 1829:

Chameleons are preyed upon by a variety of other animals.

1599:, non-native populations are found in Hawaii and Florida. 604: 2130:, noting their ability to change colour for camouflage. 1675:

The oviparous species lay eggs three to six weeks after

1575:(Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece, Cyprus and Malta), the 861:(e) TEM image of guanine nanocrystals in D-iridophores. 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 1559:

are tiny, usually brown-colored and mainly terrestrial.

30:

This article is about the reptile. For other uses, see

4513:. Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from 4293:"Evolutionary origins of viviparity in Chamaeleonidae" 3642:

A Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar

4238:"Chameleon Bones Glow in the Dark, Even Through Skin" 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2599: 2597: 1750:. They can eat as many as 15–50 large crickets a day. 619: 610: 583: 573: 564: 540: 3068:

Chameleons fine-tune camouflage to predator's vision

2212:

Edmonds, Patricia (September 2015). "True colours".

598: 555: 5701: 5594: 5556: 5547: 5464: 5411: 5364: 5336: 5310: 5277: 5229: 5213: 4326:"781 days in the egg: Prolonged incubation time in 2604:Tolley, K. A.; Townsend, T. M.; Vences, M. (2013). 1685:species may only lay two to four eggs, while large 749:, as well as the genera later split off from them ( 703:, as well as the genera later split off from them ( 592: 589: 549: 546: 4472: 4470: 4468: 3004:"Widespread bone-based fluorescence in chameleons" 2126:(1st century AD) also discusses chameleons in his 963:from the Upper Miocene (about 5–13 mya) of Kenya. 4854:Le Berre, François; Bartlett, Richard D. (2009). 3212:Stuart-Fox, Devi; Moussalli, Adnan (2008-01-29). 1387:The tongue apparatus consists of highly modified 794:subfamily, with all other genera being placed in 4784:Aristotle, History of Animals, Book II, Part 11 4740:"The dynamics of the global trade in chameleons" 4179:"The mechanics of prey prehension in chameleons" 3810:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1282:-like appearance. On the front feet, the outer, 816:Some chameleon species are able to change their 2419: 2417: 982:of the family is supported by several studies. 863:Scale bars, 20 mm ( c); 200 nm (d,e). 3644:(2 ed.). Köln: Verlags GbR. p. 253. 2682:. National Geographic Explorer. Archived from 1348:, chameleons do not have an outer or a middle 1286:, group contains two toes, whereas the inner, 1073:, or large crests on top of their heads, like 5158: 4437: 4435: 4405:(8), Journal of Experimental Zooly: 435–446, 3197:. National Geographic Society. Archived from 2118:(4th century BC) describes chameleons in his 1563:Chameleons primarily live in the mainland of 1269:The feet of chameleons are highly adapted to 1061:) to 68.5 cm (27.0 in) in the male 891:in a species specific pattern in their skull 867:Colour change in chameleons has functions in 8: 5031:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 5025:de Groot, J. H.; van Leeuwen, J. L. (2004). 4858:. Barron's Educational Series. 3rd Edition. 4350:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3989:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 3983:de Groot, J. H.; van Leeuwen, J. L. (2004). 3269: 3267: 2909:Ligon, Russell A.; McGraw, Kevin J. (2013). 1017:amphibian. This specimen was given the name 953:) of China. Other chameleon fossils include 5987:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque 4511:"Reptiles and Amphibians: Veiled Chameleon" 2848:(2). University of Chicago Press: 270–287. 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 1701:) typically take 400 to 660 days to hatch. 