245:. The Société minière du Kasai, a mining subsidiary, was created in July 1920. Meanwhile, La Forminière had taken over operation of diamond mines started by the Compagnie du Kasai. In 1922 the company was granted concessions for palm oil exploitation, consisting of five circles with a radius of 20 kilometres (12 mi). This now became the company's main activity. Three of the circles were improved by creating plantations of selected palms, growing food crops, building a road network and organizing road and water transport. By 1930 the rubber trade had virtually ended.
169:
be to harvest and trade plant products and ivory, as well as related commercial, industrial and agricultural operations. Capital of one million francs would be equally divided between the Congo Free State, which would receive half, and the 14 companies. The state would have representatives on the board of directors and management committee. The statutes of the company were published in the
Official Bulletin in 1901.
157:
204:. The missionaries ran the plantation using bonded Luba laborers, former slaves from eastern and central Kasai who had recently been liberated. On 5 November 1904 the post was attacked by the Kuba. The Europeans managed to drive off the attackers with the help of their foreign workers, and were relieved on 9 November by soldiers of the
232:. There were continued losses in 1914 and 1915, when the company started to buy palm nuts, and exported 385 tons. The company was profitable in 1916 and 1917, and broke even in 1918. That year it exported 593 tons of rubber, 3,536 tons of palm kernels, 90 tons of palm oil, 5 tons of ivory and 7 tons of beeswax.
211:
The company was initially profitable. In the 1905 financial year it produced 1,400 tons of rubber, or 28% of total production in the Congo Free State. In the 1906 financial year production had risen to 1,500 tons. Profits fell in 1907 due to lower selling prices in Europe, and fell again in 1908. The
168:
in the Congo and administrative headquarters in
Belgium. It would take over the facilities of the 14 companies such as buildings, boats and stocks, and all of their employees. The companies could keep the plantations they had created and their management, with certain restrictions. The purpose would
147:
A decree was issued in 1899 enforcing planting of rubber-bearing lianas, because harvesting wild lianas would not be enough to meet the expanding needs of the rubber market. By this time there were 14 companies employing 176 expatriates in 41 establishments. Cut-throat competition was keeping prices
223:
In 1910 there was a dispute between the government and the company. By decree of 22 February 1910 the Kasai basin was opened to free trade. In 1911 the company bought out the state's share and became fully independent. The company lost money in 1912 and 1913 due to the collapse of the rubber and
257:
region where it was cultivating coffee and cocoa trees. It had 7 steam oil mills, 10 manual oil mills, a coffee plant, cocoa processing plant, rubber plant and a plant for treating rice harvested by the local people. It had a 500 kilometres (310 mi) road network, a fleet of river boats and
111:
The German
Wissman explored the Kasai River in 1884 and established a short-lived commercial establishment there. The Sandford Exploring Expedition started commercial operations on the river and founded the Luebo post in 1887, then in 1888 merged with SAB. In 1890 Le Marinal created
116:. The Société Hollandaise arrived in the region in 1890, and for six years SAB and the Société Hollandaise were the only traders in the region. In 1892 rules were established for harvesting rubber, and new companies began to move into the Kasai basin:
283:(1848–1939), was a Belgian soldier who served as the Vice-Governor General of the Congo Free State from December 1897 until January 1899. After retiring he became a director of various colonial companies including the Compagnie du Kasai.
240:
In 1919 the company issued new shares to raise capital. Mining concessions were divided between the Société minière du Kasai and the
Syndicat général de recherches minières du Kasai. All mining operations were to be undertaken by
258:
loading and unloading facilities in Léopoldville and Matadi. It also operated trading posts buying ivory, palm kernels, palm oil, peanuts, copal and textile fibers, and shops selling imported goods to expatriates and locals.
248:
During the economic crisis of the 1930s the company reduced overhead as far as possible. By 1934 the company was the second largest palm oil producer in the country after HCB. By 1935 it had sold shares to the
277:(1898–1973), governor of Équateur Province from 1959 to 1960, served two terms with the Cie du Kasai from 23 April 1929 to 27 May 1934, before resigning and later joining government service.
