Father Christmas - Knowledge (XXG)

1075: 871: 393: 1175: 956: 33: 720: 1387: 1356: 1129: 1295: 732: 633: 1027:. The novel was published three times in London in 1854–5, and there were several later editions. Characters in the book include both Santa Claus (complete with sleigh, stocking and chimney), leaving presents on Christmas Eve and—separately—Old Father Christmas. The Stocking of the title tells of how in England, "a great many years ago", it saw Father Christmas enter with his traditional refrain "Oh! here come I, old father Christmas, welcome or not ..." He wore a crown of yew and ivy, and he carried a long staff topped with holly-berries. His dress "was a long brown robe which fell down about his feet, and on it were sewed little spots of white cloth to represent snow". 855: 389:

liquor is taken from him, he is much wasted, so that he hath looked very thin and ill of late ... But yet some other markes that you may know him by, is that the wanton Women dote after him; he helped them to so many new Gownes, Hatts, and Hankerches, and other fine knacks, of which he hath a pack on his back, in which is good store of all sorts, besides the fine knacks that he got out of their husbands' pockets for household provisions for him. He got Prentises, Servants, and Schollars many play dayes, and therefore was well beloved by them also, and made all merry with Bagpipes, Fiddles, and other musicks, Giggs, Dances, and Mummings."

1337: 1322: 708: 663: 1310: 839: 743: 971:, published in London, carried an illustrated article entitled "New Year's Eve in Different Nations". This noted that one of the chief features of the American New Year's Eve was a custom carried over from the Dutch, namely the arrival of Santa Claus with gifts for the children. Santa Claus is "no other than the Pelz Nickel of Germany ... the good Saint Nicholas of Russia ... He arrives in Germany about a fortnight before Christmas, but as may be supposed from all the visits he has to pay there, and the length of his voyage, he does not arrive in America, until this eve." 655:, exemplifies this view. In Hervey's personification of the lost charitable festival, "Old Father Christmas, at the head of his numerous and uproarious family, might ride his goat through the streets of the city and the lanes of the village, but he dismounted to sit for some few moments by each man's hearth; while some one or another of his merry sons would break away, to visit the remote farm-houses or show their laughing faces at many a poor man's door." Seymour's illustration shows Old Christmas dressed in a fur gown, crowned with a holly wreath, and riding a 1247:

Santiclaus will fill the stocking or place something within it before the morning. This is of course well known, and the master of the house does in reality place a Christmas gift secretly in each stocking; but the giggling girls in the morning, when bringing down their presents, affect to say that Santiclaus visited and filled the stockings in the night. From what region of the earth or air this benevolent Santiclaus takes flight I have not been able to ascertain ..." Lees received several responses, linking 'Santiclaus' with the continental traditions of

445:. Father Christmas's counsel mounts the defence: "Me thinks my Lord, the very Clouds blush, to see this old Gentleman thus egregiously abused. if at any time any have abused themselves by immoderate eating, and drinking or otherwise spoil the creatures, it is none of this old mans fault; neither ought he to suffer for it; for example the Sun and the Moon are by the heathens worship’d are they therefore bad because idolized? so if any abuse this old man, they are bad for abusing him, not he bad, for being abused." The jury acquits. 1060:, glistening in the snow ... He wore a great furry white coat and cap, and a long white beard and hair spoke to his hoar antiquity. Behind his bower he had a large selection of fancy articles which formed the gifts he distributed to holders of prize tickets from time to time during the day ... Father Christmas bore in his hand a small Christmas tree laden with bright little gifts and bon-bons, and altogether he looked like the familiar Santa Claus or Father Christmas of the picture book." Discussing the shops of 1093: 503:, a play of 1732, Old Christmas is depicted as someone who is rarely-found: a generous squire. The character Scabbard remarks, "Men are grown so ... stingy, now-a-days, that there is scarce One, in ten Parishes, makes any House-keeping. ... Squire Christmas ... keeps a good House, or else I do not know of One besides." When invited to spend Christmas with the squire, he comments "I will ... else I shall forget Christmas, for aught I see." Similar opinions were expressed in 534:. During the following century they became probably the most widespread of all calendar customs. Hundreds of villages had their own mummers who performed traditional plays around the neighbourhood, especially at the big houses. Father Christmas appears as a character in plays of the Southern England type, being mostly confined to plays from the south and west of England and Wales. His ritual opening speech is characterised by variants of a couplet closely reminiscent of 416:. A frontispiece illustrates an old, bearded Christmas in a brimmed hat, a long open robe and undersleeves. Christmas laments the pitiful quandary he has fallen into since he came into "this headlesse countrey". "I was in good hope that so long a misery would have made them glad to bid a merry Christmas welcome. But welcome or not welcome, I am come...." He concludes with a verse: "Lets dance and sing, and make good chear, / For Christmas comes but once a year." 420: 6200: 1089:. In an imagined children's party this took the form of a recess in the library which evoked "dim visions of the cave of Aladdin" and was "well filled ... with all that delights the eye, pleases the ear, or tickles the fancy of children". The young guests "tremblingly await the decision of the improvised Father Christmas, with his flowing grey beard, long robe, and slender staff". 4415: 1466: 280:(1616) dressed his Old Christmas in out-of-date fashions: "attir'd in round Hose, long Stockings, a close Doublet, a high crownd Hat with a Broach, a long thin beard, a Truncheon, little Ruffes, white shoes, his Scarffes, and Garters tyed crosse". Surrounded by guards, Christmas asserts his rightful place in the 1150:

long white beard, of course. Wig and beard can be cheaply hired from a theatrical costumier, or may be improvised from tow in case of need. He should wear a greatcoat down to his heels, liberally sprinkled with flour as though he had just come from that land of ice where Father Christmas is supposed to reside."

1271:(1891), Lilian M Bennett treats the two names as interchangeable: "Old Santa Claus is exceedingly kind, / but he won't come to Wide-awakes, you will find... / Father Christmas won't come if he can hear / You're awake. So to bed my bairnies dear." The commercial availability from 1895 of Tom Smith & Co's 1562:

Modern dictionaries consider the terms Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be synonymous. The respective characters are now to all intents and purposes indistinguishable, although some people are still said to prefer the term 'Father Christmas' over 'Santa Claus', nearly 150 years after Santa Claus's

1258:

By the 1880s the American myth had become firmly established in the popular English imagination, the nocturnal visitor sometimes being known as Santa Claus and sometimes as Father Christmas (often complete with a hooded robe). An 1881 poem imagined a child awaiting a visit from Santa Claus and asking

987:

according to a character in a newspaper short story who says "... tomorrow will be Christmas. What will Santa Claus bring us?" A poem published in Belfast in 1858 includes the lines "The children sleep; they dream of him, the fairy, / Kind Santa Claus, who with a right good will / Comes down the

628:

of the English past, allegedly since lost, that was characterised by universal hospitality and charity. The notion had a profound influence on the way that popular customs were seen, and most of the 19th century writers who bemoaned the state of contemporary Christmases were, at least to some extent,

308:

dispute precedence, and Shrovetide issues a challenge: "I say Christmas you are past date, you are out of the Almanack. Resigne, resigne." To which Christmas responds: "Resigne to thee! I that am the King of good cheere and feasting, though I come but once a yeare to raigne over bak't, boyled, roast

116:

arrived in England in the 1850s and Father Christmas started to take on Santa Claus's attributes. By the 1880s the new customs had become established, with the nocturnal visitor sometimes being known as Santa Claus and sometimes as Father Christmas. He was often illustrated wearing a long red hooded

1371:

Any residual distinctions between Father Christmas and Santa Claus largely faded away in the early years of the new century, and it was reported in 1915, "The majority of children to-day ... do not know of any difference between our old Father Christmas and the comparatively new Santa Claus, as, by

1246:

seeking information about an observance he had been told about by 'a country person': "On Christmas Eve, when the inmates of a house in the country retire to bed, all those desirous of a present place a stocking outside the door of their bedroom, with the expectation that some mythical being called

1035:

As the US-inspired customs became popular in England, Father Christmas started to take on Santa Claus's attributes. His costume became more standardised, and although depictions often still showed him carrying holly, the holly crown became rarer and was often replaced with a hood. It still remained

901:

In pre-Victorian personifications, Father Christmas had been concerned essentially with adult feasting and games. He had no particular connection with children, nor with the giving of presents. But as Victorian Christmases developed into family festivals centred mainly on children, Father Christmas

687:

Hervey ends by lamenting the lost "uproarious merriment" of Christmas, and calls on his readers "who know anything of the 'old, old, very old, gray-bearded gentleman' or his family to aid us in our search after them; and with their good help we will endeavor to restore them to some portion of their

1158:

The nocturnal visitor aspect of the American myth took much longer to become naturalised. From the 1840s it had been accepted readily enough that presents were left for children by unseen hands overnight on Christmas Eve, but the receptacle was a matter of debate, as was the nature of the visitor.

1149:

should dispense gifts from a 'snow cave', but a little over a year later she had changed her recommendation to a gypsy in a 'magic cave'. Alternatively, the hostess could "have Father Christmas arrive, towards the end of the evening, with a sack of toys on his back. He must have a white head and a

691:

Father Christmas or Old Christmas, represented as a jolly-faced bearded man often surrounded by plentiful food and drink, started to appear regularly in illustrated magazines of the 1840s. He was dressed in a variety of costumes and usually had holly on his head, as in these illustrations from the

1100:

From the 1870s onwards, Christmas shopping had begun to evolve as a separate seasonal activity, and by the late 19th century it had become an important part of the English Christmas. The purchasing of toys, especially from the new department stores, became strongly associated with the season. The

388:

attributes: "For age, this hoarie headed man was of great yeares, and as white as snow; he entred the Romish Kallender time out of mind; is old ...; he was full and fat as any dumb Docter of them all. He looked under the consecrated Laune sleeves as big as Bul-beefe ... but, since the catholike

249:

introduced for comic effect a miserly Christmas character who refuses to keep the feast. He is reminded by Summer of the traditional role that he ought to be playing: "Christmas, how chance thou com’st not as the rest, / Accompanied with some music, or some song? / A merry carol would have graced

460:

In 1678 Josiah King reprinted his 1658 pamphlet with additional material. In this version, the restored Father Christmas is looking better: " look't so smug and pleasant, his cherry cheeks appeared through his thin milk white locks, like lushing Roses vail'd with snow white Tiffany ... the true

284:

and protests against attempts to exclude him: "Why Gentlemen, doe you know what you doe? ha! would you ha'kept me out? Christmas, old Christmas? Christmas of London, and Captaine Christmas? ... they would not let me in: I must come another time! a good jeast, as if I could come more then once a

674:

dressed in a long robe and crowned with holly. His children are identified as Roast Beef (Sir Loin) and his faithful squire or bottle-holder Plum Pudding; the slender figure of Wassail with her fount of perpetual youth; a 'tricksy spirit' who bears the bowl and is on the best of terms with the

1375:

It took many years for authors and illustrators to agree that Father Christmas's costume should be portrayed as red—although that was always the most common colour—and he could sometimes be found in a gown of brown, green, blue or white. Mass media approval of the red costume came following a

588:, Christmas customs enjoyed a significant revival, including the figure of Father Christmas himself as the emblem of 'good cheer'. His physical appearance at this time became more variable, and he was by no means always portrayed as the old and bearded figure imagined by 17th century writers. 521:

included a personified Christmas character who announced "Behold a personage well known to fame; / Once lov'd and honour'd – Christmas is my name! /.../ I, English hearts rejoic'd in days of yore; / for new strange modes, imported by the score, / You will not sure turn Christmas out of door!"

