779:. Earlier work Dalldorf had done in monkeys suggested that fluid collected from a nonpolio virus preparation could protect against the crippling effects of polio. Using newborn mice as a vehicle, Dalldorf attempted to isolate such protective viruses from the feces of polio patients. In carrying out these experiments, he discovered viruses that often mimicked mild or nonparalytic polio. The virus family he discovered was eventually given the name Coxsackie, from
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36:
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793:), and were subdivided into groups A and B based on their pathology in newborn mice. (Coxsackie A virus causes paralysis and death of the mice, with extensive skeletal muscle necrosis; Coxsackie B causes less severe infection in the mice, but with damage to more organ systems, such as heart, brain, liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscles.)
998:
ICTV 7th Report van
Regenmortel, M.H.V., Fauquet, C.M., Bishop, D.H.L., Carstens, E.B., Estes, M.K., Lemon, S.M., Maniloff, J., Mayo, M.A., McGeoch, D.J., Pringle, C.R. and Wickner, R.B. (2000). Virus taxonomy. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San
796:
The use of suckling mice was not
Dalldorf's idea but was brought to his attention in a paper written by Danish scientists Orskov and Andersen in 1947, who were using such mice to study a mouse virus. The discovery of the coxsackieviruses stimulated many virologists to use this system, and ultimately
800:
The discovery of the coxsackieviruses yielded further evidence that viruses can sometimes interfere with each other's growth and replication within a host animal. Other researchers found this interference can be mediated by a substance produced by the host animal, a protein now known as
2627:
135:. Coxsackieviruses share many characteristics with poliovirus. With control of poliovirus infections in much of the world, more attention has been focused on understanding the nonpolio enteroviruses such as coxsackievirus.
1521:
Werk D, Pinkert S, Heim A, et al. (September 2009). "Combination of soluble coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor and anti-coxsackievirus siRNAs exerts synergistic antiviral activity against coxsackievirus B3".
2620:
863:
Seitsonen, Jani; Shakeel, Shabih; Susi, Petri; Pandurangan, Arun P.; Sinkovits, Robert S.; Hyvönen, Heini; Laurinmäki, Pasi; Ylä-Pelto, Jani; Topf, Maya; Hyypiä, Timo; Butcher, Sarah J. (2012).
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resulted in the isolation of a large number of so-called "enteric" viruses from the gastrointestinal tract that were unrelated to poliovirus, and some of which were oncogenic (cancer-causing).
912:
Ma E, Fung C, Yip SH, Wong C, Chuang SK, Tsang T (Aug 2011). "Estimation of the basic reproduction number of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 in hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreaks".
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In 2007, an outbreak of coxsackievirus occurred in eastern China. It has been reported that 22 children died. More than 800 people were affected, with 200 children hospitalized.
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The coxsackieviruses were discovered in 1948–49 by
Gilbert Dalldorf, a scientist working at the New York State Department of Health in
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There were 29 species of coxsackieviruses until 1999, when two of them were abolished and the rest merged into other species.
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viruses based on early observations of their pathogenicity in neonatal mice. Group A coxsackieviruses were noted to cause a
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Dalldorf G, Sickles GM (July 1948). "An
Unidentified, Filtrable Agent Isolated From the Feces of Children With Paralysis".
131:. Enteroviruses are among the most common and important human pathogens, and ordinarily its members are transmitted by the
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229:(R0) for Coxsackievirus A16 (Cox A16) was estimated to a median of 2.50 with an interquartile range of 1.96 to 3.67.
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822:(Soluble Receptor Analogue) is an experimental prophylactic treatment against coxsackievirus B3 (CVB) infections.
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posted to
Virology Blog 10 AUGUST 2009 by Professor Vincent Racaniello. Accessed via internet August 20, 2012.
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The coxsackieviruses subsequently were found to cause a variety of infections, including epidemic pleurodynia (
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Dalldorf G, Gifford R (June 1951). "Clinical and epidemiologic observations of
Coxsackie-virus infection".
805:. Interferon has since become prominent in the treatment of a variety of cancers and infectious diseases.
