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English grammar

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Linguists generally accept nine English word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, determiners, and exclamations. English words are not generally marked for word class. It is not usually possible to tell from the form of a word which class it belongs to;
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Poutsma, Hendrik. A grammar of late modern English, Groningen, P. Noordhoff, 1914–29, 2 pt. in 5 v. Contents: pt. I. The sentence: 1st half. The elements of the sentence, 1928. 2d half. The composite sentence, 1929.--pt. II. The parts of speech: section I, A. Nouns, adjectives and articles, 1914.
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The syntax of a dependent clause is generally the same as that of an independent clause, except that the dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun (or phrase containing such). In some situations (as already described) the conjunction or relative pronoun
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The clause structure with an inverted subject and verb, used to form questions as described above, is also used in certain types of declarative sentences. This occurs mainly when the sentence begins with adverbial or other phrases that are essentially negative or contain words such as
6165:(a verb phrase in the terminology used above; that is, a verb together with its objects and complements). A dependent clause also normally contains a subordinating conjunction (or in the case of relative clauses, a relative pronoun, or phrase containing one). 6663:. Bullokar wrote his grammar in English and used a "reformed spelling system" of his own invention; but much English grammar, for much of the century after Bullokar's effort, was written in Latin, especially by authors who were aiming to be scholarly. 105:
retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class (a remnant of the more extensive Germanic case system of Old English). For other pronouns, and all nouns, adjectives, and articles, grammatical function is indicated only by
4936:. A single preposition may have a variety of meanings, often including temporal, spatial and abstract. Many words that are prepositions can also serve as adverbs. Examples of common English prepositions (including phrasal instances) are 4186:. Consequently, comparative and superlative forms of such adjectives are not normally used, except in a figurative, humorous or imprecise context. Similarly, such adjectives are not normally qualified with modifiers of degree such as 3068:. Although they are written with a space, they're best thought of as single words. No consistent distinction in meaning or use can be found between them. Like the reflexive pronouns, their use is limited to contexts where an 2672:" Note that neuter and non-neuter refers to the grammatical gender system of the time, rather than the so-called natural gender system of today. A small holdover of this is the ability of relative (but not interrogative) 4523:
There are also many adverbs that are not derived from adjectives, including adverbs of time, of frequency, of place, of degree and with other meanings. Some suffixes that are commonly used to form adverbs from nouns are
6678:, the author of one of the most widely used grammars of the day, was having to cite "grammatical authorities" to bolster the claim that grammatical cases in English are different from those in Ancient Greek or Latin. 2433:
is used to refer to a woman, sometimes a female animal, and sometimes an object to which feminine characteristics are attributed, such as a ship or a country. A man, and sometimes a male animal, is referred to using
4393:
perform a wide range of functions. They typically modify verbs (or verb phrases), adjectives (or adjectival phrases), or other adverbs (or adverbial phrases). However, adverbs also sometimes qualify noun phrases
6568:. Here the verb phrase (understood from the context) is reduced to a single auxiliary or other "special" verb, negated if appropriate. If there is no special verb in the original verb phrase, it is replaced by 9422: 7845:
A Grammar of the English Language, In a Series of Letters: Intended for the Use of Schools and of Young Persons in General, but more especially for the use of Soldiers, Sailors, Apprentices, and Plough-Boys
1366:. Animals are triple-gender nouns, being able to take masculine, feminine and neuter pronouns. While the vast majority of nouns in English do not carry gender, there remain some gendered nouns (e.g. 1491:
Many nouns that mention people's roles and jobs can refer to either a masculine or a feminine subject, for instance "cousin", "teenager", "teacher", "doctor", "student", "friend", and "colleague".
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Declerck in his introduction (p.vi) states that almost half his grammar is taken up by the topics of tense, aspect and modality. This he contrasts with the 71 pages devoted to these subjects in
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We conclude that both head and phrasal genitives involve case inflection. With head genitives it is always a noun that inflects, while the phrasal genitive can apply to words of most classes.
600:; for example, it is rare for a new pronoun to enter the language. Determiners, traditionally classified along with adjectives, have not always been regarded as a separate part of speech. 2484:
and referential cases where the referent's gender was unknown. However, it is increasingly used when the referent's gender is irrelevant or when the referent is neither male nor female.
3922:, as with other word classes, cannot in general be identified as such by their form, although many of them are formed from nouns or other words by the addition of a suffix, such as 3763:); this is used with the basic infinitive of other verbs (those not belonging to the "special verbs" class) to make their question and negation forms, as well as emphatic forms ( 534: 1359:) for sexless objects – although feminine pronouns are sometimes used when referring to ships (and more uncommonly some airplanes and analogous machinery) and nation-states. 4155:
Many adjectives, however, particularly those that are longer and less common, do not have inflected comparative and superlative forms. Instead, they can be qualified with
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Many types of elliptical construction are possible in English, resulting in sentences that omit certain redundant elements. Various examples are given in the article on
6157:, although it is also possible to link together sentences of this form into longer sentences, using coordinating conjunctions (see above). A clause typically contains a 8465:
4th impression. pts. 1–2. Syntactical units with one verb.--pt.3. 1st half. Syntactical units with two verbs.--pt.3. 2d half. Syntactical units with two and more verbs.
2822:, which can be used in both restrictive and unrestrictive clauses). It can refer to either persons or things, and cannot follow a preposition. For example, one can say 8760: 8441: 8230: 8047: 7094: 6189:. In most sentences, English marks grammatical relations only through word order. The subject constituent precedes the verb and the object constituent follows it. The 4848:, etc.) If such a verb also has an object, then the particle may precede or follow the object, although it will normally follow the object if the object is a pronoun ( 1516:
Rarely, nouns illustrating things with no gender are referred to with a gendered pronoun to convey familiarity. It is also standard to use the gender-neutral pronoun (
3009:, rather than as a pronoun. However, its identification as a pronoun is most consistent with its behavior in inverted sentences and question tags as described above. 8291: 8234: 8073: 6131:, etc.) which can appear in a negative context but are not negative themselves (and can thus be used after a negation without giving rise to double negatives). 1691:. The most common situations in which a complete noun phrase can be formed without a determiner are when it refers generally to a whole class or concept (as in 3685:). Modals can indicate the condition, probability, possibility, necessity, obligation and ability exposed by the speaker's or writer's attitude or expression. 8859: 3155:
The basic form of an English verb is not generally marked by any ending, although there are certain suffixes that are frequently used to form verbs, such as
5272:, where as well as the basic conjunction, an additional element appears before the first of the items being linked. The common correlatives in English are: 9732: 616:
inflectional endings and derivational suffixes are unique and specific to . On the other hand, most words belong to more than one word class. For example,
8157:(1756). "The English grammar: Made by Ben Jonson for the benefit of all strangers, out of his observation of the English language now spoken and in use". 6997:
In speech the genitive is signalled in singular nouns by an inflection that has the same pronunciation variants as for plural nouns in the common case
2965:(singular or plural) of the logical subject (complement), hence it takes a plural verb if the complement is plural. In informal English, however, the 573: 69: 8354:
published between 1957 and 1961. Schibsbye was a student of Jespersen's and co-author of the sixth volume –Morphology –of Jespersen's seven volume
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or used as a contrast with the conjunction "but", such as in the following examples: "Rome I shall see!", "I hate oranges, but apples I'll eat!".
969:
ending may attach to the last word of the phrase. To account for this, the possessive can be analysed, for instance as a clitic construction (an "
6305:, etc. An exception applies when the interrogative word is the subject or part of the subject, in which case there is no inversion. For example: 1052:) or other equivalent word, as described in the following section. In many contexts, it is required for a noun phrase to include some determiner. 60:– a form of speech and writing used in public discourse, including broadcasting, education, entertainment, government, and news, over a range of 8208:, A. K. (Andreĭ Konstantinovich). 1969. The use of tenses in English. Korsakov, A. K. Structure of Modern English pt. 1. oai:gial.edu:26766 at 1683:
In many contexts, it is required for a noun phrase to be completed with an article or some other determiner. It is not grammatical to say just
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can be omitted. Another type of dependent clause with no subordinating conjunction is the conditional clause formed by inversion (see below).
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Subordinating conjunction generally comes at the very start of its clause, although many of them can be preceded by qualifying adverbs, as in
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exhibits the greatest diversity of forms within the modern English pronoun system, having definite nominative, oblique, and genitive forms (
2363:. The personal pronouns are so-called not because they apply to persons (which other pronouns also do), but because they participate in the 687:
function as if they were adjectives or adverbs, but with other types of phrases, the terminology has different implications. For example, a
10851: 8753: 6380: 3826: 3653:. These do not inflect for person or number, do not occur alone, and do not have infinitive or participle forms (except synonyms, as with 6060:
Other elements, such as noun phrases, adjectives, adverbs, infinitive and participial phrases, etc., can be negated by placing the word
529: 6050:.) On the inversion of subject and verb (such as in questions; see below), the subject may be placed after a contracted negated form: 4760:
above), then the normal position for such adverbs is after that special verb (or after the first of them, if there is more than one):
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Determiners are used in the formation of noun phrases (see above). Many words that serve as determiners can also be used as pronouns (
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reject the concept of finite verb phrases as clause constituents, regarding the subject as a dependent of the verb as well. See the
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with the stated goal of demonstrating that English was just as rule-based as Latin. Bullokar's grammar was faithfully modeled on
4804:), and those that provide the context (such as time or place) for a sentence, are typically placed at the start of the sentence: 3041: 2849: 6229: 4198:. Another type of adjective sometimes considered ungradable is those that represent an extreme degree of some property, such as 3712: 2668:'who, what' had only singular forms and also only distinguished between non-neuter and neuter, the neuter nominative form being 478: 10664: 10463: 9761: 9725: 8826: 8746: 7416: 3287: 965:
as an affix or a clitic is the subject of debate. It differs from the noun inflection of languages such as German, in that the
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does not change form between "the chair is here" (subject) and "I saw the chair" (direct object). Possession is shown by the
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Most verbs have three or four inflected forms in addition to the base form: a third-person singular present tense form in
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In Old and Middle English, the roles of the three words were different from their roles today. "The interrogative pronoun
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Curme, George O., College English Grammar, Richmond, VA, 1925, Johnson Publishing company, 414 pages . A revised edition
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Finkenstaedt, Thomas; Dieter Wolff (1973). Ordered profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon. C. Winter.
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Certain attributive adjective phrases are formed from other parts of speech, without any adjective as their head, as in
330: 4478:. In earlier usage more flat adverbs were accepted in formal usage; many of these survive in idioms and colloquially. ( 1752:. The full set of English pronouns is presented in the following table. Nonstandard, informal and archaic forms are in 10093: 9947: 9204: 9023: 8920: 8845: 8594: 8568: 6726: 6638: 5201:
is used, the resulting noun phrase is plural. A determiner does not need to be repeated with the individual elements:
4057:). Spelling rules which maintain pronunciation apply to suffixing adjectives just as they do for similar treatment of 3216: 2811: 2770: 750: 543: 291: 61: 5185:. These can be used in many grammatical contexts to link two or more items of equal grammatical status, for example: 5074:), leaving the preposition in place. This kind of structure is avoided in some kinds of formal English. For example: 7271: 2389:
which are still used in religious services and can be seen in older works, such as Shakespeare's—in such texts, the
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of a verb, for the object of a preposition, for an absolute disjunct, and sometimes for the complement of a copula.
