72:
494:. This paradigm was driven by early studies showing that the administration of systemic therapies resulted in improved survival as compared to patients undergoing surgical resection. Recent studies, however, have suggested that surgery for highly selected, very early-stage c-SCLC patients may indeed improve outcomes. Other experts recommend resection for residual masses of NSCLC components after complete local tumor response to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in c-SCLC.
153:(WHO) typing system ("WHO-2004"), currently the most widely used lung cancer classification scheme. Many of these entities are rare, recently described, and poorly understood. However, since different forms of malignant tumors generally exhibit diverse genetic, biological, and clinical properties — including response to treatment — accurate classification of lung cancer cases are critical to assuring that patients with lung cancer receive optimum management.
620:. While EGFR mutations are very rare (<5%) in "pure" SCLC, they are considerably more common (about 15–20%) in c-SCLC, particularly in non-smoking females whose c-SCLC tumors contain an adenocarcinoma component. These patients are much more likely to have classical EGFR mutations in the small cell component of their tumors as well, and their tumors seem to be more likely to respond to treatment with EGFR-TKI's. EGFR-targeted agents appear particularly effective in
738:, the properties of multiphasic tumors like c-SCLC are much less well understood than those of monophasic tumors. C-SCLC contains both SCLC and NSCLC by definition, and since patients with SCLC and NSCLC are usually treated differently, the lack of good data on c-SCLC means there is little evidence available with which to form consensus about whether c-SCLC should be treated like SCLC, NSCLC, or uniquely.
48:
613:
small case series suggest that some may be useful in c-SCLC. Many targeted agents appear more active in certain NSCLC variants. Given that c-SCLC contains components of NSCLC, and that the chemoradioresistance of NSCLC components impact the effectiveness of c-SCLC treatment, these agents may permit the design of more rational treatment regimens for c-SCLC.
435:"extensive disease" (ED) tumor burdens. Nearly all clinical trials have been conducted on SCLC patients staged dichotomously in this fashion. LD is roughly defined as a locoregional tumor burden confined to one hemithorax that can be encompassed within a single, tolerable radiation field, and without detectable distant metastases beyond the chest or
721:"better-known" cancers all have exceptionally high (85%-95%) cure rates. In contrast, less than 10% of c-SCLC patients will be cured, and thus the number of annual cases of c-SCLC is a reasonable approximation of the annual number of deaths. Therefore, given the significant incidence and mortality attributable to this malignancy, (see
612:
To date, most clinical trials of targeted agents, alone and in combination with previously tested treatment regimens, have either been ineffective in SCLC or no more effective than standard platinum-based doublets. While there have been no randomized clinical trials of targeted agents in c-SCLC, some
478:
The current generally accepted standard of care for all forms of SCLC is concurrent chemotherapy (CT) and thoracic radiation therapy (TRT) in LD, and CT only in ED. For complete responders (patients in whom all evidence of disease disappears), prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is also given. TRT
474:
A very large number of clinical trials have been conducted in "pure" SCLC over the past several decades. As a result, evidence-based sets of guidelines for treating monophasic SCLC are available. While the current set of SCLC treatment guidelines recommend that c-SCLC be treated in the same manner as
707:
As the incidence of SCLC has declined somewhat in the U.S. in recent decades, it is likely that c-SCLC has also decreased in incidence. Nevertheless, small cell carcinomas (including the c-SCLC variant) still comprise 15–20% of all lung cancers, with c-SCLC probably accounting for 4–6%. With 220,000
667:
Given proper multimodality treatment, SCLC patients with limited disease have median survival rates of between 16 and 24 months, and about 20% will be cured. In patients with extensive disease SCLC, although 60% to 70% will have good-to-complete responses to treatment, very few will be cured, with a
656:
Current consensus is that the long-term prognosis of c-SCLC patients is determined by the SCLC component of their tumor, given that "pure" SCLC seems to have the worst long-term prognosis of all forms of lung cancer. Although data on c-SCLC is very sparse, some studies suggest that survival rates in
545:
In recent years, several new types of "molecularly targeted" agents have been developed and used to treat lung cancer. While a very large number of agents targeting various molecular pathways are being developed and tested, the main classes and agents that are now being used in lung cancer treatment
216:
SCLC is generally considered to be the most aggressive of these major forms of lung cancer, with the worst long term prognosis and survival rates. As a result, it is recommended that all multiphasic malignant lung tumors (i.e. those with more than one histological pattern) that are found to contain
536:
Importantly, c-SCLC is usually much more resistant to CT and RT than "pure" SCLC. While the mechanisms for this increased resistance of c-SCLC to conventional cytotoxic treatments highly active in "pure" SCLC remain mostly unknown, recent studies suggest that the earlier in its biological history
711:
In a study of 408 consecutive patients with SCLC, Quoix and colleagues found that presentation as a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) is particularly indicative of a c-SCLC — about 2/3 of their SPN's were pathologically confirmed to be c-SCLC's containing a large cell carcinoma component.
720:
In terms of case numbers, the estimated 8,800 to 13,200 c-SCLC cases occurring annually in the U.S. makes this disease roughly comparable in incidence to
Hodgkin's Disease (8,500), testicular cancer (8,400), cervical cancer (11,300), and cancers of the larynx (12,300). However, these four
3426:
Motoi N, Szoke J, Riely GJ, et al. (June 2008). "Lung adenocarcinoma: modification of the 2004 WHO mixed subtype to include the major histologic subtype suggests correlations between papillary and micropapillary adenocarcinoma subtypes, EGFR mutations and gene expression analysis".
232:(LCLC) is the second histological component. In these instances, a minimum of 10% of the viable malignant cells present must be identified as LCLC before the tumor is considered to be a c-SCLC. Under the WHO-2004 classification scheme, c-SCLC is the only recognized variant of SCLC.
