281:
2695:
date even later, towards the end of the 4th century, having previously regarded the 6th of
January as the day of gift-giving, as it still is in the Italian community of Befana. The winter solstice was a time of festivity in every traditional culture, and the Christian Christmas probably took its place within this mythical context of the solar cult. Its core dogma of the Incarnation, however, solidly established the giving and receiving of gifts as the structural principle of that recurrent yet unique event. 'Children were given presents as the Jesus child received gifts from the magi or kings who came from afar to adore him. But in reality it was they, together with all their fellow men, who received the gift of God through man's renewed participation in the divine life' (ibid.: 61).
1012:
574:
402:
38:
844:
639:
1289:
757:" was copyrighted in 1857. In the 19th and 20th centuries, African-American spirituals and songs about Christmas, based on the tradition of spirituals, became more widely known. An increasing number of seasonal holiday songs were commercially produced in the 20th century, including jazz and blues variations. In addition, there was a revival of interest in early music, from groups singing folk music, such as The Revels, to performers of early medieval and classical music.
1126:
527:
1285:. At his first American appearance in 1810, Santa Claus was drawn in bishops' robes. However, as new artists took over, Santa Claus developed more secular attire. Nast drew a new image of "Santa Claus" annually, beginning in 1863. By the 1880s, Nast's Santa had evolved into the modern vision of the figure, perhaps based on the English figure of Father Christmas. The image was standardized by advertisers in the 1920s and continues through the present day.
182:
924:
465:); it is an evergreen parasitic plant that grows on trees, especially apple and poplar, and turns golden when it is dried. It is customary to hang a sprig of mistletoe in the house at Christmas, and anyone standing underneath it may be kissed. Mistletoe has sticky white berries, one of which was traditionally removed whenever someone was kissed under it. This is probably a fertility ritual. The mistletoe berry juice resembles semen.
1341:"children's books, periodicals and journals" of New Amsterdam by Charles Jones revealed no references to Saint Nicholas or Sinterklaas. However, not all scholars agree with Jones's findings, which he reiterated in a book-length study in 1978; Howard G. Hageman, of New Brunswick Theological Seminary, maintains that the tradition of celebrating Sinterklaas in New York was alive and well from the early settlement of the
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139:
1134:
469:
798:
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2002:
Christmas is the occasional of family reunions. Grandmother always has the place of honor. As the time approaches for enjoying the tree, she gathers her grandchildren about her, to tell them the story of the Christ child, with the meaning of the Christ child, with the meaning of the
Christmas tree;
1230:
Saint
Nicholas traditionally appeared in bishop's attire, accompanied by helpers, inquiring about children's behavior during the past year before deciding whether they deserved a gift. By the 13th century, Saint Nicholas was well known in the Netherlands, and the practice of gift-giving in his name
2808:
Nicholas was born in the Greek city of Patara around 270 AD. The son of a businessman named
Theophanes and his wife, Nonna, the child's earliest years were spent in Myra... As a port on the Mediterranean Sea, in the middle of the sea lanes that linked Egypt, Greece and Rome, Myra was a destination
507:
Christmas lights and banners may be hung along streets, music played by speakers, and
Christmas trees placed in prominent places. It is common in many parts of the world for town squares and consumer shopping areas to sponsor and display decorations. Rolls of brightly colored paper with secular or
2694:
when people greeted the winter solstice. It was the day of the Sun's rebirth, and it was the day of the
Christmas festivities – although it was only in the year 336 AD that it appears to have become established as the day of Jesus's birth (see Pannenberg 1989: 57). The Eastern Church adopted this
2086:
His biographer, Eddius
Stephanus, relates that while Boniface was serving as a missionary near Geismar, Germany, he had enough of the locals' reverence for the old gods. Taking an axe to an oak tree dedicated to Norse god Thor, Boniface chopped the tree down and dared Thor to zap him for it. When
1862:
The
Christmas tree as we know it seemed to emerge in Lutheran lands in Germany in the sixteenth century. Although no specific city or town has been identified as the first to have a Christmas tree, records for the Cathedral of Strassburg indicate that a Christmas tree was set up in that church in
558:
outside of his church in Italy and children sang
Christmas carols celebrating the birth of Jesus. Each year, this grew larger, and people travelled from afar to see Francis' depiction of the Nativity of Jesus that came to feature drama and music. Nativity plays eventually spread throughout all of
71:
in nature and have originated outside
Christian influence. Christmas traditions have also changed and evolved significantly in the centuries since Christmas was first instituted as a holiday, with celebrations often taking on an entirely different quality or atmosphere depending on the period and
201:
from 1223, quickly spreading across Europe. Different types of decorations developed across the Christian world, dependent on local tradition and available resources, and can vary from simple representations of the crib to far more elaborate sets – renowned manger scene traditions include the
1340:
There has been some opposition to the narrative of the American evolution of Saint Nicholas into the modern Santa. It has been claimed that the Saint Nicholas Society was not founded until 1835, almost half a century after the end of the American War of Independence. Moreover, a study of the
1103:, however, solidly established the giving and receiving of gifts as the structural principle of that recurrent yet unique event" because it was the Biblical Magi, "together with all their fellow men, who received the gift of God through man's renewed participation in the divine life."
997:, objects directly associated with Christmas such as candles, holly and baubles, or a variety of images related to the season, such as Christmastide activities, snow scenes and the wildlife of the northern winter. Some humorous cards and genres depict nostalgic past scenes such as
246:, living nativity scenes following the tradition of Saint Francis are a popular alternative to static crèches. The first commercially produced decorations appeared in Germany in the 1860s, inspired by paper chains made by children. In countries where a representation of the
824:, where 12 kinds of fish are served. In the United Kingdom and countries influenced by its traditions, a standard Christmas meal includes turkey, goose or other large bird, gravy, potatoes, vegetables, sometimes bread, and cider. Special desserts are also prepared, such as
1941:
Many Lutherans continued to set up a small fir tree as their Christmas tree, and it must have been a seasonal sight in Bach's Leipzig at a time when it was virtually unknown in England, and little known in those farmlands of North America where Lutheran immigrants
941:
Christmas cards are illustrated messages of greeting exchanged between friends and family members during the weeks preceding Christmas Day. The traditional greeting reads "wishing you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year", much like that of the first commercial
2087:
nothing happened, Boniface pointed out a young fir tree amid the roots of the oak and explained how this tree was a more fitting object of reverence as it pointed towards the Christian heaven and its triangular shape was reminiscent of the Christian trinity.
108:. Other Christian denominations do not rank their feast days but place importance on Christmas Eve/Christmas Day, as with other Christian feasts like Easter, Ascension Day, and Pentecost. As such, for Christians, attending a Christmas Eve or Christmas Day
650:
The songs, now known specifically as carols, were originally communal folk songs sung during celebrations such as "harvest tide" and Christmas. It was only later that carols began to be sung in church. Traditionally, carols have often been based on
559:
Europe, where they remain popular. Christmas Eve and Christmas Day church services often came to feature Nativity plays, as did schools and theatres. In France, Germany, Mexico, and Spain, Nativity plays are often reenacted outdoors in the streets.