434: 10510: 6232:). To form a question from a sentence which does not have such an auxiliary or copula present, the auxiliary verb 10833: 10639: 10473: 9952: 8724: 8714: 6869: 6652: 2350: 507: 4218:
is a group of words that plays the role of an adjective in a sentence. It usually has a single adjective as its
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are a relatively small, closed class of words that function in the place of nouns or noun phrases. They include
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Adjective phrases containing complements after the adjective cannot normally be used as attributive adjectives
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section of that article for verb phrases headed by non-finite verb forms, such as infinitives and participles.
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Often the gender distinction for these neutral nouns is established by inserting the word "male" or "female".
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is a post-modifier (a relative clause in this case). Notice the order of the pre-modifiers; the determiner
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recommends the German original stating "there is an English version, but it is hardly to be used." (p. vi)
6546: 6146: 6112: 5957: 5914: 5070:, where the interrogative or relative pronoun that is the preposition's complement is moved to the start ( 4338: 4223: 3990: 3317: 3310: 3045: 1745: 609: 438: 50: 10697: 7113: 5925:. By contrast, nouns have no distinct nominative and objective forms, the two being merged into a single 2429:
The third-person singular forms are differentiated according to the gender of the referent. For example,
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Other similar forms sometimes appear but are less common. There is also a construction with subjunctive
6140: 6027: 6015:). (Until the period of early Modern English, negation was effected without additional auxiliary verbs: 5361: 5150: 5107: 5063: 5043:. A prepositional phrase can be used as a complement or post-modifier of a noun in a noun phrase, as in 3986: 3901: 3897: 3786: 3450: 3364: 2966: 2572: 2528: 1737: 1633: 460: 426: 351: 305: 297: 4818:). When there is more than one types of adverb, they usually appear in the order: manner, place, time ( 3072:
precedes it. In the case of the reciprocals, they need to appear in the same clause as the antecedent.
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form a closed word class, although there are also certain phrases that serve as prepositions, such as
4174:. These represent properties that cannot be compared on a scale; they simply apply or do not, as with 1362:
Some aspects of gender usage in English have been influenced by the movement towards a preference for
671:. A phrase typically serves the same function as a word from some particular word class. For example, 596:(a celebrity who frequents the fashion circles), and other similar relatively new words. The rest are 197: 10800: 10333: 10259: 10178: 9887: 9872: 9636: 9570: 9402: 9359: 9261: 9124: 9084: 8385:(p. 1765) A CD-Rom version of the 1st edition is available on the Collins COBUILD Resource Pack 7185: 6904:; Denison, David; Krajewski, Grzegorz; Scott, Alan (2013). "Expression of Possession in English". In 6375:
Isn't John going? / Is John not going? (negative question, with and without contraction respectively)
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An adjective phrase may include both modifiers before the adjective and a complement after it, as in
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below). Certain verb–modifier combinations, particularly when they have independent meaning (such as
3689: 3476:) used in many syntactical constructions. There are also infinitives corresponding to other aspects: 3069: 3037: 2868: 1589: 1554: 1186: 470: 325: 274: 158: 111: 9417: 6286: 5153:
express a variety of logical relations between items, phrases, clauses and sentences. The principal
4876:, together with any modifiers (other adverbs or adverb phrases) and complements, analogously to the 4357:. (Certain complements can be moved to after the noun, leaving the adjective before the noun, as in 2394: 10953: 10948: 10555: 10397: 10269: 9845: 9397: 9044: 8816: 8796: 7882: 6210: 6162: 5670: 5564: 4167:(this construction is also sometimes used even for adjectives for which inflected forms do exist). 3998: 3850: 3598: 3568: 3081: 3006: 1544: 692: 498: 422: 389: 286: 3845:(although this concept is not acknowledged in all theories of grammar). A verb phrase headed by a 2382:
are used in other places. An archaic set of second-person pronouns used for singular reference is
1355:) to refer specifically to persons or animals of one or other genders and certain others (such as 10744: 10687: 10530: 10435: 10201: 10128: 10088: 10073: 10055: 10017: 9867: 9817: 9745: 9583: 9550: 9476: 9461: 9446: 9436: 9349: 9344: 9334: 9129: 9059: 9054: 8821: 8435: 8224: 8041: 7307: 7088: 6354: 6290: 6150: 5860: 5767: 5741: 5703: 5365: 5115: 4873: 4872:
is a phrase that acts as an adverb within a sentence. An adverb phrase may have an adverb as its
4219: 3913: 3877:. Adverbial modifiers generally follow objects, although other positions are possible (see under 3416: 3344: 3251: 3117: 3057: 2962: 2935: 2516: 2402: 2364: 1749: 1601: 1320: 1276: 1242:
are in apposition). In some contexts, the same can be expressed by a prepositional phrase, as in
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Adverbs indicating the manner of an action are generally placed after the verb and its objects (
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Use of inversion to express a third-person imperative is now mostly confined to the expression
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from those in another. This has the potential to give rise to new words. For example, the noun
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An advanced English syntax based on the principles and requirements of the Grammatical society
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Pronominal Gender in English: A Study of English Varieties form a Cross-Linguistic Perspective
7018: 6986: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6913: 6881: 6778: 6766: 6762: 6329: 6214: 6158: 5814: 5750: 5537: 3838: 3531:. There is also a past subjunctive (distinct from the simple past only in the possible use of 3412: 3372: 3340: 2916: 2443: 1774: 1314: 1120: 1002:
An English noun phrase typically takes the following form (not all elements need be present):
988: 700: 680: 408: 165:. Nouns form the largest word class, and verbs the second-largest. Unlike nouns in many other 98: 73: 9710: 7649: 7622: 7527: 4486:) Some adjectives can also be used as flat adverbs when they actually describe the subject. ( 3989:, as part of a noun phrase (nearly always preceding the noun they modify; for exceptions see 10920: 10767: 10705: 10649: 10644: 10596: 10500: 10495: 10420: 10343: 10323: 10298: 10290: 10231: 10206: 10196: 10191: 10108: 10065: 10042: 10032: 10022: 9964: 9902: 9578: 9471: 9451: 9301: 9266: 9184: 8979: 8806: 8770: 8017: 7995: 7973: 6978: 6937: 6731: 6698: 6648: 6154: 5892: 5834: 5656: 4215: 3858: 3854: 2709: 2355:
The personal pronouns of modern standard English are presented in the table above. They are
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The Sentence in Written English: A Syntactic Study Based on an Analysis of Scientific Texts
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are based on Latin and Greek parts of speech. Some English grammar rules were adopted from
6659:(1534), used in English schools at that time, having been "prescribed" for them in 1542 by 6365:, then it is possible to invert the subject with this contraction as a whole. For example: 5710:
Most English personal pronouns have five forms: the nominative and oblique case forms, the
887:. Certain nouns can be used with plural verbs even though they are singular in form, as in 675:
is a phrase that can be used in a sentence as if it were a noun, and is therefore called a
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Biber, Douglas; Johansson, Stig; Leech, Geoffrey; Conrad, Susan; Finegan, Edward (1999).
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The milk goes in the fridge. → Does the milk go in the fridge? (no special verb present;
604:
are another word class, but these are not described here as they do not form part of the
8837: 8279:
section I, B. Pronouns and numerals, 1916. section II. The verb and the particles, 1926.
7843: 7023:
In writing, the inflection of regular nouns is realized in the singular by apostrophe +
6595:. The latter forms are used after negative statements. (Equivalents including the verb: 6244:) needs to be inserted, along with inversion of the word order, to form a question (see 2871:– one that has no antecedent and that serves as a complete noun phrase in itself, as in 10977: 10925: 10874: 10810: 10805: 10739: 10734: 10578: 10490: 10480: 10458: 10415: 10410: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10361: 10328: 10216: 10156: 10098: 10083: 9982: 9910: 9857: 9830: 9668: 9626: 9588: 9490: 9219: 9209: 9199: 9094: 9089: 9069: 9064: 8993: 8868: 8612: 8586: 8560: 8132: 7523: 7219: 7149: 6941: 6933: 6682: 6675: 6523:
sentence (one giving an order), there is usually no subject in the independent clause:
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often take a singular verb regardless of any supposed number. For more information see
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The Raising of Predicates. Predicative Noun Phrases and the Theory of Clause Structure
2393:
set of pronouns are used for plural reference, or with singular reference as a formal
987:
are phrases that function grammatically as nouns within sentences, for example as the
10992: 10889: 10879: 10864: 10840: 10777: 10715: 10682: 10573: 10523: 10518: 10440: 10166: 9997: 9942: 9920: 9835: 9593: 9545: 9412: 9392: 9271: 9189: 9169: 9119: 9099: 9079: 7542: 7417:"Adverbs and adverb phrases: position – English Grammar Today – Cambridge Dictionary" 7011: 6905: 6901: 6873: 6174: 5905: 5702:), used for a grammatical possessor. This is not always considered to be a case; see 5664: 5549: 4869: 4058: 3862: 3708: 3700: 3582:(in the appropriate tense or form) with the past participle of the verb in question: 3575: 3446: 3150: 3122: 2912: 2714: 2702: 2656: 2470: 2455: 2451: 2414: 2318: 2244: 2182: 2131: 2083: 1780: 1573: 895:
is considered to refer to the people constituting the government). This is a form of
712: 601: 367: 355: 313: 282: 232: 94: 6289:, but inversion also takes place in the same way after other questions, formed with 3586:, etc. The performer of the action may be introduced in a prepositional phrase with 10659: 10545: 10318: 10221: 9932: 9682: 9656: 9646: 9619: 9481: 9214: 9179: 9154: 9109: 8930: 6614: 6218: 6194: 6185:
often creates clusters of two or more verbs at the center of the sentence, such as
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It can also appear without a corresponding logical subject, in short sentences and
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The structure of English; an introduction to the construction of English sentences
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Quirk, Randolph; Greenbaum, Sidney; Leech, Geoffrey; & Svartvik, Jan. (1972).
7073:(3rd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario, Canada: Oxford University Press. p. 194. 8158: 8021: 7924:. Huddleston and Pullman say they profited from consulting this grammar in their 2374:
are used with both singular and plural reference. In the Southern United States,
1147:
An example of a noun phrase that includes all of the above-mentioned elements is
836:. Some nouns can function both as countable and as uncountable such as "wine" in 10710: 10430: 9339: 9149: 9028: 8989: 8954: 8945: 7887:
A Grammar of the English Language: Volumes I (Parts of Speech) & II (Syntax)
7311: 7189: 6690: 6664: 6357:
questions are formed similarly; however, if the verb undergoing inversion has a
5941: 5888: 5748:, which use the same form for both determiner and independent ), and a distinct 5597: 5071: 4929: 4615: 4611: 4475: 4034: 4030: 3869:
as well, expressed without a preposition, then that precedes the direct object:
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is identical to the (basic) infinitive; other imperative forms may be made with
3135: 2406: 1809: 1328: 1108: 984: 688: 676: 592: 482: 317: 301: 264: 6712: 6372:
John is not going. / John isn't going. (negative, with and without contraction)
5883:(or objective) forms; that is, they decline to reflect their relationship to a 5220:
Adjective or adverb phrases combined into a longer adjective or adverb phrase:
17: 9699: 9598: 9555: 9532: 9456: 9291: 9194: 9164: 9159: 9013: 9008: 8915: 8905: 8895: 8154: 6708: 6245: 5993: 5850: 5364:
make relations between clauses, making the clause in which they appear into a
5131: 4422:), or whole sentences, to provide contextual comment or indicate an attitude ( 4278: 3776: 3461: 3040:, while the pronoun would not – in fact, the pronoun is often pronounced as a 1282: 1226: 927: 813: 474: 107: 7932:
Dekeyser, Xavier; Devriendt, Betty; Tops, Guy A. J.; Guekens, Steven (2004).
