Extreme weather - Knowledge

1796: 1603: 1694: 1053:. However, conclusions that link climate change to cold waves are considered to still be controversial. The JRC PESETA IV project concluded in 2020 that overall climate change will result in a decline in the intensity and frequency of extreme cold spells, with milder winters reducing fatalities from extreme cold, even if individual cold extreme weather may sometimes be caused by changes due to climate change and possibly even become more frequent in some regions. According to a 2023 study, "weak extreme cold events (ECEs) significantly decrease in frequency, projection area and total area over the north hemisphere with global warming. However, the frequency, projection area and total area of strong ECEs show no significant trend, whereas they are increasing in Siberia and Canada." 1784: 1664: 1652: 1937:

to the water molecules having increased kinetic energy, and precipitation occurs at a greater rate because more molecules have the critical speed needed to fall as rain drops. A shift in rainfall patterns can lead to greater amounts of precipitation in one area while another experiences much hotter, drier conditions, which can lead to drought. This is because an increase in temperatures also lead to an increase in evaporation at the surface of the earth, so more precipitation does not necessarily mean universally wetter conditions or a worldwide increase in drinking water.

979:, a cold wave is a rapid fall in temperature within a 24-hour period requiring substantially increased protection for agriculture, industry, commerce, and social activities. The precise criterion for a cold wave is determined by the rate at which the temperature falls, and the minimum to which it falls. This minimum temperature is dependent on the geographical region and time of year. Cold waves generally are capable of occurring at any geological location and are formed by large cool air masses that accumulate over certain regions, caused by movements of air streams. 1296: 1627:

subsequent addition of meltwater to the ocean could lead to a disruption of the thermohaline circulation, which is responsible for the movement of seawater and distribution of heat around the globe. A collapse of this circulation in the northern hemisphere could lead to an increase in extreme temperatures in Europe, as well as more frequent storms by throwing off natural climate variability and conditions. Thus, as increasing temperatures cause glaciers to melt, mid-latitudes could experience shifts in weather patterns or temperatures.

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wetlands, which act as a natural reservoir by absorbing water, can intensify the impact of floods and extreme precipitation. This can happen both inland and at the coast. However, wetland destruction along the coast can mean decreasing an area's natural 'cushion,' thus allowing storm surges and flood waters to reach farther inland during hurricanes or cyclones. Building homes below sea level or along a floodplain puts residents at increased risk of destruction or injury in an extreme precipitation event.

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excludes geophysical events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, or mass movements. While there is evidence that a changing global climate, such as an increase in temperature, has impacted the frequency of extreme weather events, the most significant effects are likely to arise in the future. This is where climate models are useful, for they can provide simulations of how the atmosphere may behave over time and what steps need to be taken in the present day to mitigate any negative changes.

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characteristics of the atmosphere, oceans, and Earth using data collected in the modern day. However, while climate models are vital for studying more complex processes such as climate change or ocean acidification, they are still only approximations. Moreover, weather events are complex and cannot be tied to a singular cause—there are often many atmospheric variables such as temperature, pressure, or moisture to note on top of any influences from climate change or natural variability.

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weather. However, the UN reports show that, although some countries have experienced greater effects, there have been increases in extreme weather events on all continents. Current evidence and climate models show that an increasing global temperature will intensify extreme weather events around the globe, thereby amplifying human loss, damages and economic costs, and ecosystem destruction.

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because of the large amounts of impervious surfaces in cities, can have devastating impacts. Impervious surfaces also absorb energy from the sun and warm the atmosphere, causing drastic increases in temperatures in urban areas. This, along with pollution and heat released from cars and other anthropogenic sources, contributes to urban heat islands.

1748:, tropical cyclones have been moving poleward into colder waters and there was no increase in intensity over this period. With 2 °C (3.6 °F) warming, a greater percentage (+13%) of tropical cyclones are expected to reach Category 4 and 5 strength. A 2019 study indicates that climate change has been driving the observed trend of 31: 1863:, are difficult to value and monetize, and thus they are poorly reflected in estimates of losses. Yet, recent abnormally intense storms, hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, droughts and associated large-scale wildfires have led to unprecedented negative ecological consequences for tropical forests and coral reefs around the world. 57:; weather at the extremes of the historical distribution—the range that has been seen in the past. Extreme events are based on a location's recorded weather history. They are defined as lying in the most unusual ten percent (10th or 90th percentile of a probability density function). The main types of extreme weather include 1584:(NAO) impact weather patterns in specific regions of the world, influencing temperature and precipitation. The record-breaking extreme weather events that have been catalogued throughout the past two hundred years most likely arise when climate patterns like ENSO or NAO work "in the same direction as human‐induced warming." 1769:

More urban areas can also contribute to the rise of extreme or unusual weather events. Tall structures can alter the way that wind moves throughout an urban area, pushing warmer air upwards and inducing convection, creating thunderstorms. With these thunderstorms comes increased precipitation, which,

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Aspects of our climate system have a certain level of natural variability, and extreme weather events can occur for several reasons beyond human impact, including changes in pressure or the movement of air. Areas along the coast or located in tropical regions are more likely to experience storms with

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has led to an increase in the frequency and/or intensity of certain types of extreme weather. Storms such as hurricanes or tropical cyclones may experience greater rainfall, causing major flooding events or landslides by saturating soil. This is because warmer air is able to 'hold' more moisture due

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Some researchers attribute increases in extreme weather occurrences to more reliable reporting systems. A difference in what qualifies as 'extreme weather' in varying climate systems could also be argued. Over or under reporting of casualties or losses can lead to inaccuracy in the impact of extreme

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There were around 6,681 climate-related events reported during 2000-2019, compared to 3,656 climate-related events reported during 1980–1999. In this report, a 'climate-related event' refers to floods, storms, droughts, landslides, extreme temperatures (like heat waves or freezes), and wildfires; it

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defines an extreme weather event as follows: "An event that is rare at a particular place and time of year. Definitions of 'rare' vary, but an extreme weather event would normally be as rare as or rarer than the 10th or 90th percentile of a probability density function estimated from observations."

100:(NAO) are climate phenomena that impact weather patterns worldwide. Generally speaking, one event in extreme weather cannot be attributed to any one single cause. However, certain system wide changes to global weather systems can lead to increased frequency or intensity of extreme weather events. 1626:

to extreme weather in mid-latitudes. In a study published in Nature in 2019, scientists used several simulations to determine that the melting of ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica could affect overall sea level and sea temperature. Other models have shown that modern temperature rise and the

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impacts, especially in areas that are at increased risk of storms due to their location and climate variability. First, increasing the amount of impervious surfaces, such as sidewalks, roads, and roofs, means that less of the water from incoming storms is absorbed by the land. The destruction of

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In the north Indian Ocean, particularly the Arabian Sea, the frequency, duration, and intensity of cyclones have increased significantly. There has been a 52% increase in the number of cyclones in the Arabian Sea, while the number of very severe cyclones have increased by 150%, during 1982–2019.

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As more research is done in this area, scientists have begun to investigate the connection between climate change and extreme weather events and what future impacts may arise. Much of this work is done through climate modeling. Climate models provide important predictions about the future

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has declined over 90 percent since the 1920s, according to the International Disaster Database, even as the total human population on Earth quadrupled, and temperatures rose 1.3 °C. In the 1920s, 5.4 million people died from natural disasters while in the 2010s, just 400,000 did.

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North Atlantic tropical cyclone activity according to the Power Dissipation Index, 1949–2015. Sea surface temperature has been plotted alongside the PDI to show how they compare. The lines have been smoothed using a five-year weighted average, plotted at the middle

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The number of $ 1 billion Atlantic hurricanes almost doubled from the 1980s to the 2010s, and inflation-adjusted costs have increased more than elevenfold. The increases have been attributed to climate change and to greater numbers of people moving to coastal

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A 2021 study found that 9.4% of global deaths between 2000 and 2019 – ~5 million annually – can be attributed to extreme temperature with cold-related ones making up the larger share and decreasing and heat-related ones making up ~0.91 % and increasing.

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Because heat waves are not visible as other forms of severe weather, like hurricanes, tornadoes, and thunderstorms, they are one of the less known forms of extreme weather. Severely hot weather can damage populations and crops due to potential

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Cold waves that bring unexpected freezes and frosts during the growing season in mid-latitude zones can kill plants during the early and most vulnerable stages of growth. This results in crop failure as plants are killed before they can be

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On July 23, 2020, Munich Re announced that the 2,900 total global deaths from natural disasters for the first half of 2020 were a record-low, and "much lower than the average figures for both the last 30 years and the last 10 years."

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of bodies of water can be devastating to marine populations, decreasing the size of the habitats available as well as the amount of nutrition present within the waters. Livestock and other animal populations may decline as well.

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Generally speaking, one event in extreme weather cannot be attributed to any one cause. However, certain system wide changes to global weather systems can lead to increased frequency or intensity of extreme weather events.

