214:, overseen by a board made upâinitiallyâof residents of the target neighborhood or population being served. This gave poor, working class and minority citizens a voice in how they would be served by federal funds aimed at improving their lives. However, this caused some anger and frustration among the nation's power establishment, especially in local governments used to running their communities, and among the power elites (particularly in the business community) used to dominating their local governments.
179:âestablished Community Action Programs in Title II. In concept, a Community Action Program was defined as a program "...which provides services, assistance, and other activities of sufficient scope and size to give promise of progress toward elimination of poverty or a cause or causes of poverty through developing employment opportunities, improving human performance, motivation, and productivity, or bettering the conditions under which people live, learn, and work."
155:
363:
223:
1361:
286:
Nevertheless, some federal emphasis on anti-poverty programs remained, including the (modified) CAP/CAA system. By 1973, the U.S. poverty rate dropped to 11.1 percent, a 7.9 percent decrease in 10 years, and the lowest it would be between 1959 and 2004. One of the ways in which the CAAs were clearly
232:
Although
Johnson and other architects of the legislation expected Community Action Programs and Agencies to be an effective weapon in his War on Poverty, many of them were riddled with problems. In more extreme instances, local political regimes were threatened by the empowerment of poor political
334:
case which saw a pair of young black girls from
Montgomery, Alabama surgically sterilized without their consent. The Relf case's revealed administrative attitudes of the era which suggest that forced sterilization was an acceptable tactic in Republican management of federal welfare.
182:
A controversial feature of the Act was the requirement for "maximum feasible participation" of the people directly affected (the poor, basically) in the decision-making about how federal funds would be spent on them, in their community. This flew in the face of long-established
100:
Each CAA is governed by a board of directors consisting of at least one-third low-income community members, one-third public officials, and up to one-third private sector leaders. This board structure is defined by federal statute and is known as a tripartite board.
327:) cut away programs for the poor and minorities, the CAPs and CAAs were defunded, underfunded, or warped into a strange variation of their original intent, with far less influence of the poor and minorities in how they would be served by these entities.
236:
One of the most dramatic episodes resulting from these clashes between CAA leaders and local governments occurred when, following cuts in funding for a summer youth CAP, black activist
Charles Sizemore and thirty others barged into San Francisco Mayor
1141:
104:
There are currently over 1,000 CAAs, engaged in a broad range of activities; typical activities include promoting citizen participation, providing utility bill assistance and home weatherization for low-income individuals, administration of
346:
was especially hard on
Americaâs poor. Between 1973 and 1983, the national poverty rate rose from 11.1% to 15.2%. Another decade later, in 1993, the poverty rate was virtually unchanged at 15.1%, just a 0.1% decrease from 1983.
718:," audio recording Jun 02, 1966: conversation excerpt (President Johnson and Georgia Sen. Richard Russell express dislike and distrust of Community Action Program), Conversation Number: WH6606.01 #10205, The Miller Center
612:
academic essay by Nancy
Roberts, professor of strategic management, Graduate School of Business and Public Policy, Naval Postgraduate School, as extracted from her article "Age of Direct Citizen Participation," in
274:
The Quie
Amendment gave two-thirds of the seats on CAA boards to elected city officials and "private sector representatives" (businesspeople), effectively outnumbering neighborhood citizens on their own CAA
81:(CSBG) is the agencies' core federal funding. Agencies also operate a variety of grants that come from federal, state and local sources. These grants vary widely among agencies, although most CAAs operate
543:
711:
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657:
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350:
Between 1993 and 2004, the U.S. poverty rate first declined (from 15.1% in 1993, to 11.3% in 2000), but then increased to 12.7% by 2004. The 2008 poverty rate was 13.2%.
926:
668:
discuss Daley's strong objection to the poor controlling community action programs serving their communities), Conversation Number: WH6512.04-9329, The Miller Center
538:
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195:. The notion that the poor (largely minorities) should have a say in their affairs created some opposition at first, but was in keeping with America's
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1016:
639:] citizen participation" in the Model Cities Program and the demands of ethnic minorities for a greater decision making role in American cities
402:
288:
121:
In 1964, the U.S. poverty rate (income-based) included 19 percent of
Americans. Rising political forces demanded change. Under a new White House
642:, Model Cities 152A, by Ricardo A. Millett, 1977, published by R&E Research Associates, San Francisco; full text (scanned) at Archive.org .)
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effective in combatting povertyââand unexpectedly soââwas by increasing the public's awareness of already existing welfare programs, such as
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programs, which focus on early child development. Other programs frequently administered by
Community Action Agencies include
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260:âpublicly or privately expressed displeasure with the power-sharing that the CAA brought to poor and minority neighborhoods.