7210: 3865:
precedes other complements such as prepositional phrases, but if there is an
3584:
cars are driven, he was killed, I am being tickled, it is nice to be pampered
2683:
All the interrogative pronouns can also be used as relative pronouns, though
2551:. All four words can also be used as determiners (followed by a noun), as in 10726: 9689: 9651: 9431: 9248: 9003: 8949: 8925: 8668:, prepared from the author's materials by B. D. H. Miller, was published as 7934:
Foundations of English Grammar For University Students and Advanced Learners
6415:
Never have I known someone so stupid; Only in France can such food be tasted
3919: 3861:). In English, objects and complements nearly always come after the verb; a 825: 625: 150: 6217:. Modern English permits this only in the case of a small class of verbs (" 3751:
are possible, though becoming less common). It also includes the auxiliary
8710: 7009:
Quirk, Randolph; Greenbaum, Sidney; Leech, Geoffrey; Svartik, Jan (1985).
737:), and so on, though many nouns are base forms containing no such suffix ( 620:
can serve as either a verb or a noun (these are regarded as two different
9678: 9673: 7272:"Modal verbs and modality – English Grammar Today – Cambridge Dictionary" 6206: 6205:
Like many other Western European languages, English historically allowed
4233:
Adjectives can be modified by a preceding adverb or adverb phrase, as in
3716: 2466: 2375: 976:") or as an inflection of the last word of a phrase ("edge inflection"). 970: 966: 901:
English plural § Singulars with collective meaning treated as plural
8170:
Rhetorical Grammar: Grammatical Choices, Rhetorical Effects, 5th edition
7598:"From 'F-Bomb' To 'Photobomb,' How The Dictionary Keeps Up With English" 5704:
English possessive § Status of the possessive as a grammatical case
3278:). Regular verbs have identical past tense and past participle forms in 68:
described here occur in some historical, social, cultural, and regional
10828: 9741: 9663: 9379: 8984: 8900: 8381:. Huddleston and Pullman say they found this grammar 'useful' in their 8239:
Three Volumes, translated by Clair James Grece from the German edition
6435:
Inversion can also be used to form conditional clauses, beginning with
4792:. Adverbs that provide a connection with previous information (such as 4429:). They can also indicate a relationship between clauses or sentences ( 4145: 2126: 1729: 1344: 896: 251: 142: 77: 65: 6381:
English auxiliaries and contractions § Contractions and inversion
5540:
still have three morphological cases that are simplified forms of the
4353:. Exceptions include very brief and often established phrases such as 4005:. Certain adjectives are restricted to one or other use; for example, 2378:(you all) is used as a plural form, and various other phrases such as 950:); see below. The possessive form can be used either as a determiner ( 851:
forms. In most cases the plural is formed from the singular by adding
9641: 9326: 9018: 8998: 6777:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 479–481. 5934: 5903:(objective), as in "He saw it" and "It saw him"; similarly, consider 4574:
Most adverbs form comparatives and superlatives by modification with
4462:). Certain words can be used as both adjectives and adverbs, such as 4440:
Many English adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding the ending
4390: 3703:" or simply "auxiliaries". These have different syntax from ordinary 3255: 3180: 3017: 3002: 2619:
is used to ask about alternatives from what is seen as a closed set:
1286: 1266: 1149:
that rather attractive young college student to whom you were talking
848: 718: 691:
consists of a verb together with any objects and other dependents; a
668: 621: 605: 515: 455: 450: 227: 216: 154: 46: 42: 8093:
Huddleston, Rodney D.; Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Reynolds, Brett (2022).
7031:), and in the regular plural by the apostrophe following the plural 4245:. Some can also be preceded by a noun or quantitative phrase, as in 4194:, although with some of them it is idiomatic to use adverbs such as 4148:
and in certain independent uses. For the comparison of adverbs, see
72:
of English, although these are minor compared to the differences in
6697:
because Latin cannot end sentences in prepositions. The rule of no
3727:). Apart from those already mentioned, this class may also include 3445:
in the first person. For the uses of these various verb forms, see
2938:, to refer to the presence or existence of something. For example: 1269:
phrases referring to homeless people or English people in general);
946:). More generally the ending can be applied to noun phrases (as in 772:
Nouns are sometimes classified semantically (by their meanings) as
8664:. London: Keegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & co. A new edition of 6686: 4756:), although if there is an auxiliary or other "special verb" (see 2841: 2589: 1379: 1272:
phrases with a pronoun rather than a noun as the head (see below);
721:
form nouns from other nouns or from other types of words, such as
511: 8410:
Thomson, A. J. (Audrey Jean); Martinet, A. V. (Agnes V.) (1986).
6420:
In elliptical sentences (see below), inversion takes place after
5209:
are both correct. The same applies to other modifiers. (The word
4610:, above). However, a few adverbs retain irregular inflection for 3661:). The modals are used with the basic infinitive form of a verb ( 1327:
was treated as either masculine, feminine, or neuter, existed in
590:– word classes that readily accept new members, such as the noun 8964: 8877: 8018:
Halliday, M. A. K.; Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M. (revised by)
5884: 4828:
A special type of adverb is the adverbial particle used to form
2599: 2384: 2157: 1898: 1324: 793: 773: 547: 414: 146: 134: 38: 9714: 8841: 8742: 6701:
was adopted from Latin because Latin has no split infinitives.
5484:, as well as words that produce interrogative content clauses: 4728:). Many adverbs of frequency, degree, certainty, etc. (such as 1557:
constitute a relatively small class of words. They include the
1230:(where two consecutive phrases refer to the same thing), as in 8648:
The categories and types of present-day English word-formation
6320:
He goes. → Who goes? (no inversion, because the question word
6266:
I am sitting here. → Am I sitting here? (inversion of subject
4811:
If the verb has an object, the adverb comes after the object (
4458: 2911:
is used as a pronoun in some sentences, playing the role of a
2856:
is not the subject of the relative clause, it can be omitted (
1873: 1246:(meaning "the twin curses" that are "famine and pestilence"). 7980:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 672. 6756: 6754: 6752: 5855:
Nouns have distinct singular and plural forms; that is, they
2503:
are used when they do not qualify a noun: as pronouns, as in
699:(and is therefore usually a type of adverbial phrase); and a 8720: 8487:
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/The-Farlex-Grammar-Book.htm
8241:
Englische Grammatik: Die Lehre von der Wort- und Satzfügung.
7858:
A Grammar of the English Language (Oxford Language Classics)
5114:, where the complement in a prepositional phrase can become 3511:
A form identical to the infinitive can be used as a present
2555:. They can also form the alternative pronominal expressions 6910:
Morphosyntactic Categories and the Expression of Possession
6878:
Morphosyntactic Categories and the Expression of Possession
3270:), and – though often identical to the past tense form – a 2454:, concerning abstract ideas like time, weather, etc., or a 1841: 899:, and is more common in British than American English. See 8217:
An English grammar; methodical, analytical, and historical
5242:
Other equivalent items linked, such as prefixes linked in
3024:
could have either of two meanings: "a river exists" (with
1080:). Adjectival modifiers usually come before noun adjuncts. 8698:
Present-day English syntax: A survey of sentence patterns
6966:
more appropriately described as an enclitic postposition'
6193:(OSV) may on occasion be seen in English, usually in the 5913:. Further, these pronouns and a few others have distinct 5189:
Noun phrases combined into a longer noun phrase, such as
5023:. A preposition together with its complement is called a 3785:
Some forms of the copula and auxiliaries often appear as
3215:). Verbs can also be formed from nouns and adjectives by 3096:, etc. Sometimes, the pronoun form is different, as with 3080:
Other pronouns in English are often identical in form to
2687:
is quite limited in its use; see below for more details.
2603:(though in informal contexts this is usually replaced by 1666:
Determiners can be used in certain combinations, such as
8210:
http://www.language-archives.org/item/oai:gial.edu:26766
6552:
Some notable elliptical forms found in English include:
5744:
singular masculine and the third person singular neuter
5019:
A preposition is usually used with a noun phrase as its
628:
to express different grammatical categories. The lexeme
8350:
This book is a translation of Schibsbye's three volume
7728:
Biber, Douglas; Leech, Geoffrey; Conrad, Susan (2002).
7549:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7464: 7462: 7460: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7334: 7332: 7254: 7252: 7239: 7237: 7132:
The Cambridge history of the English language: Volume I
6912:. Manyanda Simon Publishing Company. pp. 149–176. 6880:. Manyanda Simon Publishing Company. pp. 123–148. 6095:
is omitted (unlike its equivalents in many languages):
5099:
Notice that in the second example the relative pronoun
4144:, these generally being restricted to use in comparing 2883:
can be used similarly, in the role of either pronouns (
2627:; this can form the alternative pronominal expressions 1060:
include adjectives and some adjective phrases (such as
7791:
Celce-Murcia, Marianne; Larsen-Freeman, Diane (1999).
6852: 6850: 6848: 6835: 6833: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6799: 6797: 6671:(1685) was the last English grammar written in Latin. 6255:
She can dance. → Can she dance? (inversion of subject
6221:"), consisting of auxiliaries as well as forms of the 3302:
also have irregular third-person present tense forms (
2919:. The "logical subject" of the verb then appears as a 875:), including cases where the two forms are identical ( 8253:
An Advanced English Grammar for Students and Teachers
8215:
Maetzner, Eduard Adolf Ferdinand, 1805–1892. (1873).
7794:
The Grammar Book: An ESL/EFL teacher's course, 2nd ed
7730:
Longman student grammar of spoken and written English
7134:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 144. 6872:(2013). "A cognitive analysis of Manyanda's hat". In 6583:
Clauses that omit the verb, in particular those like
3020:
adverb (meaning "at/to that place"), a sentence like
2597:
refers to a person or people; it has an oblique form
1509:
No, he is not my boyfriend; he is just a male friend.
1201:
can be used at various levels in noun phrases, as in
8660:
Onions, C. T. (Charles Talbut), (1904, 1st edition)
8657:(2nd ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 8137:
Essentials of English Grammar: 25th impression, 1987
7576:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 27–28. 6340:). Indirect yes–no questions can be expressed using 6111:). Such negating words generally have corresponding 5871:. In addition, a few English pronouns have distinct 4345:(where they may be converted into relative clauses: 3028:
as a pronoun), and "a river is in that place" (with
3001:
in such sentences has sometimes been analyzed as an
1527:
France is popular with her neighbors at the moment.
