Knowledge (XXG)

Elections by country

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Further information: Election
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For each de jure and de facto sovereign state and dependent territory an article on elections in that entity has been included and information on the way the head of state, head of government, and the legislature is selected. Merged cells for "head of state" and "head of government" indicate the office is the same for that country; merged cells for "lower house" and "upper house" indicate a unicameral legislature. The linked articles include the results of the elections. For a chronological order, see the electoral calendar.

Contents: 

A

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Abkhazia Abkhazia Direct election Direct election
Afghanistan Afghanistan Autocrat elected by legislature Appointment by autocrat Appointment by autocrat
Åland Åland President of Finland Election by legislature Direct election
Albania Albania Election by legislature Election by legislature Direct election
Algeria Algeria Direct election Election by legislature Direct election Partially elected by electoral college, rest appointed by President
American Samoa American Samoa President of the United States Direct election Direct election Election by regional governing councils
Andorra Andorra The President of France and the Bishop of Urgell are co-heads of state Election by legislature Direct election
Angola Angola Election by legislature Direct election
Anguilla Anguilla Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election and appointments
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election Appointments
Argentina Argentina Direct election Direct election
Armenia Armenia Election by Legislature Election by Legislature Direct election
Aruba Aruba Monarch of the Netherlands Election by legislature Direct election
Australia Australia Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election
Austria Austria Direct election Election by legislature Direct election Indirect election
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election

B

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
The Bahamas Bahamas Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election Appointments
Bahrain Bahrain Monarchy Appointment by head of state Direct election Appointments
Bangladesh Bangladesh Election by legislature Election by legislature Direct and indirect election
Barbados Barbados Election by legislature Election by legislature Direct election Appointments
Belarus Belarus Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election Indirect election and appointments
Belgium Belgium Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election Indirect election
Belize Belize Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election Appointments
Benin Benin Direct election Direct election
Bermuda Bermuda Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election Appointments
Bhutan Bhutan Monarchy Elected by legislature Direct election Direct election and appointments
Bolivia Bolivia Direct election Direct election
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Rotating presidency of directly elected candidates Appointment by head of state Direct election Indirect election
Botswana Botswana Election by legislature Direct election Hereditary and appointments
Brazil Brazil Direct election Direct election Direct election
British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election
Brunei Brunei Monarchy Appointments by head of state
Bulgaria Bulgaria Direct election Election by legislature Direct election
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election
Burma see Myanmar
Burundi Burundi Direct election Direct election and co-option Indirect election

C

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Cabo Verde see Cape Verde
Cambodia Cambodia Monarch elected by Royal Council Election by lower house of legislature Direct election Indirect election and appointments
Cameroon Cameroon Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election Indirect election and appointments
Canada Canada Monarchy Election by lower house of legislature Direct election Appointments
Cape Verde Cape Verde Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election and appointments
Central African Republic Central African Republic Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election
Chad Chad Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election
Chile Chile Direct election Direct election
China China Election by legislature Appointment by head of state Indirect election
Colombia Colombia Direct election Direct election Direct election
Comoros Comoros Direct election Direct and indirect election
Congo (Brazzaville) see Republic of the Congo
Congo (Kinshasa) see Democratic Republic of the Congo
Cook Islands Cook Islands Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election
Costa Rica Costa Rica Direct election Direct election
Ivory Coast Côte d'Ivoire Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election
Croatia Croatia Direct election Election by legislature Direct election
Cuba Cuba Election by legislature Direct election
Curaçao Curaçao Monarch of the Netherlands Election by legislature Direct election
Cyprus Cyprus Direct election Direct election
Czech Republic Czech Republic Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election

D

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election Indirect election
Denmark Denmark Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election
Djibouti Djibouti Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election
Dominica Dominica Election by legislature Appointment by head of state Direct election and appointments
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Direct election Direct election