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865:"Structural analysis of coxsackievirus A7 reveals conformational changes associated with uncoating"
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has recently been associated with recent enteroviral infection, particularly coxsackievirus B
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Triantafyllopoulou, Antigoni; Tapinos, Nikos; Moutsopoulos, Haralampos; et al. (2004).
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In general, group A coxsackieviruses tend to infect the skin and mucous membranes, causing
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1260:"A virus recovered from the feces of poliomyelitis patients pathogenic for suckling mice"
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Group B coxsackieviruses tend to infect the heart, pleura, pancreas, and liver, causing
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The entry of coxsackievirus into cells, especially endothelial cells, is mediated by
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Both group A and group B coxsackieviruses can cause nonspecific febrile illnesses,
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Dalldorf, in collaboration with Grace
Sickles, had been searching for a cure for
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2014:
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814:, a wild-type Coxsackievirus A21, is being used in human clinical trials as an
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181:(due to focal muscle injury and degeneration of neuronal tissue). At least 23
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is also being studied in connection with coxsackievirus, as of
January 2010.
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DALLDORF G, GIFFORD R (February 1955). "Recognition of mouse ectromelia".
842:(in Spanish). Vol. 6 (3rd ed.). Barcelona: Salvat. p. 598.
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185:(1–22, 24) of group A and six serotypes (1–6) of group B are recognized.
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60: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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957:"Evidence for Coxsackievirus Infection in Primary Sjogren's Syndrome"
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1983:
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1363:"Adaptation of Group B Coxsackie virus to adult mouse pancreas"
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Dalldorf also collaborated with
Gifford on many early papers.
29:
1412:"Susceptibility of gravid mice to Coxsackie virus infection"
27:
Virus that causes digestive upset and sometimes heart damage
1001:
https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%207th%20Report.pdf
278:. This relationship is currently being studied further.
177:) while group B coxsackieviruses were noted to cause a
1195:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
1153:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
1124:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
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International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
1044:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
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1503:"China says it controls viral outbreak in children"
263:). Coxsackie B infection of the heart can lead to
2636:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology
138:Coxsackieviruses are among the leading causes of
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259:(inflammation of the liver not related to the
142:(the other usual suspects being echovirus and
3121:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
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8:
2775:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
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1873:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
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117:positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
1744:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
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1307:Coxsackie NY and the virus named after it
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972:
888:
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1361:Dalldorf G, Gifford R (November 1952).
994:
992:
830:
3428:Disseminated intravascular coagulation
1410:Dalldorf G, Gifford R (January 1954).
151:coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor
7:
1258:DALLDORF G, SICKLES GM (June 1949).
1096:from the original on 6 February 2020
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1894:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
3210:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
161:Coxsackieviruses are divided into
25:
3111:Transient acantholytic dermatosis
2213:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
1739:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
173:(which was caused by generalized
3220:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
2199:Middle East respiratory syndrome
1560:
34:
3230:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
1536:10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.07.002
220:upper respiratory tract disease
45:needs additional citations for
3471:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
3179:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
2805:Infantile digital fibromatosis
1798:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
1784:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
1:
3063:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
2900:Langerhans cell histiocytosis
209:hand, foot, and mouth disease
3539:Systemic lupus erythematosus
3294:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2985:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2003:Tropical spastic paraparesis
1908:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
926:10.1097/INF.0b013e3182116e95
838:Pedro-Pons, AgustĂn (1968).
2820:Lymphangioma circumscriptum
2366:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
2286:Human parainfluenza viruses
1959:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
1340:10.1056/NEJM195106072442302
1237:10.1126/science.108.2794.61
840:PatologĂa y ClĂnica MĂ©dicas
3723:
3642:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
961:Arthritis & Rheumatism
272:insulin-dependent diabetes
236:
222:, and aseptic meningitis.