250:
295:, who worked as an official for the Compagnie du Kasai. Rom was known for the alleged brutality of his administration in the Stanley Falls area. According to contemporary reports from
989:
208:
led by De Cock and Hubin, who arrived from the east. An official report in 1905 found that agents of the company had undertaken armed expeditions against the local people.
180:(SCA), and its representatives were not commissioned to raise tax. It could therefore only obtain rubber and other forest products by dealing with the natives.
177:
909:
262:
857:
739:
196:
took charge of planting rubber and of gathering wild rubber in exchange for having their goods transported at no charge on the steamer from
882:
643:
763:
686:
605:
212:
company decided to expand into some far eastern businesses. In 1908 the
Belgian government took over control of what became the
164:
The Congo Free State and the 14 companies agreed to form a new body, the
Compagnie du Kasai (Kasai Company) with head office at
583:
902:
224:
copal markets. In 1913 the company was given the right to prospect for minerals south of the 5th parallel and in part of the
165:
62:
948:
878:
994:
953:
895:
968:
220:, which had about two thousand inhabitants. The company had made successful trial rubber plantations there.
299:, Rom had used the severed heads of 21 Congolese to decorate the flower beds of his house at Stanley Falls.
921:
671:
274:
103:. At first it was mainly involved in harvesting wild rubber, but later moved into palm oil and mining.
627:
938:
789:
280:
564:
933:
827:
805:
716:
173:
148:
low, but also creating financial instability and reducing the amount paid to the local workers.
853:
759:
753:
735:
682:
847:
305:(1857–1940), an engineer and explorer in the early days of the Congo Free State, was later a
217:
918:
797:
708:
615:, vol. VII–B, Bruxelles: Académie royale des sciences d'Outre-mer, pp. col.373–374
100:
963:
727:
696:
654:
887:
793:
788:(1), The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers): 26–53,
958:
291:
205:
193:
983:
829:
Foreign
Minerals Survey: A Regional Review of Mineral Resources, Production and Trade
749:
242:
225:
213:
302:
874:
843:
773:
286:
189:
156:
96:
712:
296:
23:
229:
192:
in
October 1904. In a unique arrangement, four missionaries of the order of
487:
197:
78:
809:
254:
113:
777:
720:
801:
95:) was a Belgian company established to exploit the resources of the
819:
201:
160:
Congo Free State concession companies. Kasai (green) in southwest.
155:
253:(SAB) in exchange for a 3,000 hectares (7,400 acres) plot in the
891:
849:
Being colonized: the Kuba experience in rural Congo, 1880-1960
475:
216:. By 1910 a factory of the company had been established near
637:, vol. 2, Institut royal colonial belge, pp. 928–37
124:
Compagnie
Anversoise des Plantations de la Lubefu (1897)
676:
309:
of the Société minière du Kasai and the Cie du Kasai.
121:
La société des Produits végétaux du Haut Kasai (1894)
459:
457:
444:
442:
440:
251:
Société anonyme belge pour le commerce du Haut-Congo
403:
401:
399:
326:
324:
322:
73:
57:
41:
33:
21:
699:(1975), "The End of Red Rubber: A Reassessment",
875:Documents and clippings about Compagnie du Kasai
591:Bulletin Officiel de l'État Indépendant du Congo
366:
265:. It continued operating until at least 1955.
172:The company did not receive a concession like
903:
261:As of 1945 the company was controlled by the
8:
498:
16:
990:1901 establishments in the Congo Free State
681:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
390:
342:
910:
896:
888:
522:
133:Société anonyme du Trafic Congolais (1898)
127:Société de la Djuma et La Kasaienne (1897)
15:
546:
188:The company began a rubber plantation at
826:United States. Bureau of Mines (1945),
534:
378:
354:
318:
178:Société Anversoise du Commerce au Congo
582:de Cuvelier (September–October 1905),
571:, vol. V, Inst. roy. colon. belge
510:
431:
419:
778:"Land and Peoples of the Kasai Basin"
563:Coosemans, Marthe (20 January 1953),
289:(1859–1924), a former officer of the
7:
604:de Rosenbaum, G. (3 November 1975),
463:
448:
407:
330:
142:Les Comptoirs Congolais Velde (1900)
734:(Paperback ed.). London: Pan.