10967: 10934: 10906: 10888: 10849: 10819: 10791: 10753: 10724: 10696: 10673: 10620: 10587: 10554: 10509: 10449: 10395: 10342: 10289: 10247: 10177: 10142: 10064: 10041: 9963: 9901: 9816: 9807: 9607: 9569: 9531: 9503: 9378: 9325: 9247: 9037: 8972: 8963: 8876: 8023:
An Introduction to Functional Grammar, 3rd. edition
7770:
Cambridge Grammar of English: A Comprehensive Guide
7184:as a dummy predicate, based on the analysis of the 7069:Brinton, Laurel J., and Leslie K. Arnovick (2017). 6504:(meaning "no matter whether he is alive or dead"). 5536:Although English has largely lost its case system, 5118:in the same way that a verb's direct object would: 3837:A verb together with its dependents, excluding its 3539:), used in some conditional sentences and similar: 2491:are used as determiners together with nouns, as in 1171:is the noun serving as the head of the phrase, and 812:). A grammatical distinction is often made between 8532:An introduction to English transformational syntax 8264:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 352. 8119:. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, 1937. 170 p. 8002:. Addison Wesley Publishing Company. p. 496. 7010: 6617:, formed with a special verb and pronoun subject: 5786:) and equivalently coordinating indefinite forms ( 5426:conjunctions of opposition or concession, such as 5259:they wouldn't let us in. They wouldn't let us in, 5239:(full verb phrases, including objects, conjoined). 5237:he washed the turnips, peeled them, and diced them 4903:, which consists of a preposition and its object: 3966:), etc.; or from other adjectives using a prefix: 995:of a verb. Most noun phrases have a noun as their 703:is a type of noun phrase containing a determiner. 56:This article describes a generalized, present-day 8125:A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles 7936:. Uitgeverij Acco, Leuven, Belgium. p. 449. 7848:. New York and Chicago: A. S. Barnes and Company. 4899:Another very common type of adverb phrase is the 4256:Complements following the adjective may include: 2607:), and a possessive form (pronoun or determiner) 1512:I have three female cousins and two male cousins. 930:(with no change in pronunciation) in the case of 8500:An introduction to modern English word-formation 8338:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 390. 7951:Fowler, H.W. (2015), Butterfield, Jeremy (ed.), 7654:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 44. 7627:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 47. 5984:is negated with the appearance of the auxiliary 5944:, rather than by declension of the noun itself. 5059:; or generally as an adverb phrase (see above). 5051:; as a complement of a verb or adjective, as in 4720:), although other positions are often possible ( 4686:); or follow the regular adjectival inflection: 3419:"), so forms equivalent to future ones but with 3120:. Another indefinite (or impersonal) pronoun is 2993:There wasn't a discussion, was there? There was. 2844:), and hence differently from the demonstrative 2810:as a relative pronoun is normally found only in 64:, from formal to informal. Divergences from the 8293:A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language 7484:, Chapter 4, "Constraints of current practice." 7013:A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language 6947:A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language 6424:(meaning "also") as well as after the negative 6181:(SVO). The combination of SVO order and use of 6173:English word order has moved from the Germanic 6022:Most combinations of auxiliary verbs etc. with 8449:Visser, F. Th. (Fredericus Theodorus) (2003). 7906:A Comprehensive Descriptive Grammar of English 7816:Chalker, Sylvia; Weiner, Edmund, eds. (1998). 7493: 7468: 7451: 7439: 7384: 7367: 7350: 7338: 7323: 7258: 7243: 7108: 7106: 7104: 6856: 6839: 6824: 6803: 6042:, etc. (Also the uncontracted negated form of 5956:, a finite indicative verb (or its clause) is 1644:, etc.). There are also many phrases (such as 1600:(the role of determiner can also be played by 9726: 8853: 8754: 8075:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 7878:was published by Barnes & Noble, in 1947. 7711:Longman grammar of spoken and written English 7651:Word by Word: The Secret Life of Dictionaries 7624:Word by Word: The Secret Life of Dictionaries 7573:Word by Word: The Secret Life of Dictionaries 6985:. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110. 6775:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4500:.) The adverb corresponding to the adjective 2623:(It can also be an interrogative determiner: 1707:, etc.). This is discussed in more detail at 910:as they are in some languages, but they have 567: 8: 8565:Growth and Structure of the English Language 8451:An historical syntax of the English language 8440:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8229:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8078:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1860. 8046:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7756:Bryant, Margaret; Momozawa, Chikara (1976). 7093:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5399:conjunctions of cause and effect, including 5368:. Some common subordinators in English are: 4456:(for details of spelling and etymology, see 4310:after comparatives, phrases or clauses with 3464:, although there is also a "to-infinitive" ( 2972:is often used for both singular and plural. 2930:occurs most commonly with forms of the verb 2840:is usually pronounced with a reduced vowel ( 2741:refers to things rather than persons, as in 2412:), compared to the more formal alternative, 8545:. Cambridge University Press. p. 352. 8095:A student's introduction to English grammar 8000:A Student's Grammar of the English Language 7953:Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage 7713:. Pearson Education Limited. p. 1203. 6103:, but not (except in non-standard speech) * 5213:can be used here in the sense of "except": 3699:, form a distinct class, sometimes called " 3695:, along with the modal verbs and the other 3339:Most of what are often referred to as verb 3324:has the largest number of irregular forms ( 2647:can be either singular or plural, although 1530:I traveled from England to New York on the 1524:I love my car. She is my greatest passion. 9813: 9733: 9719: 9711: 8969: 8860: 8846: 8838: 8761: 8747: 8739: 8413:A practical English grammar:Fourth Edition 8383:Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. 8233:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 8187:Kolln, Martha J.; Funk, Robert W. (2008). 7926:Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. 7876:Principles and Practice of English Grammar 7732:. Pearson Education Limited. p. 487. 7529:Indo-European linguistics: an introduction 7071:The English language: a linguistic history 6643:The first published English grammar was a 6091:, etc. appear in a sentence, the negating 5516:can be omitted after certain verbs, as in 5263:would they explain what we had done wrong. 2799:is not restricted to persons (one can say 2515:(meaning "someone who is my friend"). See 1249:Particular forms of noun phrases include: 1183:must come after the adjectival modifiers. 586:Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are 574: 560: 180: 8723:website for school teachers developed by 8619:. London: Allen & Unwin. p. 820. 8255:. Universitetsforlaget-Oslo. p. 627. 5909:, which is subjective, and the objective 5821:kicked the ball"), whereas forms such as 5130:. The same can happen in certain uses of 4165:beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful 3857:, complements, and modifiers (adverbs or 3134:), which is a more formal alternative to 2743:the shirt, which used to be red, is faded 1648:) that can play the role of determiners. 8693:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8509:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8336:A Modern English Grammar: Second edition 8065:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8058:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7860:. Oxford University Press. p. 256. 7818:The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar 6674:Even as late as the early 19th century, 5233:he washed, peeled, and diced the turnips 5110:constructions and other uses of passive 5106:Stranded prepositions can also arise in 5093:The song to which you were listening ... 4559:after it. The past participle adjective 4551:a present participle adjective, becomes 4136:are usual) also has the irregular forms 4061:; these cover consonant doubling (as in 3032:as an adverb). In speech, the adverbial 2985:Never has there been a man such as this. 2950:. It can also be used with other verbs: 2948:There have been a lot of problems lately 2615:refers to things or abstracts. The word 2405:, referring to a person in general (see 1758: 1388: 1244:the twin curses of famine and pestilence 938:) and sometimes other words ending with 753:verbs and adjectives, as with the words 8623:Negation in English and Other Languages 8397:A short introduction to English grammar 7200:, 80, Cambridge University Press, 1997. 6748: 6313:-question formed using inversion, with 5089:The song that you were listening to ... 4520:is occasionally used in some phrases). 4347:a woman who is proud of being a midwife 3743:even when not an auxiliary (forms like 188: 133:are commonly distinguished in English: 8433: 8222: 8191:(8th ed.). Longman. p. 453. 8056:Introduction to the Grammar of English 8039: 8026:. London: Hodder Arnold. p. 700. 7751:. D.C. Heath and company. p. 326. 7547:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language 7168: 7086: 6908:; Denison, David; Scott, Alan (eds.). 6876:; Denison, David; Scott, Alan (eds.). 5525: 5066:. This can occur in interrogative and 4877: 3896:For details of possible patterns, see 2956:There occurred a very strange incident 2701:For "who/whom" and related forms, see 2621:which (of the books) do you like best? 2465:is used with both plural and singular 652:. Words in one class can sometimes be 33:is the set of structural rules of the 7505:The Chambers Dictionary, 11th edition 6765:(2002). "Nouns and noun phrases". In 6695:no sentences can end in a preposition 5231:Verbs or verb phrases combined as in 4748:) tend to be placed before the verb ( 3817:. Their negated forms with following 3707:, especially in that they make their 2482:Each employee should clean their desk 1761: 1179:must come first and the noun adjunct 7: 7922:The Comprehensive Grammar of English 7154:English relative clauses: Status of 7152:rather than a relative pronoun. See 6693:is thought to have created the rule 6527:It is possible, however, to include 5964:after an auxiliary, modal or other " 3827:English auxiliaries and contractions 1495:Jane is my friend. She is a dentist. 1232:that president, Abraham Lincoln, ... 1215:a person sitting down or standing up 956:Manyanda's is the one next to Jane's 8416:. Oxford University Press. p.  8128:(Vols. 1–7). Heidelberg: C. Winter. 7690:. Oxford University Press. p.  7397:Beare, Kenneth (10 February 2019). 5655:), used for the direct or indirect 5449:conjunctions of condition: such as 5253:Clauses or sentences linked, as in 3116:, etc. Many examples are listed as 2499:. The second possessive forms like 2487:The possessive determiners such as 1498:Paul is my cousin. He is a dentist. 1224:Noun phrases can also be placed in 535:AmE and BrE grammatical differences 530:African-American Vernacular English 131:"word classes" or "parts of speech" 8655:The syntactic phenomena of English 8512:Fries, Charles Carpenter. (1952). 8139:. London: Routledge. p. 400. 7908:. Kaitakusha, Tokyo. p. 595. 6083:When other negating words such as 5895:. Consider the difference between 5863:; consider the difference between 5235:(verbs conjoined, object shared); 5140:this is the page to make copies of 4543:Adverbs are also formed by adding 4170:Certain adjectives are classed as 948:the man you saw yesterday's sister 695:consists of a preposition and its 25: 8634:A handbook of present-day English 8621:—includes Jespersen's monographs 8363:Collins COBUILD – English Grammar 8284:A Grammar of Contemporary English 8160:The Works of Ben Jonson: Volume 7 6350:Ask them whether/if they saw him. 4809:we went on a shopping expedition. 4547:to the participles. For example, 3775:). For more details of this, see 3351:. Apart from what are called the 3100:(corresponding to the determiner 2587:(all of them can take the suffix 1331:, but fell out of use during the 1253:phrases formed by the determiner 1218: 906:English nouns are not marked for 439:Transitive and intransitive verbs 37:. This includes the structure of 8468:Whitney, William Dwight, (1877) 8317:A Descriptive Grammar of English 7889:. Verbatim Books. p. 1045. 7198:Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 6711: 6011:are added to negate the clause ( 5518:she told us (that) she was ready 5372:conjunctions of time, including 4351:a proud of being a midwife woman 4343:a woman proud of being a midwife 4337:a noun. Sometimes they are used 3592:they were killed by the invaders 2899:) can be used in a similar way. 2858:the song I listened to yesterday 2850:Weak and strong forms in English 2370:The second-person forms such as 1006: 660:has given rise to the adjective 196: 8711:The Internet Grammar of English 8684:Modality and the English modals 8650:(2nd ed.). München: C. H. Beck. 7797:. Heinle & Heinle. p.  7298:, Orient Blackswan, 1976, p. 5. 