108:

Until Victorian times, Father Christmas was concerned with adult feasting and merry-making. He had no particular connection with children, nor with the giving of presents, nocturnal visits, stockings, chimneys or reindeer. But as later Victorian Christmases developed into child-centric family

912:

diarist Barclay Fox relates a family party given on 26 December 1842 that featured "the venerable effigies of Father Christmas with scarlet coat & cocked hat, stuck all over with presents for the guests, by his side the old year, a most dismal & haggard old beldame in a night cap and

809:

between 1830 and 1852, all in essentially the same terms: "Father Christmas is represented as a grotesque old man, with a large mask and comic wig, and a huge club in his hand." This representation is considered by the folklore scholar Peter Millington to be the result of the southern Father

1167:. The older shoe custom and the newer American stocking custom trickled only slowly into Britain, with writers and illustrators remaining uncertain for many years. Although the stocking eventually triumphed, the shoe custom had still not been forgotten by 1901 when an illustration entitled 982:

1852, with children "hanging their stockings up on each side of the fire-place, in their sleeping apartments, at night, and waiting patiently till morning, to see what Santa Claus puts into them during their slumbers". In Ireland in 1853, on the other hand, presents were being left on

4253: 471:, celebrated the revival of festivities in the latter part of the century: "Old Christmass is come for to keep open house / He scorns to be guilty of starving a mouse, / Then come boyes and welcome, for dyet the chief / Plumb pudding, Goose, Capon, minc't pies & Roast beef". 1207:, which was syndicated to local newspapers in 1871, took it for granted that readers would be familiar with the custom, and would understand the joke that the stocking might be missed as "Santa Claus wouldn't be looking for anything half so small." On the other hand, when 1278:

Representations of the developing character at this period were sometimes labelled 'Santa Claus' and sometimes 'Father Christmas', with a tendency for the latter still to allude to old-style associations with charity and with food and drink, as in several of these

3809: 4047: 3528: 1569:(19th edn, 2012), Father Christmas is considered to be " British rather than a US name for Santa Claus, associating him specifically with Christmas. The name carries a somewhat socially superior cachet and is thus preferred by certain advertisers." 1366:

definition of Father Christmas as "a personification of Christmas, now conventionally pictured as a benevolent old man with a long white beard and red clothes trimmed with white fur, who brings presents for children on the night before Christmas

4280: 3986: 3949: 3873: 3851: 3712: 2531: 829:(1864) opened with "Old Father Christmas, bearing, as emblematic devices, the holly bough, wassail-bowl, &c". A corresponding illustration (below right) shows the character wearing not only a holly wreath but also a gown with a hood. 978:, and returning visitors and emigrants to the British Isles on this and other vessels will have been familiar with the American figure. There were some early adoptions in Britain. A Scottish reference has Santa Claus leaving presents on 312:

This sort of character was to feature repeatedly over the next 250 years in pictures, stage plays and folk dramas. Initially known as 'Sir Christmas' or 'Lord Christmas', he later became increasingly referred to as 'Father Christmas'.

885:

folk play of 1860 Father Christmas is portrayed as a disabled soldier: " wore breeches and stockings, carried a begging-box, and conveyed himself upon two sticks; his arms were striped with chevrons like a noncommissioned officer."

2933: 952:, which developed the character further. Moore's poem became immensely popular and Santa Claus customs, initially localized in the Dutch American areas, were becoming general in the United States by the middle of the century. 1457:

was held to be "the authorised version of how Santa Claus should look—in America, that is." In Britain, people were said to stick to the older Father Christmas, with a long robe, large concealing beard, and boots similar to

333:

Christmas traditions. When the Puritans took control of government in the mid-1640s they made concerted efforts to abolish Christmas and to outlaw its traditional customs. For 15 years from around 1644, before and during the

361:

pamphleteers linked the old traditions of Christmas with the cause of King and Church, while radical puritans argued for the suppression of Christmas both in its religious and its secular aspects. In the hands of Royalist

120:

Most residual distinctions between Father Christmas and Santa Claus largely faded away in the early years of the 20th century, and modern dictionaries consider the terms Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be synonymous.

180:

and the spirit (represented by Christmas and Lent), John Gladman, crowned and disguised as 'King of Christmas', rode behind a pageant of the months "disguysed as the seson requird" on a horse decorated with tinfoil.

679:

under a state-canopy of cake and wearing his ancient crown; Saint Distaff looking like an old maid ("she used to be a sad romp; but her merriest days we fear are over"); Carol singing; the Waits; and the twin-faced

1036:

common, though, for Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be distinguished, and as late as the 1890s there were still examples of the old-style Father Christmas appearing without any of the new American features.

1406:. He is "the personification of Christmas as a benevolent old man with a flowing white beard, wearing a red sleeved gown and hood trimmed with white fur, and carrying a sack of Christmas presents". One of the 495:

Christmases are remarkably timeless nothing very much seems to have altered during the next century either." The diaries of 18th and early 19th century clergy take little note of any Christmas traditions.

1443:

old gentleman", many children, "led away ... by the false romanticism of sledges and reindeer", post letters to Norway addressed simply to Father Christmas or, "giving him a foreign veneer, Santa Claus".

1124:

was reported to be a "Temple of juvenile delectation and delight. In the well-lighted window is a representation of Father Christmas, with the printed intimation that 'Santa Claus is arranging within.'"

1056:, a gift-giving Father Christmas/Santa Claus figure was already being described as 'familiar': "On the right-hand side was Father Christmas's bower, formed of evergreens, and in front was the proverbial 366:, Old Father Christmas served as the symbol and spokesman of 'the good old days' of feasting and good cheer, and it became popular for Christmastide's defenders to present him as lamenting past times. 854: 479:

As interest in Christmas customs waned, Father Christmas's profile declined. He still continued to be regarded as Christmas's presiding spirit, although his occasional earlier associations with the

838: 285:

yeare; why, I am no dangerous person, and so I told my friends, o'the Guard. I am old Gregorie Christmas still, and though I come out of Popes-head-alley as good a Protestant, as any i'my Parish."

1109:

in December 1888, and shopping arenas for children—often called 'Christmas Bazaars'—spread rapidly during the 1890s and 1900s, helping to assimilate Father Christmas/Santa Claus into society.

3385: 2930: 1189:

Before Santa Claus and the stocking became ubiquitous, one English tradition had been for fairies to visit on Christmas Eve to leave gifts in shoes set out in front of the fireplace.

719: 5451: 870: 802:

throughout the 19th century, his appearance varying considerably according to local custom. Sometimes, as in Hervey's book of 1836, he was portrayed (below left) as a hunchback.

232:

characters, sometimes called 'Captain Christmas', 'Prince Christmas' or 'The Christmas Lord', presiding over feasting and entertainment in grand houses, university colleges and

774:

was highly influential, and has been credited both with reviving interest in Christmas in England and with shaping the themes attached to it. A famous image from the novel is

5446: 2503: 2238: 2166: 1986: 505:

Round About Our Coal Fire ... with some curious Memories of Old Father Christmas; Shewing what Hospitality was in former Times, and how little there remains of it at present

77:

English personifications of Christmas were first recorded in the 15th century, with Father Christmas himself first appearing in the mid 17th century in the aftermath of the

1294: 942:

in which a Santa Claus figure on a reindeer sleigh brings presents for good children and a "long, black birchen rod" for use on the bad ones. In 1823 came the famous poem

2454: 1336: 2402:

The Examination and Tryal of Old Father Christmas, together with his clearing by the Jury, at the Assizes held at the town of Difference, in the county of Discontent

101:

in 1660, Father Christmas's profile declined. His character was maintained during the late 18th and into the 19th century by the Christmas folk plays later known as

3725: 5402: 731: 889:

In the latter part of the 19th century and the early years of the next the folk play tradition in England rapidly faded, and the plays almost died out after the

392: 1259:"Will he come like Father Christmas, / Robed in green and beard all white? / Will he come amid the darkness? / Will he come at all tonight?" The French writer 5788: 5149: 1321: 2406: 2214: 2195: 1309: 1074: 974:

In 1851 advertisements began appearing in Liverpool newspapers for a new transatlantic passenger service to and from New York aboard the Eagle Line's ship

457:

in 1660, most traditional Christmas celebrations were revived, although as these were no longer contentious the historic documentary sources become fewer.

97:, linking the old traditions with their cause, adopted Old Father Christmas as the symbol of 'the good old days' of feasting and good cheer. Following the 1192:

Aspects of the American Santa Claus myth were sometimes adopted in isolation and applied to Father Christmas. In a short fantasy piece, the editor of the

955: 19:

This article is about the Christmas character of English folklore and myth. For the correspondingly-named character in other countries and languages, see

5047: 4878: 2341: 2312: 2101: 20: 1565: 1842: 707: 2012: 3405: 5382: 4331: 1196:

in 1867 dreamt of being seized by the collar by Father Christmas, "rising up like a Geni of the Arabian Nights ... and moving rapidly through the

4361: 1494:, a series of private letters to his children written between 1920 and 1942 and first published in 1976. Other 20th century publications include 1174: 32: 3376: 3048:

The Book of Christmas: descriptive of the customs, ceremonies, traditions, superstitions, fun, feeling, and festivities of the Christmas Season

2975:

The Book of Christmas: descriptive of the customs, ceremonies, traditions, superstitions, fun, feeling, and festivities of the Christmas Season

2953:

The Book of Christmas: descriptive of the customs, ceremonies, traditions, superstitions, fun, feeling, and festivities of the Christmas Season

2920:

The Book of Christmas: descriptive of the customs, ceremonies, traditions, superstitions, fun, feeling, and festivities of the Christmas Season

2756: 2137: 5777: 5584: 3303: 2874: 2643: 2073: 1625: 1064:

in London, another writer noted in December of that year, "you may fancy yourself in the abode of Father Christmas or St. Nicholas himself."

137:(c 1100–1300). This almost certainly represented a continuation of pre-Christian midwinter celebrations in Britain of which—as the historian 5658: 1500: 1139:

Even after the appearance of the store grotto, it was still not firmly established who should hand out gifts at parties. A writer in the

5387: 5102: 4447: 241: 1386: 1128: 5456: 5245: 4816: 4642: 4395: 3758: 3353: 1355: 5718: 4307: 4131: 3907: 3652: 3328: 3278: 3115: 3008: 2552: 2383: 1963: 1904: 1796: 1765: 1729: 1695: 1200:". Hovering over the roof of a house, Father Christmas cries 'Open Sesame' to have the roof roll back to disclose the scene within. 24: 5633: 1120:

and other children's characters in between. At other times the characters were conflated: in 1885 Mr Williamson's London Bazaar in

441:). King portrays Father Christmas as a white-haired old man who is on trial for his life based on evidence laid against him by the 209:

which involved a figure representing Yule who carried bread and a leg of lamb. In 1572, the riding was suppressed on the orders of

2611: 491:

nobody in the ruling elite seems to have had any stomach for simulating it." Hutton also found "patterns of entertainment at late

6261: 5858: 5653: 5548: 1852: 938: 339: 263:

Early 17th century writers used the techniques of personification and allegory as a means of defending Christmas from attacks by

217:(term 1570–1576), who complained of the "undecent and uncomely disguising" which drew multitudes of people from divine service. 141:

has pointed out—"we have no details at all". Personifications came later, and when they did they reflected the existing custom.