949:from the Middle Paleocene (about 58.7–61.7 628: 601: 451:Chameleons are also distinguished by their 427:) are a distinctive and highly specialized 5689: 5553: 5320: 5165: 5151: 5143: 3539: 3537: 2486:"Chameleon radiation by oceanic dispersal" 1088: 393: 131: 38: 5050: 4963: 4924: 4914: 4705: 4382: 4308: 4153: 4105: 4095: 4008: 3616: 3454: 3444: 3395: 3276:"Chamaeleo calyptratus, Veiled Chameleon" 3247: 3229: 3169: 3159: 3110: 3043: 2934: 2794: 2784: 2743: 2629: 2577: 2520: 2196: 1013:(2018) reinterpreted this specimen as an 4674: 4672: 3419:Ryoko Matsumoto; Susan E. Evans (2018). 3301:Tolley, Krystal; Burger, Marius (2007). 2011:Chameleons are subject to parasitism by 1820:component increases internal production. 1025: 1009:-chamaeleonid. However, Matsumoto & 2257:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 2164: 1848: 1708:The ovoviviparous species, such as the 1522:on facial bones. The glow results from 1436: 1355:Chameleons can see in both visible and 4944:"Thermal effects on motor control and 4942:Anderson, C. V.; Deban, S. M. (2012). 4889:Anderson, C. V.; Deban, S. M. (2010). 4688:Sloboda, Michal; Modrý, David (2006). 4343: 4291:Hughes, D.F.; Blackburn, D.G. (2020). 4134:"Thermal effects on motor control and 4132:Anderson, C. V.; Deban, S. M. (2012). 4070:Anderson, C. V.; Deban, S. M. (2010). 3803: 3326:Bolet A, Evans SE (16 November 2013). 3195:"The colourful Language of Chameleons" 3085:Stuart-Fox, D.; Moussalli, A. (2009). 2767:Stuart-Fox, D.; Moussalli, A. (2008). 847:Colour change and iridophore types in 4797:Pliny the Elder, Natural History 8.51 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4577: 4575: 4231: 4229: 2451:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1591:, and several smaller islands in the 7: 5812:995092ba-385c-426b-ad1c-3af453f88325 5019:Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding. 4477:Dever, Jennifer (December 5, 2007). 3640:Glaw, Frank; Vences, Miguel (1994). 2227: 2225: 993:lizard preserved in the Cretaceous ( 406: Native range of Chamaeleonidae 3667:Journal of Comparative Physiology A 2960:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1449:Tongue structure, with cup-like end 1305:extending along the spine from the 1185:about 5 (2–3 for birthing females) 5982:Extant Paleocene first appearances 3274:Maisano, Jessie (27 August 2003). 3091:Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2610:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2051:), the Yemen or veiled chameleon ( 2015:, including species of the genera 943:The oldest described chameleon is 25: 3330:. In Tolley KA, Herrel A (eds.). 1514:, displayed this fluorescence in 5130: 5118: 5071:Advanced Vivarium Systems, 2004. 3905:Anderson, Christopher V. (2009) 1929: 1909: 1889: 1873: 1851: 1478: 1466: 1454: 1442: 906:and several others in the genus 579: 536: 184: 5021:Hancock House Publishers, 1997. 4952:Journal of Experimental Biology 4186:Journal of Experimental Biology 4142:Journal of Experimental Biology 3282:. University of Texas at Austin 2885:"The Adaptations of Chameleons" 2428:. Frankfurt: Edition Chimaira. 2404:Bonner Zoologische Monographien 1506:. Some 31 different species of 1413:tongue projection performance. 1250:Usambara pitted pygmy chameleon 3328:"Fossil History of Chameleons" 2854:10.1086/physzool.66.2.30163690 2398:Klaver, C.; Böhme, W. (1986). 2133:The chameleon was featured in 1965:worms, including threadworms ( 623:) is a simplified spelling of 1: 5069:Essential Care of Chameleons. 4678:Le Berre and Bartlett, p. 109 4666:Le Berre and Bartlett, p. 110 4449:. Toronto Zoo. Archived from 3303:Chameleons of Southern Africa 2820:"How Animal Camouflage Works" 1602:Chameleons are found only in 1371:All chameleons are primarily 687:. Under this classification, 4764:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.002 4236:Elaina Zachos (2018-01-18). 3775:Le Berre and Bartlett, p. 31 3446:10.1371/journal.pone.0189767 3334:. Univ of California Press. 3231:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060025 2786:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060025 2059:), and Jackson's chameleon ( 1945:Namib-Naukluft National Park 4484:. usfca.edu. Archived from 2818:Harris, Tom (18 May 2001). 