192:
2030:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
1473:10.3181/00379727-88-21566
1461:Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med
227:basic reproduction number
3407:Thrombocytopenic purpura
3053:Dermatitis herpetiformis
3038:Acute contact dermatitis
2990:Pityriasis rubra pilaris
2915:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
2885:Lichen simplex chronicus
2765:Epidermal inclusion cyst
2132:Infectious mononucleosis
1949:Chandipura vesiculovirus
1779:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1724:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
1657:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1187:"ICTV Taxonomy history:
1145:"ICTV Taxonomy history:
1116:"ICTV Taxonomy history:
1082:"ICTV Taxonomy history:
1036:"ICTV Taxonomy history:
652:Human coxsackievirus A24
636:Human coxsackievirus A22
620:Human coxsackievirus A21
604:Human coxsackievirus A20
588:Human coxsackievirus A19
572:Human coxsackievirus A18
556:Human coxsackievirus A17
540:Human coxsackievirus A16
524:Human coxsackievirus A15
508:Human coxsackievirus A14
492:Human coxsackievirus A13
476:Human coxsackievirus A12
460:Human coxsackievirus A11
444:Human coxsackievirus A10
3672:Squamous-cell carcinoma
3667:Systemic histoplasmosis
3058:Porphyria cutanea tarda
2688:Squamous-cell carcinoma
1928:Encephalitis lethargica
1629:viral systemic diseases
1147:Human coxsackievirus A6
1118:Human coxsackievirus A4
748:Human coxsackievirus B6
732:Human coxsackievirus B5
716:Human coxsackievirus B4
700:Human coxsackievirus B3
684:Human coxsackievirus B2
668:Human coxsackievirus B1
428:Human coxsackievirus A9
412:Human coxsackievirus A8
396:Human coxsackievirus A7
384:Human coxsackievirus A6
368:Human coxsackievirus A5
356:Human coxsackievirus A4
340:Human coxsackievirus A3
324:Human coxsackievirus A2
308:Human coxsackievirus A1
119:, as well as its genus
3647:Cicatricial pemphigoid
3564:Acne keloidalis nuchae
3559:Folliculitis decalvans
2300:Human orthopneumovirus
1954:Herpesviral meningitis
1915:Arbovirus encephalitis
123:, which also includes
95:
3702:Unaccepted virus taxa
3549:Loose anagen syndrome
3476:Necrobiosis lipoidica
3412:Actinic/solar purpura
3086:Insect bite reactions
2875:Seborrheic dermatitis
2698:Merkel-cell carcinoma
2678:Molluscum contagiosum
1758:Merkel-cell carcinoma
91:
3372:Annulare centrifugum
2895:Glucagonoma syndrome
2693:Basal-cell carcinoma
2668:Seborrheic keratosis
2403:Adenovirus infection
1867:Human polyomavirus 2
1696:Oropharyngeal cancer
1379:10.1084/jem.96.5.491
1276:10.1084/jem.89.6.567
914:Pediatr Infect Dis J
881:10.1128/JVI.06425-11
265:pericardial effusion
261:hepatotropic viruses
203:; acute hemorrhagic
54:improve this article
3707:Polyphyletic groups
3617:Aphthous stomatitis
3554:Lichen planopilaris
3529:Androgenic alopecia
3335:Fixed drug eruption
2910:Pemphigus foliaceus
2810:Granular cell tumor
1989:Post-polio syndrome
1625:Infectious diseases
1428:10.1084/jem.99.1.21
1229:1948Sci...108...61D
869:Journal of Virology
781:Coxsackie, New York
270:The development of
105:that belong to the
3637:Pemphigus vulgaris
3466:Granuloma annulare
3330:Carcinoid syndrome
3215:Tuberous sclerosis
3174:Coccidioidomycosis
3048:Bullous pemphigoid
3043:Pemphigus vulgaris
2975:Secondary syphilis
2865:Contact dermatitis
2122:Epstein–Barr virus
2092:Respiratory system
1729:Burkitt's lymphoma
1312:2017-05-28 at the
140:aseptic meningitis
101:are a few related
96:
93:Coxsackie B4 virus
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3524:Telogen effluvium
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3487:
3484:
3483:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3386:
3385:
3238:
3237:
3106:Lichen spinulosus
3101:Keratosis pilaris
2980:Mycosis fungoides
2880:Stasis dermatitis
2870:Atopic dermatitis
2833:
2832:
2708:Trichoepithelioma
2683:Actinic keratosis
2603:
2602:
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2316:
2315:
2247:Influenza virus A
2164:Human coronavirus
2054:
2053:
2044:Herpes of the eye
974:10.1002/art.20463
875:(13): 7207–7215.