3153: 2689: 2449: 632: 134: 4187: 3784: 3601: 2194:. London, "at the signe of the Pack of Cards in Mustard-Alley, in Brawn Street": Simon Minc’d Pye, for Cissely Plum-Porridge. 662: 5562: 4945: 4724: 2435: 338:, the celebration of Christmas in England was forbidden. The suppression was given greater legal weight from June 1647 when 3572: 6256: 6231: 5483: 5270: 5265: 4779: 4570: 1519: 1203:

It was not until the 1870s that the tradition of a nocturnal Santa Claus began to be adopted by ordinary people. The poem

2822: 1096:

Father Christmas 1879, with holly crown and wassail bowl, the bowl now being used for the delivery of children's presents

5638: 5342: 4888: 4097: 4074: 3722: 1539: 806: 652: 488: 335: 161:

from 1435 to 1477, has 'Sir Christemas' announcing the news of Christ's birth and encouraging his listeners to drink: "

6241: 1449: 1439:

opined that while most adults may be under the impression that Father Christmas is home-bred, and is "a good insular

916:

In Britain, the first evidence of a child writing letters to Father Christmas requesting gift has been found in 1895.

4419: 790:, and is dressed in the traditional loose furred gown—but in green rather than the red that later become ubiquitous. 1465: 1171:

was accompanied by the verse "Her Christmas dreams / Have all come true; / Stocking o'erflows / and likewise shoe."

4550: 2895: 1819: 779: 747: 742: 2733: 530:

By the late 18th century Father Christmas had become a stock character in the Christmas folk plays later known as

404:

The character of 'Christmas' (also called 'father Christmas') speaks in a pamphlet of 1652, immediately after the

6251: 6236: 6226: 5794: 5783: 5703: 5555: 5476: 5295: 5052: 4940: 4654: 4615: 2400: 2273: 2189: 1510: 1407: 1402: 1361: 1265:

descend par la cheminée, pour remplir de bonbons et de joux les bas que les enfants ont suspendus au pied du lit.

1121: 944: 775: 514: 437: 3401:

The Children's friend. Number III. : A New-Year's present, to the little ones from five to twelve. Part III

3247: 3073: 2666: 2575: 5810: 5596: 5518: 5436: 5429: 5332: 5215: 4637: 4469: 4212: 3671: 3502: 3476: 3450: 1490: 220:

Such personifications, illustrating the medieval fondness for pageantry and symbolism, extended throughout the

4935: 2335: 2308: 2095: 149:

The first known English personification of Christmas was associated with merry-making, singing and drinking.

5758: 5743: 5678: 5628: 5623: 5532: 5513: 5397: 5117: 4666: 4440: 3208: 2497: 2278: 2232: 2160: 2114:

Quoted in Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–1660, ed. CH Firth and RS Rait (London, 1911), p 954.

1980: 1527: 1263:, who evidently thought the custom was established in the England of 1883, explained that Father Christmas " 1141: 694: 676: 442: 3923: 2008: 5688: 5312: 5255: 4800: 4504: 1182: 1117: 59: 3399: 2929:. The online version listed is the 1888 American printing. Higher-resolution copies of the illustrations 1233:, ignorant of American practices, was still "excitedly trying to discover the source of the new belief". 1071:, where he was shown in many different costumes. Sometimes he gave presents and sometimes received them. 346:

which formally abolished Christmas in its entirety, along with the other traditional church festivals of

5590: 5362: 5260: 5007: 4610: 4543: 4323: 1255:), but no-one mentioned Father Christmas and no-one was correctly able to identify the American source. 1092: 454: 276: 98: 4353: 3025: 2209: 6246: 5773: 5728: 5377: 5352: 5317: 5307: 5302: 5280: 5067: 5037: 4992: 4967: 1230: 949: 644: 2795: 1044:

The blurring of public roles occurred quite rapidly. In an 1854 newspaper description of the public

5748: 5723: 5663: 5569: 5535: 5503: 5392: 5372: 5367: 5357: 5347: 5337: 5327: 5285: 5275: 4759: 4575: 3428: 2125: 380:

gentlewoman enquiring after Old Father Christmas who 'is gone from hence'. Its anonymous author, a

330: 300:, state, "Christmas is personated by an old reverend Gentleman in a furr'd gown and cappe &c." 3231: 3138: 2061: 2041: 670:

In an extended allegory, Hervey imagines his contemporary Old Father Christmas as a white-bearded

197:' by the 11th century, but in some places 'Yule' survived as the normal dialect term. The City of 6203: 5708: 5322: 5205: 5144: 5139: 5122: 5082: 4590: 4497: 4433: 2979: 2957: 2787: 2779: 1275:

indicates how deeply the American myth had penetrated English society by the end of the century.

1102: 671: 535: 409: 270:

Responding to a perceived decline in the levels of Christmas hospitality provided by the gentry,

214: 202: 3227:

The Book of Days. A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in Connection with the Calendar. Volume II

3202: 3052: 2924: 2482: 1932: 1896: 70:

tradition. The recognisably modern figure of the English Father Christmas developed in the late

3455:

Notices for Emigrants for 1851. Michell's American Passenger Office. For New York. "Eagle Line"

2499:

The Celebration of Christmastide in England from the Civil Wars to its Victorian Transformation

2162:

The Celebration of Christmastide in England from the Civil Wars to its Victorian Transformation

1982:

The Celebration of Christmastide in England from the Civil Wars to its Victorian Transformation

1955: 1757: 1687: 1653: 1429:"No, as a matter of fact I don't. But Father's downstairs; perhaps he may be able to tell you." 5863: 5853: 5713: 5618: 5524: 5469: 5166: 5032: 5012: 4925: 4734: 4661: 4632: 4620: 4483: 4391: 4303: 4127: 3903: 3754: 3648: 3349: 3324: 3299: 3274: 3111: 3031: 3004: 2870: 2639: 2548: 2379: 2375: 1959: 1900: 1848: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1761: 1725: 1691: 1621: 1400:

Father Christmas's common form for much of the 20th century was described by his entry in the

1242: 1112:

Sometimes the two characters continued to be presented as separate, as in a procession at the

1106: 996: 979: 770: 756: 405: 150: 78: 3000: 2994: 2294: 1721: 1715: 6036: 5894: 5823: 5768: 5753: 5538: 5225: 5195: 5097: 5087: 5022: 4739: 2811:

The article is also available at eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/3297/1/Truro-Cordwainers-Play.pdf.

2771: 2367: 2267: 1947: 1888: 1749: 1679: 1485: 1481: 1473: 1412: 1391: 1280: 177: 169: 102: 67: 5833: 1555:

For modern usages in which Father Christmas is treated as synonymous with Santa Claus, see

1215:

in 1877 it felt the need to include a long preface explaining exactly who Santa Claus was.

6151: 6031: 5989: 5969: 5954: 5673: 5668: 5648: 5441: 5424: 5414: 5200: 5132: 5092: 5027: 4977: 4910: 4595: 3729: 3576: 2937: 2849: 2458: 2218: 1459: 1113: 765: 751: 542: 480: 229: 165:, / Make good cheer and be right merry, / And sing with us now joyfully: Nowell, nowell." 51: 4868: 4764: 3627: 3225: 3132: 1164: 3046: 2973: 2951: 2918: 2035: 1185:

showing nocturnal visitors in 1868, before the American Santa Claus tradition took hold.

6082: 5944: 5889: 5763: 5693: 5643: 5490: 5210: 5178: 5172: 5062: 5002: 4843: 4811: 4749: 4719: 4649: 3555: 3190: 2603: 2475: 1925: 1889: 1646: 1505: 1163:

leaving presents in shoes laid out on 5 December, while in France shoes were filled by

1068: 1005: 929: 815: 598: 427:) during the Puritan ban on Christmas, and 1678 when it has been restored as a holy day 210: 36:

1848 depiction of Father Christmas crowned with a holly wreath, holding a staff and a

6220: 6146: 6067: 6005: 5112: 5107: 4987: 4982: 4905: 4627: 4585: 4538: 4490: 3967: 2791: 2368: 1948: 1750: 1680: 1421:

Uncle James (who after hours of making up rather fancies himself as Father Christmas)

1260: 1226: 1218: 1061: 984: 637: 621: 613:'Twas Christmas broach'd the mightiest ale; / 'Twas Christmas told the merriest tale; 585: 510: 492: 484: 363: 297: 281: 233: 225: 138: 130: 71: 3164: 2700: 419: 6141: 6089: 5924: 5683: 5183: 5057: 4714: 4605: 4565: 4511: 4178: 3775: 3592: 1248: 1160: 1053: 1024: 1013: 1001: 861: 845: 799: 603: 531: 468: 246: 221: 85:-controlled English government had legislated to abolish Christmas, considering it 6171: 5848: 5843: 2429: 435:(the earliest citation for the specific term 'Father Christmas' recognised by the 3748: 3377:"First letter to Father Christmas discovered from girl requesting paints in 1895" 616:

A Christmas gambol oft could cheer / The poor man's heart through half the year."

6181: 6156: 6077: 6057: 6052: 6026: 5979: 5959: 5909: 5290: 5077: 5017: 4997: 4957: 4952: 4873: 4823: 3569: 3221: 2775: 1556: 1495: 1454: 1380: 1222: 925: 890: 624:

has been adopted by historians to describe the romantic notion that there was a

384:, presents Father Christmas in a negative light, concentrating on his allegedly 113: 94: 63: 2234:

The Vindication of Christmas or, His Twelve Yeares' Observations upon the Times

893:

taking their ability to influence the character of Father Christmas with them.

782:'. Although not explicitly named Father Christmas, the character wears a holly 553:

hare comes i ould father Christmas welcom or welcom not

414:

The Vindication of Christmas or, His Twelve Yeares' Observations upon the Times

5919: 5884: 5733: 5220: 5161: 5127: 4920: 4900: 4853: 4848: 4744: 4709: 4699: 4476: 2826: 2191:

The Arraignment Conviction and Imprisonment of Christmas on S. Thomas Day Last

1252: 1237: 1045: 1009: 625: 483:

died out with the disappearance of the Lord of Misrule himself. The historian

373: 322: 301: 271: 1067:

During the 1860s and the 1870s, Father Christmas became a popular subject on

6161: 5949: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5904: 5230: 4863: 4858: 4833: 4789: 4729: 4580: 4456: 3078: 1544: 1537:

In 1991, Raymond Briggs's two books were adapted as an animated short film,

1531: 1523: 1440: 1435: 1377: 882: 811: 656: 381: 305: 194: 55: 5984: 5156: 4414: 798:

Old Father Christmas continued to make his annual appearance in Christmas

610:"England was merry England, when / Old Christmas brought his sports again. 6175: 6166: 6120: 5964: 5838: 5738: 5235: 5189: 4930: 4784: 4769: 4704: 4689: 4678: 3163:. International Traditional Drama Conference. p. 107. Archived from 2699:. International Traditional Drama Conference. p. 106. Archived from 1447:

Differences between the English and US representations were discussed in

1057: 906: 822:

play in 1856 noted, "Beelzebub was identical with Old Father Christmas."