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Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021:

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Early research in extreme weather focused on statements about predicting certain events. Contemporary research focuses more on the attribution of causes to trends in events. In particular the field is focusing on

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The atmosphere is a complex and dynamic system, influenced by several factors such as the natural tilt and orbit of the Earth, the absorption or reflection of solar radiation, the movement of air masses, and the

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may rupture as frozen water expands within them, causing property damage. Fires, paradoxically, become more hazardous during extreme cold. Water mains may break and water supplies may become unreliable, making

1681:(NOAA) of the U.S. government predicted that, over the 21st Century, the frequency of tropical storms and Atlantic hurricanes would decline by 25 percent while their maximum intensity would rise by 5 percent. 1610:(2021) projects progressively large increases in both the frequency (horizontal bars) and intensity (vertical bars) of extreme weather events, for increasing degrees of global warming—including more than a 5 1451:

and South Pacific, comparable storms are referred to as "tropical cyclones". In modern times, on average around 80 to 90 named tropical cyclones form each year around the world, over half of which develop

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Knutson, Thomas; Camargo, Suzana J.; Chan, Johnny C. L.; Emanuel, Kerry; Ho, Chang-Hoi; Kossin, James; Mohapatra, Mrutyunjay; Satoh, Masaki; Sugi, Masato; Walsh, Kevin; Wu, Liguang (August 6, 2019).

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He, Yongli; Wang, Xiaoxia; Zhang, Boyuan; Wang, Zhanbo; Wang, Shanshan (2023-05-13). "Contrast responses of strong and weak winter extreme cold events in the Northern Hemisphere to global warming".

4171: 4200: 3248: 4221: 2834:"Climate Change 2021 / The Physical Science Basis / Working Group I contribution to the WGI Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change / Summary for Policymakers" 1539: 2590:

Cohen, Judah; Agel, Laurie; Barlow, Mathew; Garfinkel, Chaim I.; White, Ian (3 September 2021). "Linking Arctic variability and change with extreme winter weather in the United States".

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intake for all animals, including humans, and if a cold wave is accompanied by heavy and persistent snow, grazing animals may be unable to reach necessary food and water, and die of

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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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is any aspect of the weather that poses risks to life, property or requires the intervention of authorities. Severe weather is thus a particular type of extreme weather.

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

1030:. Cold waves can also cause soil particles to harden and freeze, making it harder for plants and vegetation to grow within these areas. One extreme was the so-called 1855:(2011) estimates of annual losses have ranged since 1980 from a few billion to above US$ 200 billion (in 2010 dollars), with the highest value for 2005 (the year of 4527: 1678: 1270: 1783: 890:. Definitions of a heatwave vary because of the variation of temperatures in different geographic locations. Excessive heat is often accompanied by high levels of 4356: 3336: 3467:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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looks at the reasons behind extreme events. Scientists are fairly sure that climate change makes heavy rainfall events as well as drought periods more severe.

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Golledge, Nicholas R.; Keller, Elizabeth D.; Gomez, Natalya; Naughten, Kaitlin A.; Bernales, Jorge; Trusel, Luke D.; Edwards, Tamsin L. (February 2019).

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of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin. Rapidly intensifying cyclones are hard to forecast and therefore pose additional risk to coastal communities.

1198: 726: 4192: 3373: 3240: 1805:(2021) projects progressively large increases in both the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, for increasing degrees of global warming. 4492: 4282:"Global, regional, and national burden of mortality associated with non-optimal ambient temperatures from 2000 to 2019: a three-stage modelling study" 3013:

Qiuhong Tang; Xuejun Zhang; Jennifer A. Francis (December 2013). "Extreme summer weather in northern mid-latitudes linked to a vanishing cryosphere".

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Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change (Report). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2016. pp. 21–24.

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Meanwhile, the total duration of cyclones in the Arabian Sea has increased by 80% while that of very severe cyclones has increased by 260%. In the

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In recent decades, new high temperature records have substantially outpaced new low temperature records on a growing portion of Earth's surface.

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Power outages can also occur within areas experiencing heat waves due to the increased demand for electricity (i.e. air conditioning use). The

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Cold wave in continental North America from Dec. 3–10, 2013. Red color means above mean temperature; blue represents below normal temperature.

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is making some extreme weather events more frequent and more intense. This applies in particular to heat waves and cold waves. The science of

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The 20-year average of the number of annual Category 4 and 5 hurricanes in the Atlantic region has approximately doubled since the year 2000.

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There are plenty of anthropogenic activities that can exacerbate the effects of extreme weather events. Urban planning often amplifies

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The increasing probability of record week-long heat extremes occurrence depends on warming rate, rather than global warming level.

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cause more than $ 90 in billion global direct losses in 2015. Some human activities can exacerbate the effects, for example poor

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are among the consequences of human-induced climate change. Tropical cyclones use warm, moist air as their source of energy or

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Definitions of extreme weather vary in different parts of the community, changing the outcomes of research from those fields.