849:978-84-345-1106-4
761:
760:
239:Coxsackie B virus
195:Coxsackie A virus
179:spastic paralysis
171:flaccid paralysis
86:
85:
78:
16:(Redirected from
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3622:Oral candidiasis
3499:
3397:
3325:Erythema nodosum
3269:
3258:
3251:
3195:Tinea versicolor
3033:Bullous impetigo
2970:Pityriasis rosea
2905:Lichen sclerosus
2890:Darier's disease
2855:
2844:
2800:Kaposi's sarcoma
2646:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2607:
2329:
2324:digestive system
2241:Orthomyxoviridae
2207:SARS coronavirus
2193:MERS coronavirus
2109:
1921:Orthomyxoviridae
1844:
1810:Immune disorders
1734:Hodgkin lymphoma
1710:Kaposi's sarcoma
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999:Diego. 1162 pp.
996:
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967:(9): 2897–2902.
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902:
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860:
854:
853:
835:
791:Bornholm disease
770:Albany, New York
295:
282:Sjögren syndrome
133:fecal–oral route
99:Coxsackieviruses
81:
74:
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3534:Alopecia areata
3512:
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3284:Viral exanthems
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3205:Pityriasis alba
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3004:
2924:
2920:Zinc deficiency
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2703:Nevus sebaceous
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2541:
2449:
2423:Gastroenteritis
2381:
2378:Gastroenteritis
2372:
2360:Cytomegalovirus
2323:
2312:
2280:Paramyxoviridae
2269:Avian influenza
2145:
2140:Cytomegalovirus
2104:viral pneumonia
2102:
2099:nasopharyngitis
2098:
2095:
2086:
2050:
2024:Cytomegalovirus
2009:
1963:
1851:
1838:
1831:
1804:
1671:Cervical cancer
1631:
1622:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1565:
1561:
1556:
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1520:
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1515:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1458:
1457:
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1409:
1408:
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1360:
1359:
1355:
1328:N. Engl. J. Med
1325:
1324:
1320:
1314:Wayback Machine
1305:
1301:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1223:(2794): 61–62.
1214:
1213:
1209:
1199:
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1167:
1157:
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1143:
1142:
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1128:
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1058:
1048:
1046:
1034:
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997:
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954:
953:
949:
911:
910:
906:
862:
861:
857:
850:
837:
836:
832:
828:
816:oncolytic virus
766:
290:
241:
235:
197:
191:
159:
82:
71:
65:
62:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Coxsackie virus
15:
12:
11:
5:
3720:
3718:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3657:Coxsackievirus
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3603:
3602:
3600:
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3369:
3367:Gyratum repens
3364:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3341:
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3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3289:Toxic erythema
3286:
3281:
3279:Drug eruptions
3275:
3273:
3266:
3255:
3248:
3240:
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3236:
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3176:
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3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3116:Lichen nitidus
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:Herpes simplex
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
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2341:
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2326:
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2303:
2296:
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2274:
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2271:
2232:
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2217:
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2215:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2189:
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2187:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2064:
2062:
2060:Cardiovascular
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1841:
1839:nervous system
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1748:
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1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1691:Vaginal cancer
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1578:Coxsackievirus
1566:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:External links
1552:
1550:
1549:
1530:(3): 298–306.
1513:
1494:
1451:
1402:
1353:
1334:(23): 868–73.