555:

i hope ould father Christmas will never be forgot

423:

Father Christmas, as illustrated in Josiah King's two pamphlets of 1658 (

377: 358: 264: 154: 90: 82: 41: 2891: 2783: 2757:"The Truro Cordwainers' Play: A 'New' Eighteenth-Century Christmas Play" 1813: 6110: 6105: 6010: 5974: 5899: 5868: 4915: 4754: 4694: 4560: 2729: 1518:(1975). The character was also celebrated in popular songs, including " 1116:

of 1888 in which both Father Christmas and Santa Claus took part, with

787: 351: 173: 37: 4180:

The Intimacy of Christmas: Festive Celebration in England c. 1750-1914

4162:

Bennett, Lilian M (20 February 1891). "Agnes: A Fairy Tale (part I)".

3777:

The Intimacy of Christmas: Festive Celebration in England c. 1750-1914

3594:

The Intimacy of Christmas: Festive Celebration in England c. 1750-1914

3154:"Textual Analysis of English Quack Doctor Plays: Some New Discoveries" 2690:"Textual Analysis of English Quack Doctor Plays: Some New Discoveries" 557:

ould father Christmas a pair but woance a yare

6115: 6072: 6062: 5698: 5576: 5072: 5042: 4828: 4774: 4555: 2660: 2569: 909: 783: 385: 347: 326: 293: 86: 2571:

A new dramatic entertainment, called a Christmas Tale: In five parts

1372:

both wearing the same garb, they have effected a happy compromise."

805:

One unusual portrayal (below centre) was described several times by

5914: 4600: 1385: 1354: 1173: 1146: 1127: 1091: 1073: 1049: 954: 741: 681: 631: 418: 391: 309:

and plum-porridge, will have being in despight of thy lard-ship."

158: 675:

Turkey; Mumming; Misrule, with a feather in his cap; the Lord of

6136: 5800: 4518: 2037:

Old English Plays: The Works of Thomas Nabbes, volume the second

198: 190: 74:, but Christmas had been personified for centuries before then. 4429: 3721:

The image was republished in the United States a year later in

2823:"Truro [Formerly Mylor]: "A Play for Christmas", 1780s" 3101: 3099: 3097: 913:

spectacles, then 1843 , a promising baby asleep in a cradle".

928:

had originated in the US, drawing at least partly upon Dutch

4425: 3110:. Hassocks, Suffolk: The Harvester Press. pp. 112–113. 3074:"Gifts And Stockings - The Strange Case Of Father Christmas" 3027:

A Christmas Carol in Prose, Being a Ghost-Story of Christmas

2502:. Leeds: University of Leeds (BA dissertation). p. 34. 1985:. Leeds: University of Leeds (BA dissertation). p. 11. 1847:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 181. 1225:

were not, it seems, familiar with the new local customs and

145:

15th century—the first English personifications of Christmas

3742: 3740: 3738: 2165:. Leeds: University of Leeds (BA dissertation). p. 7. 1895:. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 563:

Here comes I, old Father Christmas, welcome or welcome not,

4117: 4115: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3678:. Luton, Bedfordshire, England. 2 January 1855. p. 5 3360:

Some of the entries were first published under the title

2419:

The online transcript is from a later reprinting of 1686.

538:'s "But welcome or not welcome, I am come..." from 1652. 1787:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 1720:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 1085:

An illustrated article of 1866 explained the concept of

864:. The Old Father Christmas character is on the far left. 370:

The Arraignment, Conviction and Imprisoning of Christmas

109:

festivals, Father Christmas became a bringer of gifts.

4390:. London: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd. p. 483. 4126:. Hassocks, Suffolk: The Harvester Press. p. 114. 3647:. Hassocks, Suffolk: The Harvester Press. p. 117. 3509:. Armagh, Northern Ireland. 25 November 1853. p. 7 3273:. Hassocks, Suffolk: The Harvester Press. p. 136. 2574:. The corner of the Adelphi, in the Strand : T Becket. 2527:

Round about our Coal Fire, or, Christmas Entertainments

2211:

A righte Merrie Christmasse!!! The Story of Christ-tide

507:(1734, reprinted with Father Christmas subtitle 1796). 408:, published anonymously by the satirical Royalist poet 66:, he was originally part of a much older and unrelated 3753:. London: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. pp. 189, 192. 3323:. Hassocks, Suffolk: The Harvester Press. p. 85. 3207:('Cuthbert Bede' was a pseudonym used by the novelist 2547:. Hassocks, Suffolk: The Harvester Press. p. 63. 2055: 2053: 2051: 2892:"Daily Archives: December 24, 2014 - Mummers Mumming" 250:

thee well; / Thy ancestors have used it heretofore."

176:

in January 1443, at a traditional battle between the

3900:

Cakes and Characters: An English Christmas Tradition

3600:. University of York (unpublished). pp. 58–59. 3586: 3584: 487:

notes, "after a taste of genuine misrule during the

6129: 6098: 6045: 6019: 5998: 5877: 5822: 5809: 5607: 5502: 5413: 5244: 4966: 4887: 4798: 4675: 4529: 3433:

Howitt's Journal of Literature and Popular Progress

1453:of 1985. The classic illustration by the US artist 969:

Howitt's Journal of Literature and Popular Progress

961:

Howitt's Journal of Literature and Popular Progress

902:started to be associated with the giving of gifts. 4388:Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (19th edn) 4035:Leicester Chronicle and the Leicestershire Mercury 3375: 3364:, edited by RL Brett, Bell and Hyman, London 1979. 3134:Christmastide, its History, Festivities and Carols 2999:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Ltd. pp. 2474: 2337:The Examination and Tryall of Old Father Christmas 2266: 1924: 1645: 1423:. "Well, my little man, and do you know who I am?" 433:The Examination and Tryall of Old Father Christmas 425:The Examination and Tryall of Old Father Christmas 133:first appears in the historical record during the 4186:. University of York (unpublished). p. 263. 3783:. University of York (unpublished). p. 261. 2662:The Origins and Development of English Folk Plays 2597: 2595: 2593: 2431:Old Christmass Returnd, / Or, Hospitality REVIVED 2221:, Leadenhall Press Ltd, London, 1894, Chapter IV. 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 629:yearning for the mythical Merry England version. 565:I hope old Father Christmas will never be forgot. 62:, and typically considered to be synonymous with 4048:"Christmas Rhymes: Santa Claus and the Children" 3483:. Caithness, Scotland. 9 January 1852. p. 3 2723: 2721: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 372:(January 1646) describes a discussion between a 172:incorporated both sacred and secular themes. In 4242:. Vol. 157. 24 December 1919. p. 538. 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 1480:Father Christmas appeared in many 20th century 3632:. London and New York: Frederick Warne and Co. 2100:. Official parliamentary record. 8 June 1647. 591: 185:16th century—feasting, entertainment and music 4441: 3970:(28 December 1878). "Christmas Fairy Gifts". 3867: 3865: 3850:Fenwick-Miller, Florence (22 December 1888). 3839:. Tyne and Wear. 19 December 1885. p. 3. 3666: 3664: 2665:(phd). University of Sheffield: Unpublished. 2231:Taylor, John (published anonymously) (1652). 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1019:1854 marked the first English publication of 994:was published in England in December 1853 in 814:character in a hybrid play. A spectator to a 8: 4012:"Our Christmas Corner. The Editor's Dream". 3902:. London: Prospect Books. pp. 183–184. 2869:. London: Penguin Books. pp. 372, 382. 2481:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 2374:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1950:Costumes and Scripts in Elizabethan Theatres 1931:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1756:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1686:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1652:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1101:first retail Christmas Grotto was set up in 1079:Old Father Christmas, or The Cave of Mystery 948:, usually attributed to the New York writer 932:traditions. A New York publication of 1821, 844:A hunchback Old Father Christmas in an 1836 567:Old Father Christmas appear but once a year, 89:, and had outlawed its traditional customs. 4124:An Englishman's Christmas: A Social History 4098:"Gifts Placed in the Stocking at Christmas" 4075:"Gifts Placed in the Stocking at Christmas" 3872:Fenwick-Miller, Florence (4 January 1890). 3645:An Englishman's Christmas: A Social History 3321:An Englishman's Christmas: A Social History 3271:An Englishman's Christmas: A Social History 3108:An Englishman's Christmas: A Social History 2545:An Englishman's Christmas: A Social History 2468: 2466: 1918: 1916: 1620:. London: Penguin Books. pp. 385–387. 1359:An English postcard of 1919 epitomises the 569:He looks like an old man of fourscore year 317:Puritan revolution—enter 'Father Christmas' 5819: 4448: 4434: 4426: 4217:Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser 4016:. Cheltenham. 24 December 1867. p. 8. 3837:Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette 3348:. Cornwall Editions Limited. p. 297. 2405:. London: H Brome, T Basset and J Wright. 559:he lucks like an ould man of 4 score yare 129:The custom of merrymaking and feasting at 21:List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers 3732:, under the title 'Old Father Christmas'. 2366:Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve (2000). 2361: 2359: 2034:Nabbes, Thomas (1887). Bullen, AH (ed.). 1748:Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve (2000). 1743: 1741: 1709: 1707: 1678:Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve (2000). 1639: 1637: 786:, is shown sitting among food, drink and 4219:. Sevenoaks. 31 December 1915. p. 3 3835:"Christmas Preparations in Sunderland". 3701:. Hereford. 27 December 1854. p. 4. 3629:Carl Krinkin; or, The Christmas Stocking 2730:"Father Christmas in English Folk Plays" 2097:An Ordinance for Abolishing of Festivals 1464: 1021:Carl Krinkin; or, The Christmas Stocking 661: 50:is the traditional English name for the 31: 3236:The online version is the 1888 reprint. 3230:. London: W & R Chambers. pp. 3137:. London: John Russell Smith. pp. 1954:. University of Alberta Press. p. 1577: 1566:Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable 1287: 848:with long robe, holly wreath and staff. 831: 700: 153:attributed to Richard Smart, Rector of 16:Folkloric figure originating in England 4302:. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. 4279:Robertshaw, Ursula (2 December 1985). 4054:. Preston. 22 December 1877. p. 3 4031:. Chelmsford. 8 April 1871. p. 1. 3427:Howitt, Mary Botham (1 January 1848). 3344:Fox, Berkley (2008). Brett, RL (ed.). 3298:. London: Penguin Books. p. 396. 2638:. London: Penguin Books. p. 393. 2614:from the original on 24 September 2017 2434:. Printed for P. Brooksby. 1672–1696. 2261: 2259: 2257: 1416:, reproduced here. The caption reads: 1000:. An explanatory note states that the 396:Father Christmas (centre) depicted in 5778:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus 4334:from the original on 24 February 2016 4260:. London. 21 December 1951. p. 7 4151:. Leeds. 24 December 1881. p. 7. 3816:. London. 26 December 1888. p. 1 3457:. Liverpool. 25 April 1851. p. 4 3429:"New Year's Eve in Different Nations" 3404:. New York: Gilley, William B. 1821. 3388:from the original on 12 January 2022. 3024:Dickens, Charles (19 December 1843). 2578:from the original on 16 February 2016 2198:from the original on 30 December 2015 2040:. London: Wyman & Sons. pp. 2015:from the original on 31 December 2014 1547:as the voice of the title character. 1472:, as imagined in a private letter by 725:Old Christmas / Father Christmas 1843 344:Ordinance for Abolishing of Festivals 189:In most of England the archaic word ' 7: 4364:from the original on 12 January 2018 4193:from the original on 4 February 2016 3790:from the original on 4 February 2016 3607:from the original on 4 February 2016 3556:"Pennsylvanian Folk Lore: Christmas" 3408:from the original on 6 February 2016 2898:from the original on 1 February 2016 2736:from the original on 29 October 2016 2669:from the original on 30 January 2016 2506:from the original on 29 January 2016 2438:from the original on 27 October 2017 2409:from the original on 22 January 2013 2344:from the original on 27 January 2016 2315:from the original on 26 January 2016 2295:participating institution membership 2241:from the original on 29 January 2016 2169:from the original on 29 January 2016 2140:from the original on 28 January 2013 2104:from the original on 27 January 2016 2076:from the original on 15 January 2016 2009:"Christmas, His Masque – Ben Jonson" 1989:from the original on 29 January 2016 1822:from the original on 12 January 2016 1501:The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe 1229:notes that in 1879 the newly formed 4149:The Leeds Mercury Weekly Supplement 4037:, Leicester, 11 March 1871, page 2. 3568:A further online copy can be found 3374:Alberge, Dalya (14 December 2019). 2996:The World Encyclopedia of Christmas 2728:Millington, Peter (December 2006). 1844:The Renaissance in Europe: A Reader 3950:"Did you see Santa Claus, Mother?" 3723:Godey's Ladies Book, December 1867 2532:4th edn reprint of 1796 on Commons 2477:The Rise and Fall of Merry England 1927:The Rise and Fall of Merry England 1648:The Rise and Fall of Merry England 1145:of December 1888 suggested that a 1004:figure is known as Santa Claus in 988:chimney with a footstep airy ..." 833:Old Father Christmas in folk plays 254:17th century—religion and politics 14: 3346:Barclay Fox's Journal 1832 - 1854 2011:. Hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com. 1563:arrival in England. According to 1301:The Awakening of Father Christmas 810:Christmas replacing the northern 592:'Merry England' view of Christmas 541:The oldest extant speech is from 163:Buvez bien par toute la compagnie 25:Father Christmas (disambiguation) 6199: 6198: 5654:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004 5549:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight 4413: 4358:Chambers 21st Century Dictionary 3672:"Yule Tide Festivities at Luton" 2851:Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field 2755:Millington, Peter (April 2003). 2370:A Dictionary of English Folklore 2060:Durston, Chris (December 1985). 1815:Summer's Last Will and Testament 1752:A Dictionary of English Folklore 1682:A Dictionary of English Folklore 1516:Father Christmas Goes on Holiday 1410:'s sources is a 1919 cartoon in 1335: 1320: 1308: 1293: 1289:Father Christmas in Punch, 1890s 1236:In January 1879 the antiquarian 1169:Did you see Santa Claus, Mother? 939:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight 936:, contained an illustrated poem 920:Santa Claus crosses the Atlantic 869: 853: 837: 730: 718: 706: 666:Christmas with his children 1836 242:Summer's Last Will and Testament 4073:Lees, Edwin (25 January 1879). 4033:The poem was also published in 3189:Bede, Cuthbert (6 April 1861). 1343:Father Christmas Not Up-To-Date 1023:by the popular American author 316: 207:The Riding of Yule and his Wife 5634:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland 5563:Christmas Day in the Workhouse 4946:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer 4725:Legend of the Christmas Spider 3246:Walcott, Mackenzie EC (1862). 3045:Hervey, Thomas Kibble (1836). 2972:Hervey, Thomas Kibble (1836). 2950:Hervey, Thomas Kibble (1836). 2917:Hervey, Thomas Kibble (1836). 2126:"Christmas under the Puritans" 2062:"The Puritan War on Christmas" 1273:Santa Claus Surprise Stockings 897:Father Christmas as gift-giver 702:Illustrated London News, 1840s 461:Emblem of Joy and Innocence." 431:In 1658 Josiah King published 168:Many Christmas customs of the 1: 5585:Christmas television specials 5484:The New Oxford Book of Carols 4571:Annunciation to the shepherds 3898:Henisch, Bridget Ann (1984). 3082:. 22 December 1956. p. 7 2604:"Who is the Guy on the Left?" 2451:Hymns and Carols of Christmas 1520:I Believe in Father Christmas 1470:Father Christmas Packing 1931 1315:"Where's your stocking?" 1895 959:Santa Claus, as presented in 117:gown trimmed with white fur. 112:The popular American myth of 5639:Christmas and holiday season 4300:The Father Christmas Letters 4287:(1985 Christmas Number): np. 4281:"The Christmas Gift Bringer" 2890:Daseger (24 December 2014). 1484:works of fiction, including 1213:Santa Claus and the Children 967:The January 1848 edition of 825:A mummers play mentioned in 688:ancient honors in England". 640:vision of Old Christmas 1836 398:The Vindication of Christmas 357:It was in this context that 125:Early midwinter celebrations 4096:Lees, Edwin (5 July 1879). 3878:The Illustrated London News 2776:10.1080/0015587032000059870 2208:Reprinted in Ashton, John, 1784:The Stripping of the Altars 1717:The Stripping of the Altars 1450:The Illustrated London News 1383:that was launched in 1931. 1328:Father Christmas Up-To-Date 1154:As secret nocturnal visitor 526:Early records of folk plays 6280: 4551:Adoration of the Shepherds 4328:Collins English Dictionary 4177:Armstrong, Neil R (2004). 3774:Armstrong, Neil R (2004). 3676:Luton Times and Advertiser 3591:Armstrong, Neil R (2004). 3554:Uneda (24 December 1853). 3535:. Belfast. 2 February 1858 3152:Millington, Peter (2002). 2688:Millington, Peter (2002). 2659:Millington, Peter (2002). 