E

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
East Timor East Timor Direct election Election by legislature Direct election
Ecuador Ecuador Direct election Direct election
Egypt Egypt Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election and appointments
El Salvador El Salvador Direct election Direct election
Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election Direct election and appointments
Eritrea Eritrea Election by legislature Direct and indirect election
Estonia Estonia Election by legislature and/or electoral college Appointment by head of state Direct election
Eswatini Eswatini Monarchy Appointment by head of state Election by traditional local councils and appointments Election by lower house and appointments
Ethiopia Ethiopia Election by legislature Election by legislature Direct election Indirect election

F

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Falkland Islands Falkland Islands Monarchy Indirect appointment by monarch Direct election and appointments
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Monarch of Denmark Election by legislature Direct election
Federated States of Micronesia see Micronesia
Fiji Fiji Election by legislature Appointment by president Direct election
Finland Finland Direct election Election by legislature Direct election
France France Direct election Appointment by president Direct election Indirect election
French Polynesia French Polynesia President of France Election by legislature Direct election

G

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Gabon Gabon Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election Indirect election
The Gambia Gambia Direct election Direct election and appointments
Georgia (country) Georgia Direct election Election by legislature Direct election
Germany Germany Election by electoral college Election by legislature Direct election Representation of state governments
Ghana Ghana Direct election Direct election
Gibraltar Gibraltar Monarchy Election by legislature Direct and indirect election
Greece Greece Election by legislature Election by legislature Direct election
Greenland Greenland Monarch of Denmark Election by legislature Direct election
Grenada Grenada Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election Appointment
Guam Guam President of the United States Direct election Direct election
Guatemala Guatemala Direct election Direct election
Guernsey Guernsey Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election
Guinea Guinea Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election
Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election
Guyana Guyana Election by legislature Direct election

H

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Haiti Haiti Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election
Honduras Honduras Direct election Direct election
Hong Kong Hong Kong Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council Direct election and indirect election
Holy See see Vatican City
Hungary Hungary Election by legislature Election by legislature Direct election

I

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Iceland Iceland Direct election Election by legislature Direct election
India India Election by electoral college Election by legislature Direct election Indirect election
Indonesia Indonesia Direct election Direct election
Iran Iran Election by Assembly of Experts Direct election Direct election and appointment
Iraq Iraq Election by legislature Election by legislature Direct election
Republic of Ireland Ireland Direct election Election by lower house of legislature Direct election Election by functional constituencies and appointment
Isle of Man Isle of Man Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election Indirect election/ex officio
Israel Israel Election by legislature Appointment by president Direct election
Italy Italy Election by legislature Appointment by president Direct election

J

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Jamaica Jamaica Monarchy Election by lower house of legislature Direct election Appointment
Japan Japan Monarchy Election by lower house of legislature Direct election
Jersey Jersey Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election
Jordan Jordan Monarchy Appointment by monarch Direct election Appointment by monarch

K

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct and indirect election Indirect election and appointments
Kenya Kenya Direct election Direct election and appointments Direct election
Kiribati Kiribati Direct election Direct election and appointments
Korea, North see North Korea
Korea, South see South Korea
Kosovo Kosovo Election by legislature Election by legislature Direct election
Kuwait Kuwait Monarchy Appointment by head of state Direct election and appointments
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Direct election Election by legislature Direct election

L

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Laos Laos Election by legislature Election by legislature Direct election
Latvia Latvia Election by legislature Appointment by head of state Direct election
Lebanon Lebanon Election by legislature Appointment by head of state Direct election
Lesotho Lesotho Monarchy Election by lower house of legislature Direct election Appointments
Liberia Liberia Direct election Direct election Direct election
Libya Libya Head of Presidential Council Direct election
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election
Lithuania Lithuania Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election
Luxembourg Luxembourg Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election