2577:
The legend of St. Nicholas, who became the bishop of Myra in the beginning of the fourth century, is the next link in the Christmas-gift chain. Legend has it that the priest rode across Asia Minor during his life, bestowing gifts upon poor
1300:
Father Christmas, a jolly, stout, bearded man who typified the spirit of good cheer at Christmas, predates the Santa Claus character. He was first recorded in early 17th century England but was associated with holiday merrymaking and
2876:
157:
The practice of putting up special decorations at Christmas has a long history. In the 15th century, it was recorded that in London, it was the custom at Christmas for every house and all the parish churches to be "decked with
2689:
For the Enlightenment educationalist, gift-giving turned out to be a relic of a pagan custom, namely, the Roman Saturnalia. After the introduction of the Julian calendar in Rome, the 25th of December became the day of
2809:
for traders, fishermen, and merchant sailors. Spawned by the spirit of both the city's Greek heritage and the ruling Roman government, cultural endeavours such as art, drama, and music were mainstays of everyday life.
2035:
The same ambiguity is seen in that most familiar of angels, the angel on top of the Christmas tree. This decoration, popularized in the nineteenth century, recalls the place of the angels in the Christmas story (Luke
390:. By 1841, the Christmas tree had become even more widespread throughout Britain. By the 1870s, people in the United States had adopted the custom of putting up a Christmas tree. Christmas trees may be decorated with
1226:
in southwest Turkey. Among other saintly attributes, he was noted for the care of children, generosity, and giving gifts. His feast day, December 6, came to be celebrated in many countries with the giving of gifts.
851:
In Poland, other parts of Eastern Europe, and Scandinavia, fish is often used for the traditional main course, but richer meat such as lamb is increasingly served. In Sweden, it is common with a special variety of
1352:
countries (such as Venezuela and Colombia) holds that while Santa makes the toys, he then gives them to Baby Jesus, who is the one who delivers them to the children's homes, a reconciliation between traditional
2729:
Until quite recently, the celebrations focused solely on Saint Nicholas, or Sinterklaas (SIN-ter-klahs), as the Dutch call him. ... Interestingly, the American Santa Claus was born out of the Dutch Sinterklaas.
1380:
on New Year's Eve, the eve of that saint's liturgical feast. The German St. Nikolaus is not identical with the Weihnachtsmann (who is the German version of Santa Claus / Father Christmas). St. Nikolaus wears a
714:
3170:
295:
The Christmas tree was first used by German Lutherans in the 16th century, with records indicating that a Christmas tree was placed in the Cathedral of Strassburg in 1539, under the leadership of the
1482:
686:, wrote carols and encouraged their use in worship. Carols largely survived in rural communities until the revival of interest in popular songs in the 19th century. The 18th-century English reformer
2962:
273:. Green symbolizes eternal life, particularly the evergreen tree, which does not lose its leaves in the winter. Gold is the first color associated with Christmas, as one of the three gifts of the
2240:
It is said to resemble the star of Bethlehem. The Mexicans call it the flower of the Holy Night, but usually it is called poinsettia after the man who introduced it to America, Dr Joel Poinsett.
2003:
how the evergreen is meant to represent the life everlasting, the candle lights to recall the light of the world, and the star at the top of the tree is to remind them of the star of Bethlehem.
1242:
However, the modern popular image of Santa Claus was created in the United States, particularly in New York. The transformation was accomplished with the aid of notable contributors, including
250:
is prevalent, people are encouraged to compete and create the most original or realistic ones. Within some families, the pieces used to make the representation are considered a valuable family
896:
cake or candy, and Jamaican rum fruit cake. As one of the few fruits traditionally available to northern countries in winter, oranges have been long associated with special Christmas foods.
856:, where ham, meatballs, and herring play a prominent role. In Germany, France, and Austria, goose and pork are favored. Beef, ham, and chicken in various recipes are popular worldwide. The
1976:
The eight-pointed star became a popular manufactured Christmas ornament around the 1840s and many people place a star on the top of their Christmas tree to represent the Star of Bethlehem.
1515:
820:
is traditionally an important part of the holiday's celebration, and the food served varies greatly from country to country. Some regions have special meals for Christmas Eve, such as
1011:
4214:
1321:. It is said that La Befana set out to bring the baby Jesus gifts but got lost along the way. Now, she brings gifts to all children. In some cultures, Santa Claus is accompanied by
705:
957:
Christmas cards are purchased in considerable quantities and feature commercially designed artwork relevant to the season. The content of the design might relate directly to the
604:(d. 413) is still sung in some churches today. In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Christmas "Sequence" or "Prose" was introduced in North European monasteries, developing under
4209:
280:
713:
323:
writes that in the 19th century, it became popular for people also to use an angel to top the Christmas tree to symbolize the angels mentioned in the accounts of the
2624:
This exchange network of ceremonial welcome was mirrored in a second reciprocity allowing early Christians to imagine their own magi: the phenomenon of giving gifts.
1258:, some of the inhabitants of New York City sought out symbols of the city's non-English past. New York had originally been established as the Dutch colonial town of
4165:
694:
in the United States, he wrote texts for at least three Christmas carols. The best known was originally entitled "Hark! How All the Welkin Rings", later renamed "
1389:. Although many parents worldwide routinely teach their children about Santa Claus and other gift bringers, some reject this practice, considering it deceptive.
1815:
950:
in London in 1843. The custom of sending them has become popular among a wide cross-section of people with the emergence of the modern trend towards exchanging
2312:
1657:
886:
in Italy, and elaborate tarts and cakes. The eating of sweets and chocolates has become popular worldwide, and sweeter Christmas delicacies include the German
573:
4551:
3912:
3162:
1472:
504:, make up Christmas wreaths. Candles in each window are meant to demonstrate that Christians believe that Jesus Christ is the ultimate light of the world.
2954:
120:
found that six in ten Americans attend church services during this time. In the United Kingdom, the Church of England reported an estimated attendance of
3810:
3641:
2765:
Saint Nicholas (Bishop of Myra) replaced Sabino as the patron saint of the city... A Greek from what is now Turkey, he lived in the early fourth century.
2928:
612:. In the 12th century, the Parisian monk Adam of St. Victor began to derive music from popular songs, introducing something closer to the traditional
2156:
1053:, and are valid for postage year-round. They usually go on sale between early October and early December and are printed in considerable quantities.
2507:
4145:
2341:
1505:
1424:) is less commonly accepted in some areas of Eastern Poland. It is worth noting that across all of Poland, St Nicholas is the gift giver on the
746:(1833) contained the first appearance in print of many now-classic English carols and contributed to the mid-Victorian revival of the festival.
730:
wrote a melody adapted to fit Wesley's words. In Austria in 1818, Mohr and Gruber made a significant addition to the genre when they composed "
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2260:
1445:
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Meath, who is in his first year of being a full-time Santa, makes appearances around Massachusetts at places such as Swing City in Newton....