1318:
1299:
1250:
1207:
1165:
1136:
1107:
1056:
1006:
988:
947:
904:
855:
848:
829:
827:
824:
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743:
742:
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363:
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351:
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327:
319:
318:
311:
303:
302:
299:
289:
286:
237:Main article:
234:
231:
205:conjunctivitis
193:Main article:
190:
187:
158:
155:
108:Picornaviridae
84:
83:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3719:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:Enteroviruses
3695:
3694:
3692:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:Lichen planus
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Onychomycosis
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:Tinea capitis
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3493:Miscellaneous
3491:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3391:Nonblanchable
3389:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3241:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:Hypopigmented
3186:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Acne vulgaris
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:Lichen planus
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:Herpes zoster
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2995:Parapsoriasis
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
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2656:
2655:
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2647:
2644:
2640:
2631:
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2617:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2594:
2591:
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2557:
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2513:
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2400:
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2379:
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2367:
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2357:
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2349:
2348:
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2342:
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2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:Parainfluenza
2290:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
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2256:
2252:
2248:
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2237:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2224:
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2222:
2218:
2214:
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2209:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:EBV infection
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:Poliomyelitis
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1842:
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1834:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1813:
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1807:
1799:
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1789:
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1777:
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1774:
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1754:
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1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1686:Vulvar cancer
1684:
1682:
1681:Penile cancer
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1658:
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1580:
1579:
1573:
1569:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:Antiviral Res
1517:
1514:
1509:. 2007-05-19.
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1486:
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1478:
1474:
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1433:
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1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
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1380:
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1364:
1357:
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1341:
1337:
1333:
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1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:(6): 567–82.
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:Enterovirus B
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1137:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1108:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1084:Enterovirus A
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1038:Enterovirus C
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1002:
995:
993:
989:
984:
980:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
905:
900:
896:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
856:
851:
845:
841:
834:
831:
825:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
806:
804:
798:
794:
792:
787:
784:
782:
778:
777:poliomyelitis
773:
771:
763:
757:
756:
755:Enterovirus B
752:
750:
749:
745:
744:
741:
740:
739:Enterovirus B
736:
734:
733:
729:
728:
725:
724:
723:Enterovirus B
720:
718:
717:
713:
712:
709:
708:
707:Enterovirus B
704:
702:
701:
697:
696:
693:
692:
691:Enterovirus B
688:
686:
685:
681:
680:
677:
676:
675:Enterovirus B
672:
670:
669:
665:
664:
661:
660:
659:Enterovirus C
656:
654:
653:
649:
648:
645:
644:
643:Enterovirus C
640:
638:
637:
633:
632:
629:
628:
627:Enterovirus C
624:
622:
621:
617:
616:
613:
612:
611:Enterovirus C
608:
606:
605:
601:
600:
597:
596:
595:Enterovirus C
592:
590:
589:
585:
584:
581:
580:
579:Enterovirus C
576:
574:
573:
569:
568:
565:
564:
563:Enterovirus C
560:
558:
557:
553:
552:
549:
548:
547:Enterovirus A
544:
542:
541:
537:
536:
533:
532:
531:Enterovirus C
528:
526:
525:
521:
520:
517:
516:
515:Enterovirus A
512:
510:
509:
505:
504:
501:
500:
499:Enterovirus C
496:
494:
493:
489:
488:
485:
484:
483:Enterovirus A
480:
478:
477:
473:
472:
469:
468:
467:Enterovirus C
464:
462:
461:
457:
456:
453:
452:
451:Enterovirus A
448:
446:
445:
441:
440:
437:
436:
435:Enterovirus B
432:
430:
429:
425:
424:
421:
420:
419:Enterovirus A
416:
414:
413:
409:
408:
405:
404:
403:Enterovirus A
400:
398:
397:
393:
392:
388:
386:
385:
381:
380:
377:
376:
375:Enterovirus A
372:
370:
369:
365:
364:
360:
358:
357:
353:
352:
349:
348:
347:Enterovirus A
344:
342:
341:
337:
336:
333:
332:
331:Enterovirus A
328:
326:
325:
321:
320:
317:
316:
315:Enterovirus C
312:
310:
309:
305:
304:
301:Current name
300:
297:
296:
293:
287:
285:
283:
279:
277:
273:
268:
266:
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254:
250:
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196:
188:
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147:
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141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
109:
104:
103:enteroviruses
100:
94:
90:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This section
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3656:
3597:Ingrown nail
3169:Dermatophyte
3164:Gonococcemia
3149:Folliculitis
2790:Neurofibroma
2758:subcutaneous
2585:
2578:
2554:
2547:Pancreatitis
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2486:
2467:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2416:
2395:
2358:
2344:
2305:
2298:
2284:
2278:
2245:
2239:
2219:
2205:
2191:
2162:
2138:
2120:
2075:Pericarditis
2067:
2036:
2022:
1995:
1976:
1934:
1919:
1900:
1886:
1865:
1848:Encephalitis
1817:
1790:
1771:
1750:
1716:
1702:
1663:
1649:
1576:
1575:
1574:profile for
1571:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1506:
1497:
1467:(2): 290–2.