2602:Millington, Peter (2002). 2496:Austin, Charlotte (2006). 2340:. London: Thomas Johnson. 2309:"Giving Christmas his Due" 2159:Austin, Charlotte (2006). 1979:Austin, Charlotte (2006). 1554: 1390:Father Christmas cartoon, 794:Later 19th century mumming 780:Ghost of Christmas Present 748:Ghost of Christmas Present 475:18th century—a low profile 58:. Although now known as a 18: 6194: 5795:WWE Tribute to the Troops 5556:A Visit from St. Nicholas 5477:The Oxford Book of Carols 5053:Feast of the Seven Fishes 4616:Massacre of the Innocents 4465: 4147:"The Children's Column". 3956:: 1001. 28 December 1901. 2821:Millington, Peter (ed.). 2274:Oxford English Dictionary 1403:Oxford English Dictionary 992:A Visit from St. Nicholas 945:A Visit from St. Nicholas 438:Oxford English Dictionary 245:, written in about 1592, 5597:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 3728:27 December 2021 at the 3719:: 607. 22 December 1866. 3161:Folk Drama Studies Today 3131:Sandys, William (1852). 2936:14 February 2016 at the 2931:can also be found online 2697:Folk Drama Studies Today 1946:Macintyre, Jean (1992). 1841:Whitlock, Keith (2000). 1491:Father Christmas Letters 1433:In 1951 an editorial in 467:, a ballad collected by 336:Interregnum of 1649-1660 288:The stage directions to 239:In his allegorical play 193:' had been replaced by ' 6262:Christmas gift-bringers 5759:Small Business Saturday 5629:Black Friday (shopping) 5624:Black Friday (partying) 5118:Nine Lessons and Carols 5048:Events and celebrations 4285:Illustrated London News 4029:Essex Halfpenny Newsman 4027:"The Baby's Stocking". 3991:Illustrated London News 3985:MJ (19 December 1868). 3954:Illustrated London News 3856:Illustrated London News 3747:Connelly, Mark (2012). 3717:Illustrated London News 3533:The Belfast News-Letter 2624:Web page dated Jan 2003 2608:Traditional Drama Forum 2568:Garrick, David (1774). 2525:Merryman, Dick (1734). 2473:Hutton, Ronald (1994). 2279:Oxford University Press 1923:Hutton, Ronald (1994). 1891:The Stations of the Sun 1887:Hutton, Ronald (1996). 1644:Hutton, Ronald (1994). 1142:Illustrated London News 1031:Merger with Santa Claus 876:A party of mummers 1864 695:Illustrated London News 651:(1836), illustrated by 329:in connection with pre- 5403:Post-War United States 4108:(Fifth series): 11–12. 3697:"Christmas Readings". 3626:Warner, Susan (1854). 3529:"The Little Stockings" 2993:Bowler, Gerry (2000). 2848:Scott, Walter (1808). 2448:Transcription also at 2217:8 October 2018 at the 1812:Nashe, Thomas (1600). 1514:(1973) and its sequel 1477: 1397: 1368: 1186: 1136: 1118:Little Red Riding Hood 1097: 1082: 964: 762: 667: 641: 465:Old Christmass Returnd 428: 401: 325:led to accusations of 60:Christmas gift-bringer 44: 40:bowl and carrying the 23:. For other uses, see 5452:Hit singles in the US 5447:Hit singles in the UK 5008:Carols by Candlelight 4936:Santa Claus' daughter 4544:Adoration of the Magi 4384:Dent, Susie (forward) 4298:Tolkien, JRR (1976). 4122:Pimlott, JAR (1978). 3993:. London. p. 607 3814:Olympia. - Boxing Day 3713:"The Cave of Mystery" 3643:Pimlott, JAR (1978). 3481:John o' Groat Journal 3362:Barclay Fox's Journal 3319:Pimlott, JAR (1978). 3269:Pimlott, JAR (1978). 3106:Pimlott, JAR (1978). 2543:Pimlott, JAR (1978). 2529:. London: Roberts, J. 2399:King, Josiah (1678). 2334:King, Josiah (1658). 2124:Pimlott, JAR (1960). 1781:Duffy, Eamon (1992). 1714:Duffy, Eamon (1992). 1468: 1389: 1358: 1177: 1131: 1095: 1077: 1040:Appearances in public 958: 778:illustration of the ' 745: 665: 649:The Book of Christmas 635: 422: 395: 277:Christmas, His Masque 201:maintained an annual 35: 6257:Christmas in England 6232:Christmas characters 5744:Santa's Candy Castle 5068:Google Santa Tracker 4422:at Wikimedia Commons 4052:The Preston Guardian 4014:Cheltenham Chronicle 3874:"The Ladies' Column" 3852:"The Ladies' Column" 3750:Christmas: A History 3575:7 March 2016 at the 3294:Roud, Steve (2006). 2865:Roud, Steve (2006). 2634:Roud, Steve (2006). 2311:. 23 December 2011. 2237:. London: G Horton. 1616:Roud, Steve (2006). 1381:advertising campaign 1267:" . And in her poem 1209:The Preston Guardian 1194:Cheltenham Chronicle 1159:Dutch tradition had 1133:Domestic Theatricals 950:Clement Clarke Moore 934:A New-Year’s Present 580:19th century—revival 5749:Santa Claus Village 5664:Christmas Mountains 5570:Journey of the Magi 4576:Baptism of the Lord 4102:Notes & Queries 4085:(Fifth series): 66. 4079:Notes & Queries 3560:Notes & Queries 3451:"Liverpool Mercury" 3252:Notes & Queries 3248:"Hampshire Mummers" 3195:Notes & Queries 2457:23 May 2016 at the 2277:(Online ed.). 2251:(Printed date 1653) 1476:, published in 1976 1269:Agnes: A Fairy Tale 1251:and 'Petit Jesus' ( 1211:published its poem 1205:The Baby's Stocking 1087:The Cave of Mystery 545:in the late 1780s: 265:radical Protestants 6242:Christian folklore 5859:Twelve-dish supper 5709:Jews and Christmas 5659:Christmas Lectures 5388:American Civil War 5123:NORAD Tracks Santa 4499:Saint Nicholas Day 4354:"Father Christmas" 4324:"Father Christmas" 3170:on 3 February 2013 3032:Chapman & Hall 2894:. streetsofsalem. 2706:on 3 February 2013 2268:"Father Christmas" 1478: 1398: 1369: 1187: 1137: 1114:Olympia Exhibition 1098: 1083: 965: 763: 737:Old Christmas 1847 713:Old Christmas 1842 668: 642: 501:The Country Squire 429: 402: 290:The Springs Glorie 259:Puritan criticisms 215:Archbishop of York 45: 6214: 6213: 6190: 6189: 5854:Thirteen desserts 5774:Virginia O'Hanlon 5619:Advent Conspiracy 5533:Films (Christmas, 5525:A Christmas Carol 5470:Carols for Choirs 5013:Cavalcade of Magi 4993:Boar's Head Feast 4662:Star of Bethlehem 4633:Nativity of Jesus 4621:flight into Egypt 4506:St. Stephen's Day 4418:Media related to 3305:978-0-140-51554-1 3201:(Second series): 2876:978-0-140-51554-1 2645:978-0-140-51554-1 2293:(Subscription or 1627:978-0-140-51554-1 1243:Notes and Queries 1231:Folk-Lore Society 1107:Stratford, London 1103:JR Robert's store 997:Notes and Queries 771:A Christmas Carol 757:A Christmas Carol 596:In his 1808 poem 575: 574: 406:English Civil War 282:Protestant Church 79:English Civil War 68:English folkloric 6269: 6252:English folklore 6237:Personifications 6227:Father Christmas 6206: 6202: 6201: 6037:Redcurrant sauce 5826: 5820: 5815: 5789:Winter festivals 5539:Christmas horror 5506: 5417: 5248: 5103:Meals and feasts 5023:Christmas jumper 4970: 4941:Santa's reindeer 4893: 4839:Father Christmas 4803: 4760:Santa's workshop 4681: 4643:in later culture 4521: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4459: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4427: 4420:Father Christmas 4417: 4402: 4401: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4192: 4185: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4164:Manchester Times 4159: 4153: 4152: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4119: 4110: 4109: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3895: 3882: 3881: 3869: 3860: 3859: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3789: 3782: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3744: 3733: 3720: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3699:Hereford Journal 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3668: 3659: 3658: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3606: 3599: 3588: 3579: 3567: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3477:"New Year's Day" 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3379: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3296:The English Year 3291: 3285: 3284: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3243: 3237: 3235: 3222:Chambers, Robert 3218: 3212: 3206: 3191:"Modern Mumming" 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3169: 3158: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3103: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3070: 3057: 3056: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3021: 3015: 3014: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2969: 2963: 2961: 2947: 2941: 2928: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2867:The English Year 2862: 2856: 2855: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2825:. Archived from 2818: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2800: 2794:. Archived from 2761: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2705: 2694: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2636:The English Year 2631: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2599: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2540: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2480: 2470: 2461: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2426: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2373: 2363: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2270: 2263: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2228: 2222: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2057: 2046: 2045: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1953: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1930: 1920: 1911: 1910: 1894: 1884: 1859: 1858: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1755: 1745: 1736: 1735: 1711: 1702: 1701: 1685: 1675: 1658: 1657: 1651: 1641: 1632: 1631: 1618:The English Year 1613: 1540:Father Christmas 1528:Father Christmas 1511:Father Christmas 1486:J. R. R. Tolkien 1482:English-language 1474:J. R. R. Tolkien 1339: 1324: 1312: 1297: 873: 857: 841: 827:The Book of Days 734: 722: 710: 586:Victorian period 550: 549: 519:A Christmas Tale 513:'s popular 1774 364:pamphlet writers 170:Late Middle Ages 135:High Middle Ages 72:Victorian period 48:Father Christmas 6279: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6204: 6186: 6152:Pickled herring 6125: 6094: 6041: 6032:Cranberry sauce 6015: 5994: 5970:Red velvet cake 5955:Poppy seed roll 5873: 5824: 5813: 5811: 5805: 5784:White Christmas 5674:Christmas truce 5669:Christmas seals 5649:Christmas creep 5611: 5609: 5603: 5504: 5498: 5415: 5409: 5246: 5240: 5093:Lord of Misrule 5028:Christmas Peace 4978:Advent calendar 4968: 4962: 4911:Knecht Ruprecht 4891: 4889: 4883: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4596:Herod the Great 4531: 4525: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4410: 4405: 4398: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4335: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4121: 4120: 4113: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3897: 3896: 3885: 3871: 3870: 3863: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3746: 3745: 3736: 3730:Wayback Machine 3711: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3670: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3589: 3582: 3577:Wayback Machine 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3507:Armagh Guardian 3503:"Works of Love" 3501: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3356: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3258:(Third series). 