2794:
2758:
2722:
2682:
2442:
1597:
623:, a strong tradition of popular Christmas songs in the native language developed. Christmas carols in English first appear in a 1426 work of
391:
675:" (O Come all ye faithful) appears in its current form in the mid-18th century, although the words may have originated in the 13th century.
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1199:
The best known of these figures today is red-dressed Santa Claus, of diverse origins. The name Santa Claus can be traced back to the Dutch
915:
such as brandy, rum, or bourbon are often added. The finished serving is often garnished with a sprinkling of ground cinnamon or nutmeg.
453:
has also become a tradition in many homes this season. The outside of houses may be decorated with lights and sometimes with illuminated
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500:. The wreaths and candles in each window are a more traditional Christmas display. The concentric assortment of leaves, usually from an
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31:
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religious Christmas motifs are manufactured to wrap gifts. In some countries, Christmas decorations are traditionally taken down on
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153:, or Nativity scene. Local crèches are renowned for their ornate decorations and symbolic figurines, often mirroring daily life.
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understood the importance of music to worship. In addition to setting many psalms to melodies, which were influential in the
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and businesses throughout the world. On Christmas, people exchange gifts based on the Christian tradition associated with
401:
63:
Traditions associated with the Christmas holiday are diverse in their origins and nature, with some having an exclusively
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461:, and other Christmas figures. Mistletoe features prominently in European myth and folklore (for example, the legend of
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117:
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Most people today trace the practice of giving gifts on Christmas Day to the three gifts that the Magi gave to Jesus.
1807:
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evolved along similar lines, eventually adopting the Santa image. In Italy, Babbo Natale acts as Santa Claus, while
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1100:
1909:
German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them; the Moravians put lighted candles on those trees.
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in Czech, Jézuska in Hungarian and Ježiško in Slovak) brings the presents. Greek children get their presents from
4557:
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1016:
735:
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371:. The English language phrase "Christmas tree" is first recorded in 1835 and represents an importation from the
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1239:, corrupted in English to Kris Kringle, and the date of giving gifts changed from December 6 to Christmas Eve.
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is one of the core aspects of the modern Christmas celebration, making it the most profitable time of year for
962:
596:, Archbishop of Milan, were austere statements of the theological doctrine of the Incarnation in opposition to
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1385:'s dress and still brings small gifts (usually candies, nuts, and fruits) on December 6 and is accompanied by
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character with origins from within the religion. In contrast, others have been described as more cultural or
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may have influenced Christian Christmas customs. Still, on the other hand, the Christian "core dogma of the
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include a variety of customs, religious practices, rituals, and folklore associated with the celebration of
37:
1392:
Multiple gift-giver figures exist in Poland, varying between regions and individual families. St Nicholas (
1368:(Italy), Austria, Czech Republic, Southern Germany, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Slovakia, and Switzerland, the
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421:, a native plant from Mexico, has been associated with Christmas carrying the Christian symbolism of the
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441:. Along with a Christmas tree, the interior of a home may be decorated with these plants, along with
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133:
303:. In the United States, these "German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them; the
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was seen as protection against pagans and witches, its thorns and red berries held to represent the
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comes from Italy. Nativity scenes are known from 10th-century Rome. They were popularised by Saint
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The official White House Christmas tree for 1962, displayed in the Entrance Hall and presented by
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traditionally made with milk, cream, sugar, and whipped eggs (which gives it a frothy texture).
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chord patterns, which gives them their uniquely characteristic musical sound. Some carols like "
1961:
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The Christmas tree became a widespread custom among German Lutherans by the eighteenth century.
638:
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3133:"Kto przynosi Wam prezenty? Św. Mikołaj, Gwiazdor, Aniołek, Dzieciątko czy może Dziadek Mróz?"
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in 16th–17th-century Europe, many Protestants changed the gift bringer to the Christ Child or
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Many figures are associated with Christmas and the seasonal giving of gifts. Among these are
1008:, while others distance themselves from religion with an all-inclusive "Season's greetings".
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116:. Christmas and Easter are the periods of highest annual church attendance. A 2010 survey by
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3163:"Nie tylko Mikołaj, czyli kto według tradycji rozdaje prezenty w różnych regionach Polski?"
2714:
2708:
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1087:, and the gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh which were given to the baby Jesus by the
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166:, and whatsoever the season of the year afforded to be green". The heart-shaped leaves of
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the Christmas tree, many individuals place a star at the top of the tree symbolizing the
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and throughout the Christmas season. Slovenes prepare the traditional Christmas bread
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3059:. Vol. 36, no. 3. Princeton: Princeton Theological Seminary. Archived from
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1473:"What Is Church Attendance Like During Christmastime? New Data From Lifeway Research"
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355:(634–709), who was a missionary in Germany, took an axe to an oak tree dedicated to
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chaplain, who lists twenty-five "caroles of Cristemas", probably sung by groups of
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600:. "Corde natus ex Parentis" ("Of the Father's love begotten") by the Spanish poet
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is one of the oldest Christmastime traditions, with the first reenactment of the
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Christmas stamp released in the United States in 1982, featuring a painting by
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Completely secular Christmas seasonal songs emerged in the late 18th century. "
363:, which he stated was a more fitting object of reverence because it pointed to
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By the 13th century, in France, Germany, and Italy, under the influence of
209:
2941:
Father Christmas – but this Santa also goes by the name Jonathan Meath....
2309:"Liturgical Year : Symbolic Lights and Fires of Christmas (Activity)"
4938:
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4501:
3998:
3952:
3693:
3547:
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1354:
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in the Netherlands, is considered by many to be the original Santa Claus.
893:
652:
597:
360:
251:
229:
2877:
The Great Game: The Emergence of Wall Street as a World Power: 1653–2000
1262:, and the Dutch Sinterklaas tradition was reinvented as Saint Nicholas.
1192:. The Scandinavian tomte (also called nisse) is sometimes depicted as a
671:. They are among the oldest musical compositions still regularly sung. "
4873:
4868:
4773:
4737:
4662:
4631:
3678:
3517:
3457:
3323:
1506:"British families only attend church at Christmas, new figures suggest"
1061:
1037:
at Christmastide. Postal customers will often use these stamps to mail
986:
888:
678:
Singing of carols initially suffered a decline in popularity after the
593:
547:
481:
458:
368:
233:
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1382:
1207:
1080:
951:
897:
871:
821:
809:
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578:
497:
493:
243:
189:, is the site of this Christmas display with over 3.5 million lights.