1464:
1460:
1454:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1373:(5): 491–7.
1370:
1366:
1356:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1302:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:
1188:
1156:. Retrieved
1152:
1146:
1139:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:
1117:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1089:
1083:
1047:. Retrieved
1043:
1037:
964:
960:
950:
920:(8): 675–9.
917:
913:
907:
872:
868:
858:
839:
833:
810:
807:
799:
795:
788:
785:
774:
767:
753:
746:
737:
730:
721:
714:
705:
698:
689:
682:
673:
666:
657:
650:
641:
634:
625:
618:
609:
602:
593:
586:
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570:
561:
554:
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538:
529:
522:
513:
506:
497:
490:
481:
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465:
458:
449:
442:
433:
426:
417:
410:
401:
394:
382:
373:
366:
354:
345:
338:
329:
322:
313:
306:
291:
280:
276:pancreatitis
269:
253:pericarditis
242:
224:
213:
198:
160:
148:
137:
120:
113:nonenveloped
106:
98:
97:
72:
66:October 2013
63:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3652:Herpesvirus
3632:Leukoplakia
3457:Scleroderma
3344:Specialized
3272:Generalized
3247:involvement
3159:Candidiasis
2851:involvement
2825:Myxoid cyst
2673:Acrochordon
2444:Coronavirus
2185:Common cold
2097:acute viral
2080:Myocarditis
1924:(probable)
1676:Anal cancer
1422:(1): 21–7.
1416:J. Exp. Med
1367:J. Exp. Med
1264:J. Exp. Med
298:Former name
249:myocarditis
245:pleurodynia
144:mumps virus
121:Enterovirus
3691:Categories
3592:Paronychia
3433:Vasculitis
3357:Multiforme
3355:Erythema (
3310:Cellulitis
3261:Blanchable
3010:Blistering
3000:Ichthyosis
2858:Eczematous
2770:Hemangioma
2571:Urogenital
2437:Astrovirus
2397:Adenovirus
2221:SARS-CoV-2
1978:Poliovirus
1853:meningitis
1200:6 February
1158:6 February
1129:6 February
1100:6 February
1049:6 February
826:References
803:interferon
389:abolished
361:abolished
201:herpangina
125:poliovirus
115:, linear,
111:family of
3587:Psoriasis
3495:disorders
3450:Indurated
3351:Urticaria
3303:Localized
3245:epidermal
3028:Varicella
2938:Psoriasis
2849:epidermal
2815:Leiomyoma
2717:Pigmented
2650:Epidermal
2482:RNA virus
2463:DNA virus
2455:Hepatitis
2430:Norovirus
2418:Rotavirus
2412:RNA virus
2391:DNA virus
2337:Esophagus
2265:Influenza
2151:RNA virus
2113:DNA virus
1882:RNA virus
1861:DNA virus
1767:RNA virus
1645:DNA virus
1637:Oncovirus
257:hepatitis
183:serotypes
129:echovirus
3662:Syphilis
3609:membrane
3264:Erythema
3200:Vitiligo
3154:Impetigo
3131:Pustular
3096:Miliaria
2944:Corporis
2795:Xanthoma
2744:Melanoma
2724:Freckles
2580:BK virus
2383:diarrhea
2227:COVID-19
1969:Myelitis
1544:19591879
1489:19245364
1481:14357417
1446:13118060