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Extreme weather describes unusual weather events that are at the extremes of the historical distribution for a given area. The

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Weather patterns can experience some variation, and so extreme weather can be attributed, at least in part, to the natural

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Between 1979 and 2017, there was a global increase in the proportion of tropical cyclones of Category 3 and higher on the

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In some cases more frequent extremely cold winter weather – i.e. across parts of Asia and North America including the

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of 1816, one of several years during the 1810s in which numerous crops failed during freakish summer cold snaps after

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Deshpande, Medha; Singh, Vineet Kumar; Ganadhi, Mano Kranthi; Roxy, M. K.; Emmanuel, R.; Kumar, Umesh (2021-12-01).

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when exposed for extended periods of time to cold and may result in the loss of limbs or damage to internal organs.

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The most dramatic and rapid declines in deaths from extreme weather events have taken place in south Asia. Where

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A cold wave is a weather phenomenon that is distinguished by a cooling of the air. Specifically, as used by the

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Strong winds, such as hurricanes and tornadoes, causing damage to man made structures and animal habitats

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A cold wave can cause death and injury to livestock and wildlife. Exposure to cold mandates greater

4142: 3942: 1948: 1859:). The global weather-related disaster losses, such as loss of human lives, cultural heritage, and 1506:. Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km (62 and 1,243 mi) in diameter. 1103: 786: 735: 632: 571: 397: 2539: 1622:

Some studies assert a connection between rapidly warming arctic temperatures and thus a vanishing

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Kossin, James P.; Knapp, Kenneth R.; Olander, Timothy L.; Velden, Christopher S. (May 18, 2020).

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over large bodies of relatively warm water. They derive their energy through the evaporation of

4222:"Very high losses from thunderstorms – The natural disaster figures for the first half of 2020" 4002:"U.S. Billion-dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Data sources, Trends, Accuracy, and Biases" 2906:"A link between reduced Barents-Kara sea ice and cold winter extremes over northern continents" 4544: 4321: 4313: 4116: 3763: 3730: 3649: 3561:"A review of ocean-atmosphere interactions during tropical cyclones in the north Indian Ocean" 3541: 3301: 3212: 3156: 3085: 3077: 2814: 2729: 2615: 2460: 2436: 2267: 2220: 2167: 1856: 1718: 1346: 1073: 1035: 950: 637: 3610:"Global increase in major tropical cyclone exceedance probability over the past four decades" 4533: 4303: 4293: 4106: 4098: 4024: 3833: 3755: 3722: 3714: 3639: 3629: 3590: 3533: 3442: 3291: 3204: 3148: 3069: 3030: 2993: 2983: 2928: 2884: 2806: 2801:(2018-02-19), "Why Believe a Computer? Models, Measures, and Meaning in the Natural World", 2721: 2607: 2504: 2426: 2418: 2385: 2212: 2159: 2119: 2083: 1872: 1706: 1405: 1364: 1338: 1095: 1080: 801: 515: 402: 314: 157: 130: 66: 3389: 3127:

Caesar, L.; McCarthy, G. D.; Thornalley, D. J. R.; Cahill, N.; Rahmstorf, S. (March 2021).

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Casey Thornbrugh; Asher Ghertner; Shannon McNeeley; Olga Wilhelmi; Robert Harriss (2007).

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of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press (In Press).

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for livestock at a considerable cost to farmers. Human populations can be inflicted with

4020: 3829: 3625: 3586: 3529: 3438: 3287: 3144: 3065: 3026: 2979: 2924: 2905: 2880: 2717: 2603: 2560: 2500: 4412:(2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; et al. (eds.). 4111: 4086: 3644: 3609: 2988: 2963: 2431: 2406: 2087: 1987: 1954: 1933: 1926: 1888: 1762: 1736: 1702: 1532: 1436: 911: 838: 791: 698: 532: 134: 103: 82: 50: 4516: 4298: 4281: 2078:"Chapter 1 - Overview of extreme weather events, impacts and forecasting techniques". 4559: 4333: 3313: 3226: 3168: 2798: 2741: 2627: 2516: 2133: 1925:, which is in 2022 experiencing its most serious drought in 1,200 years, worsened by 1745: 1495: 1487: 1440: 1130: 935: 654: 608: 554: 503: 390: 111: 17: 4087:"Climatic and local stressor interactions threaten tropical forests and coral reefs" 4036: 3875:(change "202307" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 07=July) 3837: 3594: 3241:"Extreme heat waves in a warming world don't just break records – they shatter them" 3128: 3097: 1361:. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is called a hurricane ( 858: 3049: 2643:"Scientists are divided over whether climate change is fueling extreme cold events" 2032: 1448: 1354: 1342: 1015: 903: 544: 468: 299: 3971: 2374:"Vulnerable populations: Lessons learnt from the summer 2003 heatwaves in europe" 69:. The effects of extreme weather events are economic costs, loss of human lives, 3129:"Current Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation weakest in last millennium" 2211:(Report). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2016. pp. 127–136. 1566: 1457: 1160: 987: 983: 923: 919: 915: 907: 899: 693: 581: 576: 539: 488: 419: 365: 321: 309: 258: 85:

is a particular type of extreme weather which poses risks to life and property.