143:
1684:"Presepi in Liguria: provincia di Genova, Tigullio -sito di Paolino"
1420:) being typical in the South and the South-East. Grandfather Frost (
1710:"Holidays at the Museums : Carnegie Museum of Natural History"
1658:"Alla scoperta dei cinque presepi piĂą belli di Bologna | Nuok"
4677:
3363:
3049:
Saint Nicholas of Myra, Bari, and Manhattan: Biography of a Legend
3033:
Saint Nicholas of Myra, Bari, and Manhattan: Biography of a Legend
1287:
1223:
1219:
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1132:
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1060:
1010:
982:
922:
904:
842:
796:
637:
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467:
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400:
386:, and then more successfully by Prince Albert during the reign of
332:
279:
262:
180:
171:
137:
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36:
2593:
The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story
1231:
spread to other parts of central and southern Europe. During the
4899:
4563:
3281:
1211:
1076:
974:
585:
454:
356:
274:
3192:
584:
The earliest extant Christmas hymns appeared in fourth-century
538:
For the Christian celebration of Christmas, the viewing of the
367:; it had a triangular shape, which he said was symbolic of the
2745:
The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture
1330:
378:
From Germany, the custom was introduced to Britain, first via
258:
167:
60:, while others are practiced virtually identically worldwide.
3188:
269:. Red symbolizes the blood of Jesus, which was shed in his
212:'s historical buildings as settings, the elaborate Italian
170:
were said to symbolize the coming to Earth of Jesus, while
1309:, his image was remade to match that of Santa. The French
1222:, whose ruins are 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from modern
1203:, which means Saint Nicholas. Nicholas was a 4th-century
27:
Overview of the various traditions practised at Christmas
2955:"Miracle on Mass. Ave.: City Santa takes suit seriously"
178:
worn by Jesus at the crucifixion and the blood he shed.
1396:) dominates Central and North-East areas, the Starman (
236:
France, using hand-painted terracotta figurines called
1317:
is the bringer of gifts and arrives on the eve of the
2335:"Christmas lights and community building in America,"
405:
On Christmas, the Christ Candle in the center of the
1712:. Carnegiemnh.org. November 26, 2013. Archived from
257:
The traditional colors of Christmas decorations are
4892:
4861:
4808:
4782:
4761:
4640:
4585:
4572:
4370:
4265:
4176:
4007:
3729:
3650:
3561:
3438:
3292:
2992:The Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York
2778:
2183:Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe
682:in northern Europe, although some Reformers, like
2204:Christmas in Pennsylvania: a folk-cultural study.
2153:"Christmas Tradition – The Christmas Tree Custom"
2127:"The Chronological History of the Christmas Tree"
1001:shoppers in idealized 19th-century streetscapes.
546:taking place in A.D. 1223 in the Italian town of
2639:Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas
2555:Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas
2484:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, pp. 149–150.
2481:Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History
2368:Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas
1621:Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas
1585:Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas
1361:of Santa Claus imported from the United States.
425:; in that country it is known in Spanish as the
3017:Jones, Charles W. "Knickerbocker Santa Claus".
2953:Mary Ann Georgantopoulos (December 25, 2007).
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2253:"The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants"
2206:Edition 40. pp. 52, 53. Stackpole Books 1999.
429:. Other popular holiday plants include holly,
327:. The Christmas tree is considered by some as
112:plays an important part in recognition of the
30:For a breakdown of traditions by country, see
3204:
3035:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
1808:"A Christmas Living Nativity Scene in Sicily"
1577:
1575:
8:
1559:Christmas: Its Carols, Customs & Legends
866:, a chocolate and chestnuts beverage, after
1863:1539 during Martin Bucer's superintendency.
1660:. Nuok.it. January 24, 2013. Archived from
4582:
3211:
3197:
3189:
2847:"Saint Nicholas, Sinterklaas, Santa Claus"
2707:Seward, Pat; Lal, Sunandini Arora (2006).
1446:"2018 Worship and Music Planning Calendar"
1333:make the toys. His wife is referred to as
1004:Some prefer cards with a poem, prayer, or
307:put lighted candles on those trees." When
3019:The New-York Historical Society Quarterly
2097:
2095:
2046:
2044:
985:on Earth. Other Christmas cards are more
808:, the Sunday before the beginning of the
472:Outdoor Christmas decoration and lighting
347:; according to eighth-century biographer
319:in 1897. Professor David Albert Jones of
242:. In certain parts of the world, notably
2827:, University of California Press, 2007,
2129:. The Christmas Archives. Archived from
2015:Jones, David Albert (October 27, 2011).
1160:for Saint Nicholas), Père Noël, and the
45:in a 19th-century English Christmas card
2542:, BBC News. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
1960:. James Lorimer & Company. p.
1437:
3173:from the original on December 24, 2017
3143:from the original on December 24, 2017
2965:from the original on December 25, 2013
2931:from the original on December 25, 2013
2819:
2817:
2749:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
2614:from the original on December 31, 2015
2533:"Christmas card sold for record price"
2289:from the original on December 25, 2017
2159:from the original on December 18, 2007
1921:Blainey, Geoffrey (October 24, 2013).
1818:from the original on December 26, 2013
1737:The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy
1690:from the original on December 27, 2013
1518:from the original on December 27, 2017
1091:. The tradition of gift giving in the
1065:Christmas gifts under a Christmas tree
720:Performed by the U.S. Army Band Chorus
476:Other traditional decorations include
124:people at Christmas services in 2015.
4541:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
2315:from the original on January 13, 2012
2263:from the original on January 22, 2016
2076:Fritz Allhoff, Scott C. Lowe (2010).
1753:. Simplytreasures.com. Archived from
1485:from the original on January 29, 2018
1292:Santa Claus reacts to a toy request (
753:" dates from 1784, and the American "
667:" can be traced directly back to the
335:tradition and ritual surrounding the
7:
2998:from the original on January 6, 2009
2845:Jona Lendering (November 20, 2008).
2394:, Courier Dover Publications, 1976,
1954:Mandryk, DeeAnn (October 25, 2005).
1540:, Courier Dover Publications, 1976,
761:has composed many carols including "
3085:. Skiathosbooks.com. Archived from
2923:Win Rosenfeld (December 25, 2007).
2673:Berking, Helmuth (March 30, 1999).
1927:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
1793:The World Encyclopedia of Christmas
1778:Celebrating Christmas: An Anthology
963:depictions of the Nativity of Jesus
744:Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern
343:boughs, and an adaptation of pagan
2510:. Schoolnet.gov.mt. Archived from
2497:, Taplinger Pub. Co., 1977, p. 58.
2495:Christmas customs & traditions
1734:Bershad, David; Carolina Mangone,
1504:Bingham, John (October 27, 2016).
32:Observance of Christmas by country
25:
2902:Mikkelson, Barbara and David P.,
2853:from the original on May 13, 2011
2677:. SAGE Publications. p. 14.
2590:Trexler, Richard (May 23, 1997).
1848:Introduction to Christian Liturgy
1269:convened and retroactively named
1129:Christmas gift-bringers in Europe
4962:
4961:
4417:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
4312:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
3139:(in Polish). December 22, 2016.
3021:. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 4.
2461:, Broadview Press, 2003, p. 10.
2392:Christmas customs and traditions
2202:Shoemaker, Alfred Lewis. (1959)
2185:, p.550. University of Michigan
1897:. Liturgical Press. p. 94.
1806:Carol King (December 24, 2012).