3245: 3244: 3240: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3156: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3105: 3104: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3072: 3071: 3060: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3011: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2938:Wayback Machine 2916: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2829:on 3 March 2016 2820: 2819: 2815: 2804: 2802: 2801:on 19 July 2018 2798: 2759: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2727: 2726: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2617: 2615: 2601: 2600: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2555: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2472: 2471: 2464: 2459:Wayback Machine 2441: 2439: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2412: 2410: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2365: 2364: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2284: 2282: 2265: 2264: 2255: 2244: 2242: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2219:Wayback Machine 2201: 2199: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2107: 2105: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2077: 2059: 2058: 2049: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2016: 2007: 2006: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1922: 1921: 1914: 1907: 1886: 1885: 1862: 1855: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1768: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1732: 1713: 1712: 1705: 1698: 1677: 1676: 1661: 1643: 1642: 1635: 1628: 1615: 1614: 1579: 1575: 1560: 1553: 1427:The Little Man. 1353: 1346: 1340: 1331: 1325: 1316: 1313: 1304: 1298: 1285:illustrations: 1156: 1069:Christmas cards 1048:festivities in 1042: 1033: 922: 899: 891:First World War 877: 874: 865: 858: 849: 842: 818:version of the 796: 766:Charles Dickens 752:Charles Dickens 738: 735: 726: 723: 714: 711: 620:Scott's phrase 594: 582: 568: 566: 564: 558: 556: 554: 543:Truro, Cornwall 528: 481:Lord of Misrule 477: 451: 382:parliamentarian 319: 261: 256: 230:Lord of Misrule 205:celebration of 203:St Thomas's Day 187: 147: 127: 52:personification 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6219: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6083:Smoking Bishop 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5830: 5828: 5817: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5771: 5766: 5764:Super Saturday 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5694:Giving Tuesday 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5644:Christmas club 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5615: 5613: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5542: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5521: 5510: 5508: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5491:Piae Cantiones 5487: 5480: 5473: 5463: 5457:Music charts ( 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5421: 5419: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5252: 5250: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5142: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4974: 4972: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4926:Père Fouettard 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4892:Saint Nicholas 4885: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4844:Grandpa Indian 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4812:Saint Nicholas 4808: 4806: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4750:Old Man Winter 4747: 4742: 4737: 4735:Miner's figure 4732: 4727: 4722: 4720:Kallikantzaros 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4686: 4684: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4650:Nativity scene 4647: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4630: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4535: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4488: 4485:Children's Day 4481: 4474: 4471:Blue Christmas 4466: 4463: 4462: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4409: 4408:External links 4406: 4404: 4403: 4397:978-0550107640 4396: 4375: 4345: 4315: 4308: 4290: 4271: 4254:"Simple Faith" 4245: 4230: 4204: 4169: 4154: 4139: 4132: 4111: 4088: 4065: 4039: 4019: 4004: 3977: 3968:Locker, Arthur 3959: 3941: 3928:NL Netherlands 3915: 3908: 3883: 3861: 3842: 3827: 3801: 3766: 3760:978-1780763613 3759: 3734: 3704: 3689: 3660: 3653: 3635: 3618: 3580: 3546: 3520: 3494: 3468: 3442: 3419: 3391: 3366: 3355:978-1904880318 3354: 3336: 3329: 3311: 3304: 3286: 3279: 3261: 3238: 3213: 3209:Edward Bradley 3181: 3144: 3123: 3116: 3093: 3058: 3037: 3016: 3009: 2985: 2964: 2942: 2909: 2882: 2875: 2857: 2840: 2813: 2747: 2717: 2680: 2651: 2644: 2626: 2589: 2560: 2553: 2535: 2517: 2488: 2462: 2421: 2391: 2384: 2355: 2326: 2300: 2253: 2223: 2180: 2151: 2116: 2087: 2047: 2026: 2000: 1971: 1964: 1938: 1912: 1905: 1860: 1853: 1833: 1804: 1797: 1773: 1766: 1737: 1730: 1703: 1696: 1659: 1633: 1626: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1552: 1549: 1506:Raymond Briggs 1431: 1430: 1424: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1334: 1332: 1326: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1307: 1305: 1299: 1292: 1290: 1155: 1152: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1029: 1006:New York State 980:New Year's Eve 924:The figure of 921: 918: 898: 895: 879: 878: 875: 868: 866: 859: 852: 850: 843: 836: 834: 816:Worcestershire 807:William Sandys 795: 792: 768:'s 1843 novel 740: 739: 736: 729: 727: 724: 717: 715: 712: 705: 703: 653:Robert Seymour 618: 617: 614: 611: 593: 590: 581: 578: 577: 576: 573: 572: 560: 527: 524: 517:production of 476: 473: 453:Following the 450: 447: 318: 315: 260: 257: 255: 252: 211:Edmund Grindal 186: 183: 146: 143: 126: 123: 103:mummers' plays 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6275: 6274: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6207: 6197: 6196: 6193: 6183: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130:Meat and fish 6128: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6068:Hot chocolate 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5808: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5769:Ugly sweaters 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5679:Controversies 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5606: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5514:In literature 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5501: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5412: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5383:United States 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5113:Moravian star 5111: 5109: 5108:Midnight Mass 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4998:Candle arches 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4988:Advent wreath 4986: 4984: 4983:Advent candle 4981: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4890:Companions of 4886: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802:Gift-bringers 4797: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4674: 4668: 4667:Twelfth Night 4665: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4628:Nativity Fast 4626: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4586:Christmastide 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4561:Angel Gabriel 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4539:Biblical Magi 4537: 4536: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4510: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4492:Christmas Eve 4489: 4487: 4482: 4480: 4475: 4473: 4468: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4439: 4437: 4432: 4431: 4428: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4399: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4309:0-04-823130-4 4305: 4301: 4294: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4272: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4231: 4218: 4214: 4213:"Santa Claus" 4208: 4205: 4189: 4182: 4181: 4173: 4170: 4166:. Manchester. 4165: 4158: 4155: 4150: 4143: 4140: 4135: 4133:0-391-00900-1 4129: 4125: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4066: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4008: 4005: 3992: 3988: 3987:"Fairy Gifts" 3981: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3929: 3925: 3924:"Sinterklaas" 3919: 3916: 3911: 3909:0-907325-21-1 3905: 3901: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3843: 3838: 3831: 3828: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3802: 3786: 3779: 3778: 3770: 3767: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3690: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3654:0-391-00900-1 3650: 3646: 3639: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3622: 3619: 3603: 3596: 3595: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3547: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3420: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3395: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3382:The Telegraph 3378: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3337: 3332: 3330:0-391-00900-1 3326: 3322: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3280:0-391-00900-1 3276: 3272: 3265: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3239: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3182: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3127: 3124: 3119: 3117:0-391-00900-1 3113: 3109: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3041: 3038: 3034:. p. 79. 3033: 3029: 3028: 3020: 3017: 3012: 3010:0-7710-1531-3 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2989: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2913: 2910: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2883: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2858: 2853: 2852: 2844: 2841: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2814: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2751: 2748: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2684: 2681: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2627: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2564: 2561: 2556: 2554:0-391-00900-1 2550: 2546: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2528: 2521: 2518: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2492: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2478: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2425: 2422: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2395: 2392: 2387: 2385:0-19-969104-5 2381: 2377: 2372: 2371: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2330: 2327: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2296: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2269: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2188:Anon (1645). 2184: 2181: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2155: 2152: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2130:History Today 2127: 2120: 2117: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2091: 2088: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2066:History Today 2063: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2030: 2027: 2014: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1975: 1972: 1967: 1965:9780888642264 1961: 1957: 1952: 1951: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1928: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906:0-19-820570-8 1902: 1898: 1893: 1892: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1837: 1834: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1808: 1805: 1800: 1798:0-300-06076-9 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1777: 1774: 1769: 1767:0-19-969104-5 1763: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1731:0-300-06076-9 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1697:0-19-969104-5 1693: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1558: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1437: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1395: 1394: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1365: 1363: 1357: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1318: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1227:Ronald Hutton 1224: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1184: 1183:JA Fitzgerald 1180: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1062:Regent Street 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1039: 1037: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 998: 993: 989: 986: 985:Christmas Eve 981: 977: 972: 970: 963:, London 1848 962: 957: 953: 951: 947: 946: 941: 940: 935: 931: 927: 919: 917: 914: 911: 908: 903: 896: 894: 892: 887: 884: 872: 867: 863: 856: 851: 847: 840: 835: 832: 830: 828: 823: 821: 817: 813: 808: 803: 801: 793: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 772: 767: 760: 758: 753: 749: 744: 733: 728: 721: 716: 709: 704: 701: 699: 697: 696: 689: 685: 683: 678: 677:Twelfth Night 673: 664: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 645:Thomas Hervey 639: 638:Merry England 634: 630: 627: 623: 622:Merry England 615: 612: 609: 608: 607: 605: 601: 600: 589: 587: 579: 570: 561: 552: 551: 548: 547: 546: 544: 539: 537: 533: 532:mummers plays 525: 523: 520: 516: 512: 511:David Garrick 508: 506: 502: 497: 494: 490: 486: 485:Ronald Hutton 482: 474: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 456: 448: 446: 444: 440: 439: 434: 426: 421: 417: 415: 411: 407: 399: 394: 390: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 365: 360: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 332: 328: 324: 314: 310: 307: 303: 299: 298:Thomas Nabbes 295: 291: 286: 283: 279: 278: 273: 268: 266: 258: 253: 251: 248: 244: 243: 237: 235: 234:Inns of Court 231: 228:periods with 227: 223: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 184: 182: 179: 175: 171: 166: 164: 160: 156: 152: 144: 142: 140: 139:Ronald Hutton 136: 132: 131:Christmastide 124: 122: 118: 115: 110: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 75: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 43: 39: 34: 30: 26: 22: 6142:Gefilte fish 6090:Ponche crema 5925:Melomakarono 5793: 5684:Cyber Monday 5589: 5554: 5523: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5468: 5465:Music books 5458: 5296:Nazi Germany 5188: 5184:Secret Santa 5171: 5058:Flying Santa 4838: 4765:Tió de Nadal 4715:Korvatunturi 4566:Annunciation 4532:Christianity 4513:Sol Invictus 4387: 4383: 4378: 4366:. Retrieved 4360:. Chambers. 