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Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Zhang, Xuebin; Adnan, M.; Badi, W.; et al. (2021).

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in Australia occurred in 1938–39 and killed 438. The second worst was in 1896.

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Kleerekoper, Laura; van Esch, Marjolein; Salcedo, Tadeo Baldiri (July 2012).

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heavy precipitation than temperate regions, although such events can occur.

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Collins, M.; Sutherland, M.; Bouwer, L.; Cheong, S.-M.; et al. (2019).

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Leonhardt, David; Moses, Claire; Philbrick, Ian Prasad (29 September 2022).

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Douglas, Ian; Goode, David; Houck, Michael C.; Maddox, David, eds. (2010).

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in the US occurred in 1936 and killed more than 5000 people directly. The

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A tornado is an example of an extreme weather event. This tornado struck

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Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change

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IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

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Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate

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Effects of climate change § Heat waves and temperature extremes

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T. R. Oke (1982). "The energetic basis of the urban heat island".

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The effects of extreme weather includes, but are not limited to:

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Too much rain (heavy downpours), causing floods and landslides

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and a poleward extension of where the cyclones reach maximum

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and wind speed, an increase in the frequency of very intense

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or starvation. Cold waves often necessitate the purchase of

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Extreme weather has serious impacts on human society and on

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Heat waves are periods of abnormally high temperatures and

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effect can increase temperatures, particularly overnight.

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Vladimir Petoukhov; Vladimir A. Semenov (November 2010).

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

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Research forecasts increased chances for stormy weather

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Fischer, E. M.; Sippel, S.; Knutti, R. (August 2021).

1735:. The trend was most clear in the north Indian Ocean, 3976:

National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)

2489:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

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During excessive heat, plants shut their leaf pores (

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Philbrick, Ian Pasad; Wu, Ashley (2 December 2022).

1729:, there is potentially more of this fuel available. 1408: 3359: 3357: 1909:

Effects of climate change § Effects on weather

1414: 1370: 1367: 118:will make extreme weather events worse worldwide. 4065:"IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" 2756:Global Guide to Tropical Cyclone Forecasting: 2017 4091:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2861:Francis, Jennifer A.; Vavrus, Stephen J. (2012). 1836:Large snowfalls, causing avalanches and blizzards 1535:alongside other causal factors for these events. 1447:occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the 65:and heavy precipitation or storm events, such as 1435:is a strong tropical cyclone that occurs in the 4528:University Corporation for Atmospheric Research 4415:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis 3614:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3427:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2112:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 1679:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3559:Singh, Vineet Kumar; Roxy, M.K. (March 2022). 2454:Doan, Lynn; Covarrubias, Amanda (2006-07-27). 1318: 1009:to freeze. Even some poorly protected indoor 809: 8: 4387: 2913:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 1913:Effects of climate change on the water cycle 1757:Human activities that exacerbate the effects 1709:in a variety of ways: an intensification of 1598:Effects of climate change on the water cycle 1353:, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of 1063:Effects of climate change on the water cycle 1482:and rain when moist air rises and cools to 4517:Statistics of Weather and Climate Extremes 1614:°C increase in extreme heat events for a 4 1325: 1311: 1086: 1026:economically. Such cold waves have caused 816: 802: 152: 4421:. Contribution of Working Group I to the 4307: 4297: 4110: 3893:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 3784:"Louisiana Resiliency Assistance Program" 3643: 3633: 3576: 3446: 3295: 2997: 2987: 2932: 2888: 2843:. 9 August 2021. Fig. SPM.6 (p. 18), 23. 2841:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2430: 2389: 2123: 2029:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 3339:from the original on 30 September 2022. 2319:National Center for Atmospheric Research 1968:Lists of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks 1881:a tropical cyclone in 1991 in Bangladesh 1594:Effects of climate change § Weather 1460:(120 km/h; 75 mph) or more. 1001:Extreme winter cold often causes poorly 894:, but can also be catastrophically dry. 857: 3947:Center for Climate and Energy Solutions 3788:Louisiana Resiliency Assistance Program 3711:The Routledge Handbook of Urban Ecology 2016: 1618:°C global average temperature increase. 1094: 164: 92:that exists on Earth. For example, the 4135:"The international disasters database" 3685:from the original on December 20, 2019 1043:February 2021 North American cold wave 141:destruction, and building homes along 4448: 4446: 4359:from the original on January 13, 2023 4280:Zhao, Qi; et al. (1 July 2021). 3902:from the original on 4 November 2021. 3818:Resources, Conservation and Recycling 3704: 3702: 3700: 3376:from the original on 6 December 2022. 3341:Source: NOAA - Graphic by Ashley Wu, 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3122: 3120: 3118: 2850:from the original on 4 November 2021. 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2106:Trenberth, Kevin E. (November 2011). 27:Unusual, severe or unseasonal weather 7: 4485:"Climate Change Indicators: Drought" 3943:"Extreme Weather and Climate Change" 3873:from the original on 14 August 2023. 2653:from the original on 23 October 2021 2571:from the original on 20 October 2021 2264:Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2203: 2201: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 1887:killed 300,000, the similarly-sized 1687:Tropical cyclones and climate change 1642:Tropical cyclones and climate change 4261:from the original on 14 August 2021 3490:from the original on August 8, 2020 3378:Newspaper states data source: NOAA. 3251:from the original on 12 August 2021 2685:from the original on 21 August 2021 2411:The New England Journal of Medicine 2772:from the original on July 14, 2019 2088:10.1016/B978-0-12-820124-4.00009-8 25: 3895:. 9 August 2021. p. SPM-23. 2763:World Meteorological Organization 2641:Irfan, Umair (18 February 2021). 2407:"Climate Change and Human Health" 2000:Extreme weather events of 535–536 1502:, which are powered primarily by 1047:can be a result of climate change 3752:The Bulldozer in the Countryside 2530:Glossary of Meteorology (2009). 1993:List of severe weather phenomena 1947: 1794: 1782: 1685:This section is an excerpt from 1662: 1650: 1504:horizontal temperature contrasts 1404: 1363: 1294: 1079:This section is an excerpt from 785: 4495:from the original on 2021-06-16 4465:from the original on 2021-06-16 4432:from the original on 2021-08-13 4398:from the original on 2022-05-29 4232:from the original on 2021-06-24 4203:from the original on 2020-10-14 4174:from the original on 2021-06-24 4145:from the original on 2021-06-18 3982:from the original on 2018-07-13 3953:from the original on 2021-06-16 3924:from the original on 2021-07-22 3844:from the original on 2022-01-20 3838:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.06.004 3595:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103967 3400:from the original on 2020-04-16 3390:"Global Warming and Hurricanes" 3175:from the original on 2021-06-17 3104:from the original on 2021-06-19 2944:from the original on 2017-08-09 2536:American Meteorological Society 2468:from the original on 2023-04-16 2354:from the original on 2018-07-29 2233:from the original on 2022-02-15 1576:Climatic phenomena such as the 4347:Irina Ivanova (June 2, 2022). 3754:. Cambridge University Press. 2968:Environmental Research Letters 1556:Climate variability and change 49:includes unexpected, unusual, 1: 4571:Severe weather and convection 4551:Severe world weather overview 4299:10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00081-4 2805:, Routledge, pp. 70–82, 2315:"Heat Wave Awareness Project" 1883:killed 135,000 people, and a 977:U.S. National Weather Service 4000:Smith A.B.; R. Katz (2013). 