1538:Christmas customs and traditions
1471:Setzer, Ed (December 14, 2015).
710:
635:, who went from house to house.
80:Christmas Day (inclusive of its
56:. Many of these traditions vary
2636:Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010).
2552:Collins, Ace (April 20, 2010).
2370:. Zondervan. pp. 139–141.
1923:A Short History of Christianity
1850:. Fortress Press. p. 118.
1305:rather than bringing gifts. In
977:, which can represent both the
4397:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
4326:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
3709:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
3488:Legend of the Christmas Spider
2713:. Marshall Cavendish. p.
1751:"The Provençal Nativity Scene"
1582:Collins, Ace (April 1, 2010).
1:
4348:Christmas television specials
4247:The New Oxford Book of Carols
3334:Annunciation to the shepherds
2741:Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002).
1957:Canadian Christmas Traditions
1348:Current tradition in several
409:is traditionally lit in many
4402:Christmas and holiday season
3109:"Santa: The First Great Lie"
1561:, Alfred Publishing (1985),
1041:, and they are popular with
1033:Several nations have issued
706:Hark! The Herald Angels Sing
696:Hark! The Herald Angels Sing
417:Since the 16th century, the
339:, which included the use of
41:Children depicted pulling a
3114:September 14, 2007, at the
3045:Hageman, Howard G. (1979).
2891:Christmas: A Candid History
2825:Christmas: a candid history
2781:Stories Behind Men of Faith
2478:Broomfield, Andrea (2007),
2114:Online Etymology Dictionary
1450:The United Methodist Church
1267:New-York Historical Society
1254:(1840–1902). Following the
1045:. These stamps are regular
993:, mythical figures such as
927:A 1907 Christmas card with
118:Lifeway Christian Resources
5006:
3314:Adoration of the Shepherds
2925:"America's Next Top Santa"
2904:"The Claus That Refreshes"
2598:Princeton University Press
2224:Hewitson, Carolyn (2013).
1990:"Christmas in Other Lands"
1256:American Revolutionary War
1110:
1068:
1026:
934:
608:into a sequence of rhymed
566:
519:
131:
29:
4957:
4558:WWE Tribute to the Troops
4319:A Visit from St. Nicholas
4240:The Oxford Book of Carols
3816:Feast of the Seven Fishes
3379:Massacre of the Innocents
3228:
2642:. Zondervan. p. 17.
2558:. Zondervan. p. 17.
2538:February 5, 2006, at the
2437:. London: Triangle/SPCK.
1893:Kelly, Joseph F. (2010).
1796:, Random House LLC, 2012.
1017:Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
847:Christmas table in Serbia
208:in Poland, which imitate
4360:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
2988:"History of the Society"
2052:When Santa was a shaman.
1686:. Digilander.libero.it.
1416:) and the Little Angel (
1412:, with the Little Star (
1196:instead of Santa Claus.
931:and some of his reindeer
449:foliage. The display of
427:Flower of the Holy Night
4522:Small Business Saturday
4392:Black Friday (shopping)
4387:Black Friday (partying)
3881:Nine Lessons and Carols
3811:Events and celebrations
2457:Richard Michael Kelly.
2285:. The Mistletoe Pages.
2021:Oxford University Press
1988:Wells, Dorothy (1897).
1846:Senn, Frank C. (2012).
1645:Nativities of the World
588:. Latin hymns such as "
277:, symbolizing royalty.
84:, Christmas Eve), is a
4166:Post-War United States
2344:June 29, 2010, at the
2283:"Mistletoe Traditions"
2056:Llewellyn Publications
2050:van Renterghem, Tony.
1895:The Feast of Christmas
1875:"The Christmas Tree".
1297:
1145:
1130:
1066:
1019:
932:
848:
813:
680:Protestant Reformation
647:
590:Veni redemptor gentium
581:
577:Christmas carolers in
535:
473:
414:
292:
190:
154:
46:
4215:Hit singles in the US
4210:Hit singles in the UK
3771:Carols by Candlelight
3699:Santa Claus' daughter
3307:Adoration of the Magi
3083:"St. Basil (330–379)"
2909:December 1, 2005, at
2889:Forbes, Bruce David,
2823:Forbes, Bruce David,
2785:. Zondervan. p.
2777:Collins, Ace (2009).
2431:Dudley-Smith, Timothy
2366:Collins, Ace (2010).
2082:John Wiley & Sons
1757:on September 14, 2012
1623:, Zondervan, (2003),
1329:. In other versions,
1291:
1188:; Svatý Mikuláš; and
1136:
1128:
1064:
1014:
926:
846:
818:Christmas family meal
800:
783:Shepherd's Pipe Carol
763:All Bells in Paradise
665:The Holly and the Ivy
641:
576:
529:
471:
404:
315:, a fact recorded by
283:
193:The tradition of the
184:
141:
98:Roman Catholic Church
72:geographical region.
40:
4990:Christmas traditions
4507:Santa's Candy Castle
3831:Google Santa Tracker
2493:Muir, Frank (1977),
2311:. Catholic Culture.
2133:on December 21, 2007
2108:May 9, 2006, at the
1716:on December 27, 2013
1664:on December 27, 2013
1400:) is most common in
1273:the patron saint of
1107:Gift-bearing figures
1035:commemorative stamps
1023:Commemorative stamps
991:Christmas traditions
863:Imbuljuta tal-Qastan
860:traditionally serve
606:Bernard of Clairvaux
134:Christmas decoration
58:by country or region
50:Christmas traditions
4512:Santa Claus Village
4427:Christmas Mountains
4333:Journey of the Magi
3339:Baptism of the Lord
3089:on January 12, 2012
3063:on December 7, 2008
3031:Jones, Charles W.,
2913:, Snopes.com, 2006.
2675:Sociology of Giving
2514:on January 22, 2012
2257:www.ipm.iastate.edu
1647:, Gibbs Smith, 2013
1511:The Daily Telegraph
959:Christmas narrative
793:Traditional cuisine
661:Good King Wenceslas
530:Children reenact a
297:Protestant Reformer
18:Christmas tradition
4622:Twelve-dish supper
4472:Jews and Christmas
4422:Christmas Lectures
4151:American Civil War
3886:NORAD Tracks Santa
3262:Saint Nicholas Day
2872:John Steele Gordon
1994:The School Journal
1877:Lutheran Spokesman
1781:, iUniverse, 2003.
1740:, Zondervan, 2001.
1643:Susan Topp Weber,
1536:Miles, Clement A,
1478:Christianity Today
1426:Saint Nicholas Day
1298:
1156:(derived from the
1146:
1131:
1075:The exchanging of
1067:
1020:
933:
849:
814:
648:
582:
536:
474:
451:Christmas villages
415:
359:and pointed out a
317:The School Journal
293:
191:
155:
106:Anglican Communion
47:
4977:
4976:
4953:
4952:
4617:Thirteen desserts
4537:Virginia O'Hanlon
4382:Advent Conspiracy
4296:Films (Christmas,
4288:A Christmas Carol
4233:Carols for Choirs
3776:Cavalcade of Magi
3756:Boar's Head Feast
3425:Star of Bethlehem
3396:Nativity of Jesus
3384:flight into Egypt
3269:St. Stephen's Day
3107:Matera, Mariane.