2384:Online Etymology Dictionary 1626:) are partially or largely 946:Anqingosaurus brevicephalus 6003: 4830:10.1177/007327531305100102 4634:African Journal of Ecology 4384:10.1163/156853803322763891 3609:10.1038/s41598-020-80955-1 3305:. Struik. pp. 26–28. 3028:10.1038/s41598-017-19070-7 2336: 2312: 2278: 2055:), the panther chameleon ( 2040: 1510:chameleons, all native to 1485:Bringing prey to the mouth 1317: 805: 663: 653: 639: 32:Chameleon (disambiguation) 29: 5323: 5181: 4609:The Biology of Chameleons 4584:The Biology of Chameleons 4328:Calumma parsonii parsonii 4039:The Biology of Chameleons 3832:The Biology of Chameleons 3753:The Biology of Chameleons 3351:– via Google Books. 3332:The Biology of Chameleons 3193:Patricia Edmonds (2015). 2972:10.1007/s00265-014-1713-z 2655:The Biology of Chameleons 2103:Historical understandings 1916:A flap-necked chameleon, 1825:Anti-predator adaptations 1800:Some chameleons like the 1724:Chameleons generally eat 840:of pieces of white skin. 401: 392: 288: 283: 181:Scientific classification 179: 140:Clockwise from top left: 139: 130: 41: 5977:Afrotropical realm fauna 1542:Distribution and habitat 1438:Use of tongue in feeding 1377:ballistically projecting 1224:Spectral pygmy chameleon 1192:Rieppeleon brevicaudatus 4916:10.1073/pnas.0910778107 4744:Biological Conservation 4198:10.1242/jeb.203.21.3255 4097:10.1073/pnas.0910778107 3550:The American Naturalist 3504:10.1126/science.abb6005 2424:Tilbury, Colin (2010). 2294:A Greek–English Lexicon 2077:), Parson’s chameleon ( 1837:are the most important 1301:Some chameleons have a 1198:Bearded pygmy chameleon 1156:Green and light colours 1130:Green and light colours 904:Smith's dwarf chameleon 5067:de Vosjoli, Philippe. 5043:10.1098/rspb.2003.2637 4856:The Chameleon Handbook 4538:Physiol. Biochem. Zool 4001:10.1098/rspb.2003.2637 3388:10.1126/sciadv.1501080 3161:10.1126/sciadv.abn2415 3103:10.1098/rstb.2008.0254 2927:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0892 2622:10.1098/rspb.2013.0184 2570:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0701 2463:10.1006/mpev.2001.1076 2232:Daly, Natasha (2017). 2112: 2049:Chamaeleo senegalensis 1981:into the bloodstream. 1736:The veiled chameleon, 1560: 1273:, and species such as 1244:Rhampholeon temporalis 1048: 1031: 956:Chamaeleo caroliquarti 940: 902:Some species, such as 864: 830:change was duplicated 661:) "on the ground" and 629: 527: 443:. The large number of 5911:Paleobiology Database 5077:Journal of Morphology 4983:Journal of Morphology 3933:Journal of Morphology 3865:Journal of Morphology 3679:10.1007/s003590050182 2842:Physiological Zoology 2708:Nature Communications 2285:Liddell, Henry George 2110: 2053:Chamaeleo calyptratus 1865:(video) Chameleon in 1753:Jackson's chameleon ( 1739:Chamaeleo calyptratus 1691:Chamaeleo calyptratus 1549: 1318:Further information: 1303:crest of small spikes 1275:Chamaeleo namaquensis 1114:Chamaeleo calyptratus 1076:Chamaeleo calyptratus 1046: 1029: 1001:boundary) amber from 961:Chamaeleo intermedius 935: 846: 806:Further information: 634:, a borrowing of the 518: 155:Chamaeleo namaquensis 5807:Fauna Europaea (new) 5127:at Wikimedia Commons 4849:General bibliography 4707:10.14411/fp.2006.012 4694:Folia Parasitologica 4453:on November 11, 2011 4443:"African Rainforest" 4367:Chamaeleo chamaeleon 4192:(Pt 21): 3255–3263. 3912:. chamaeleonidae.com 3908:Rhampholeon spinosus 2678:Sharon Katz Cooper. 2244:on November 9, 2020. 