2989:10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044015 2962:J A Screen (November 2013). 2868:Geophysical Research Letters 1803:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 1608:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 1578:El Niño-Southern Oscillation 1492:mid-latitude cyclonic storms 1357:that produce heavy rain and 1301:Tropical cyclones portal 830:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 94:El Niño-Southern Oscillation 4286:The Lancet Planetary Health 2080:Extreme Weather Forecasting 1819:Too much heat and no rain ( 1349:center, a closed low-level 1038:reduced incoming sunlight. 713:Severe weather terminology 175:Temperate and polar seasons 4592: 4483:US EPA, OAR (2016-06-27). 4453:US EPA, OAR (2016-06-27). 3538:10.1007/s00382-021-05880-z 3297:10.1038/s41558-021-01092-9 3153:10.1038/s41561-021-00699-z 2726:10.1007/s00382-023-06822-7 2391:10.2807/esm.10.07.00551-en 1906: 1844: 1727:warming ocean temperatures 1684: 1591: 1582:North Atlantic Oscillation 1553: 1519: 1474:surface, which ultimately 1078: 1071: 1060: 968: 879: 873: 867: 98:North Atlantic Oscillation 4576:Effects of climate change 4029:10.1007/s11069-013-0566-5 3074:10.1038/s41586-019-0889-9 2258:Mogil, H Michael (2007). 1847:Climate change adaptation 1522:Extreme event attribution 108:extreme event attribution 3760:10.1017/cbo9780511816703 3463:Summary for Policymakers 3448:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0194.1 3203:. United Nations. 2020. 2405:Epstein, Paul R (2005). 1253:Lists of retired names: 1249:List of historical names 1183:Climatology and tracking 836:In comparison, the term 40:tornado outbreak in 1999 4423:Sixth Assessment Report 4085:França, Filipe (2020). 3635:10.1073/pnas.1920849117 3433:(3): BAMS–D–18–0194.1. 3201:Human Cost of Disasters 2811:10.4324/9780429496653-8 2612:10.1126/science.abi9167 1973:List of weather records 1725:. As climate change is 1573:that exists on Earth. 1538:A 2016 report from the 1351:atmospheric circulation 1237:Tropical cyclone naming 863:2003 European heat wave 4103:10.1098/rstb.2019.0116 2509:10.1002/qj.49710845502 2289:"Heat: A Major Killer" 1930: 1741:Southern Indian Ocean. 1699: 1619: 1511:Causes and attribution 1341:is a rapidly rotating 1194:Climate change effects 1121:Central dense overcast 1107: 966: 865: 774:Tropical cyclone terms 43: 4074:on November 24, 2011. 3719:10.4324/9780203839263 3565:Earth-Science Reviews 3276:Nature Climate Change 3015:Nature Climate Change 2005:Year Without a Summer 1920: 1750:rapid intensification 1696: 1605: 1592:Further information: 1554:Further information: 1520:Further information: 1490:differs from that of 1454:hurricane-force winds 1106: 1057:Heavy rain and storms 1051:changes in the Arctic 1032:Year Without a Summer 964: 880:Further information: 874:Further information: 861: 381:Extratropical cyclone 305:Air-mass thunderstorm 33: 18:Extreme weather event 4197:www.wunderground.com 3349:cites for 2022— data 3209:10.18356/79b92774-en 3035:10.1038/nclimate2065 2934:10.1029/2009JD013568 2890:10.1029/2012GL051000 2567:. 2 September 2021. 2372:Brücker, G. (2005). 2266:. pp. 210–211. 1871:The death toll from 1733:Saffir–Simpson scale 1516:Attribution research 1224:Rainfall climatology 1219:Rainfall forecasting 1156:Warnings and watches 741:Weather modification 339:Anticyclonic tornado 4168:The Weather Channel 4021:2013NatHa..67..387S 3830:2012RCR....64...30K 3750:Rome, Adam (2001). 3626:2020PNAS..11711975K 3620:(22): 11975–11980. 3587:2022ESRv..22603967S 3530:2021ClDy...57.3545D 3439:2020BAMS..101E.303K 3288:2021NatCC..11..689F 3145:2021NatGe..14..118C 3066:2019Natur.566...65G 3027:2014NatCC...4...45T 2980:2013ERL.....8d4015S 2925:2010JGRD..11521111P 2881:2012GeoRL..39.6801F 2803:The Earth Around Us 2718:2023ClDy...61.4533H 2712:(9–10): 4533–4550. 2604:2021Sci...373.1116C 2598:(6559): 1116–1121. 2501:1982QJRMS.108....1O 2423:10.1056/nejmp058079 1903:Droughts and floods 1867:Loss of human lives 1571:climate variability 1550:Natural variability 1500:European windstorms 1090:Part of a series on 736:Weather forecasting 572:Rain and snow mixed 398:Subtropical cyclone 116:rising temperatures 90:climate variability 4539:2020-03-16 at the 4522:2018-09-10 at the 3370:The New York Times 3343:The New York Times 3333:The New York Times 2765:. April 17, 2018. 2348:University of York 2062:Annex II: Glossary 1931: 1861:ecosystem services 1700: 1620: 1462:Tropical cyclones 1108: 1036:volcanic eruptions 967: 882:List of heat waves 866: 792:Weather portal 408:Atlantic hurricane 386:European windstorm 293:Volcanic lightning 254:Cumulonimbus cloud 44: 36:Anadarko, Oklahoma 4545:Purdue University 4388:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 3769:978-0-521-80490-5 3736:978-1-136-88341-5 3524:(11): 3545–3567. 3394:www.gfdl.noaa.gov 3218:978-92-1-005447-8 3133:Nature Geoscience 2820:978-0-429-49665-3 2461:Los Angeles Times 2417:(14): 1433–1436. 2273:978-1-57912-743-5 2226:978-0-309-38094-2 2173:978-0-309-38094-2 1921:A dry lakebed in 1873:natural disasters 1857:Hurricane Katrina 1707:tropical cyclones 1335: 1334: 1259:Pacific hurricane 1096:Tropical cyclones 1074:Tropical cyclones 1068:Tropical cyclones 951:urban heat island 826: 825: 131:natural disasters 67:tropical cyclones 16:(Redirected from 4583: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4450: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4431: 4420: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4397: 4391:. p. 1517. 4384: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4311: 4301: 4292:(7): e415–e425. 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4226:www.munichre.com 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4114: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4070:. Archived from 4069: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4045: 4039:. Archived from 4006: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3890: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3790:. Archived from 3780: 3774: 3773: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3706: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3684: 3673: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3647: 3637: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3580: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3518:Climate Dynamics 3509: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3486:. May 18, 2020. 