129:, reports the finding of small cell carcinoma, regardless of other components, because small cell carcinoma is considered the most aggressive of all the lung cancer variants, and its treatment is normally radically different than the other forms of lung cancer (see below).
343:
Other molecular studies, however, suggest that — in at least a minority of cases — independent development of the components in c-SCLC occurs via mutation and transformation in two different cells in close spatial proximity to each other, due to
1924:"The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer lung cancer staging project: proposals regarding the clinical staging of small cell lung cancer in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the tumor, node, metastasis classification for lung cancer"
4221:
4202:
3620:
Zinner RG, Novello S, Peng G, Herbst R, Obasaju C, Scagliotti G (March 2010). "Comparison of patient outcomes according to histology among pemetrexed-treated patients with stage IIIB/IV non-small-cell lung cancer in two phase II trials".
267:
process is checked, a clinically apparent tumor will eventually form as the mass reaches sufficient size to be detected clinically, or begins to cause signs or symptoms. Approximately 98% of lung cancers are eventually diagnosed as a
132:
For epidemiological and statistical purposes, combined small cell carcinoma of the lung has been long classified as a subset of small cell carcinoma, and not as a subset of the other component carcinoma in the sample.
683:
statistics for c-SCLC are unavailable. In the literature, the frequency with which the c-SCLC variant is diagnosed largely depends on the size of tumor samples, tending to be higher in series where large surgical
171:), and/or that the malignant cells exhibit tissue architectural, cytological, or molecular features characteristically found in epithelial cells. Under WHO-2004, lung carcinomas are divided into 8 major taxa:
1291:
Alam N, Gustafson KS, Ladanyi M, et al. (September 2010). "Small-cell carcinoma with an epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in a never-smoker with gefitinib-responsive adenocarcinoma of the lung".
657:
c-SCLC may be even worse than that of pure SCLC, likely due to the lower rate of complete response to chemoradiation in c-SCLC, although not all studies have shown a significant difference in survival.
2390:
Kasimis BS, Wuerker RB, Hunt JD, Kaneshiro CA, Williams JL (August 1986). "Relationship between changes in the histologic subtype of small cell carcinoma of the lung and the response to chemotherapy".
2128:
Fox W, Scadding JG (July 1973). "Medical
Research Council comparative trial of surgery and radiotherapy for primary treatment of small-celled or oat-celled carcinoma of bronchus. Ten-year follow-up".
3738:"The prognostic significance of histopathologic subtyping of small cell carcinoma of the lung according to the classification of the World Health Organization. A study of 375 consecutive patients"
639:
in treating SCLC remains unknown. Some studies suggest it may, when combined with other agents, improve some measures of survival in SCLC patients and in some non-squamous cell variants of NSCLC.
240:
The exact mechanisms and histogenesis of lung cancers are topics of intense interest and research. It is currently thought that most cases of lung cancer probably occur after damage to genomic
993:
Rossi G, Marchioni A, Sartori1 G, Longo L, Piccinini S, Cavazza A (2007). "Histotype in non-small cell lung cancer therapy and staging: The emerging role of an old and underrated factor".
475:"pure" SCLC, they also note that the evidence supporting their recommendation is quite weak. It is likely, then, that the optimum treatment for patients with c-SCLC remains unknown.
4236:
3524:"Phase II study of cisplatin plus etoposide and bevacizumab for previously untreated, extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E3501"
1757:"In vitro assessment of 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose, L-methionine and thymidine as agents to monitor the early response of a human adenocarcinoma cell line to radiotherapy"
4477:
1159:
Nicholson SA, Beasley MB, Brambilla E, et al. (September 2002). "Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC): a clinicopathologic study of 100 cases with surgical specimens".
3913:"Does sex influence the impact that smoking, treatment interruption and impaired pulmonary function have on outcomes in limited stage small cell lung cancer treatment?"
904:
Roggli VL, Vollmer RT, Greenberg SD, McGavran MH, Spjut HJ, Yesner R (June 1985). "Lung cancer heterogeneity: a blinded and randomized study of 100 consecutive cases".
1028:
3822:"Importance of clinical staging in limited small-cell lung cancer: a valuable system to separate prognostic subgroups. The University of Toronto Lung Oncology Group"
4335:
2890:"Phase III study of pemetrexed plus carboplatin compared with etoposide plus carboplatin in chemotherapy-naive patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer"
1032:
704:
found 28 c-SCLC (28%) in a series of 100 consecutive resected SCLC cases. It appears likely, then, that the c-SCLC variant comprises 25% to 30% of all SCLC cases.
4492:
1474:
Morinaga R, Okamoto I, Furuta K, et al. (December 2007). "Sequential occurrence of non-small cell and small cell lung cancer with the same EGFR mutation".
497:
Although other combinations of drugs have occasionally been shown to be noninferior at various endpoints and in some subgroups of patients, the combination of
3472:"Morphologic features of adenocarcinoma of the lung predictive of response to the epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibitors erlotinib and gefitinib"
2502:
1791:"Reporting lung cancer pathology specimens. Impact of the anticipated 7th Edition TNM classification based on recommendations of the IASLC Staging Committee"
225:
as combined forms of any of the other histological variants present in the tumor. Currently, the only exception to this recommendation occurs in cases where
1712:
Illidge TM, Cragg MS, Fringes B, Olive P, Erenpreisa JA (2000). "Polyploid giant cells provide a survival mechanism for p53 mutant cells after DNA damage".
648:
C-SCLC appear to express female hormone (i.e. estrogen and/or progesterone) receptors in a high (50–67%) proportion of cases, similar to breast carcinomas.
2673:
645:
has been shown to improve survival in non-squamous cell NSCLC, and is the first drug to reveal differential survival benefit in large cell lung carcinoma.