1397:13000059
1348:14843332
1310:Archived
1294:18144319
1245:17777513
1094:Archived
983:15457458
942:25977037
934:21326133
899:22514349
288:Taxonomy
175:myositis
3461:morphea
3421:Papular
3400:Macular
3393:Purpura
3377:Ab igne
3362:Migrans
3315:Abscess
3243:Without
3225:Leprosy
3144:Rosacea
3081:Scabies
3073:Papular
2942:Tinea (
2930:Scaling
2734:Melasma
2729:Lentigo
2642:Growths
2333:Pharynx
1837:Central
1568:Scholia
1507:Reuters
1437:2136322
1388:2136156
1285:2135891
1225:Bibcode
1217:Science
890:3416324
820:SCAR-Fc
812:Cavatak
764:History
167:group B
163:group A
3607:Mucous
3503:Ulcers
2964:Faciei
2959:Manuum
2949:Cruris
2839:Rashes
2785:Lipoma
2780:Keloid
2754:Dermal
2663:Callus
1997:HTLV-I
1942:Rabies
1792:HTLV-I
1570:has a
1542:
1487:
1479:
1444:
1434:
1395:
1385:
1346:
1292:
1282:
1243:
981:
940:
932:
897:
887:
846:
255:, and
216:rashes
207:; and
157:Groups
2954:Pedis
2739:Nevus
2593:Mumps
2352:Mumps
2322:Human
1752:MCPyV
1572:topic
1485:S2CID
938:S2CID
3574:Nail
3517:Hair
3320:Boil
2847:With
2658:Wart
2307:hMPV
2179:OC43
2175:HKU1
2171:NL63
2167:229E
1825:AIDS
1704:KSHV
1540:PMID
1477:PMID
1442:PMID
1393:PMID
1344:PMID
1290:PMID
1241:PMID
1202:2020
1160:2020
1131:2020
1102:2020
1051:2020
979:PMID
930:PMID
895:PMID
844:ISBN
225:The
165:and
127:and
3254:Red
2756:and
2587:MuV
2556:CBV
2531:HEV
2519:HDV
2507:HCV
2495:HAV
2488:CBV
2469:HBV
2346:MuV
2277:V,
2069:CBV
2038:HSV
2015:Eye
1902:LCV
1888:MeV
1819:HIV
1773:HCV
1718:EBV
1665:HPV
1651:HBV
1532:doi
1469:doi
1432:PMC
1424:doi
1383:PMC
1375:doi
1336:doi
1332:244
1280:PMC
1272:doi
1233:doi
1221:108
969:doi
922:doi
885:PMC
877:doi
146:).
56:by
3693::
2283::
2244::
2238:,
2161::
2159:IV
1936:RV
1627:–
1538:.
1528:83
1526:.
1505:.
1483:.
1475:.
1465:88
1463:.
1440:.
1430:.
1420:99
1418:.
1414:.
1391:.
1381:.
1371:96
1369:.
1365:.
1342:.
1330:.
1288:.
1278:.
1268:89
1266:.
1262:.
1239:.
1231:.
1219:.
1193:.
1168:^
1151:.
1122:.
1092:.
1088:.
1059:^
1042:.
1009:^
991:^
977:.
965:50
963:.
959:.
936:.
928:.
918:30
916:.
893:.
883:.
873:86
871:.
867:.
818:.
772:.
267:.
251:,
247:,
218:,
211:.
153:.
3459:/
3379:)
2966:)
2629:e
2622:t
2615:v
2538:)
2536:E
2534:(
2526:)
2524:D
2522:(
2514:)
2512:C
2510:(
2502:)
2500:A
2498:(
2476:)
2474:B
2472:(
2425:)
2421:(
2380:/
2335:/
2267:/
2259:D
2257:/
2255:C
2253:/
2251:B
2249:/
2236:V
2177:/
2173:/
2169:/
2130:/
2101:/
2094:/
1850:/
1617:e
1610:t
1603:v
1582:.
1546:.
1534::
1511:.
1491:.
1471::
1448:.
1426::
1399:.
1377::
1350:.
1338::
1296:.
1274::
1247:.
1235::
1227::
1204:.
1191:"
1162:.
1149:"
1133:.
1120:"
1104:.
1086:"
1053:.
1040:"
985:.
971::
944:.
924::
901:.
879::
852:.
233:B
189:A
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
50:.
20:)
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