3476: 3470: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3361: 3352: 3346: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3299: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3247:. 28 July 2021. 3237: 3231: 3230: 3197: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3124: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2991: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2943: 2936: 2910: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2838: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2795: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2771: 2760: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2706:Climate Dynamics 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2547: 2538:. Archived from 2527: 2521: 2520: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2434: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2378:Eurosurveillance 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2330: 2321:. Archived from 2310: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2300: 2291:. Archived from 2284: 2278: 2277: 2255: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2205: 2196: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2155: 2138: 2137: 2127: 2103: 2092: 2091: 2075: 2069: 2058: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2031:. Archived from 2021: 1957: 1952: 1951: 1798: 1786: 1666: 1654: 1617: 1613: 1439:or northeastern 1430: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1339:tropical cyclone 1327: 1320: 1313: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1087: 1081:Tropical cyclone 1018:more difficult. 818: 811: 804: 790: 789: 403:Tropical cyclone 315:Dry thunderstorm 210:Tropical seasons 153: 53:, or unseasonal 21: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4566:Weather hazards 4556: 4555: 4541:Wayback Machine 4524:Wayback Machine 4513: 4508: 4507: 4498: 4496: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4466: 4452: 4451: 4444: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4418: 4408: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4382: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4360: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4257:. 7 July 2021. 4249: 4248: 4244: 4235: 4233: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4206: 4204: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4177: 4175: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4148: 4146: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4009:Natural Hazards 4004: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3985: 3983: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3956: 3954: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3927: 3925: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3847: 3845: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3797: 3795: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3708: 3707: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3678:. p. 602. 3671: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3511: 3510: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3460: 3456: 3420: 3419: 3412: 3403: 3401: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3363: 3362: 3355: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3219: 3199: 3198: 3187: 3178: 3176: 3126: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3105: 3060:(7742): 65–72. 3047: 3046: 3042: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2908: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2797: 2796: 2785: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2559: 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746: 745: 604: 594: 593: 506: 496: 495: 484:Ground blizzard 244: 234: 233: 212: 202: 201: 177: 151: 129:estimates that 47:Extreme weather 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4589: 4587: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4531: 4512: 4511:External links 4509: 4506: 4505: 4475: 4442: 4370: 4339: 4272: 4242: 4213: 4184: 4155: 4126: 4077: 4056: 4015:(2): 387–410. 3992: 3963: 3949:. 2019-08-14. 3934: 3905: 3877: 3854: 3804: 3775: 3768: 3742: 3735: 3696: 3659: 3600: 3551: 3501: 3471: 3454: 3410: 3388:Knutson, Tom. 3380: 3353: 3319: 3282:(8): 689–695. 3262: 3232: 3217: 3185: 3139:(3): 118–120. 3114: 3040: 3005: 2954: 2919:(21): D21111. 2896: 2853: 2825: 2819: 2799:Oreskes, Naomi 2783: 2747: 2696: 2664: 2633: 2582: 2552: 2522: 2479: 2446: 2397: 2364: 2335: 2305: 2279: 2272: 2243: 2225: 2217:10.17226/21852 2197: 2179: 2172: 2164:10.17226/21852 2139: 2118:(6): 925–930. 2093: 2082:: 1–86. 2023. 2070: 2046: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1988:Severe weather 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1955:Weather portal 1942: 1939: 1934:Climate change 1927:climate change 1904: 1901: 1889:Cyclone Ampham 1868: 1865: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1817: 1800: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1763:urban flooding 1758: 1755: 1737:North Atlantic 1703:Climate change 1691: 1683: 1668: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1589: 1588:Climate change 1586: 1580:(ENSO) or the 1551: 1548: 1533:climate change 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1464:typically form 1437:Atlantic Ocean 1333: 1332: 1330: 1329: 1322: 1315: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1290:Media coverage 1282: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1251: 1246: 1240: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1147: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1099: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1077: 1072:Main article: 1069: 1066: 1058: 1055: 969:Main 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