M

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Macau Macau Election by election committee Election by election committee Direct election, indirect election, and appointments
Madagascar Madagascar Direct election Election by lower house of legislature Direct election Indirect election and appointments
Malawi Malawi Direct election Direct election
Malaysia Malaysia Election by the rulers of the Malay states Election by lower house of legislature Direct election Indirect election and appointments
Maldives Maldives Direct election Direct election
Mali Mali Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election
Malta Malta Election by legislature Appointment by head of state Direct election
Marshall Islands Marshall Islands Election by legislature Direct election
Mauritania Mauritania Direct election Direct election Indirect election
Mauritius Mauritius Election by legislature Direct election
Mexico Mexico Direct election Direct election Direct election
Federated States of Micronesia Micronesia Election by legislature Direct election
Moldova Moldova Direct election Direct election
Monaco Monaco Monarchy Direct election
Mongolia Mongolia Direct election Direct election
Montenegro Montenegro Direct election Direct election
Montserrat Montserrat Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election
Morocco Morocco Monarchy Appointment by head of state Direct election Indirect election and election by functional groups
Mozambique Mozambique Direct election Direct election
Myanmar Myanmar Election by legislature Direct election and appointments

N

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Republic of Artsakh Nagorno Karabakh Direct election Direct election
Namibia Namibia Direct election Direct election Indirect election
Nauru Nauru Election by legislature Direct election
Nepal Nepal Indirect election Election by legislature Direct election Indirect election and appointments
Netherlands Netherlands Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election Indirect election
New Caledonia New Caledonia President of France Election by legislature Indirect election
New Zealand New Zealand Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election
Nicaragua Nicaragua Direct election Direct election and ex officio
Niger Niger Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election
Nigeria Nigeria Direct election Direct election
Niue Niue Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election
Norfolk Island Norfolk Island Monarchy Indirect appointment by head of state Direct election
North Korea North Korea Elected by legislature Direct election
North Macedonia North Macedonia Direct election Election by legislature Direct election
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus Direct election Direct election
Northern Mariana Islands Northern Mariana Islands President of the United States Direct election Direct election
Norway Norway Monarchy Direct election

O

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Oman Oman Monarchy Indirect election Appointments

P

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Pakistan Pakistan Election by legislature Direct election Indirect election
Palau Palau Direct election Direct election
State of Palestine Palestine Direct election Direct election
Panama Panama Direct election Direct election
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election
Paraguay Paraguay Direct election Direct election
People's Republic of China see China
Peru Peru Direct election Direct election
Philippines Philippines Direct election Direct election
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands Monarchy Direct election Direct election and appointment
Poland Poland Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election
Portugal Portugal Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico President of the United States Direct election Direct election

Q

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Qatar Qatar Monarchy Appointed by monarch Appointed by monarch

R

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Republic of China see Taiwan
Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Direct election Direct election Indirect election
Romania Romania Direct election Appointed by head of state Direct election
Russia Russia Direct election Direct election Indirect election and appointments
Rwanda Rwanda Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election and appointments Indirect election and appointments

S

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Election by legislature Appointment by head of state Direct election
Saint Helena Saint Helena Monarchy Appointment by head of state Direct election and appointments
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election and appointments
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia Monarchy Direct election Appointments
Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Pierre and Miquelon President of France Election by legislature Direct election
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Monarchy Direct election and appointments
Samoa Samoa Election by legislature Direct election
San Marino San Marino Election by legislature Direct election
São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe Direct election Direct election
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Monarchy Appointment by monarch
Senegal Senegal Direct election Direct election
Serbia Serbia Direct election Direct election
Seychelles Seychelles Direct election Direct election
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Direct election Direct election
Singapore Singapore Direct election Direct election
Sint Maarten Sint Maarten Monarch of the Netherlands Election by legislature Direct election
Slovakia Slovakia Direct election Direct election
Slovenia Slovenia Direct election Direct election Representation of interest groups
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election
Somalia Somalia Direct election Transition
Somaliland Somaliland Direct election Direct election Traditional leaders
South Africa South Africa Election by lower house of legislature Direct election Indirect election
South Korea South Korea Direct election Direct election
South Ossetia South Ossetia Direct election Direct election
South Sudan South Sudan Direct election Direct election
Spain Spain Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election Direct and indirect election
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Direct election Direct election
Sudan Sudan Direct election Appointments due to transition Indirect election
Suriname Suriname Election by electoral college Direct election
Sweden Sweden Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election
Switzerland Switzerland Election by legislature Direct election
Syria Syria Approval by referendum Direct election