123:
78:
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187:, where elected city councils, county commissions, state and federal officials ruled over everythingâmostly people from the
241:'s office demanding resources and threatening that if the CAP was not funded once again, "this goddamn town's gonna blow."
271:
The Green
Amendment gave city governments the right to decide which entity would be the official CAA for their community.
263:
In 1967, conservative and establishment pressures brought two amendments to the
Congressional funding bill for the OEO (
63:
575:
summary of the concept and history of the nation's federal Community Action programs, published on the website of the
1262:
1205:
991:
550:, (slideshow), circa 2013, presented by Jovita A. Tolbert, Nat'l Assn. for State Community Services Programs (NASCSP)
393:
However, despite these challenges, around 1,000 CAPs (and their CAAs) still operate today, across the United States.
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295:, spending on the AFDC quadrupled as the number of individuals who enrolled in the program rose sharply.
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617:, Vol. 34 No. 4, December 2004, pp.315-353, Sage Publications (posted on Univ. of Minn. website).
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82:
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27:"Community Action Program" redirects here. For the workfare scheme in the United Kingdom, see
307:-backlash era of the late 1970s, 1980s and 1990s as the federal government (under Presidents
283:
reform movement and a fundamental shift of power away from the nation's poor and minorities.
665:
343:
331:
257:
74:
518:
circa 2010 (on website of Northeast Kansas Community Action Program Inc., Hiawatha, Kansas)
77:, and they depend heavily on volunteer work, especially from the low-income community. The
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291:. Indeed, between 1960 and 1973, and especially in the years following the passage of the
238:
200:
184:
176:
154:
773:
Reinventing Citizenship: Black Los Angeles, Korean Kawasaki, and Community Participation.
758:
https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/d6_legacy_files/Relf_Original_Complaint.pdf
203:, and War on Poverty, in the 1960s and 1970s, and generally accepted, at least at first.
664:
audio recording Dec 24, 1965: conversation excerpt (President Johnson and Chicago Mayor
17:
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50:) are local private and public non-profit organizations that carry out the
825:- The Orange County, California chapter of Community Action Partnership
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837:(Missouri CAN) - Missouri's statewide association of Community Action
503:
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680:
The Liberal Hour: Washington and the Politics of Change in the 1960s
816:
233:
activists with funding and resources from the federal government.
221:
153:
338:
The troubled economy of the mid-to-late 1970s, brought on by the
800:- Community Action Program Legal Services, Boston, Massachusetts
610:"Public Deliberation in an Age of Direct Citizen Participation,"
860:
709:
LBJ and Senator Richard Russell on the Community Action Program
1070:
United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937
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Nixon officials presided over CAP and CAA groups during the
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843:- New Jersey's statewide association of Community Action
797:
244:
By the mid/late-1960s, many political leadersâincluding
828:
822:
507:
Bell, Mike, Office Assistant, Community Action, Inc.,
374:
1075:
1938 United States House of Representatives elections
840:
775:
Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.
745:
Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961-1973
730:
Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961-1973
140:âwould become the primary vehicle for a new, federal
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1177:
1060:
1000:
941:
695:
America in White, Black, and Gray: the Stormy 1960s
811:Illinois Association of Community Action Agencies
577:Illinois Association of Community Action Agencies
792:Records of the Community Services Administration
747:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 334.
732:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 334.
655:"Mayor Daley on the Community Action Program,"
299:Conservative backlash & Relf v. Weinberger
1120:Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960
872:
823:Community Action Partnership of Orange County
109:pre-school programs, job training, operating
8:
1100:United States Senate special elections, 1941
788:- The National Association, Washington, D.C.
847:New York State Community Action Association
218:Problems, pushback, pullback, and successes
128:the concept of the federally-funded, local
1042:Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
1027:Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
879:
865:
857:
841:Community Action Partnership of New Jersey
462:"Community Action Partnership: About CAAS"
113:, and coordinating community initiatives.
678:G. Calvin Mackenzie and Robert Weisbrot.
1164:1960 United States presidential election
1017:Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
794:, National Archives of the United States
252:(D-GA) (leader of the anti-civil rights
509:"History of Community Action Agencies,"
413:
403:Community Action Services and Food Bank
289:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
829:Minnesota Community Action Partnership
445:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
438:
267:âoverseer of the CAA/CAP programs):
66:by empowering the poor as part of the
7:
1187:Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture
1022:Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland
852:Vermont Community Action Partnership
817:Indiana Community Action Association
589:The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
1149:Democratic National Convention 1956
1105:1948 United States Senate elections
911:Vice President of the United States
900:36th President of the United States
635:Examination of "widespead [
540:A Brief History of Community Action
210:was provided by a local non-profit
1271:Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson
25:
835:Missouri Community Action Network
279:The net result was a halt to the
91:Weatherization Assistance Program
87:Low-Income Home Energy Assistance
58:), which was founded by the 1964
1360:
1359:
361:
293:Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
256:), and Chicago's powerful Mayor
169:Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
159:Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
451:U.S. Code Title 42 Chapter 9910
1032:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
819:(INCAA), Indianapolis, Indiana
573:"History of Community Action,"
265:Office of Economic Opportunity
208:Community Action Program (CAP)
134:Community Action Agency (CAA),
130:Community Action Program (CAP)
124:Office of Economic Opportunity
79:Community Services Block Grant
1:
1047:Memorial Grove on the Potomac
615:Amer. Review of Public Admin.