6317:-support required in this case) 5203:the cat, the dog, and the mouse 5081:(Possible alternative version: 4607: 3821:are also often contracted (see 3739:are also found), and sometimes 2944:There are two cups on the table 2676:to refer to non-persons (e.g., 1207:the matching green coat and hat 1095:may be a prepositional phrase ( 914:forms, through the addition of 843:Countable nouns generally have 27:Grammar of the English language 8696:Scheurweghs, Gustave. (1959). 8530:Huddleston, Rodney D. (1976). 8519:Halliday, M. A. K. (1985/94). 8122:Jespersen, Otto. (1909–1949). 8072:; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). 7296:An Intensive Course in English 6213:the positions of the verb and 6187:he had hoped to try to open it 6003:already uses auxiliary verbs ( 5244:pre- and post-test counselling 4880:described above. For example: 3347:) in English are formed using 2975:The dummy subject can undergo 2952:There exist two major variants 2891:). When referring to persons, 1343:, most prominently the use of 1289:phrases, in certain positions; 1163:are adjectival pre-modifiers, 1123:appropriate to the noun (like 1: 8477:A Handbook of English Grammar 8470:Essentials of English Grammar 8402:Strang, Barbara M. H. (1968) 8245:Essentials of English Grammar 8189:Understanding English Grammar 8163:. London: D. Midwinter et al. 8061:Huddleston, Rodney D. (1988) 8054:Huddleston, Rodney D. (1984) 7787:A CD-Rom version is included. 7687:Oxford Modern English Grammar 7480:British Medical Association, 7399:"Adverb Placement in English" 7314:article for more information. 6669:Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae 6556:Short statements of the form 6531:as the subject for emphasis: 6511:, meaning "let X live long". 6135:Clause and sentence structure 5596:), used for the subject of a 4744:, and various others such as 4408:), pronouns and determiners ( 3822: 3387:, and the perfect continuous 2776:is commonly used in place of 2678:the car whose door won't open 2511:. Note also the construction 2387:, thee, thyself, thy, thine, 1339:retains features relating to 1275:phrases consisting just of a 1211:a dangerous but exciting ride 826:non-count (uncountable) nouns 749:). Nouns are also created by 8641:Meaning and the English verb 8516:. New York: Harcourt, Brace. 8319:. Linguapress. p. 207. 8251:Meyer-Myklestad, J. (1967). 7768:; McCarthy, Michael (2006), 7749:A functional English grammar 7648:Stamper, Kory (2017-01-01). 7621:Stamper, Kory (2017-01-01). 7570:Stamper, Kory (2017-01-01). 6369:John is going. (affirmative) 6328:Inversion does not apply in 6177:to being almost exclusively 6046:is written as a single word 5740:) (with two exceptions: the 5226:over the fields and far away 5195:the red coat or the blue one 5041:between the land and the sea 4339:attributively after the noun 4299:clauses and certain others: 4283:anxious to solve the problem 4149: 4059:regular past tense formation 3878: 3725:could I ...? I could not ... 3715:with the subject, and their 3663:I can swim, he may be killed 3456:The basic form of the verb ( 2961:The dummy subject takes the 2812:restrictive relative clauses 2793:the man whose car is missing 2365:system of grammatical person 1221:below for more explanation. 169:, English nouns do not have 8653:McCawley, James D. (1998). 8639:Leech, Geoffrey N. (1971). 8595:University of Chicago Press 8569:University of Chicago Press 8521:Spoken and written language 8479:(2nd ed.) London: Longmans. 8472:, Boston: Ginn & Heath. 8361:Sinclair, John, ed. (1991) 8296:. Harlow: Longman. p.  8097:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: 8063:English Grammar: An outline 7130:Hogg, Richard, ed. (1992). 6950:. Harlow: Longman. p.  6727:English usage controversies 6639:History of English grammars 6633:History of English grammars 6348:as the interrogative word: 6230:subject–auxiliary inversion 6175:verb-second (V2) word order 5083:About what are you talking? 5079:What are you talking about? 4715:We considered the proposal 4349:), but it is wrong to say * 4320:smaller than I had imagined 3601:consist of the core modals 3179:). Many verbs also contain 2801:an idea whose time has come 2767:the man whom I saw was tall 2751:the man who saw me was tall 2593:for emphasis). The pronoun 2549:these are good, I like that 2507:, and as predicates, as in 1125:... that the world is round 863:), although there are also 794:concrete and abstract nouns 612:structure of the language. 11015: 9695:Syntax–semantics interface 8666:An advanced English syntax 8636:. Utrecht: Kemink en Zoon. 8262:Doing Grammar, 3rd edition 8099:Cambridge University Press 7774:Cambridge University Press 7494:Carter & McCarthy 2006 7469:Carter & McCarthy 2006 7452:Carter & McCarthy 2006 7440:Carter & McCarthy 2006 7385:Carter & McCarthy 2006 7368:Carter & McCarthy 2006 7351:Carter & McCarthy 2006 7339:Carter & McCarthy 2006 7324:Carter & McCarthy 2006 7259:Carter & McCarthy 2006 7244:Carter & McCarthy 2006 7148:in such sentences to be a 6983:The Oxford English Grammar 6857:Carter & McCarthy 2006 6840:Carter & McCarthy 2006 6825:Carter & McCarthy 2006 6804:Carter & McCarthy 2006 6636: 6476:if he were to win the race 6138: 5980:. For example, the clause 5953: 5848: 5062:English allows the use of 4922: 4822:severely at home yesterday 4757: 4415:), prepositional phrases ( 4383: 4328:very difficult to put away 4243:more than a little excited 3911: 3377:am/is/are/was/were writing 3336:for the past participle). 3286:with different forms (see 3282:, but there are 100 or so 3148: 2700: 2694: 2458:of a verb or preposition. 2348: 2230: 2198: 2174: 2152: 2124: 2100: 2078: 2053: 1982: 1950: 1927: 1890: 1862: 1836: 1801: 1748:, and some others, mainly 1722: 1542: 1312: 710: 86:has largely abandoned the 9752: 8792:Stress and reduced vowels 8777: 8691:Word-formation in English 8406:(2nd ed.) London: Arnold. 8399:Chicago: Scott, Foresman. 8315:Rossiter, Andrew (2020). 8243:Professor Whitney in his 8168:Kolln, Martha J. (2006). 8115:Jespersen, Otto. (1937). 7904:Declerck, Renaat (1990). 7747:Bryant, Margaret (1945). 6525:Go away until I call you. 6447:, in the following ways: 6430:so do I, neither does she 6153:and possibly one or more 5940:attached to a possessive 5524:in relative clauses, see 5155:coordinating conjunctions 4894:perhaps shockingly for us 4301:certain that he was right 4104:have the irregular forms 3841:, may be identified as a 3578:is formed using the verb 3553:were he to arrive now ... 3389:have/has/had been writing 3126:(with its reflexive form 2505:mine is bigger than yours 2351:English personal pronouns 2317: 2299: 2282: 2234: 2231: 2199: 2178: 2175: 2153: 2074: 2057: 2054: 1928: 1866: 1863: 1837: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1699:) and when it is a name ( 1292:certain clauses, such as 1257:with an adjective, as in 1105:...which we saw yesterday 1028:Postmodifiers/Complement 673:my very good friend Peter 9115:Exceptional case-marking 8646:Marchand, Hans. (1969). 8498:Adams, Valerie. (1973). 8475:Zandvoort, R. W. (1972) 8404:Modern English structure 8334:Schibsbye, Knud (1970). 8290:Quirk, Randolph (1985). 8172:. Longman. p. 336. 7421:dictionary.cambridge.org 7276:dictionary.cambridge.org 7144:Some linguists consider 6944:; Svartvik, Jan (1985). 6541:Elliptical constructions 6309:I go. → Where do I go? ( 5526:§ Relative pronouns 5270:correlative conjunctions 5112:past participial phrases 5037:after six pleasant weeks 4608:comparison of adjectives 4081:after consonants (as in 4053:(from the positive form 4017:is usually predicative ( 3853:. The dependents may be 3769:he doesn't speak English 3517:It is important that he 2718:(with its derived forms 2697:English relative clauses 1173:to whom you were talking 1113:... sitting on the beach 1107:), certain adjective or 963:status of the possessive 883:). For more details see 177:Word classes and phrases 10464:Central Atlas Tamazight 8505:Bauer, Laurie. (1983). 8484:The Farlex Grammar Book 8260:Morenberg, Max (2002). 7957:Oxford University Press 7822:Oxford University Press 7760:. Seibido. p. 157. 7054:Siemund, Peter (2008). 6472:were he to win the race 6400:Other uses of inversion 6113:negative polarity items 5207:the cat, dog, and mouse 5064:"stranded" prepositions 4913:for the sake of harmony 4726:considered the proposal 4128:(for which the regular 3985:Adjectives may be used 3825:below). For detail see 3773:we did close the fridge 3284:irregular English verbs 2836:. The relative pronoun 2827:I listened to yesterday 2783:The possessive form of 2769:, although in informal 2401:can also be used as an 2357:I, you, she, he, it, we 1713:Zero article in English 1689:my cat sat on the table 1534:; she is a great ship. 1364:gender-neutral language 1304:, in certain positions. 954:) or as a noun phrase ( 889:The government were ... 814:count (countable) nouns 774:proper and common nouns 167:Indo-European languages 8921:Initial-stress-derived 8682:Palmer, F. R. (1979). 8675:Palmer, F. R. (1974). 8632:Kruisinga, E. (1925). 8593:. Chicago and London: 8567:. Chicago and London: 8507:English word-formation 8482:Peter Herring (2016), 8356:Modern English Grammar 7978:Oxford English Grammar 7058:. New York: Routledge. 6490:if he had won the race 6161:(a noun phrase) and a 6078:not noticing the train 6007:), no other auxiliary 5600:and sometimes for the 5248:two or three buildings 5128:get your teeth seen to 5049:the start of the fight 4766:finished the crossword 4435:I inherited the estate 4273:keen on breeding toads 3991:postpositive adjective 3655:be/being/been able (to 3529:committed to the cause 3486:(to) have been writing 3409:will have been writing 3328:in the present tense, 2981:Is there a test today? 2889:whatever book he likes 2867:can be used to form a 2795:); however the use of 2573:interrogative pronouns 2529:demonstrative pronouns 2480:constructions such as 2461:The third-person form 2450:can also be used as a 1746:interrogative pronouns 1738:demonstrative pronouns 1386:) that denote gender. 667:Words combine to form 9432:Inclusive / Exclusive 8670:Modern English syntax 8591:Philosophy of Grammar 8539:Huddleston, Rodney D. 8395:Sledd, James. (1959) 8373:second edition, 2005 8070:Huddleston, Rodney D. 7758:Modern English Syntax 6657:Rudimenta Grammatices 6452:should I win the race 6141:English clause syntax 6101:I didn't see anything 5952:As noted above under 5849:Further information: 5333:not only ... but also 5136:he is nice to talk to 5124:I will be operated on 5053:deal with the problem 4813:He finished the test 4790:have been unconscious 4555:an adverb, by adding 4427:, I don't believe you 4359:a better man than you 4305:unsure where they are 4261:prepositional phrases 4029:Many adjectives have 3898:English clause syntax 3849:may also be called a 3515:in certain contexts: 3451:English clause syntax 3375:(progressive) forms ( 2737:The relative pronoun 1139:after a noun such as 1127:after a noun such as 467:Conditional sentences 8827:Phonological history 8689:Plag, Ingo. (2003). 8219:. J. Murray, London. 6743:Notes and references 6647:of 1586, written by 6645:Pamphlet for Grammar 6466:if he were a soldier 6334:I wonder where he is 6105:I didn't see nothing 6066:not the right answer 5960:by placing the word 5506:probably because ... 5191:John, Eric, and Jill 5025:prepositional phrase 4925:English prepositions 4901:prepositional phrase 4073:) and the change of 4019:the sailor was drunk 3731:(although the forms 3488:. The second-person 3385:have/has/had written 3219:, as with the verbs 2873:I like what he likes 2869:free relative clause 2834:I listened yesterday 2341:Interrogative only. 1697:beauty is subjective 1506:Sam is a male nurse. 1203:John, Paul, and Mary 1137:... to travel widely 767:the assigned reading 693:prepositional phrase 10094:Old Church Slavonic 9312:Relative subsective 9205:Regular / Irregular 9050:Andative / Venitive 8886:Abstract / Concrete 8769:Description of the 8700:. London: Longmans. 8627:A System of Grammar 7684:Aarts, Bas (2011). 7308:Dependency grammars 7180:For a treatment of 7017:. Longman. p.  6737:Subject–object–verb 6502:be he alive or dead 6486:had he won the race 6291:interrogative words 6285:The above concerns 6191:Object–subject–verb 6179:subject–verb–object 5714:, which has both a 5671:possessive pronouns 5565:subjective pronouns 4370:a two-bedroom house 4363:a hard nut to crack 4269:angry at the screen 3875:give the book to me 3645:, and in some uses 3599:English modal verbs 3569:English subjunctive 3332:in the past tense, 3118:indefinite pronouns 3058:reciprocal pronouns 2936:existential clauses 2497:some of his friends 1785:Dependent genitive 1750:indefinite pronouns 1545:English determiners 1378:) and derivational 1219:§ Conjunctions 1167:is a noun adjunct, 1155:is the determiner, 1078:the college student 1044:may be an article ( 1036:In this structure: 838:This is a good wine 184:Part of a series on 101:constructions. The 53:, and whole texts. 10959:Lingua Franca Nova 10602:Classical Japanese 8871:and their features 8869:Lexical categories 8686:. London: Longman. 8679:. London: Longman. 8643:. London: Longman. 8502:. London: Longman. 8286:. Harlow: Longman. 7454:, pp. 314–315 7119:EF Education First 6767:Huddleston, Rodney 6763:Huddleston, Rodney 6536:stay away from me. 6480:if he won the race 6443:(subjunctive), or 6330:indirect questions 6281:-support required) 6151:independent clause 6052:Should he not pay? 5861:grammatical number 5520:. (For the use of 5512:. The conjunction 5366:subordinate clause 5331:, particularly in 5103:could be omitted. 