2880:(Scribner), 1999.
2796:978-0-310-56456-0
2760:978-0-313-30733-1
2724:978-0-7614-2052-1
2684:978-0-85702-613-2
2459:A Christmas Carol
2444:978-0-281-04300-2
2420:Miles, pp. 47–48.
2411:Miles, pp. 31–37.
2101:Harper, Douglas,
1599:978-0-310-87388-4
1355:religious beliefs
1307:Victorian Britain
1244:Washington Irving
971:Star of Bethlehem
967:Christian symbols
826:Christmas pudding
802:Christmas pudding
771:Candlelight Carol
728:Felix Mendelssohn
715:
642:Child singers in
621:Francis of Assisi
552:Francis of Assisi
544:Nativity of Jesus
423:Star of Bethlehem
325:Nativity of Jesus
321:Oxford University
313:Star of Bethlehem
199:Francis of Assisi
76:Church attendance
43:Christmas cracker
16:(Redirected from
4997:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4800:Redcurrant sauce
4589:
4583:
4578:
4552:Winter festivals
4302:Christmas horror
4269:
4180:
4011:
3866:Meals and feasts
3786:Christmas jumper
3733:
3704:Santa's reindeer
3656:
3602:Father Christmas
3566:
3523:Santa's workshop
3444:
3406:in later culture
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
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1641:Internet Archive
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1442:
1214:, a city in the
1184:; Babbo Natale;
1176:; Kris Kringle;
1152:, also known as
1150:Father Christmas
1117:Father Christmas
717:
716:
563:Music and carols
550:. In that year,
439:Christmas cactus
329:Christianisation
185:Clifton Mill in
123:
114:Christmas season
21:
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5000:
4999:
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4915:Pickled herring
4888:
4857:
4804:
4795:Cranberry sauce
4778:
4757:
4733:Red velvet cake
4718:Poppy seed roll
4636:
4587:
4576:
4574:
4568:
4547:White Christmas
4437:Christmas truce
4432:Christmas seals
4412:Christmas creep
4374:
4372:
4366:
4267:
4261:
4178:
4172:
4009:
4003:
3856:Lord of Misrule
3791:Christmas Peace
3741:Advent calendar
3731:
3725:
3674:Knecht Ruprecht
3654:
3652:
3646:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3446:
3442:
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3359:Herod the Great
3294:
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3116:Wayback Machine
3106:
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2897:
2888:
2884:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2822:
2815:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2685:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2617:
2615:
2608:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2540:Wayback Machine
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2488:
2477:
2473:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2435:A Flame of Love
2429:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2365:
2364:
2351:
2346:Wayback Machine
2340:, Spring 2006.
2338:History Matters
2333:Murray, Brian.
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2201:
2197:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2155:. Fashion Era.
2151:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2110:Wayback Machine
2100:
2093:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2049:
2042:
2031:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1937:
1929:. p. 418.
1920:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1879:. 29–32. 1936.
1874:
1873:
1869:
1858:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1790:Bowler, Gerry,
1789:
1785:
1775:Seaburg, Carl,
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1639:
1635:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1556:
1552:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1428:on December 6.
1408:) is unique to
1387:Knecht Ruprecht
1323:Knecht Ruprecht
1275:Nieuw Amsterdam
1248:German-American
1123:
1111:Main articles:
1109:
1095:celebration of
1073:
1059:
1051:Christmas seals
1039:Christmas cards
1031:
1029:Christmas stamp
1025:
989:and can depict
939:
921:
795:
725:
724:
723:
722:
721:
718:
711:
708:
692:Great Awakening
657:Personent hodie
614:Christmas carol
571:
569:Christmas music
565:
524:
518:
411:church services
380:Queen Charlotte
373:German language
337:Winter Solstice
286:John F. Kennedy
176:Crown of Thorns
136:
130:
121:
102:Principal Feast
90:Lutheran Church
78:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5003:
5001:
4993:
4992:
4982:
4981:
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4974:
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4955:
4954:
4951:
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4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4846:Smoking Bishop
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4580:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4534:
4529:
4527:Super Saturday
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4457:Giving Tuesday
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4407:Christmas club
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4305:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4273:
4271:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:Piae Cantiones
4250:
4243:
4236:
4226:
4220:Music charts (
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4184:
4182:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Père Fouettard
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3655:Saint Nicholas
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3607:Grandpa Indian
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3575:Saint Nicholas
3571:
3569:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3513:Old Man Winter
3510:
3505:
3500:
3498:Miner's figure
3495:
3490:
3485:
3483:Kallikantzaros
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3413:Nativity scene
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3248:Children's Day
3244:
3237:
3234:Blue Christmas
3229:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3184:
3154:
3124:
3100:
3074:
3056:Theology Today
3037:
3024:
3009:
2979:
2945:
2915:
2895:
2882:
2864:
2849:. Livius.org.
2837:
2813:
2795:
2769:
2759:
2733:
2723:
2699:
2683:
2665:
2648:
2628:
2607:978-0691011264
2606:
2600:. p. 17.
2582:
2564:
2544:
2525:
2499:
2486:
2471:
2450:
2443:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2383:
2376:
2349:
2326:
2300:
2274:
2244:
2234:
2216:
2195:
2170:
2144:
2118:
2091:
2068:
2040:
2029:
2023:. p. 24.
2007:
1980:
1970:
1946:
1935:
1913:
1903:
1885:
1867:
1856:
1838:
1836:Collins p. 83.
1829:
1812:Italy Magazine
1798:
1783:
1768:
1742:
1727:
1701:
1675:
1649:
1633:
1619:Collins, Ace,
1612:
1598:
1571:
1557:Heller, Ruth,
1550:
1529:
1496:
1463:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1404:, Baby Jesus (
1402:Greater Poland
1394:Święty Mikołaj
1350:Latin American
1294:Jonathan Meath
1216:Roman province
1166:Saint Nicholas
1162:Weihnachtsmann
1138:Saint Nicholas
1108:
1105:
1085:Saint Nicholas
1071:Christmas gift
1069:Main article:
1058:
1055:
1047:postage stamps
1027:Main article:
1024:
1021:
1006:Biblical verse
948:Sir Henry Cole
946:, produced by
944:Christmas card
937:Christmas card
935:Main article:
920:
917:
806:Stir-up Sunday
794:
791:
751:Deck the Halls
740:William Sandys
738:in Oberndorf.