2198:10.3897/vz.65.e31518 2140:(1563), copied from 1902:Chamaeleo chamaeleon 1765:Chamaeleo chamaeleon 1648:Most chameleons are 1593:western Indian Ocean 1461:Tongue begins strike 1397:collagenous elements 1218:Rhampholeon spectrum 1057:(one of the world's 719:included the genera 691:included the genera 143:Chamaeleo chamaeleon 4907:2010PNAS..107.5495A 4822:2013HisSc..51...33R 4756:2004BCons.120..291C 4491:on February 3, 2015 4447:Jackson's Chameleon 4411:2008JEZA..309..435A 4248:on January 18, 2018 4242:National Geographic 4088:2010PNAS..107.5495A 3714:1995Natur.373..692O 3496:2020Sci...370..687D 3437:2018PLoSO..1389767M 3380:2016SciA....2E1080D 3152:2022SciA....8N2415W 3066:Young, Emma (2008) 3020:2018NatSR...8..698P 2720:2015NatCo...6.6368T 2505:2002Natur.415..784R 2238:National Geographic 2215:National Geographic 2061:Trioceros jacksonii 1880:Chameleon found in 1756:Trioceros jacksonii 1714:Trioceros jacksonii 1710:Jackson's chameleon 1419:ectothermic animals 1271:arboreal locomotion 1208:Brown, beige, green 1146:Jackson's chameleon 1140:Trioceros jacksonii 1079:. Many species are 1070:Trioceros jacksonii 914:Jackson's chameleon 520:Mughal era painting 462:stereoscopic vision 161:Trioceros jacksonii 5017:Davison, Linda J. 4995:10.1002/jmor.20053 4965:10.1242/jeb.078881 4810:History of Science 4479:"Common Chameleon" 4155:10.1242/jeb.078881 3877:10.1002/jmor.20053 3597:Scientific Reports 3008:Scientific Reports 2728:10.1038/ncomms7368 2616:(1759): 20130184. 2558:Biological Letters 2260:A Latin Dictionary 2185:Vertebrate Zoology 2137:Historia animalium 2120:History of Animals 2113: 2071:Meller’s chameleon 2066:Furcifer lateralis 2043:Chameleon ranching 1695:Parson's chameleon 1565:sub-Saharan Africa 1561: 1081:sexually dimorphic 1064:Furcifer oustaleti 1049: 1032: 1030:Chameleon in Ghana 941: 865: 849:panther chameleons 528: 522:of a chameleon by 27:Family of reptiles 5967:Lizards of Africa 5949: 5948: 5898:Open Tree of Life 5695:Taxon identifiers 5686: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5407: 5406: 5338:Gymnophthalmoidea 5269:Sphaerodactylidae 5123:Media related to 5089:10.1002/jmor.1047 5037:(1540): 761–770. 4989:(11): 1214–1226. 4958:(24): 4345–4357. 4901:(12): 5495–5499. 4646:10.1111/aje.12782 4371:Amphibia-Reptilia 4334:Herpetology Notes 4310:10.1111/jzs.12328 4148:(24): 4345–4357. 4082:(12): 5495–5499. 3995:(1540): 761–770. 3945:10.1002/jmor.1047 3871:(11): 1214–1226. 3790:Chameleonnews.com 3786:"Chamaeleon News" 3708:(6516): 692–694. 3651:978-3-929449-01-3 3490:(6517): 687–691. 3312:978-1-77007-375-3 3097:(1516): 463–470. 2822:. How Stuff Works 2499:(6873): 784–787. 2377:Harper, Douglas. 2179:Glaw, F. (2015). 2151:In Shakespeare's 2135:Conrad Gessner's 2075:Trioceros melleri 2057:Furcifer pardalis 1998:sleeping sickness 1937:Namaqua chameleon 1918:Chamaeleo dilepis 1860: 1802:panther chameleon 1687:veiled chameleons 1658:species and many 1624:Namaqua chameleon 1497:ultraviolet light 1357:ultraviolet light 1267: 1266: 1172:Panther chameleon 1166:Furcifer pardalis 1107:Lifespan (years) 1059:smallest reptiles 836:by modifying the 808:Animal coloration 530:The English word 495:. They have been 411: 410: 279: 167:Furcifer pardalis 125: 16:(Redirected from 5994: 5972:Lizards of India 5942: 5941: 5929: 5928: 5919: 5918: 5906: 5905: 5893: 5892: 5880: 5879: 5877:NHMSYS0000065901 5867: 5866: 5854: 5853: 5841: 5840: 5828: 5827: 5815: 5814: 5802: 5801: 5789: 5788: 5776: 5775: 5763: 5762: 5750: 5749: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5690: 5576:Leptotyphlopidae 5554: 5351:Gymnophthalmidae 5321: 5259:Phyllodactylidae 5244:Carphodactylidae 5167: 5160: 5153: 5144: 5135:Data related to 5134: 5122: 5108: 5064: 5054: 5014: 4977: 4967: 4938: 4928: 4918: 4885: 4882:Associated Press 4842: 4841: 4805: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4735: 4720: 4719: 4709: 4685: 4679: 4676: 4667: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4579: 4570: 4569: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4490: 4483: 4474: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4439: 4430: 4429: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4349: 4341: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4244:. Archived from 4233: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4214: 4208:. Archived from 4183: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4157: 4129: 4120: 4119: 4109: 4099: 4067: 4052: 4051: 4034: 4023: 4022: 4012: 3980: 