700:
reported 15 cases of c-SCLC (12%) in their series of 122 consecutive SCLC patients, but only 20 resection specimens were examined. In contrast, Nicholson
767:
302:
of the separate components occurs when a SCLC-like cell is transformed into a cell with the potential to develop NSCLC variant characteristics, and not
3777:
Choi H, Byhardt RW, Clowry LJ, et al. (October 1984). "The prognostic significance of histologic subtyping in small cell carcinoma of the lung".
462:
used for NSCLC is also reliable and valid when applied to SCLC patients, and that more current versions may allow better treatment decisionmaking and
210:
3243:"Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation status and clinicopathological features of combined small cell carcinoma with adenocarcinoma of the lung"
4466:
4308:
2604:
Yang K, Wang YJ, Chen XR, Chen HN (2010). "Effectiveness and safety of bevacizumab for unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis".
490:
Surgery is not often considered as a treatment option in SCLC (including c-SCLC) due to the high probability of distant metastases at the time of
1665:"Endopolyploidy in irradiated p53-deficient tumour cell lines: persistence of cell division activity in giant cells expressing Aurora-B kinase"
2001:
4512:
2348:
780:
513:
are considered comparable first-line regimens for SCLC. For patients who do not respond to first line therapy, or who relapse after complete
4042:
Quoix E, Fraser R, Wolkove N, Finkelstein H, Kreisman H (August 1990). "Small cell lung cancer presenting as a solitary pulmonary nodule".
2063:
1124:
862:"A combined small cell carcinoma of the lung containing three components: small cell, spindle cell and squamous cell carcinoma, revisited"
287:
The histogenesis of c-SCLC and other multiphasic forms of lung cancer appear to be complex and varied phenomena. In most cases of c-SCLC,
3754:
3737:
2443:
2426:
1907:
Wittekind C, Greene FL, Henson DE, Hutter RV, Sobin LH (2003). "Lung". In
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4457:
4328:
4055:
3713:
3697:"Morphologic variations of small cell lung cancer. A histopathologic study of pretreatment and posttreatment specimens in 104 patients"
3696:
4487:
3995:
Stupp R, Monnerat C, Turrisi AT, Perry MC, Leyvraz S (July 2004). "Small cell lung cancer: state of the art and future perspectives".
2093:
Lennox SC, Flavell G, Pollock DJ, Thompson VC, Wilkins JL (November 1968). "Results of resection for oat-cell carcinoma of the lung".
160:, a term that indicates that the malignant neoplasm is composed of, or descended from, cells of epithelial lineage (i.e. derived from
3573:"Phase II trial of irinotecan, carboplatin, and bevacizumab in the treatment of patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer"
41:
Combined small cell and nonsmall cell lung carcinoma; mixed small cell-large cell carcinoma, combined "oat cell" carcinoma (obsolete)
671:
Some evidence suggests that c-SCLC patients who continue to smoke may have much worse outcomes after treatment than those who quit.
439:. A patient is assigned an ED stage when the tumor burden is greater than that defined under LD criteria — either far advanced
708:
cases of newly diagnosed lung cancer in the U.S. each year, it can be estimated that between 8,800 and 13,200 of these are c-SCLC.
4507:
550:
406:
402:
359:
profiles that more closely resemble each other than they do cells of the "pure" forms of the individual morphological variants.
348:. In these cases, repeated division and mutational progression in both cancer stem cells generate a biclonal "collision tumor".
1868:
818:"A combined small cell carcinoma of the lung containing three components: small cell, spindle cell and squamous cell carcinoma"
625:
329:). The result is that the tumor acquires specific cytologic and architectural features suggesting a mixture of SCLC and NSCLC.
125:
In order to ensure that patients receive the proper treatment, it is critical that the pathologist, when making a diagnosis of
4321:
2168:
1893:
2841:"Phase 2 trial of pemetrexed disodium and carboplatin in previously untreated extensive-stage small cell lung cancer, N0423"
2647:
3049:"The impact of human EGFR kinase domain mutations on lung tumorigenesis and in vivo sensitivity to EGFR-targeted therapies"
351:
Regardless of which of these mechanisms give rise to the tumor, recent studies suggest that, in the later stages of c-SCLC
4449:
2317:
479:
serves to increase the probability of total eradication of residual locoregional disease, while PCI aims to eliminate any
119:
2530:
629:
4386:
2701:
2674:"The role of pemetrexed in advanced non small-cell lung cancer: special focus on pharmacology and mechanism of action"
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NCCN Clinical
Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Small Cell Lung Cancer V.1.2010. National Comprehensive Cancer Network.
436:
1252:"Combined small cell lung carcinomas: genotypic and immunophenotypic analysis of the separate morphologic components"
355:, continued mutational progression within each tumor component results in the cells of the combined tumor developing
4462:
3864:"Twenty-five years of clinical research for patients with limited-stage small cell lung carcinoma in North America"
3190:
3138:
664:
survival time of between 4 weeks and 4 months, depending on stage and performance status at the time of diagnosis.
3658:"Immunohistochemical expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in primary pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors"
4585:
4472:
4302:
2722:
554:
421:
229:
150:
115:
4502:
4403:
4381:
4244:
680:
621:
281:
245:
1556:
Benfield JR, Russell LA (1996). "Lung carcinomas". In Baue A, Geha A, Hammond G, Lakes H, Naunheim K (eds.).
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4497:
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195:
175:
1624:"Lung tumors with mixed histologic pattern. Clinico-pathologic characteristics and prognostic significance"
332:
Other analyses suggest that, in at least in some cases, more highly differentiated variants of NSCLC (i.e.
4634:
4129:
3471:
3383:
1251:
522:
440:
398:
2029:
4482:
4369:
2376:
1022:
734:
However, as patients with tumors containing mixtures of histological subtypes are usually excluded from
200:
1756:
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2747:
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2648:"Avastin (Bevacizumab) treatment for MCRC, NSCLC, and MRCC in combination with chemotherapy - Avastin"
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537:
that a c-SCLC is treated, the more likely it is to resemble "pure" SCLC in its response to CT and RT.