5045:the man in the car 4512:forms the regular 3914:English adjectives 3902:Non-finite clauses 3745:have you a sister? 3567:. For details see 3437:sometimes replace 3427:. The auxiliaries 3417:future in the past 3371:), there are also 3252:present participle 2887:) or determiners ( 2519:for more details. 2517:English possessive 2476:was restricted to 2442:can be used. (See 2438:. In other cases, 2403:indefinite pronoun 1693:dogs are dangerous 1321:grammatical gender 681:adjectival phrases 624:). Lexemes may be 171:grammatical gender 120:English possessive 10986: 10985: 10640:Classical Chinese 10285: 10284: 9746:world's languages 9708: 9707: 9513:Casally modulated 9418:Formal / Informal 9307:Pure intersective 9257:Anti-intersective 9243: 9242: 9190:Preterite-present 8835: 8834: 8617:Selected Writings 8552:978-0-521-11395-3 8525:Deakin University 8352:Engelsk Grammatik 8326:978-2-958-38550-7 8198:978-0-205-62690-8 8108:978-1-009-08574-8 7996:Greenbaum, Sidney 7974:Greenbaum, Sidney 7966:978-0-19-966135-0 7943:978-90-334-5637-4 7701:978-0-19-953319-0 7080:978-0-19-901915-1 6979:Greenbaum, Sidney 6961:978-0-582-51734-9 6938:Greenbaum, Sidney 6699:split infinitives 6462:were he a soldier 6456:if I win the race 6387:Dependent clauses 6155:dependent clauses 6056:Shouldn't he pay? 5899:(subjective) and 5859:to reflect their 5833:are used for the 5813:are used for the 5770:personal pronoun 5728:) and a distinct 5538:personal pronouns 5510:especially if ... 5480:, which produces 5355:many other sports 5246:, numerals as in 4878:adjective phrases 4820:His arm was hurt 4495:The streaker ran 4488:The streaker ran 4420:through the movie 4374:a no-jeans policy 4122:further, furthest 4118:farther, farthest 3889:), are known as " 3859:adverbial phrases 3657:) for the modals 3506:let them eat cake 3478:(to) have written 3460:) is used as the 3405:will have written 3266:), a past tense ( 3012:Because the word 2940:There is a heaven 2917:intransitive verb 2915:, normally of an 2885:whatever he likes 2831:the song to which 2710:relative pronouns 2444:Gender in English 2367:(1st, 2nd, 3rd). 2339: 2338: 1999:etc. (see above) 1742:relative pronouns 1734:personal pronouns 1614:quantifying words 1487: 1486: 1384:widower, waitress 1315:Gender in English 1157:rather attractive 1121:infinitive phrase 1032: 1031: 701:determiner phrase 685:adverbial phrases 584: 583: 103:personal pronouns 16:(Redirected from 11006: 10655:Mandarin Chinese 10486:Levantine Arabic 9814: 9735: 9728: 9721: 9712: 9287:Non-intersective 8970: 8862: 8855: 8848: 8839: 8822:Language history 8771:English language 8763: 8756: 8749: 8740: 8677:The English verb 8620: 8608: 8582: 8556: 8464: 8445: 8439: 8431: 8365:London: Collins 8349: 8330: 8311: 8275: 8256: 8238: 8228: 8220: 8202: 8183: 8164: 8150: 8112: 8089: 8051: 8045: 8037: 8013: 7991: 7969: 7947: 7919: 7900: 7883:Curme, George O. 7871: 7854:Cobbett, William 7849: 7840:Cobbett, William 7835: 7812: 7786: 7761: 7752: 7743: 7724: 7705: 7666: 7665: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7539: 7533: 7521: 7515: 7512: 7506: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7371: 7365: 7354: 7348: 7342: 7336: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7305: 7299: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7282: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7247: 7241: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7207: 7201: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7127: 7121: 7117: 7110: 7099: 7098: 7092: 7084: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7040: 7016: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6843: 6837: 6828: 6822: 6807: 6801: 6792: 6791: 6771:Pullum, Geoffrey 6758: 6732:English prefixes 6721: 6716: 6715: 6649:William Bullokar 6287:yes–no questions 6251:). For example: 6209:to be formed by 6028:contracted forms 5476:the conjunction 5157:in English are: 5120:it was looked at 5068:relative clauses 5057:proud of oneself 4886:all too suddenly 4216:adjective phrase 4124:. The adjective 4011:a drunken sailor 4009:is attributive ( 4003:the house is big 3871:give me the book 3749:he hadn't a clue 3737:he didn't use to 3723:after the verb ( 3719:forms by adding 3667:we dare not move 3319: 3312: 3047: 3022:There is a river 3005:, or as a dummy 2923:after the verb. 2561:these/those ones 2513:a friend of mine 2509:this one is mine 2478:quantificational 2469:. Historically, 1893:Archaic informal 1759: 1725:English pronouns 1709:English articles 1685:cat sat on table 1549:English articles 1389: 1323:, whereby every 1298:relative clauses 1117:dependent clause 1007: 936:the dogs' owners 576: 569: 562: 544:Grammar disputes 540:Double negatives 537: 200: 181: 58:Standard English 35:English language 21: 11014: 11013: 11009: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11004: 11003: 10999:English grammar 10989: 10988: 10987: 10982: 10963: 10930: 10902: 10884: 10852:Native American 10845: 10815: 10787: 10749: 10720: 10692: 10669: 10616: 10583: 10550: 10505: 10445: 10391: 10338: 10281: 10243: 10173: 10138: 10060: 10037: 9959: 9938:Scottish Gaelic 9897: 9803: 9748: 9739: 9709: 9704: 9603: 9565: 9527: 9499: 9427:Gender-specific 9374: 9321: 9239: 9125:Germanic strong 9033: 8959: 8872: 8866: 8836: 8831: 8802:Spelling reform 8773: 8767: 8734:British Council 8730:English Grammar 8707: 8613:Jespersen, Otto 8611: 8605: 8597:. p. 363. 8587:Jespersen, Otto 8585: 8579: 8571:. p. 244. 8561:Jespersen, Otto 8559: 8553: 8537: 8495: 8461: 8448: 8432: 8428: 8409: 8346: 8333: 8327: 8314: 8308: 8289: 8272: 8259: 8250: 8221: 8214: 8199: 8186: 8180: 8167: 8153: 8147: 8133:Jespersen, Otto 8131: 8117:Analytic Syntax 8109: 8101:. p. 320. 8092: 8086: 8068: 8038: 8034: 8016: 8010: 7994: 7988: 7972: 7967: 7959:, p. 813, 7950: 7944: 7931: 7916: 7903: 7897: 7881: 7868: 7852: 7838: 7832: 7824:. p. 464. 7815: 7809: 7790: 7784: 7776:, p. 984, 7764: 7755: 7746: 7740: 7727: 7721: 7708: 7702: 7683: 7680: 7675: 7673:Further reading 7670: 7669: 7662: 7647: 7646: 7642: 7635: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7606: 7604: 7596: 7595: 7591: 7584: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7541: 7540: 7536: 7522: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7504: 7500: 7492: 7488: 7482:Misuse of Drugs 7479: 7475: 7467: 7458: 7450: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7425: 7423: 7415: 7414: 7410: 7396: 7395: 7391: 7383: 7374: 7366: 7357: 7349: 7345: 7337: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7306: 7302: 7293: 7289: 7280: 7278: 7270: 7269: 7265: 7257: 7250: 7242: 7235: 7225: 7223: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7179: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7143: 7139: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7112: 7111: 7102: 7085: 7081: 7068: 7067: 7063: 7053: 7052: 7048: 7038: 7008: 7007: 7003: 6993: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6962: 6942:Leech, Geoffrey 6934:Quirk, Randolph 6932: 6931: 6927: 6920: 6906:Börjars, Kersti 6902:Börjars, Kersti 6900: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6874:Börjars, Kersti 6870:Hudson, Richard 6868: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6846: 6838: 6831: 6823: 6810: 6802: 6795: 6785: 6760: 6759: 6750: 6745: 6719:Language portal 6717: 6710: 6707: 6683:parts of speech 6655:Latin grammar, 6641: 6635: 6543: 6517: 6488:(equivalent to 6474:(equivalent to 6464:(equivalent to 6454:(equivalent to 6402: 6389: 6338:... where is he 6324:is the subject) 6203: 6183:auxiliary verbs 6171: 6143: 6137: 6109:Double negative 6070:not interesting 5968:" verb such as 5950: 5929:. For example, 5917:forms, such as 5853: 5847: 5712:possessive case 5620:object pronouns 5559:nominative case 5534: 5482:content clauses 5294:neither ... nor 5268:There are also 5222:tired but happy 5148: 5033:under the table 5027:. Examples are 4927: 4921: 4909:after two years 4866: 4854:pick up the pen 4850:pick the pen up 4388: 4386:English adverbs 4382: 4316:better than you 4293:content clauses 4287:easy to pick up 4212: 4096:The adjectives 4027: 3916: 3910: 3867:indirect object 3835: 3823:§ Negation 3711:forms by plain 3683:you ought to go 3557:I wish she were 3482:(to) be writing 3458:be, write, play 3401:will be writing 3349:auxiliary verbs 3272:past participle 3217:zero derivation 3177:realise/realize 3153: 3147: 3130:and possessive 3078: 3054: 3036:would be given 2905: 2745:. For persons, 2712:in English are 2706: 2699: 2693: 2569: 2531:of English are 2525: 2353: 2347: 2306: 2250: 2140: 2043: 2031: 2023: 2015: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1924:(before vowel) 1921: 1850: 1829: 1824: 1727: 1721: 1687:; one must say 1602:noun possessive 1551: 1543:Main articles: 1541: 1532:Queen Elizabeth 1398:Gender neutral 1317: 1311: 1240:Abraham Lincoln 1101:relative clause 982: 715: 709: 580: 551: 550: 546: 542: 538: 533: 532: 527: 519: 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 491: 490: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 453: 443: 442: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 419:Irregular verbs 417: 413: 394: 375: 373:Auxiliary verbs 370: 360: 359: 358: 354: 350: 335: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 258: 254: 249: 239: 238: 237: 226: 215: 210: 190:English grammar 179: 31:English grammar 28: 23: 22: 18:English Grammar 15: 12: 11: 5: 11012: 11010: 11002: 11001: 10991: 10990: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10974: 10972: 10965: 10964: 10962: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10940: 10938: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10912: 10910: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10900: 10894: 10892: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10856: 10854: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10825: 10823: 10817: 10816: 10814: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10797: 10795: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10759: 10757: 10751: 10750: 10748: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10731: 10729: 10722: 10721: 10719: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10702: 10700: 10694: 10693: 10691: 10690: 10685: 10679: 10677: 10671: 10670: 10668: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10626: 10624: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10593: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10560: 10558: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10527: 10526: 10515: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10466: 10461: 10455: 10453: 10447: 10446: 10444: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10402: 10400: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10348: 10346: 10340: 10339: 10337: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10295: 10293: 10287: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10279: 10274: 10273: 10272: 10267: 10257: 10251: 10249: 10245: 10244: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10239: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10183: 10181: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10169: 10159: 10154: 10148: 10146: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10114:Serbo-Croatian 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10070: 10068: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10058: 10053: 10047: 10045: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10014: 10013: 10008: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9988:Istro-Romanian 9985: 9980: 9975: 9969: 9967: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9950: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9929: 9928: 9918: 9913: 9907: 9905: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9849: 9848: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9822: 9820: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9801: 9800: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9764: 9759: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9740: 9738: 9737: 9730: 9723: 9715: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9671: 9669:Procedure word 9666: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9627:Complementizer 9624: 9623: 9622: 9611: 9609: 9605: 9604: 9602: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9575: 9573: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9537: 9535: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9509: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9497: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9423:Gender-neutral 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9388:Bound variable 9384: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9331: 9329: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9253: 9251: 9245: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9045:Ambitransitive 9041: 9039: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8987: 8982: 8976: 8974: 8967: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8957: 8952: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8882: 8880: 8874: 8873: 8867: 8865: 8864: 8857: 8850: 8842: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8768: 8766: 8765: 8758: 8751: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8727: 8717: 8706: 8705:External links 8703: 8702: 8701: 8694: 8687: 8680: 8673: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8609: 