3965: 3964: 3928: 3913: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3860: 3845: 3844: 3827: 3816: 3815: 3809: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3722:10.1038/373692a0 3697: 3691: 3690: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3620: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3541: 3532: 3531: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3458: 3448: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3399: 3368:Science Advances 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3271: 3262: 3261: 3251: 3233: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3173: 3163: 3146:(19): eabn2415. 3140:Science Advances 3131: 3125: 3124: 3114: 3082: 3076: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3047: 2999: 2984: 2983: 2966:(6): 1007–1017. 2955: 2949: 2948: 2938: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2798: 2788: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2747: 2699: 2688: 2687: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2633: 2601: 2592: 2591: 2581: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2524: 2490: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2421: 2412: 2411: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2356: 2350: 2339: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2315: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2240:. Archived from 2229: 2220: 2219: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2176: 2080:Calumma parsonii 1933: 1920:, attacked by a 1913: 1898:common chameleon 1893: 1884:, Southern India 1877: 1862: 1861: 1614:, and sometimes 1551:Brookesia minima 1536:sexual selection 1499:, also known as 1482: 1470: 1458: 1446: 1424:thermoregulation 1327:depth perception 1320:Chameleon vision 1120:Veiled chameleon 1089: 938:common chameleon 812:Signaling theory 666: 665: 656: 655: 642: 641: 632: 617: 616: 613: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 571: 570: 567: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 407: 405: 397: 274: 189: 188: 149:Calumma parsonii 135: 122:Middle Paleocene 120: 119: 56: 45:Temporal range: 39: 21: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5937: 5932: 5924: 5922: 5914: 5909: 5901: 5896: 5888: 5883: 5875: 5870: 5862: 5857: 5849: 5844: 5836: 5831: 5823: 5818: 5810: 5805: 5797: 5792: 5784: 5779: 5771: 5766: 5758: 5753: 5745: 5740: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5697: 5687: 5678: 5639:Cylindrophiidae 5619:Atractaspididae 5590: 5586:Xenotyphlopidae 5543: 5529:Phrynosomatidae 5460: 5403: 5360: 5332: 5306: 5273: 5249:Diplodactylidae 5225: 5209: 5177: 5171: 5115: 5074: 5024: 4980: 4941: 4888: 4876: 4873: 4871:Further reading 4851: 4846: 4845: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4737: 4736: 4723: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4581: 4580: 4573: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4520: 4518: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4476: 4475: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4441: 4440: 4433: 4419:10.1002/jez.470 4396: 4395: 4391: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4342: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4251: 4249: 4235: 4234: 4227: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4181: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4131: 4130: 4123: 4069: 4068: 4055: 4049: 4036: 4035: 4026: 3982: 3981: 3968: 3930: 3929: 3916: 3904: 3900: 3862: 3861: 3848: 3842: 3829: 3828: 3819: 3802: 3795: 3793: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3543: 3542: 3535: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3431:(1): e0189767. 3418: 3417: 3413: 3374:(3): e1501080. 3361: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3273: 3272: 3265: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3201:on 11 Mar 2016. 3192: 3191: 3187: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3065: 3061: 3001: 3000: 2987: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2921:(6): 20130892. 