458:
However, more recent data reviewing outcomes in very large numbers of SCLC patients suggests that the
4673:
4522:
2929:
514:
382:
296:
190:
180:
2565:
1329:"Defining genomic alteration boundaries for a combined small cell and non-small cell lung carcinoma"
71:
4600:
4225:
685:
345:
307:
292:
616:
EGFR-TKI's have been found to be active against variants exhibiting certain mutations in the EGFR
17:
4652:
4422:
4310:. World Health Organization Histological Classification of Lung and Pleural Tumours. 4th Edition.
4110:
4067:
4032:
American Cancer
Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2009. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2009.
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3893:
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2075:
1953:
1820:
1737:
1453:
1401:
1358:
1227:
1184:
1136:
1010:
970:
459:
260:
2889:
3821:
1575:
1515:
4559:
4348:
4284:
4255:
4151:
4102:
4059:
4012:
3969:
3934:
3885:
3841:
3794:
3759:
3718:
3677:
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3501:
3444:
3405:
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3323:
3274:
3212:
3160:
3111:
3070:
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2980:
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2813:
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2693:
2621:
2522:
2483:
2448:
2407:
2368:
2329:
2295:
2254:
2213:
2145:
2110:
2067:
2021:
1945:
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1812:
1768:
1729:
1694:
1645:
1595:
1535:
1491:
1445:
1393:
1350:
1309:
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1219:
1176:
1128:
1086:
962:
921:
883:
839:
776:
326:
89:
60:
2466:
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4398:
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4004:
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3254:
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3150:
3101:
3060:
3019:
2970:
2901:
2860:
2852:
2803:
2756:
2685:
2613:
2514:
2475:
2438:
2399:
2360:
2285:
2244:
2203:
2195:
2137:
2102:
2059:
2013:
1935:
1802:
1721:
1684:
1676:
1635:
1587:
1527:
1483:
1435:
1385:
1340:
1301:
1263:
1211:
1168:
1120:
1076:
1068:
1002:
952:
913:
873:
829:
370:, probably as a result of a combination of tumor genome-specific "progressional" mutations,
256:
111:
2050:
Ihde DC (December 1984). "Current status of therapy for small cell carcinoma of the lung".
735:
530:
480:
205:
4313:
3090:"Somatic mutations of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway in lung cancers"
3269:
3242:
420:
of c-SCLC patients is usually performed in an analogous fashion to patients with "pure"
4580:
4430:
3548:
3523:
3496:
2865:
2840:
2290:
2273:
2208:
2183:
1689:
1664:
1081:
1056:
417:
386:
333:
259:, then begins to divide uncontrollably, giving rise to new daughter cancer cells in an
252:
185:
104:
2249:
2232:
2141:
2106:
1640:
1623:
917:
4667:
4590:
3790:
3259:
2992:
2975:
2958:
2617:
2403:
1872:
1807:
1790:
1172:
689:
521:
is the only agent which has been definitively shown to offer increased survival over
264:
142:
4230:
4114:
4071:
3981:
3806:
3456:
3286:
3139:"Update on epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in non-small cell lung cancer"
3123:
2825:
1909:
UICC International Union
Against Cancer, TNM Supplement: a commentary on uniform use
1824:
1741:
1405:
1362:
1140:
1014:
55:
Combined small cell lung carcinoma containing a component of squamous cell carcinoma
4626:
4364:
3897:
3606:
3224:
2776:
2633:
2274:"Management of small-cell lung cancer: incremental changes but hope for the future"
2079:
1457:
1231:
1188:
1057:"Optimizing the management of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a personal view"
974:
363:
336:) can "progress" to give rise to areas within the primary (original) tumor (or its
146:
4008:
3207:
3172:
3155:
2479:
1957:
1576:"Cytotoxic chemotherapy induces cell differentiation in small-cell lung carcinoma"
1487:
280:
cells, or cells that have acquired epithelial characteristics as a result of cell
47:
4298:
4249:
3965:
3589:
3572:
3440:
2808:
2791:
2651:
1940:
1923:
1680:
1345:
1328:
957:
940:
409:
components are seen much more commonly in patients who have undergone radiation.
4644:
4440:
4376:
4279:
3755:
10.1002/1097-0142(19831201)52:11<2144::AID-CNCR2820521128>3.0.CO;2-N
2444:
10.1002/1097-0142(19821215)50:12<2894::AID-CNCR2820501232>3.0.CO;2-G
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2064:
10.1002/1097-0142(19841201)54:2+<2722::AID-CNCR2820541419>3.0.CO;2-P
878:
861:
834:
817:
636:
502:
448:
428:
352:
249:
126:
93:
85:
4169:
3837:
2689:
2518:
1125:
10.1002/1097-0142(19950101)75:1+<191::AID-CNCR2820751307>3.0.CO;2-Y
1006:
4595:
4260:
4056:
10.1002/1097-0142(19900801)66:3<577::AID-CNCR2820660328>3.0.CO;2-Y
3714:
10.1002/1097-0142(19860215)57:4<804::AID-CNCR2820570420>3.0.CO;2-E
3384:"Micropapillary lung adenocarcinoma: EGFR, K-ras, and BRAF mutational profile"
3065:
3048:
2318:"[Second-line treatment and targeted therapy of advanced lung cancer]"
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510:
452:
371:
337:
299:
277:
226:
4146:
3952:
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118:(SCLC), admixed with one (or more) components of any histological variant of
4631:
4541:
4215:
4211:
3359:
3342:
3024:
3007:
1591:
526:
518:
506:
498:
491:
463:
394:
393:. Rarer variants of NSCLC are seen less commonly, such as combinations with
375:
367:
356:
322:
318:
311:
273:
269:
157:
97:
4155:
4106:
4016:
3973:
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3642:
3634:
3598:
3557:
3505:
3448:
3409:
3368:
3327:
3278:
3216:
3164:
3115:
3074:
3033:
2984:
2915:
2874:
2817:
2768:
2697:
2625:
2526:
2487:
2364:
2333:
2299:
2025:
1949:
1816:
1733:
1725:
1698:
1649:
1495:
1449:
1397:
1354:
1313:
1305:
1277:
1223:
1180:
1090:
966:
887:
843:
4063:
3929:
3912:
3845:
3798:
3763:
3722:
3341:
Okamoto I, Araki J, Suto R, Shimada M, Nakagawa K, Fukuoka M (June 2006).