8603: 8583: 8577: 8557: 8551: 8535: 8528: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8489: 8480: 8473: 8466: 8459: 8446: 8426: 8407: 8400: 8393: 8359: 8344: 8331: 8325: 8312: 8306: 8287: 8280: 8276: 8270: 8257: 8248: 8212: 8203: 8197: 8184: 8178: 8165: 8151: 8145: 8129: 8120: 8113: 8107: 8090: 8084: 8066: 8059: 8052: 8032: 8014: 8008: 7992: 7986: 7970: 7965: 7948: 7942: 7929: 7928:(p. 1765) 7914: 7901: 7895: 7879: 7872: 7866: 7850: 7836: 7830: 7813: 7807: 7788: 7782: 7766:Carter, Ronald 7762: 7753: 7744: 7738: 7725: 7719: 7706: 7700: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7660: 7640: 7633: 7613: 7589: 7582: 7562: 7555: 7543:Crystal, David 7534: 7524:James Clackson 7516: 7507: 7498: 7486: 7473: 7456: 7444: 7432: 7408: 7389: 7372: 7355: 7343: 7328: 7316: 7300: 7287: 7263: 7248: 7233: 7220:dictionary.com 7202: 7173: 7161: 7150:complementizer 7137: 7122: 7100: 7079: 7061: 7046: 7001: 6991: 6970: 6960: 6925: 6918: 6893: 6886: 6861: 6844: 6829: 6808: 6793: 6783: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6706: 6703: 6689:, for example 6676:Lindley Murray 6653:William Lily's 6637:Main article: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6612: 6605:I don't either 6581: 6542: 6539: 6516: 6513: 6494: 6493: 6483: 6469: 6459: 6401: 6398: 6388: 6385: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6326: 6325: 6318: 6283: 6282: 6275: 6264: 6259:and auxiliary 6202: 6199: 6170: 6167: 6139:Main article: 6136: 6133: 6013:I am not going 5949: 5946: 5846: 5843: 5837:("John kicked 5801:Forms such as 5758:form (such as 5732:form (such as 5720:form (such as 5708: 5707: 5660: 5609: 5550:genitive cases 5533: 5530: 5502: 5501: 5474: 5471:in case (that) 5463:whether or not 5447: 5424: 5397: 5359: 5358: 5326: 5308: 5291: 5266: 5265: 5251: 5240: 5229: 5218: 5215:nobody but you 5147: 5144: 5097: 5096: 5091:(more formal: 5086: 4923:Main article: 4920: 4917: 4865: 4862: 4406:a lovely place 4384:Main article: 4381: 4378: 4324: 4323: 4308: 4290: 4276: 4251:two-meter-long 4239:truly imposing 4230:may be added. 4211: 4208: 4026: 4023: 3912:Main article: 3909: 3906: 3879:§ Adverbs 3834: 3831: 3765:do I like you? 3733:did he use to? 3677:, which takes 3673:), except for 3415:(also called " 3353:simple present 3343:(or sometimes 3149:Main article: 3146: 3143: 3077: 3074: 3053: 3050: 3016:can also be a 2904: 2901: 2791:(for example, 2695:Main article: 2692: 2689: 2611:. The pronoun 2568: 2565: 2524: 2521: 2349:Main article: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2283:Relative only 2280: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2247: 2242: 2239: 2237:interrogative 2233: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2039: 2027: 2011: 2000: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1864:Second-person 1861: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1847: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1828:(before vowel) 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1723:Main article: 1720: 1717: 1604:forms such as 1576:words such as 1540: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1528: 1525: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1341:natural gender 1337:Modern English 1333:Middle English 1313:Main article: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1290: 1280: 1273: 1270: 1236:that president 1145: 1144: 1081: 1076:in the phrase 1053: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 981: 978: 952:Manyanda's cat 893:the government 885:English plural 711:Main article: 708: 705: 632:has the forms 598:closed classes 582: 581: 579: 578: 571: 564: 556: 553: 552: 528: 525: 524: 521: 520: 508:Capitalization 502: 497: 496: 493: 492: 454: 449: 448: 445: 444: 371: 366: 365: 362: 361: 310:Interrogatives 283:Demonstratives 250: 245: 244: 241: 240: 211: 206: 205: 202: 201: 193: 192: 186: 185: 178: 175: 116:Saxon genitive 114:, and by the " 84:Modern English 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11011: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10966: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10941: 10939: 10937: 10933: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10913: 10911: 10909: 10905: 10899: 10896: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10848: 10842: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10824: 10822: 10818: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10790: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10758: 10756: 10752: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10723: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10695: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10676: 10675:Austroasiatic 10672: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10619: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10586: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10553: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10525: 10522: 10521: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10508: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10456: 10454: 10452: 10448: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10399: 10394: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10345: 10341: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10288: 10278: 10275: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10246: 10238: 10235: 10234: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10176: 10168: 10165: 10164: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10141: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10063: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10044: 10040: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9927: 9924: 9923: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9904: 9900: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9809:Indo-European 9806: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9762:Orthographies 9760: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9736: 9731: 9729: 9724: 9722: 9717: 9716: 9713: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9621: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9606: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9584:Interrogative 9582: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9572: 9568: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9551:Interrogative 9549: 9547: 9546:Demonstrative 9544: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9534: 9530: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9502: 9496: 9495:Prepositional 9492: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9482:Strong / Weak 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9447:Interrogative 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9393:Demonstrative 9391: 9389: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9381: 9377: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9360:Prepositional 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9350:Interrogative 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9324: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9272:Demonstrative 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9246: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9130:Germanic weak 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9120:Frequentative 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9060:Autocausative 9058: 9056: 9055:Anticausative 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9036: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9024:Transgressive 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8975: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8962: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8881: 8879: 8875: 8870: 8863: 8858: 8856: 8851: 8849: 8844: 8843: 8840: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8779: 8776: 8772: 8764: 8759: 8757: 8752: 8750: 8745: 8744: 8741: 8735: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8716: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8704: 8699: 8695: 8692: 8688: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8674: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8652: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8604:0-226-39881-1 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8578:0-226-39877-3 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8533: 8529: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8511: 8508: 8504: 8501: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8471: 8467: 8462: 8460:90-04-07142-3 8456: 8452: 8447: 8443: 8437: 8429: 8427:0-19-431342-5 8423: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8408: 8405: 8401: 8398: 8394: 8392: 8391:0-00-716921-3 8388: 8384: 8380: 8379:0-00-718387-9 8376: 8372: 8371:0-00-370257-X 8368: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8345:0-19-431327-1 8341: 8337: 8332: 8328: 8322: 8318: 8313: 8309: 8307:0-582-51734-6 8303: 8299: 8295: 8294: 8288: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8271:0-19-513840-6 8267: 8263: 8258: 8254: 8249: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8218: 8213: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8194: 8190: 8185: 8181: 8179:0-321-39723-1 8175: 8171: 8166: 8162: 8161: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8146:0-415-10440-8 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8121: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8091: 8087: 8085:0-521-43146-8 8081: 8077: 8076: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8043: 8035: 8033:0-340-76167-9 8029: 8025: 8024: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8009:0-582-05971-2 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7987:0-19-861250-8 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7935: 7930: 7927: 7923: 7917: 7915:4-7589-0538-X 7911: 7907: 7902: 7898: 7896:0-930454-03-0 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7867:0-19-860508-0 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7831:0-19-280087-6 7827: 7823: 7819: 7814: 7810: 7808:0-8384-4725-2 7804: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7789: 7785: 7783:0-521-67439-5 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7754: 7750: 7745: 7741: 7739:0-582-23726-2 7735: 7731: 7726: 7722: 7720:0-582-23725-4 7716: 7712: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7678:Grammar books 7677: 7672: 7663: 7661:9781101870945 7657: 7653: 7652: 7644: 7641: 7636: 7634:9781101870945 7630: 7626: 7625: 7617: 7614: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7590: 7585: 7583:9781101870945 7579: 7575: 7574: 7566: 7563: 7558: 7556:0-521-55967-7 7552: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7517: 7511: 7508: 7502: 7499: 7496:, p. 316 7495: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7477: 7474: 7471:, p. 315 7470: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7448: 7445: 7442:, p. 312 7441: 7436: 7433: 7422: 7418: 7412: 7409: 7404: 7400: 7393: 7390: 7387:, p. 313 7386: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7370:, p. 311 7369: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7353:, p. 310 7352: 7347: 7344: 7341:, p. 309 7340: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7326:, p. 308 7325: 7320: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7288: 7277: 7273: 7267: 7264: 7261:, p. 303 7260: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7246:, p. 301 7245: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7214: 7206: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7174: 7171:, p. 813 7170: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7138: 7133: 7126: 7123: 7120: 7115: 7114:"NOUN GENDER" 7109: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7096: 7090: 7082: 7076: 7072: 7065: 7062: 7057: 7050: 7047: 7043: 7041: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7015: 7014: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6992:0-19-861250-8 6988: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6926: 6921: 6919:9789027273000 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6897: 6894: 6889: 6887:9789027273000 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6862: 6859:, p. 299 6858: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6845: 6842:, p. 298 6841: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6827:, p. 297 6826: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6806:, p. 296 6805: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6784:0-521-43146-8 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6761:Payne, John; 6757: 6755: 6753: 6749: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6677: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6615:Tag questions 6613: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6219:special verbs 6216: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6149:contains one 6148: 6142: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6097:I saw nothing 6094: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6064:before them: 6063: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5996: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5875:(also called 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5768:interrogative 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5665:genitive case 5661: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5417:in order that 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5362:Subordinators 5356: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5323:rewarded them 5322: 5318: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5277:either ... or 5275: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5108:passive voice 5104: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4882:very sleepily 4879: 4875: 4871: 4870:adverb phrase 4863: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4830:phrasal verbs 4826: 4824: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4775: 4774:manage a pint 4773: 4767: 4765: 4759: 4755: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4604:most smoothly 4601: 4600:more smoothly 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4485: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4454:theoretically 4451: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4431:He died, and 4428: 4426: 4421: 4419: 4414: 4412: 4407: 4405: 4400: 4398: 4392: 4387: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3999:predicatively 3996: 3995:the big house 3992: 3988: 3987:attributively 3983: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3891:phrasal verbs 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3863:direct object 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3709:interrogative 3706: 3705:lexical verbs 3702: 3701:special verbs 3698: 3694: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3671:need they go? 