2915:Biology Letters 2908: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2701: 2700: 2691: 2686:on 20 Aug 2008. 2677: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2603: 2602: 2595: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2513:10.1038/415784a 2488: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2423: 2422: 2415: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2333: 2329: 2309: 2305: 2299:Perseus Project 2275: 2271: 2265:Perseus Project 2253: 2249: 2231: 2230: 2223: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2178: 2177: 2166: 2161: 2128:Natural History 2124:Pliny the Elder 2105: 2045: 2039: 2004:, which causes 1996:, which causes 1988:, which causes 1957:Chameleons are 1955: 1948: 1934: 1925: 1914: 1905: 1904:) turned black. 1894: 1885: 1878: 1869: 1863: 1852: 1827: 1808:regulate their 1722: 1699:Calumma parsoni 1646: 1573:southern Europe 1569:northern Africa 1544: 1493: 1486: 1483: 1474: 1471: 1462: 1459: 1450: 1447: 1369: 1322: 1316: 1101:Length (female) 1092:Scientific name 1041: 1020:Yaksha perettii 1015:albanerpetontid 930: 862: 860: 858: 856: 854: 852: 818:skin coloration 814: 804: 802:Change of color 677: 582: 578: 539: 535: 513: 467:Chameleons are 403: 402: 273: 183: 173:Brookesia micra 126: 118: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 51: 50: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6000: 5998: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5954: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5930: 5920: 5907: 5894: 5881: 5868: 5855: 5842: 5829: 5816: 5803: 5794:Fauna Europaea 5790: 5777: 5764: 5751: 5738: 5733:Chamaeleonidae 5723: 5707: 5705: 5703:Chamaeleonidae 5699: 5698: 5693: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5659:Tropidophiidae 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5596:Alethinophidia 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5566:Anomalepididae 5562: 5560: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5509:Leiocephalidae 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5484:Corytophanidae 5481: 5479:Chamaeleonidae 5476: 5470: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5456:Diploglossidae 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5436:Helodermatidae 5433: 5428: 5423: 5417: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5374:Amphisbaenidae 5370: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5346:Alopoglossidae 5342: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5292:Gerrhosauridae 5289: 5283: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5235: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5139:at Wikispecies 5137:Chamaeleonidae 5128: 5125:Chamaeleonidae 5114: 5113:External links 5111: 5110: 5109: 5083:(2): 154–170. 5072: 5065: 5022: 5015: 4978: 4939: 4886: 4884:. 30 Oct 2020. 4872: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4800: 4789: 4777: 4750:(2): 291–301. 4721: 4680: 4668: 4659: 4640:(4): 855–859. 4624: 4617: 4599: 4592: 4571: 4550:10.1086/597525 4528: 4502: 4464: 4431: 4389: 4377:(4): 429–440, 4357: 4316: 4303:(1): 284–302. 4283: 4258: 4225: 4169: 4121: 4053: 4047: 4024: 3966: 3939:(2): 154–170. 3914: 3898: 3846: 3840: 3817: 3777: 3768: 3761: 3743: 3692: 3673:(3): 319–330. 3657: 3650: 3632: 3583: 3562:10.1086/522835 3556:(6): 916–930. 3533: 3470: 3411: 3354: 3340: 3318: 3311: 3293: 3263: 3204: 3185: 3126: 3077: 3059: 2985: 2950: 2901: 2875: 2832: 2810: 2759: 2689: 2670: 2663: 2645: 2593: 2564:(2): 225–228. 2544: 2476: 2441: 2435:978-3899734515 2434: 2413: 2390: 2369: 2364:Dictionary.com 2351: 2327: 2303: 2269: 2247: 2221: 2204: 2191:(2): 167–246. 