476:United States. Bureau of Mines 1945
139:Plantations L’Est du Kwango (1899)
14:
565:"VALCKE (Louis Pierre Alphonse)"
642:Ergo, A.-B. (29 October 2019),
701:The Journal of African History
1:
949:Comptoir Commercial Congolais
755:E.D. Morel contre Léopold II
613:Biographie Belge d'Outre-Mer
263:Société Générale de Belgique
879:20th Century Press Archives
852:. Univ of Wisconsin Press.
367:Marchal & Delathuy 1996
136:Plantations Lacourt (1899)
1011:
752:; Delathuy, A. M. (1996).
635:Biographie Coloniale Belge
584:"Rapport au Roi-Souverain"
569:Biographie Coloniale Belge
954:Compagnie des Grands Lacs
929:
713:10.1017/S0021853700014110
236:Later history (post-1918)
782:The Geographical Journal
758:. Editions L'Harmattan.
644:"La Compagnie du Kasai"
549:, p. col. 825-836.
184:Early years (1901–1918)
672:Firchow, Peter Edgerly
488:1955 share certificate
161:
275:Alphonse De Valkeneer
159:
939:Compagnie du Katanga
732:King Leopold's Ghost
628:"Vangele (Alphonse)"
794:1910GeogJ..36...26T
626:Engels, A. (1951),
513:, pp. 928–937.
37:Resource extraction
18:
969:Société Anversoise
944:Compagnie du Kasai
934:Abir Congo Company
297:white missionaries
162:
89:Compagnie du Kasai
17:Compagnie du Kasai
977:
976:
859:978-0-299-23644-1
741:978-1-4472-1135-8
678:Heart of Darkness
651:Histoire du Congo
499:de Rosenbaum 1975
281:Alphonse van Gèle
85:
84:
1002:
995:Congo Free State
919:Congo Free State
912:
905:
898:
889:
863:
839:
838:
836:
822:
817:
816:
769:
745:
728:Hochschild, Adam
723:
692:
667:
666:
665:
659:
653:, archived from
648:
638:
632:
622:
621:
620:
610:
606:"VALKENEER (DE)"
600:
599:
598:
588:
578:
577:
576:
550:
544:
538:
532:
526:
520:
514:
508:
502:
496:
490:
485:
479:
473:
467:
461:
452:
446:
435:
429:
423:
417:
411:
405:
394:
391:de Cuvelier 1905
388:
382:
376:
370:
364:
358:
352:
346:
343:de Cuvelier 1905
340:
334:
328:
130:La Loanje (1898)
101:Congo Free State
68:Congo Free State
52:
50:
19:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
999:
980:
979:
978:
973:
964:Lulonga Company
925:
916:
871:
866:
860:
842:
834:
832:
825:
814:
812:
802:10.2307/1777651
772:
766:
748:
742:
726:
695:
689:
670:
663:
661:
657:
646:
641:
630:
625:
618:
616:
608:
603:
596:
594:
586:
581:
574:
572:
562:
558:
553:
545:
541:
533:
529:
523:Hochschild 2012
521:
517:
509:
505:
497:
493:
486:
482:
474:
470:
462:
455:
447:
438:
430:
426:
418:
414:
406:
397:
389:
385:
377:
373:
365:
361:
353:
349:
341:
337:
329:
320:
316:
271:
238:
186:
154:
145:
109:
69:
65:
48:
46:
26:
12:
11:
5:
1008:
1006:
998:
997:
992:
982:
981:
975:
974:
972:
971:
966:
961:
959:Lomami Company
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
930:
927:
926:
917:
915:
914:
907:
900:
892:
886:
885:
870:
869:External links
867:
865:
864:
858:
840:
823:
770:
764:
750:Marchal, Jules
746:
740:
724:
693:
687:
668:
639:
623:
601:
579:
559:
557:
554:
552:
551:
547:Coosemans 1953
539:
537:, p. 112.
527:
525:, p. 260.
515:
503:
491:
480:
468:
453:
436:
424:
412:
395:
383:
371:
369:, p. 224.