2452:
2411:
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2217:
2149:
2114:
2071:
2017:
1851:
1772:
1599:
1539:
1132:
925:
381:
The most common forms of NSCLC identified as components within c-SCLC are
4564:
4554:
2347:
Adelstein DJ, Tomashefski JF, Snow NJ, Horrigan TP, Hines JD (May 1986).
2199:
2182:
Hage R, Elbers JR, Brutel de la Rivière A, van den Bosch JM (June 1998).
1376:
Knudson AG (November 2001). "Two genetic hits (more or less) to cancer".
1215:
1072:
939:
Brambilla E, Travis WD, Colby TV, Corrin B, Shimosato Y (December 2001).
775:. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Lyon: IARC Press.
168:
164:
65:
4194:
3673:
3318:
3301:
2591:"Head, Neck, and Colorectal Cancer Treatment | ERBITUX (cetuximab)"
2552:"Tarceva® (erlotinib) for mNSCLC & Advanced-Stage Pancreatic Cancer"
731:
so specific strategies for their management can be rationally designed.
4549:
3880:
3863:
2856:
769:
Pathology and
Genetics of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart
728:
591:
575:
561:
314:
288:
3487:
3191:"Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in small cell lung cancer"
3106:
3089:
2760:
2726:
1424:"Genetic alterations in combined neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung"
362:
C-SCLC also occurs quite commonly after treatment of "pure" SCLC with
4618:
4393:
4344:
4206:
4098:
1514:
Mangum MD, Greco FA, Hainsworth JD, Hande KR, Johnson DH (May 1989).
1389:
1327:
Buys TP, Aviel-Ronen S, Waddell TK, Lam WL, Tsao MS (February 2009).
766:
Travis WD, Brambilla E, Muller-Hermelink HK, Harris CC, eds. (2004).
693:
661:
603:
568:
444:
161:
2231:
Shepherd FA, Ginsberg R, Patterson GA, et al. (February 1991).
688:
specimens are examined, and lower when diagnoses are based on small
2551:
1922:
Shepherd FA, Crowley J, Van Houtte P, et al. (December 2007).
1663:
Erenpreisa J, Ivanov A, Wheatley SP, et al. (September 2008).
1560:(6th ed.). Norwalk CT: Appleton & Lange. pp. 357–389.
340:) that develop histological and molecular characteristics of SCLC.
149:
variants are explicitly recognized within the 2004 revision of the
3382:
De
Oliveira Duarte Achcar R, Nikiforova MN, Yousem SA (May 2009).
941:"The new World Health Organization classification of lung tumours"
484:
100:
4305:
site containing further reading and resources about lung cancer.
4085:
Sher T, Dy GK, Adjei AA (March 2008). "Small cell lung cancer".
3189:
Tatematsu A, Shimizu J, Murakami Y, et al. (October 2008).
727:) it is arguably critical to better understand these aggressive
617:
584:
276:, a term that signifies that the tumor derives from transformed
108:
4317:
3820:
Shepherd FA, Ginsberg RJ, Haddad R, et al. (August 1993).
2957:
Spiro SG, Tanner NT, Silvestri GA, et al. (January 2010).
1911:(3rd ed.). New York: Wiley-Liss. pp. 47, 97–8, 143–9.
1111:
Travis WD, Travis LB, Devesa SS (January 1995). "Lung cancer".
3695:
Sehested M, Hirsch FR, Osterlind K, Olsen JE (February 1986).
3522:
Horn L, Dahlberg SE, Sandler AB, et al. (December 2009).
3343:"EGFR mutation in gefitinib-responsive small-cell lung cancer"
2425:
Radice PA, Matthews MJ, Ihde DC, et al. (December 1982).
241:
3571:
Spigel DR, Greco FA, Zubkus JD, et al. (December 2009).
2888:
Socinski MA, Smit EF, Lorigan P, et al. (October 2009).
221:
proportion of SCLC cells should be classified as c-SCLC, and
4130:"Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung: a critical analysis"
3862:
Jänne PA, Freidlin B, Saxman S, et al. (October 2002).
1574:
Brambilla E, Moro D, Gazzeri S, et al. (January 1991).
3656:
Sica G, Wagner PL, Altorki N, et al. (December 2008).
2790:
Jalal S, Ansari R, Govindan R, et al. (January 2009).
816:
Gotoh M, Yamamoto Y, Huang CL, Yokomise H (November 2004).
374:
genomic phenomena, and additional mutations induced by the
2590:
1622:
Ruffini E, Rena O, Oliaro A, et al. (November 2002).
1422:
D'Adda T, Pelosi G, Lagrasta C, et al. (April 2008).
3470:
Zakowski MF, Hussain S, Pao W, et al. (March 2009).
3241:
Fukui T, Tsuta K, Furuta K, et al. (November 2007).
2959:"Lung cancer: progress in diagnosis, staging and therapy"
2569:
427:
For several decades, SCLC has been staged according to a
4128:
Moran CA, Suster S, Coppola D, Wick MR (February 2009).
2933:
1250:
Wagner PL, Kitabayashi N, Chen YT, Saqi A (March 2009).
466:
in SCLC than with the old dichotomous staging protocol.
3137:
Riely GJ, Politi KA, Miller VA, Pao W (December 2006).