2163: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2142:De aquatilibus 2104: 2101: 2038: 2035: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1941:threat display 1935: 1928: 1926: 1915: 1908: 1906: 1895: 1888: 1886: 1879: 1872: 1870: 1864: 1850: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1798: 1768:, mainly eats 1760: 1751: 1721: 1718: 1645: 1642: 1543: 1540: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1477: 1475: 1473:Capturing prey 1472: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1441: 1439: 1393:tongue muscles 1368: 1365: 1315: 1312: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1260:Gray and brown 1258: 1255: 1252: 1247: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1221: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1195: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1182:Darker colours 1180: 1177: 1174: 1169: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1143: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1117: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1054:Brookesia nana 1040: 1037: 929: 926: 803: 800: 796:Chamaeleoninae 717:Chamaeleoninae 685:Chamaeleoninae 676: 675:Classification 673: 574:kuh-MEEL-ee-un 512: 509: 425:Chamaeleonidae 409: 408: 399: 398: 390: 389: 388: 387: 386: 385: 378: 371: 364: 357: 350: 343: 336: 329: 322: 313:Chamaeleoninae 310: 309: 308: 301: 286: 285: 281: 280: 271:Chamaeleonidae 268: 264: 263: 258: 251: 250: 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 225: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 177: 176: 137: 136: 128: 127: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 57: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5999: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5614:Anomochilidae 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5604:Acrochordidae 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5571:Gerrhopilidae 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5558:Scolecophidia 5555: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5534:Polychrotidae 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5499:Hoplocercidae 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5489:Crotaphytidae 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5426:Lanthanotidae 5424: 5422: 5421:Shinisauridae 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5399:Trogonophidae 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5254:Eublepharidae 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5175: 5168: 5163: 5161: 5156: 5154: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4947: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4681: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4625: 4620: 4618:9780520276055 4614: 4610: 4603: 4600: 4595: 4593:9780520276055 4589: 4585: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4544:(3): 218–25. 4543: 4539: 4532: 4529: 4517:on 2011-12-17 4516: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4358: 4353: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4329: 4320: 4317: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4284: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4215:on 2010-06-20 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4137: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4048:9780520276055 4044: 4040: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3910:feeding video 3909: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3841:9780520276055 3837: 3833: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3764: 3762:9780520276055 3758: 3754: 3747: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3658: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3355: 3343: 3341:9780520276055 3337: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3319: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3294: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3073:New Scientist 3069: 3063: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2902: 2890: 2886: 2883:Cook, Maria. 2879: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2833: 2821: 2814: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2671: 2666: 2664:9780520276055 2660: 2656: 2649: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2571: 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