359:
347:
335:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
300:
292:Force Publique
284:
278:
270:
269:Notable people
267:
237:
234:
206:Force Publique
194:Scheut fathers
185:
182:
153:
150:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
118:
108:
105:
83:
82:
75:
71:
70:
67:
61:
59:
55:
54:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
30:
27:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1007:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
985:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
928:
923:
920:
913:
908:
906:
901:
899:
894:
893:
890:
884:
880:
876:
873:
872:
868:
861:
855:
851:
850:
845:
841:
831:
830:
824:
821:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
776:(July 1910),
775:
771:
767:
765:2-7384-2856-8
761:
757:
756:
751:
747:
743:
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:Harms, Robert
694:
690:
688:9780813191980
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
660:on 2021-01-17
656:
652:
645:
640:
636:
629:
624:
614:
607:
602:
592:
585:
580:
570:
566:
561:
560:
555:
548:
543:
540:
536:
531:
528:
524:
519:
516:
512:
507:
504:
500:
495:
492:
489:
484:
481:
478:, p. 87.
477:
472:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
441:
437:
434:, p. 45.
433:
428:
425:
422:, p. 33.
421:
416:
413:
409:
404:
402:
400:
396:
393:, p. 70.
392:
387:
384:
381:, p. 96.
380:
375:
372:
368:
363:
360:
357:, p. 91.
356:
351:
348:
345:, p. 80.
344:
339:
336:
332:
327:
325:
323:
319:
313:
308:
304:
301:
298:
294:
293:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
272:
268:
266:
264:
259:
256:
252:
246:
244:
235:
233:
231:
227:
226:Aruwimi River
221:
219:
215:
214:Belgian Congo
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
183:
181:
179:
175:
170:
167:
158:
151:
149:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
117:
115:
106:
104:
102:
99:basin in the
98:
94:
93:Kasai Company
90:
80:
76:
72:
64:
60:
56:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
25:
20:
943:
848:
844:Vansina, Jan
833:, retrieved
828:
818:– via
813:, retrieved
785:
781:
754:
731:
707:(1): 73–88,
704:
700:
679:
675:
662:, retrieved
655:the original
650:
634:
617:, retrieved
612:
595:, retrieved
590:
573:, retrieved
568:
542:
535:Firchow 2000
530:
518:
506:
494:
483:
471:
466:, p. 4.
451:, p. 3.
427:
415:
410:, p. 2.
386:
379:Vansina 2010
374:
362:
355:Vansina 2010
350:
338:
333:, p. 1.
306:
303:Louis Valcke
290:
260:
247:
239:
222:
210:
187:
171:
163:
146:
110:
92:
88:
86:
58:Headquarters
29:Cie du Kasai
835:6 September
593:(in French)
511:Engels 1951
432:Torday 1910
420:Torday 1910
307:commissaire
228:basin near
190:Bena Makima
97:Kasai River
984:Categories
922:concession
815:2020-08-08
774:Torday, E.
664:2020-09-06
619:2020-08-13
597:2020-09-06
575:2020-09-04
243:Forminière
152:Foundation
107:Background
81:, minerals
53:in Belgium
24:Trade name
924:companies
464:Ergo 2019
449:Ergo 2019
408:Ergo 2019
331:Ergo 2019
230:Kilo-Moto
846:(2010).
730:(2012).
674:(2000).
287:Léon Rom
198:Kinshasa
79:palm oil
77:Rubber,
74:Products
34:Industry
881:of the
877:in the
810:1777651
790:Bibcode
556:Sources
255:Manghay
218:Misumba
176:or the
114:Lusambo
47: (
42:Founded
856:
808:
762:
738:
721:181099
719:
685:
820:JSTOR
806:JSTOR
717:JSTOR
658:(PDF)
647:(PDF)
631:(PDF)
609:(PDF)
587:(PDF)
314:Notes
202:Luebo
854:ISBN
837:2020
760:ISBN
736:ISBN
683:ISBN
174:Abir
166:Dima
87:The
63:Dima
49:1901
45:1901
883:ZBW
798:doi
709:doi
200:to
986::
804:,
796:,
786:36
784:,
780:,
715:,
705:16
703:,
649:,
633:,
611:,
589:,
567:,
456:^
439:^
398:^
321:^
66:,
911:e
904:t
897:v
862:.
800::
792::
768:.
744:.
711::
691:.
501:.
91:(
51:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