1869:"Lung Cancer Trial Results - National Cancer Institute"
255:. This newly formed entity, sometimes referred to as a
2839:
Chee CE, Jett JR, Bernath AM, et al. (May 2010).
310:
SCLC-like cell then repeatedly divide and, under both
2501:
Ansari J, Palmer DH, Rea DW, Hussain SA (June 2009).
2184:"Surgery for combined type small cell lung carcinoma"
4184:
2672:
Joerger M, Omlin A, Cerny T, Früh M (January 2010).
1516:"Combined small-cell and non-small-cell lung cancer"
1245:
1243:
1241:
4643:
4617:
4573:
4539:
4521:
4448:
4439:
4421:
4412:
4355:
4270:
4188:
3911:Videtic GM, Truong PT, Ash RB, et al. (2005).
3736:Hirsch FR, Osterlind K, Hansen HH (December 1983).
3184:
3182:
2503:"Role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung cancer"
2311:
2309:
1863:
1861:
1789:Travis WD; IASLC Staging Committee (January 2009).
263:(or near exponential) fashion. Unless this runaway
59:
37:
32:
1551:
1549:
1469:
1467:
1154:
1152:
1150:
860:Fouad Ismail M, Mowafy AA, Sameh SI (April 2005).
583:Inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (
2349:"Mixed small cell and non-small cell lung cancer"
1202:Croce CM (January 2008). "Oncogenes and cancer".
3857:
3855:
1569:
1567:
988:
986:
984:
3517:
3515:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
899:
897:
811:
809:
807:
2952:
2950:
1784:
1782:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1417:
1415:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
4329:
4028:
4026:
3421:
3419:
3300:Zakowski MF, Ladanyi M, Kris MG (July 2006).
3236:
3234:
3047:Ji H, Li D, Chen L, et al. (June 2006).
855:
853:
321:environmental influences, acquire additional
167:, as is the case in lung carcinomas, or from
8:
1027:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1969:
1967:
1558:Glenn's thoracic and cardiovascular surgery
722:
4445:
4418:
4336:
4322:
4314:
4185:
2163:
2161:
2159:
1031:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
145:family of malignancies. Over 50 different
70:
46:
29:
4145:
3928:
3879:
3753:
3712:
3588:
3547:
3495:
3399:
3358:
3317:
3268:
3258:
3206:
3154:
3105:
3064:
3023:
3008:"Adenocarcinoma, a molecular perspective"
2974:
2905:
2864:
2807:
2442:
2289:
2248:
2207:
1939:
1806:
1755:Higashi K, Clavo AC, Wahl RL (May 1993).
1688:
1639:
1439:
1344:
1267:
1080:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
956:
877:
833:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
626:non-mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma
141:Lung cancer is a large and exceptionally
3088:Shigematsu H, Gazdar AF (January 2006).
668:median survival of only 6 to 10 months.
747:
2000:Simon GR, Turrisi A (September 2007).
1020:
660:Untreated "pure" SCLC patients have a
431:distinction of "limited disease" (LD)
156:Approximately 99% of lung cancers are
4513:Basaloid squamous cell lung carcinoma
84:(or c-SCLC) is a form of multiphasic
7:
4170:"Find NCI-Supported Clinical Trials"
122:(NSCLC) in any relative proportion.
2316:Nakamura Y, Yamamoto N (May 2009).
2272:Hann CL, Rudin CM (November 2008).
2169:"Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment"
1894:"Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment"
630:adenocarcinoma with mixed subtypes
82:Combined small cell lung carcinoma
33:Combined Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
25:
18:Combined small cell lung carcinoma
3791:10.1097/00000421-198410000-00001
3260:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00600.x
2976:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01674.x
2618:10.2165/11532260-000000000-00000
2404:10.1097/00000421-198608000-00009
1808:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.03179.x
1173:10.1097/00000478-200209000-00009
635:The role of VEGF inhibition and
599:Inhibitors of folate metabolism
551:Epidermal growth factor receptor
2566:"IRESSA® (gefitinib) Treatment"
2278:Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.)
443:, malignant effusions from the
1:
4531:Combined small-cell carcinoma
4493:Salivary gland–like carcinoma
4450:Non-small-cell lung carcinoma
4009:10.1016/j.lungcan.2003.12.006
3208:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0332
3156:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0658
2723:"ALIMTA | Official Site"
2480:10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.10.012
2250:10.1016/S0022-5223(19)36752-2
2142:10.1016/S0140-6736(73)93260-1
2107:10.1016/S0140-6736(68)91163-X
1641:10.1016/S1010-7940(02)00481-5
1488:10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.05.014
918:10.1016/S0046-8177(85)80106-4
211:Salivary gland-like carcinoma
120:non-small cell lung carcinoma
3966:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181bccef5
3590:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181bbc540
3441:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31815cb162
2809:10.1097/JTO.0b013e31818de1e6
1941:10.1097/JTO.0b013e31815bdc0d
1681:10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.06.003
1346:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181952678
958:10.1183/09031936.01.00275301
872:(4): 734, author reply 735.
4467:Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
4387:Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
2237:J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg
879:10.1016/j.ejcts.2005.01.003
835:10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.08.002
529:is considered effective as
437:supraclavicular lymph nodes
103:, arising from transformed
4690:
3838:10.1200/JCO.1993.11.8.1592
2690:10.2174/138945010790030974
2519:10.2174/187152009788451879
2507:Anticancer Agents Med Chem
1055:Vincent MD (August 2009).