T

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Taiwan Taiwan Direct election Direct election
Tajikistan Tajikistan Direct election Direct election Indirect election and appointments
Tanzania Tanzania Direct election Direct election
Thailand Thailand Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election Direct election and appointments
Timor-Leste see East Timor
Togo Togo Direct election Direct election
Tokelau Tokelau Monarchy Rotation of village leaders Direct election
Tonga Tonga Monarchy Partially direct election, partially by limited suffrage, partially ex officio
Transnistria Transnistria Direct election Direct election
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Election by legislature Direct election Appointments
Tunisia Tunisia Direct election Election by legislature Direct election
Turkey Turkey Direct election Direct election
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Direct election Direct election
Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election
Tuvalu Tuvalu Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election

U

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Uganda Uganda Direct election Direct election and appointments
Ukraine Ukraine Direct election Election by legislature Direct election
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Indirect election by heads of constituent states Indirect election by heads of constituent states Appointments and indirect election
United Kingdom United Kingdom Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election Appointments, hereditary peers, and indirect election
United States United States Indirect election, Election by the 50 States using their electoral college Direct election
Uruguay Uruguay Direct election Direct election
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Direct election Direct election Indirect election and appointments

V

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Vanuatu Vanuatu Election by electoral college Election by legislature Direct election
Vatican City Vatican City Monarch elected by college of cardinals Appointment by monarch Appointment by monarch
Venezuela Venezuela Direct election Direct election
Vietnam Vietnam Election by legislature Direct election
United States Virgin Islands Virgin Islands President of the United States Direct election Direct election

W

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna President of France Appointment by president Direct election

Y

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Yemen Yemen Direct election Appointment by head of state Direct election Appointment by head of state

Z

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Zambia Zambia Direct election Mostly direct election, some appointments
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Direct election Direct election Mix of direct and indirect election

See also

References

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  73. ^ Faroe Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  74. ^ Fiji. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  75. ^ Finland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  76. ^ France. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
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  127. ^ Luxembourg. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  128. ^ Macau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  129. ^ Madagascar. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  130. ^ Malawi. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  131. ^ Malaysia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  132. ^ Maldives. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  133. ^ Mali. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  134. ^ Montserrat. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  135. ^ Namibia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  136. ^ Nauru. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  137. ^ Nepal. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  138. ^ Netherlands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  139. ^ New Caledonia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  140. ^ New Zealand. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  141. ^ Nicaragua. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  142. ^ Niger. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  143. ^ Niue. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  144. ^ Norfolk Island. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  145. North Korea's parliament elects the Head of State
  146. ^ Macedonia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  147. ^ Northern Mariana Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  148. ^ Oman. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  149. ^ Papua New Guinea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  150. ^ Pitcairn Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  151. "Artigo 133.º, Constitution of the Portuguese Republic". Assembly of the Republic. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
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  153. ^ Qatar. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  154. ^ Romania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  155. ^ Rwanda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  156. "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021. Article 51: The Secretary-General of the Frente POLISARIO shall be ex officio the President of the Republic. He/she shall be elected by the General Congress of the Frente POLISARIO by secret and direct suffrage.
  157. "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021. Article 53: The President of the Republic shall appoint the Prime Minister and shall terminate his/her functions.
  158. "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021. Article 79: Members of the National Council shall be elected by direct and secret suffrage once between two Congresses.
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  160. ^ Saint Kitts and Nevis. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  161. ^ Saint Pierre and Miquelon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  162. ^ Saudi Arabia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  163. ^ Sint Maarten. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  164. ^ Solomon Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  165. ^ South Africa. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  166. ^ Sweden. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  167. ^ Tokelau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  168. ^ Turks and Caicos Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  169. ^ Tuvalu. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
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  171. ^ Ukraine. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
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  174. ^ United States. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  175. ^ Vanuatu. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  176. ^ Holy See. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  177. ^ Virgin Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  178. ^ Wallis and Futuna. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  179. ^ Yemen. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  180. ^ Zambia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  181. ^ Zimbabwe. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.

External links

Lists of elections and electoral calendars by year
Before 19th century
19th century by country
20th century by country
21st century by country
21st century by date
Supranational electoral calendar
National electoral calendar
Local electoral calendar

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