212:Community Action Agency (CAA)
206:In each community, the local
73:CAAs are intended to promote
786:Community Action Partnership
485:Community Action Partnership
89:(LIHEAP) utility grants and
1206:The Years of Lyndon Johnson
1403:
977:Texas Broadcasting Company
29:Community Action Programme
26:
1328:
1037:Lyndon Baines Johnson Day
894:
95:U.S. Department of Energy
93:(WAP) funded through the
44:Community Action Agencies
1313:George Washington Baines
965:Civil Rights Act of 1960
960:Civil Rights Act of 1957
138:Community Action Network
60:Economic Opportunity Act
52:Community Action Program
18:Community Action Program
1301:Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr.
1289:Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.
1277:Lynda Bird Johnson Robb
919:U.S. Senator from Texas
743:Dallek, Robert (1998).
728:Dallek, Robert (1998).
193:upper-class communities
1387:Great Society programs
1215:(1991 television film)
949:Early years and career
254:conservative coalition
229:
161:
132:âdelivered by a local
281:citizen participation
225:
157:
1307:Joseph Wilson Baines
805:Regional CAA Assn's.
1315:(great-grandfather)
1295:Sam Houston Johnson
1283:Luci Baines Johnson
927:U.S. Representative
171:âdrafted by former
1052:U.S. Postage stamp
955:Southern Manifesto
813:(IACAA), Illiniois
714:2016-06-06 at the
693:Klaus P. Fischer.
660:2016-06-06 at the
546:2016-03-28 at the
514:2016-07-01 at the
373:. You can help by
332:Relf v. Weinberger
230:
175:founding director
162:
1374:
1373:
1352:Hubert Humphrey â
1334:â John F. Kennedy
982:Johnson Amendment
888:Lyndon B. Johnson
771:Kazuyo Tsuchina,
391:
390:
317:George H. W. Bush
246:President Johnson
165:Lyndon B. Johnson
16:(Redirected from
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424:. Archived from
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344:Reagan recession
258:Richard J. Daley
201:reform movements
185:power structures
136:in a nationwide
75:self-sufficiency
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422:"Archived copy"
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371:needs expansion
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250:Richard Russell
248:, U.S. Senator
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428:on 2011-02-03
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369:This section
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341:
340:energy crisis
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150:Establishment
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36:United States
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1321:(son-in-law)
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1200:Johnson cult
1192:
1179:Public image
1012:Bibliography
992:Bashir Ahmad
772:
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465:. Retrieved
456:
430:. Retrieved
426:the original
416:
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379:
375:adding to it
370:
349:
337:
329:
321:Bill Clinton
309:Jimmy Carter
305:conservative
302:
285:
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239:John Shelley
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197:civil rights
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167:'s landmark
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1253:(2017 film)
1245:(2014 film)
1228:All the Way
1223:(2002 film)
1221:Path to War
933:(1937â1949)
921:(1949â1961)
913:(1961â1963)
902:(1963â1969)
303:During the
189:power elite
173:Peace Corps
1319:Chuck Robb
1285:(daughter)
1279:(daughter)
1142:withdrawal
1001:Legacy and
432:2011-02-11
107:Head Start
83:Head Start
1297:(brother)
1236:2016 film
1232:2012 play
1062:Elections
1004:memorials
831:(MinnCAP)
409:Footnotes
382:June 2020
62:to fight
1381:Category
1365:Category
1291:(father)
1130:campaign
712:Archived
658:Archived
579:- IACAA.
544:Archived
512:Archived
467:July 12,
441:cite web
397:See also
487:website
275:boards.
117:History
97:(DOE).
64:poverty
34:In the
1273:(wife)
1263:Family
798:CAPLaw
323:, and
126:(OEO),
1243:Selma
1193:Daisy
953:1956
931:TXâ10
354:Today
1169:1964
1159:1964
1154:1960
1137:1968
1125:1964
1115:1960
1110:1954
1095:1946
1090:1944
1085:1942
1080:1940
942:Life
929:for
908:37th
469:2010
447:link
199:and
191:and
38:and
1251:LBJ
1213:LBJ
637:sic
377:.
56:CAP
48:CAA
1383::
1234:,
647:^
622:^
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443:}}
439:{{
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