1007:10.2174/157339807779941820
555:tyrosine kinase inhibitors
114:, contains a component of;
4586:Solitary pulmonary nodule
4473:Large-cell lung carcinoma
4303:National Cancer Institute
3066:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.04.022
1441:10.1038/modpathol.3801014
525:(BSC), although in Japan
422:small cell lung carcinoma
306:. Daughter cells of this
295:studies suggest that the
230:large cell lung carcinoma
151:World Health Organization
116:small cell lung carcinoma
54:
45:
4503:Papillary adenocarcinoma
4404:Laryngeal papillomatosis
4382:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
4147:10.1309/AJCP9H1OTMUCSKQW
3540:10.1200/JCO.2009.23.7545
3401:10.1309/AJCPBS85VJEOBPDO
2907:10.1200/JCO.2009.23.1548
1532:10.1200/JCO.1989.7.5.607
1269:10.1309/AJCPYNPFL56POZQY
622:papillary adenocarcinoma
246:malignant transformation
4498:Adenosquamous carcinoma
4458:Squamous-cell carcinoma
3006:Stahel RA (July 2007).
1628:Eur J Cardiothorac Surg
1592:10.1200/JCO.1991.9.1.50
866:Eur J Cardiothorac Surg
822:Eur J Cardiothorac Surg
679:Reliable comprehensive
391:squamous cell carcinoma
196:Adenosquamous carcinoma
176:Squamous cell carcinoma
4635:solitary fibrous tumor
3662:Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med
3635:10.3816/CLC.2010.n.017
3476:Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med
2930:"Home - PubMed - NCBI"
2365:10.1378/chest.89.5.699
2012:(3 Suppl): 324S–339S.
1726:10.1006/cbir.2000.0557
1306:10.3816/CLC.2010.n.046
724:Prognosis and survival
399:spindle cell carcinoma
4483:Sarcomatoid carcinoma
4370:Esthesioneuroblastoma
4299:Lung Cancer Home Page
3360:10.1093/annonc/mdj114
3025:10.1093/annonc/mdm310
2018:10.1378/chest.07-1385
201:Sarcomatoid carcinoma
4523:Small-cell carcinoma
4508:Giant-cell carcinoma
3018:(Suppl 9): ix147–9.
2200:10.1136/thx.53.6.450
2058:(11 Suppl): 2722–8.
1840:Cancer Chemother Rep
1216:10.1056/NEJMra072367
1119:(1 Suppl): 191–202.
1073:10.3747/co.v16i4.465
523:best supportive care
441:locoregional disease
407:Giant cell carcinoma
403:giant cell carcinoma
383:large cell carcinoma
325:(a process known as
191:Large cell carcinoma
181:Small cell carcinoma
4601:Bronchial leiomyoma
4134:Am. J. Clin. Pathol
3930:10.1155/2005/376404
3674:10.5858/132.12.1889
3429:Am. J. Surg. Pathol
3388:Am. J. Clin. Pathol
3319:10.1056/NEJMc053610
2322:Gan to Kagaku Ryoho
1256:Am. J. Clin. Pathol
1161:Am. J. Surg. Pathol
995:Curr Respir Med Rev
696:samples. Tatematsu
346:field cancerization
308:transdifferentiated
293:immunohistochemical
4653:Mediastinal tumors
4478:Rhabdoid carcinoma
4271:External resources
3881:10.1002/cncr.10841
3779:Am. J. Clin. Oncol
2857:10.1002/cncr.24967
2606:Clin Drug Investig
2392:Am. J. Clin. Oncol
460:TNM staging system
4661:
4660:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4560:Immature teratoma
4349:respiratory tract
4294:
4293:
3488:10.5858/133.3.470
3107:10.1002/ijc.21496
2761:10.1159/000258500
2755:(Suppl 1): 90–6.
2678:Curr Drug Targets
792:on 23 August 2009
782:978-92-832-2418-1
327:tumor progression
79:
78:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4681:
4446:
4419:
4399:Laryngeal cancer
4338:
4331:
4324:
4315:
4186:
4174:
4173:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4149:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4099:10.4065/83.3.355
4082:
4076:
4075:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4021:
4020:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3883:
3859:
3850:
3849:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3757:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3623:Clin Lung Cancer
3617:
3611:
3610:
3592:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3551:
3519:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3272:
3262:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3210:
3195:Clin. Cancer Res
3186:
3177:
3176:
3158:
3143:Clin. Cancer Res
3134:
3128:
3127:
3109:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3068:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3027:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2978:
2954:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2932:. Archived from
2926:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2811:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2725:. Archived from
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2700:. Archived from
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2650:. Archived from
2644:
2638:
2637:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2568:. Archived from
2562:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2529:. Archived from
2498:
2492:
2491:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2437:(12): 2894–902.
2422:
2416:
2415:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2375:. Archived from
2344:
2338:
2337:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2154:
2153:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2028:. Archived from
1997:
1974:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1943:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1871:. Archived from
1865:
1856:
1855:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1810:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1619:
1604:
1603:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1511:
1500:
1499:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1443:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1390:10.1038/35101031
1378:Nat. Rev. Cancer
1373:
1367:
1366:
1348:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1294:Clin Lung Cancer
1288:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1247:
1236:
1235:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1156:
1145:
1144:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1052:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1018:
990:
979:
978:
960:
936:
930:
929:
901:
892:
891:
881:
857:
848:
847:
837:
813:
802:
801:
799:
797:
791:
785:. Archived from
774:
763:
257:cancer stem cell
75:
74:
50:
30:
21:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4639:
4605:
4596:Peripheral lung
4569:
4535:
4517:
4435:
4408:
4351:
4342:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4266:
4265:
4197:
4183:
4178:
4177:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4087:Mayo Clin. Proc
4084:
4083:
4079:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4024:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3954:Am. J. Med. Sci
3951:
3950:
3946:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3748:(11): 2144–50.
3735:
3734:
3730:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3668:(12): 1889–95.
3655:
3654:
3650:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3583:(12): 1555–60.
3570:
3569:
3565:
3534:(35): 6006–11.
3521:
3520:
3513:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3306:N. Engl. J. Med
3299:
3298:
3294:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3149:(24): 7232–41.
3136:
3135:
3131:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2939:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2900:(28): 4787–92.
2887:
2886:
2882:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2707:
2705:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2324:(in Japanese).
2315:
2314:
2307:
2284:(13): 1486–92.