4357: 4348: 4336:. Retrieved 4327: 4318: 4299: 4293: 4284: 4274: 4262:. Retrieved 4257: 4248: 4239: 4233: 4221:. Retrieved 4216: 4207: 4195:. Retrieved 4179: 4172: 4163: 4157: 4148: 4142: 4123: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4056:. Retrieved 4051: 4042: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4013: 4007: 3995:. Retrieved 3990: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3932:. Retrieved 3930:. 3 May 2011 3927: 3918: 3899: 3877: 3855: 3845: 3836: 3830: 3818:. Retrieved 3813: 3804: 3792:. Retrieved 3776: 3769: 3749: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3692: 3680:. Retrieved 3675: 3644: 3638: 3628: 3621: 3609:. Retrieved 3593: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3537:. Retrieved 3532: 3523: 3511:. Retrieved 3506: 3497: 3485:. Retrieved 3480: 3471: 3459:. Retrieved 3454: 3445: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3410:. Retrieved 3400: 3394: 3381: 3369: 3361: 3345: 3339: 3320: 3314: 3295: 3289: 3270: 3264: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3226: 3216: 3198: 3194: 3184: 3172:. Retrieved 3165:the original 3160: 3147: 3133: 3126: 3107: 3084:. Retrieved 3077: 3047: 3040: 3026: 3019: 2995: 2988: 2974: 2967: 2952: 2945: 2919: 2912: 2900:. Retrieved 2885: 2866: 2860: 2850: 2843: 2831:. Retrieved 2827:the original 2816: 2803:. Retrieved 2796:the original 2770:(1): 53–73. 2767: 2763: 2750: 2738:. Retrieved 2708:. Retrieved 2701:the original 2696: 2683: 2671:. Retrieved 2661: 2654: 2635: 2629: 2616:. Retrieved 2607: 2580:. Retrieved 2570: 2563: 2544: 2538: 2526: 2520: 2508:. Retrieved 2498: 2491: 2476: 2450: 2440:. Retrieved 2430: 2424: 2411:. Retrieved 2401: 2394: 2369: 2346:. Retrieved 2336: 2329: 2317:. Retrieved 2303: 2283:. Retrieved 2281:. March 2016 2272: 2243:. Retrieved 2233: 2226: 2210: 2200:. Retrieved 2190: 2183: 2171:. Retrieved 2161: 2154: 2142:. Retrieved 2133: 2129: 2119: 2106:. Retrieved 2096: 2090: 2078:. Retrieved 2069: 2065: 2036: 2029: 2017:. Retrieved 2003: 1991:. Retrieved 1981: 1974: 1949: 1941: 1926: 1890: 1854:0-300-082231 1843: 1836: 1824:. Retrieved 1814: 1807: 1783: 1776: 1751: 1716: 1681: 1647: 1617: 1564: 1561: 1551:21st century 1538: 1536: 1526:(1974) and " 1515: 1509: 1499: 1489: 1479: 1469: 1448: 1446: 1434: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1411: 1401: 1399: 1392: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1351:20th century 1342: 1327: 1300: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1257: 1241: 1235: 1223:antiquarians 1217: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1178: 1168: 1157: 1140: 1138: 1132: 1111: 1099: 1086: 1084: 1078: 1066: 1054:Bedfordshire 1043: 1034: 1025:Susan Warner 1020: 1018: 1014:Pennsylvania 995: 991: 990: 975: 973: 968: 966: 960: 943: 937: 933: 923: 915: 904: 900: 888: 880: 826: 824: 819: 804: 797: 788:wassail bowl 776:John Leech's 769: 764: 755: 693: 690: 686: 669: 648: 643: 619: 604:Walter Scott 597: 595: 583: 562: 540: 529: 518: 509: 504: 500: 498: 478: 469:Samuel Pepys 464: 463: 459: 452: 443:Commonwealth 436: 432: 430: 424: 413: 403: 397: 369: 368: 356: 343: 321:The rise of 320: 311: 294:court masque 289: 287: 275: 269: 262: 247:Thomas Nashe 240: 238: 219: 206: 188: 167: 162: 148: 128: 119: 111: 107: 95:pamphleteers 76: 47: 46: 29: 6247:Santa Claus 6157:Roast goose 6078:Mulled wine 6058:Champurrado 6053:Apple cider 6027:Bread sauce 5980:Szaloncukor 5960:Pumpkin pie 5910:Gingerbread 5864:Smörgåsbord 5505:Other media 5343:Philippines 5333:New Zealand 5216:Twelve Days 5173:Räuchermann 5128:Nutcrackers 5078:Las Posadas 5038:Decorations 5018:Christingle 4958:Zwarte Piet 4953:Snegurochka 4874:Sinterklaas 4824:Santa Claus 4330:. Collins. 4223:17 February 4058:16 February 3972:The Graphic 3934:28 December 3880:(2646): 24. 3810:"The Times" 3539:14 February 3051:. pp. 2978:. pp. 2956:. pp. 2923:. pp. 2618:16 December 2442:31 December 2413:22 December 2285:25 November 2144:23 December 1557:Santa Claus 1543:, starring 1496:C. S. Lewis 1460:Wellingtons 1455:Thomas Nast 1249:St Nicholas 1219:Folklorists 1179:Fairy Gifts 1161:St Nicholas 1010:Krishkinkle 1002:St Nicholas 976:Santa Claus 926:Santa Claus 584:During the 536:John Taylor 489:Interregnum 455:Restoration 449:Restoration 410:John Taylor 331:reformation 114:Santa Claus 99:Restoration 64:Santa Claus 6221:Categories 5885:Candy cane 5834:Joulupöytä 5734:Pikkujoulu 5398:New Mexico 5247:By country 5221:Wassailing 5162:Poinsettia 4969:Traditions 4921:Mrs. Claus 4901:Belsnickel 4854:Julemanden 4849:Joulupukki 4780:Wenceslaus 4745:North Pole 4710:Jack Frost 4700:Christkind 4655:Neapolitan 4478:Boxing Day 4368:12 January 4338:8 February 4264:7 February 4197:28 January 3997:6 February 3820:3 February 3794:28 January 3682:28 January 3611:28 January 3513:28 January 3487:28 January 3461:31 January 3439:(53): 1–3. 3412:28 January 3174:19 January 3086:28 January 3030:. London: 2902:20 January 2833:26 January 2805:8 November 2710:19 January 2673:19 January 2582:9 February 2510:14 January 2348:15 January 2319:15 January 2297:required.) 2245:14 January 2202:15 January 2173:14 January 2108:16 January 2080:14 January 2019:12 January 1993:14 January 1826:12 January 1573:References 1396:, Dec 1919 1261:Max O'Rell 1253:Christkind 1238:Edwin Lees 1122:Sunderland 1046:Boxing Day 930:St Nicolas 800:folk plays 626:Golden Age 515:Drury Lane 374:town crier 342:passed an 340:parliament 323:puritanism 302:Shrovetide 272:Ben Jonson 93:political 6172:Tourtière 6162:Romeritos 6099:Dumplings 6046:Beverages 5950:Pecan pie 5940:Panettone 5935:Pampushka 5930:Mince pie 5905:Fruitcake 5849:Réveillon 5729:NFL games 5724:NBA games 5719:In August 5689:Economics 5459:Billboard 5313:Indonesia 5256:Australia 5231:Yule goat 5206:Stockings 5140:Ornaments 4869:Père Noël 4864:Olentzero 4859:Noel Baba 4834:Ded Moroz 4790:Yule Lads 4730:Mari Lwyd 4581:Bethlehem 4458:Christmas 4258:The Times 3974:. London. 3079:The Times 2792:160553381 1545:Mel Smith 1532:The Kinks 1524:Greg Lake 1441:John Bull 1436:The Times 1378:Coca-Cola 1240:wrote to 1165:Père Noël 883:Hampshire 820:St George 812:Beelzebub 657:yule goat 306:Christmas 292:, a 1638 195:Christmas 56:Christmas 6205:Category 6176:meat pie 6167:Stuffing 6121:Varenyky 5990:Yule log 5965:Qurabiya 5839:Julebord 5812:Food and 5739:SantaCon 5704:El Gordo 5591:Yule Log 5363:Scotland 5276:Ethiopia 5261:Colombia 5236:Yule log 5190:Spanbaum 5167:Pyramids 5033:Crackers 4931:Sack Man 4817:folklore 4785:Yule cat 4690:Badalisc 4680:folklore 4591:Epiphany 4386:(2012). 4362:Archived 4332:Archived 4188:Archived 3785:Archived 3726:Archived 3602:Archived 3573:Archived 3406:Archived 3386:Archived 3224:(1864). 2934:Archived 2896:Archived 2784:30035067 2764:Folklore 2740:13 March 2734:Archived 2667:Archived 2612:Archived 2576:Archived 2504:Archived 2455:Archived 2436:Archived 2407:Archived 2342:Archived 2313:Archived 2239:Archived 2215:Archived 2196:Archived 2167:Archived 2138:Archived 2102:Archived 2074:Archived 2013:Archived 1987:Archived 1820:Archived 1534:(1977). 1504:(1950), 1058:Yule log 860:An 1852 672:magician 378:Royalist 359:Royalist 155:Plymtree 91:Royalist 42:Yule log 6111:Pierogi 6106:Hallaca 6011:Borscht 5975:Stollen 5945:Pavlova 5920:Makówki 5900:Cozonac 5869:Wigilia 5754:Scrooge 5714:In July 5612:society 5544:Poetry 5378:Ukraine 5353:Romania 5318:Ireland 5308:Iceland 5303:Hungary 5291:Germany 5281:Finland 5271:England 5266:Denmark 5226:Windows 5157:Piñatas 5145:Parades 5098:Markets 5083:Letters 5073:Hampers 4916:Krampus 4755:Perchta 4695:Caganer 2483:242–243 1789:581–582 1008:and as 907:Cornish 606:wrote: 599:Marmion 352:Whitsun 174:Norwich 151:A carol 83:Puritan 38:wassail 6182:Turkey 6116:Tamale 6073:Kissel 6063:Eggnog 6020:Sauces 6006:Menudo 5985:Turrón 5895:Cookie 5878:Sweets 5844:Kūčios 5825:Dinner 5699:Grinch 5610:modern 5577:Tomten 5536:Santa, 5519:novels 5437:Operas 5425:Carols 5393:Hawaii 5373:Sweden 5368:Serbia 5358:Russia 5348:Poland 5338:Norway 5328:Mexico 5286:France 5201:Stamps 5196:Szopka 5088:Lights 5043:Didukh 4879:Others 4829:Befana 4775:Vertep 4638:in art 4606:Joseph 4556:Advent 4394: 4306: 4130: 3906: 3858:: 758. 3757: 3651: 3566:: 615. 3352: 3327: 3302: 3277: 3114: 3007: 2927:, 285. 2873: 2790: 2782: 2642: 2551: 2382: 2136:(12). 2072:(12). 1962: 1903: 1899:–118. 1851: 1795: 1764: 1728: 1694: 1690:–120. 1624: 1198:aether 910:Quaker 784:wreath 493:Stuart 400:, 1652 386:popish 376:and a 348:Easter 327:popery 226:Stuart 213:, the 87:popish 81:. The 5915:Kutia 5814:drink 5442:Songs 5416:Music 5323:Italy 5179:Seals 5133:dolls 5063:Gifts 5003:Cards 4906:Elves 4770:Turoń 4740:Nisse 4705:Grýla 4601:Jesus 4240:Punch 4191:(PDF) 4184:(PDF) 3788:(PDF) 3781:(PDF) 3605:(PDF) 3598:(PDF) 3205:–272. 3168:(PDF) 3157:(PDF) 2960:–118. 2799:(PDF) 2788:S2CID 2780:JSTOR 2760:(PDF) 2704:(PDF) 2693:(PDF) 2610:(6). 2291: 2044:–229. 1530:" by 1522:" by 1413:Punch 1393:Punch 1367:Day". 1282:Punch 1147:Sibyl 1050:Luton 881:In a 750:' in 682:Janus 222:Tudor 178:flesh 159:Devon 6137:Carp 5999:Soup 5890:Cake 5801:Xmas 5430:list 5211:Tree 5150:list 4611:Mary 4520:Yule 4392:ISBN 4370:2018 4340:2016 4304:ISBN 4266:2016 4238:"". 4225:2016 4199:2016 4128:ISBN 4060:2016 3999:2016 3936:2021 3904:ISBN 3822:2016 3796:2016 3755:ISBN 3684:2016 3649:ISBN 3613:2016 3570:here 3541:2016 3515:2016 3489:2016 3463:2016 3414:2016 3350:ISBN 3325:ISBN 3300:ISBN 3275:ISBN 3176:2016 3112:ISBN 3088:2016 3005:ISBN 2904:2016 2871:ISBN 2835:2016 2807:2019 2742:2018 2712:2016 2675:2016 2640:ISBN 2620:2015 2584:2016 2549:ISBN 2512:2016 2444:2016 2415:2012 2380:ISBN 2350:2016 2321:2016 2287:2020 2247:2016 2204:2016 2175:2016 2146:2012 2110:2016 2082:2016 2021:2015 1995:2016 1960:ISBN 1901:ISBN 1849:ISBN 1828:2016 1793:ISBN 1762:ISBN 1726:ISBN 1692:ISBN 1622:ISBN 1345:1897 1330:1896 1303:1891 1221:and 1135:1881 1081:1866 905:The 862:play 846:play 759:1843 350:and 304:and 224:and 199:York 191:Yule 6147:Ham 4677:In 3437:III 3232:740 3203:271 3139:152 2980:133 2958:114 2772:doi 2768:114 2042:228 1956:177 1933:212 1897:117 1758:402 1688:119 1508:'s 1498:'s 1488:'s 1408:OED 1362:OED 1181:by 1105:in 1012:in 754:'s 647:'s 499:In 296:by 274:in 157:in 54:of 6223:: 5780:") 5776:(" 5608:In 4530:In 4356:. 4326:. 4283:. 4256:. 4215:. 4114:^ 4106:12 4104:. 4100:. 4083:11 4081:. 4077:. 4050:. 3989:. 3952:. 3926:. 3886:^ 3876:. 3864:^ 3854:. 3812:. 3737:^ 3715:. 3674:. 3663:^ 3583:^ 3562:. 3558:. 3531:. 3505:. 3479:. 3453:. 3435:. 3431:. 3384:. 3380:. 3254:. 3250:. 3211:). 3199:11 3197:. 3193:. 3159:. 3096:^ 3076:. 3061:^ 3053:65 3003:. 3001:44 2925:42 2786:. 2778:. 2766:. 2762:. 2732:. 2720:^ 2695:. 2606:. 2592:^ 2465:^ 2378:. 2376:62 2358:^ 2271:. 2256:^ 2134:10 2132:. 2128:. 2070:35 2068:. 2064:. 2050:^ 1958:. 1915:^ 1863:^ 1818:. 1791:. 1760:. 1740:^ 1724:. 1722:14 1706:^ 1662:^ 1654:55 1636:^ 1580:^ 1462:. 1364:'s 1052:, 1016:. 698:: 684:. 659:. 636:A 602:, 571:. 412:: 354:. 267:. 236:. 105:. 6178:) 6174:( 5579:" 5575:" 5572:" 5568:" 5565:" 5561:" 5551:" 5547:" 5541:) 5461:) 4449:e 4442:t 4435:v 4400:. 4372:. 4342:. 4312:. 4268:. 4227:. 4201:. 4136:. 4062:. 4001:. 3938:. 3912:. 3824:. 3798:. 3763:. 3686:. 3657:. 3615:. 3564:8 3543:. 3517:. 3491:. 3465:. 3416:. 3358:. 3333:. 3308:. 3283:. 3256:1 3234:. 3178:. 3141:. 3120:. 3090:. 3055:. 3013:. 2982:. 2962:. 2940:. 2906:. 2879:. 2854:. 2837:. 2809:. 2774:: 2744:. 2714:. 2677:. 2648:. 2622:. 2586:. 2557:. 2514:. 2485:. 2446:. 2417:. 2388:. 2352:. 2323:. 2289:. 2249:. 2206:. 2177:. 2148:. 2112:. 2084:. 2023:. 1997:. 1968:. 1935:. 1909:. 1857:. 1830:. 1801:. 1770:. 1734:. 1700:. 1656:. 1630:. 1559:. 761:. 746:' 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index