736:Nikolauskirche
719:
709:
704:
703:
702:
701:
700:
688:Charles Wesley
673:Adeste Fideles
592:", written by
567:Main article:
564:
561:
556:Nativity scene
520:Main article:
517:
514:
388:Queen Victoria
353:Saint Boniface
349:Æddi Stephanus
248:Nativity scene
195:nativity scene
132:Main article:
129:
126:
110:church service
77:
74:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5002:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4970:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:Meat and fish
4891:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4831:Hot chocolate
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4532:Ugly sweaters
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4442:Controversies
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4277:In literature
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4146:United States
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3876:Moravian star
3874:
3872:
3871:Midnight Mass
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3761:Candle arches
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3751:Advent wreath
3749:
3747:
3746:Advent candle
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3653:Companions of
3649:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:Gift-bringers
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3437:
3431:
3430:Twelfth Night
3428:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:Nativity Fast
3389:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Christmastide
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:Angel Gabriel
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3302:Biblical Magi
3300:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3255:Christmas Eve
3252:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3172:
3169:(in Polish).
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3052:
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2833:0-520-25104-0
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2649:9780310873884
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2565:9780310873884
2561:
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2500:
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2468:
2467:1-55111-476-3
2464:
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2440:
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2423:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2400:0-486-23354-5
2397:
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2379:
2377:9780310873884
2373:
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2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2235:9781135057060
2231:
2228:. Routledge.
2227:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:0-8117-0328-2
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2191:90-77135-04-9
2188:
2184:
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2171:
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2083:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2064:1-56718-765-X
2061:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2030:9780191614910
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1971:9781554390984
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1936:9781442225909
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1904:9780814639320
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:9781451424331
1853:
1849:
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1646:
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1637:
1634:
1630:
1629:0-310-24880-9
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:0-7692-4399-1
1564:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1546:0-486-23354-5
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1517:
1513:
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1507:
1500:
1497:
1484:
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1464:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:Upper Silesia
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1343:Hudson Valley
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1283:New York City
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:In 1809, the
1263:
1261:
1260:New Amsterdam
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
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1202:
1197:
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1191:
1187:
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1163:
1159:
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1143:
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1127:
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1118:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
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1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
973:, or a white
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
953:
949:
945:
938:
930:
925:
918:
916:
914:
910:
906:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:
885:
884:
879:
878:
877:bûche de Noël
873:
869:
868:Midnight Mass
865:
864:
859:
855:
845:
841:
839:
838:Yule log cake
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
811:
807:
803:
799:
792:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:Angels' Carol
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
707:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:Martin Luther
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
645:
640:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
580:
575:
570:
562:
560:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:Nativity play
533:
532:Nativity play
528:
523:
522:Nativity play
516:Nativity play
515:
513:
511:
510:Twelfth Night
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
470:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
412:
408:
407:Advent wreath
403:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
291:
288:and his wife
287:
282:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:
205:KrakĂłw szopka
200:
196:
188:
187:Clifton, Ohio
183:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
152:
148:
145:
140:
135:
127:
125:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
75:
73:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
44:
39:
33:
19:
4905:Gefilte fish
4853:Ponche crema
4688:Melomakarono
4556:
4447:Cyber Monday
4352:
4317:
4286:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4228:Music books
4221:
4059:Nazi Germany
3951:
3947:Secret Santa
3934:
3821:Flying Santa
3730:
3528:TiĂł de Nadal
3478:Korvatunturi
3329:Annunciation
3295:Christianity
3276:Sol Invictus
3177:December 24,
3175:. Retrieved
3166:
3157:
3147:December 24,
3145:. Retrieved
3136:
3127:
3122:, Issue 304.
3119:
3103:
3091:. Retrieved
3087:the original
3077:
3065:. Retrieved
3061:the original
3054:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3018:
3012:
3000:. Retrieved
2991:
2982:
2974:
2969:November 22,
2967:. Retrieved
2959:Boston Globe
2958:
2948:
2940:
2935:November 22,
2933:. Retrieved
2918:
2898:
2893:, pp. 80–81.
2890:
2885:
2875:
2867:
2857:February 24,
2855:. Retrieved
2840:
2835:, pp. 68–79.
2824:
2807:
2800:. Retrieved
2780:
2772:
2764:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2709:
2702:
2692:Sol invictus
2691:
2688:
2674:
2668:
2660:
2653:. Retrieved
2638:
2631:
2623:
2616:. Retrieved
2592:
2585:
2576:
2569:. Retrieved
2554:
2547:
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2512:the original
2502:
2494:
2489:
2480:
2474:
2458:
2453:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2391:
2386:
2367:
2337:
2329:
2319:December 10,
2317:. Retrieved
2303:
2293:December 24,
2291:. Retrieved
2277:
2267:February 17,
2265:. Retrieved
2256:
2247:
2239:
2225:
2219:
2203:
2198:
2182:
2179:Marie Claire
2178:
2173:
2163:December 18,
2161:. Retrieved
2147:
2137:December 18,
2135:. Retrieved
2131:the original
2121:
2113:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2051:
2034:
2016:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1975:
1956:
1949:
1942:congregated.
1940:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1861:
1847:
1841:
1832:
1822:December 25,
1820:. Retrieved
1811:
1801:
1792:
1786:
1777:
1771:
1761:December 25,
1759:. Retrieved
1755:the original
1745:
1736:
1730:
1720:December 25,
1718:. Retrieved
1714:the original
1704:
1694:December 25,
1692:. Retrieved
1678:
1668:December 25,
1666:. Retrieved
1662:the original
1652:
1644:
1636:
1620:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1584:
1558:
1553:
1537:
1532:
1522:December 24,
1520:. Retrieved
1509:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1476:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1440:
1422:Dziadek MrĂłz
1421:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1363:
1347:
1339:
1299:
1271:Sancte Claus
1270:
1264:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1200:
1198:
1147:
1074:
1043:philatelists
1032:
1003:
969:such as the
956:
940:
887:
881:
875:
861:
850:
815:
775:Donkey Carol
755:Jingle Bells
748:
743:
732:Silent Night
726:
677:
649:
618:
583:
554:assembled a
537:
534:in Oklahoma.
506:
475:
426:
416:
377:
345:tree worship
316:
301:Martin Bucer
294:
256:
237:
213:
203:
192:
156:
150:
146:
79:
62:
49:
48:
4920:Roast goose
4841:Mulled wine
4821:Champurrado
4816:Apple cider
4790:Bread sauce
4743:Szaloncukor
4723:Pumpkin pie
4673:Gingerbread
4627:Smörgåsbord
4268:Other media
4106:Philippines
4096:New Zealand
3979:Twelve Days
3936:Räuchermann
3891:Nutcrackers
3841:Las Posadas
3801:Decorations
3781:Christingle
3721:Zwarte Piet
3716:Snegurochka
3637:Sinterklaas
3587:Santa Claus
3093:February 3,
3067:December 5,
3047:"Review of
3002:December 5,
2710:Netherlands
2518:February 3,
2508:"Imbuljuta"
1605:December 2,
1489:December 9,
1456:December 9,
1378:Saint Basil
1366:South Tyrol
1359:iconography
1327:Black Peter
1303:drunkenness
1252:Thomas Nast
1250:cartoonist
1237:Christkindl
1233:Reformation
1201:Sinterklaas
1186:Saint Basil
1182:tomte/nisse
1170:Sinterklaas
1154:Santa Claus
1142:Sinterklaas
1140:, known as
1113:Santa Claus
1101:Incarnation
1057:Gift giving
995:Santa Claus
979:Holy Spirit
880:in France,
854:smörgåsbord
779:Jesus Child
759:John Rutter
669:Middle Ages
625:John Awdlay
486:candy canes
271:crucifixion
232:crèches in
128:Decorations
122:2.5 million
4648:Candy cane
4597:Joulupöytä
4497:Pikkujoulu
4161:New Mexico
4010:By country
3984:Wassailing
3925:Poinsettia
3732:Traditions
3684:Mrs. Claus
3664:Belsnickel
3617:Julemanden
3612:Joulupukki
3543:Wenceslaus
3508:North Pole
3473:Jack Frost
3463:Christkind
3418:Neapolitan
3241:Boxing Day
3137:Bezprawnik
2911:Archive-It
2054:St. Paul:
1432:References
1406:DzieciÄ…tko
1370:Christkind
1335:Mrs. Claus
1296:as Santa).