2271:
2270:
2266:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2157:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2101:(7575): 925–7.
2092:
2091:
2087:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2033:
1999:
1998:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1934:(12): 1067–77.
1921:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1621:
1620:
1607:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1513:
1512:
1503:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1249:
1248:
1239:
1204:N. Engl. J. Med
1201:
1200:
1196:
1158:
1157:
1148:
1110:
1109:
1098:
1054:
1053:
1040:
1019:
992:
991:
982:
938:
937:
933:
903:
902:
895:
859:
858:
851:
815:
814:
805:
795:
793:
789:
783:
772:
765:
764:
749:
744:
736:clinical trials
718:
677:
654:
543:
541:Targeted agents
531:salvage therapy
481:micrometastases
472:
464:prognostication
415:
282:differentiation
238:
206:Carcinoid tumor
139:
107:originating in
69:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4687:
4685:
4677:
4676:
4666:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4581:Pancoast tumor
4577:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4463:Adenocarcinoma
4460:
4454:
4452:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4431:Tracheal tumor
4427:
4425:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4347:involving the
4343:
4341:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4252:
4241:
4233:
4218:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:Classification
4182:
4181:External links
4179:
4176:
4175:
4161:
4120:
4077:
4034:
4022:
3987:
3944:
3917:Can. Respir. J
3903:
3874:(7): 1528–38.
3851:
3826:J. Clin. Oncol
3812:
3769:
3728:
3687:
3648:
3612:
3577:J Thorac Oncol
3563:
3528:J. Clin. Oncol
3511:
3462:
3415:
3394:(5): 694–700.
3374:
3333:
3292:
3253:(11): 1714–9.
3230:
3201:(19): 6092–6.
3178:
3129:
3094:Int. J. Cancer
3080:
3039:
2998:
2946:
2921:
2894:J. Clin. Oncol
2880:
2851:(10): 2382–9.
2831:
2796:J Thorac Oncol
2782:
2739:
2714:
2664:
2639:
2596:
2582:
2557:
2543:
2493:
2458:
2417:
2382:
2379:on 2013-04-14.
2359:(5): 699–704.
2339:
2305:
2264:
2243:(2): 196–200.
2223:
2174:
2155:
2136:(7820): 63–5.
2120:
2085:
2042:
1975:
1963:
1928:J Thorac Oncol
1914:
1899:
1885:
1857:
1830:
1795:Histopathology
1778:
1747:
1714:Cell Biol. Int
1704:
1675:(9): 1044–56.
1669:Cell Biol. Int
1655:
1605:
1580:J. Clin. Oncol
1563:
1545:
1520:J. Clin. Oncol
1501:
1463:
1411:
1368:
1333:J Thorac Oncol
1319:
1283:
1237:
1194:
1167:(9): 1184–97.
1146:
1096:
1038:
980:
951:(6): 1059–68.
945:Eur. Respir. J
931:
893:
849:
803:
781:
746:
745:
743:
740:
717:
714:
676:
673:
653:
650:
610:
609:
608:
607:
597:
596:
595:
581:
580:
579:
572:
565:
542:
539:
471:
468:
414:
411:
387:adenocarcinoma
334:adenocarcinoma
237:
234:
214:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
186:Adenocarcinoma
183:
178:
138:
137:Classification
135:
77:
76:
63:
57:
56:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4686:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4334:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4172:. 2016-06-23.
4171:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4140:(2): 206–21.
4139:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4093:(3): 355–67.
4092:
4088:
4081:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4050:(3): 577–82.
4049:
4045:
4038:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4003:(1): 105–17.
4002:
3998:
3991:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3923:(5): 245–50.
3922:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3832:(8): 1592–7.
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3785:(5): 389–97.
3784:
3780:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3629:(2): 126–31.
3628:
3624:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3435:(6): 810–27.
3434:
3430:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3353:(6): 1028–9.
3352:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3100:(2): 257–62.
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3059:(6): 485–95.
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2936:on 2015-02-13
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2729:on 2010-03-25
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2704:on 2013-04-14
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2654:on 2010-03-30
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2612:(4): 229–41.
2611:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2572:on 2010-05-15
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2533:on 2013-04-14
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2513:(5): 569–75.
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2474:(3): 257–74.
2473:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:(4): 318–24.
2397:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2171:. 1980-01-01.
2170:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2032:on 2013-01-12
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1896:. 1980-01-01.
1895:
1889:
1886:
1875:on 2010-01-10
1874:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:(9): 621–33.
1719:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1526:(5): 607–12.
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1434:(4): 414–22.
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:(2): 157–62.
1383:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1339:(2): 227–39.
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1262:(3): 376–82.
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:(5): 502–11.
1209:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
987:
985:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
932:
927:
923:
919:
915:
912:(6): 569–79.
911:
907:
900:
898:
894:
889:
885:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
856:
854:
850:
845:
841:
836:
831:
828:(5): 1047–9.
827:
823:
819:
812:
810:
808:
804:
788:
784:
778:
771:
770:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
748:
741:
739:
737:
732:
730:
726:
725:
715:
713:
709:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
674:
672:
669:
665:
663:
658:
651:
649:
646:
644:
640:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
605:
601:
600:
598:
593:
590:Bevacizumab (
589:
588:
586:
582:
577:
573:
570:
566:
563:
559:
558:
556:
552:
549:
548:
547:
540:
538:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
488:
486:
482:
476:
469:
467:
465:
461:
456:
454:
451:, or distant
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
412:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
349:
347:
341:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
298:
297:morphological
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
265:cell division
262:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
235:
233:
231:
228:
224:
220:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
172:
170:
166:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
143:heterogeneous
136:
134:
130:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
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4256:DiseasesDB
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3012:Ann. Oncol
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2733:2010-03-23
2708:2019-07-07
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2537:2019-07-07
2036:2012-04-12
1879:2010-03-10
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