1178:Joulupukki
1174:Christkind
1121:Christkind
1097:Saturnalia
999:crinolined
834:fruit cake
830:mince pies
816:A special
804:cooked on
787:Star Carol
734:" for the
633:wassailers
629:Shropshire
602:Prudentius
419:poinsettia
384:George III
382:, wife of
309:decorating
228:), or the
218:Neapolitan
202:colourful
144:Neapolitan
142:A typical
4935:Tourtière
4925:Romeritos
4862:Dumplings
4809:Beverages
4713:Pecan pie
4703:Panettone
4698:Pampushka
4693:Mince pie
4668:Fruitcake
4612:RĂ©veillon
4492:NFL games
4487:NBA games
4482:In August
4452:Economics
4222:Billboard
4076:Indonesia
4019:Australia
3994:Yule goat
3969:Stockings
3903:Ornaments
3632:Père Noël
3627:Olentzero
3622:Noel Baba
3597:Ded Moroz
3553:Yule Lads
3493:Mari Lwyd
3344:Bethlehem
3221:Christmas
3167:gazeta.pl
2655:April 10,
2618:April 10,
2578:children.
2571:April 10,
2226:Festivals
2177:Lejeune,
2078:Christmas
2000:: 697–8.
1590:Zondervan
1548:, p. 272.
1315:La Befana
1311:Père Noël
1281:name for
1190:Ded Moroz
1081:retailers
1049:, unlike
902:sweetened
883:panettone
644:Bucharest
502:evergreen
490:stockings
447:evergreen
435:amaryllis
431:mistletoe
396:ornaments
341:evergreen
305:Moravians
230:Provençal
226:Bolognese
94:Solemnity
65:Christian
54:Christmas
4984:Category
4968:Category
4939:meat pie
4930:Stuffing
4884:Varenyky
4753:Yule log
4728:Qurabiya
4602:Julebord
4575:Food and
4502:SantaCon
4467:El Gordo
4354:Yule Log
4126:Scotland
4039:Ethiopia
4024:Colombia
3999:Yule log
3953:Spanbaum
3930:Pyramids
3796:Crackers
3694:Sack Man
3580:folklore
3548:Yule cat
3453:Badalisc
3443:folklore
3354:Epiphany
3171:Archived
3141:Archived
3120:Citybeat
3112:Archived
2996:Archived
2963:Archived
2929:Archived
2907:Archived
2851:Archived
2802:June 20,
2612:Archived
2536:Archived
2433:(1987).
2402:, p. 32.
2342:Archived
2313:Archived
2287:Archived
2261:Archived
2157:Archived
2106:Archived
2058:, 1995.
2036:2.9–18).
1816:Archived
1688:Archived
1569:, p. 12.
1516:Archived
1483:Archived
1414:Gwiazdka
1398:Gwiazdor
1357:and the
1319:Epiphany
1246:and the
909:beverage
894:marzipan
663:", and "
653:medieval
598:Arianism
443:garlands
361:fir tree
252:heirloom
234:southern
151:presepio
100:, and a
86:Festival
4874:Pierogi
4869:Hallaca
4774:Borscht
4738:Stollen
4708:Pavlova
4683:MakĂłwki
4663:Cozonac
4632:Wigilia
4517:Scrooge
4477:In July
4375:society
4307:Poetry
4141:Ukraine
4116:Romania
4081:Ireland
4071:Iceland
4066:Hungary
4054:Germany
4044:Finland
4034:England
4029:Denmark
3989:Windows
3920:Piñatas
3908:Parades
3861:Markets
3846:Letters
3836:Hampers
3679:Krampus
3518:Perchta
3458:Caganer
2927:. NPR.
2116:, 2001.
1418:Aniołek
1374:JežÚek
987:secular
961:, with
952:E-cards
913:Spirits
907:-based
889:stollen
858:Maltese
785:" and "
610:stanzas
594:Ambrose
548:Greccio
494:wreaths
482:candles
459:snowmen
455:sleighs
369:Trinity
239:santons
222:Genoese
214:presepi
162:, ivy,
147:presepe
104:of the
96:in the
88:in the
69:secular
4945:Turkey
4879:Tamale
4836:Kissel
4826:Eggnog
4783:Sauces
4769:Menudo
4748:TurrĂłn
4658:Cookie
4641:Sweets
4607:KĹ«ÄŤios
4588:Dinner
4462:Grinch
4373:modern
4340:Tomten
4299:Santa,
4282:novels
4200:Operas
4188:Carols
4156:Hawaii
4136:Sweden
4131:Serbia
4121:Russia
4111:Poland
4101:Norway
4091:Mexico
4049:France
3964:Stamps
3959:Szopka
3851:Lights
3806:Didukh
3642:Others
3592:Befana
3538:Vertep
3401:in art
3369:Joseph
3319:Advent
2831:
2793:
2757:
2721:
2681:
2646:
2604:
2562:
2465:
2441:
2398:
2374:
2232:
2210:
2189:
2103:Christ
2062:
2027:
2017:Angels
1968:
1933:
1901:
1854:
1627:
1596:
1565:
1544:
1452:. 2018
1383:bishop
1277:, the
1208:bishop
1172:; the
1119:, and
898:Eggnog
872:potica
822:Sicily
812:season
810:Advent
646:, 1841
579:Jersey
498:angels
496:, and
437:, and
433:, red
392:lights
365:heaven
290:Jackie
265:, and
244:Sicily
210:KrakĂłw
4678:Kutia
4577:drink
4205:Songs
4179:Music
4086:Italy
3942:Seals
3896:dolls
3826:Gifts
3766:Cards
3669:Elves
3533:Turoń
3503:Nisse
3468:Grýla
3364:Jesus
1631:p.47.
1331:elves
1279:Dutch
1224:Demre
1220:Lycia
1205:Greek
1194:gnome
1158:Dutch
1093:Roman
1077:gifts
983:Peace
965:, or
929:Santa
919:Cards
905:dairy
900:is a
478:bells
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