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3637:, as well as 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3576:passive voice 3572: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3528: 3522: 3520: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3447:English verbs 3444: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3290:). The verbs 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3151:English verbs 3144: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2989:question tags 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2913:dummy subject 2910: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2824:the song that 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2711: 2704: 2703:Who (pronoun) 2698: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2567:Interrogative 2566: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2557:this/that one 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2523:Demonstrative 2522: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2452:dummy subject 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2422:, possessive 2421: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2344: 2342: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2266:Non-personal 2265: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235:Relative and 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2055:Third-person 2049: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2001: 1997: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1803:First-person 1798:(possessive) 1795: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1574:interrogative 1571: 1570:demonstrative 1567: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1546: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1316: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097:... of London 1094: 1093: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1070:noun adjuncts 1067: 1066:really lovely 1063: 1059: 1058: 1057:pre-modifiers 1054: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1016:Pre-modifiers 1015: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 979: 977: 975: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 926:) or just an 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 806:embarrassment 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 770: 768: 764: 763:a boring talk 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 714: 713:English nouns 706: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 679:. Similarly, 678: 674: 670: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 613: 611: 607: 603: 602:Interjections 599: 595: 594: 589: 577: 572: 570: 565: 563: 558: 557: 555: 554: 549: 545: 541: 536: 531: 526:Variant usage 523: 522: 517: 513: 509: 505: 504:Abbreviations 500: 495: 494: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 463: 462: 457: 452: 447: 446: 440: 436: 432: 431:Phrasal verbs 428: 427:Passive voice 424: 420: 416: 411: 410: 406: 402: 397: 392: 391: 387: 383: 378: 374: 369: 364: 363: 357: 353: 352:Subordinators 348: 347: 343: 338: 333: 332: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 306:Interjections 303: 299: 294: 293: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 267: 266: 261: 257: 253: 248: 243: 242: 235: 234: 233:frequentative 229: 224: 223: 218: 214: 209: 204: 203: 199: 195: 194: 191: 187: 183: 182: 176: 174: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 127: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 104: 100: 96: 95:Indo-European 92: 89: 85: 81: 79: 75: 74:pronunciation 71: 67: 63: 59: 54: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 19: 10801:Massachusett 10755:Austronesian 10622:Sino-Tibetan 9888:West Frisian 9840: 9787:Prepositions 9766: 9683:Pro-sentence 9657:Onomatopoeia 9647:Interjection 9620:Measure word 9403:Distributive 9297:Postpositive 9277:Intersective 9230:Unaccusative 9175:Performative 9145:Intransitive 9105:Ditransitive 8931:Noun adjunct 8781: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8654: 8647: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8622: 8616: 8590: 8564: 8542: 8531: 8520: 8513: 8506: 8499: 8483: 8476: 8469: 8450: 8412: 8403: 8396: 8382: 8362: 8355: 8351: 8335: 8316: 8292: 8283: 8261: 8252: 8244: 8240: 8216: 8188: 8169: 8159: 8136: 8123: 8116: 8094: 8074: 8062: 8055: 8022: 7999: 7977: 7952: 7933: 7925: 7921: 7905: 7886: 7875: 7857: 7844: 7817: 7793: 7769: 7757: 7748: 7729: 7710: 7686: 7650: 7643: 7623: 7616: 7605:. Retrieved 7601: 7592: 7572: 7565: 7546: 7537: 7528: 7519: 7510: 7501: 7489: 7481: 7476: 7447: 7435: 7424:. Retrieved 7420: 7411: 7402: 7392: 7346: 7319: 7303: 7295: 7294:C.D. Sidhu, 7290: 7279:. Retrieved 7275: 7266: 7224:. Retrieved 7218: 7212: 7205: 7197: 7193: 7181: 7176: 7164: 7155: 7145: 7140: 7131: 7125: 7118: 7070: 7064: 7055: 7049: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7022: 7012: 7004: 6996: 6982: 6973: 6965: 6946: 6928: 6909: 6896: 6877: 6864: 6788: 6774: 6680: 6673: 6668: 6656: 6644: 6642: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6609:neither do I 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6544: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6501: 6497: 6495: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6451: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6419: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6393: 6390: 6378: 6362: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6314: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6284: 6278: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6256: 6246: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6225: 6204: 6195:future tense 6186: 6172: 6144: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6082: 6077: 6074:not to enter 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6021: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5999:). When the 5994: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5961: 5954:§ Verbs 5951: 5937: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5868: 5864: 5856: 5854: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5745: 5742:third person 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5618: 5614:oblique case 5612: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5535: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5477: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5314: 5311:both ... and 5310: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5267: 5260: 5256: 5254: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5151:Conjunctions 5149: 5146:Conjunctions 5139: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5105: 5100: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4930:Prepositions 4928: 4919:Prepositions 4912: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4893: 4890:oddly enough 4889: 4885: 4881: 4867: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4819: 4814: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4771: 4769: 4763: 4761: 4758:§ Verbs 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4553:accordingly, 4552: 4548: 4544: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4489: 4487: 4481: 4480:That's just 4479: 4476:flat adverbs 4474:; these are 4471: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4439: 4433:consequently 4432: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4389: 4373: 4369: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4334: 4332: 4327: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4268: 4265:proud of him 4264: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4232: 4213: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4154: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4110:worse, worst 4109: 4106:better, best 4105: 4101: 4097: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3972:irredeemable 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3895: 3886: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3836: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3787:contractions 3784: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3525:... that he 3524: 3518: 3516: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3455: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3413:conditionals 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3320:). The verb 3314: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3154: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3084:(especially 3079: 3065: 3061: 3056:The English 3055: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3011: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2969: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2926:This use of 2925: 2908: 2906: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2875:. The words 2872: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2755:oblique case 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2684: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2663: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2570: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2486: 2481: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2456:dummy object 2447: 2446:.) The word 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2408: 2398: 2390: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2369: 2360: 2356: 2354: 2340: 2324: 2307:one another 2251: 2241:For persons 2236: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2141: 2116: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2013: 2002: 1989: 1984: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1897: 1892: 1851: 1830: 1825: 1779:Independent 1753: 1728: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1675: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1609: 1605: 1597: 1593: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1531: 1517: 1515: 1501: 1490: 1488: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1383: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1319:A system of 1318: 1302:what he said 1301: 1296:clauses and 1293: 1262: 1259:the homeless 1258: 1254: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1223: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1187:Coordinators 1185: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1112: 1104: 1096: 1092:postmodifier 1090: 1084: 1077: 1073: 1065: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1035: 1001: 985:Noun phrases 983: 974:postposition 960: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 923: 919: 915: 905: 892: 888: 880: 876: 872: 868: 860: 856: 852: 842: 837: 833: 829: 821: 817: 809: 805: 801: 797: 789: 785: 781: 777: 771: 766: 762: 758: 754: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 717:Many common 716: 672: 666: 661: 657: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 617: 614: 591: 588:open classes 585: 487:Zero-marking 459: 399: 380: 340: 329: 326:Prepositions 318:Portmanteaus 290: 275:Coordinators 263: 231: 220: 189: 163:conjunctions 159:prepositions 128: 123: 112:prepositions 97:in favor of 88:inflectional 82: 55: 30: 29: 10970:constructed 10954:Interlingue 10949:Interlingua 10821:Uto-Aztecan 10511:Niger–Congo 10451:Afroasiatic 9777:Determiners 9757:Phonologies 9632:Conjunction 9398:Disjunctive 9335:Conjunctive 9282:Nominalized 9185:Predicative 9029:Verbal noun 8980:Attributive 8797:Orthography 8155:Jonson, Ben 7312:verb phrase 7215:Definition" 7169:Fowler 2015 6691:John Dryden 6665:John Wallis 6623:were there? 6578:they didn't 6570:do/does/did 6515:Imperatives 6509:long live X 6359:contraction 6270:and copula 6001:affirmative 5990:I do not go 5942:noun phrase 5889:preposition 5730:independent 5598:finite verb 5436:even though 5344:exhilarated 5329:not ... but 5002:in spite of 4970:in front of 4934:in front of 4905:in the pool 4616:superlative 4612:comparative 4516:, although 4508:(note that 4355:easy-to-use 4228:complements 4222:, to which 4035:superlative 4031:comparative 3847:finite verb 3843:verb phrase 3697:auxiliaries 3535:instead of 3513:subjunctive 3423:instead of 3365:simple past 3326:am, is, are 3088:), such as 3086:quantifiers 3082:determiners 3066:one another 2967:contraction 2625:which book? 2418:(reflexive 2300:Reciprocal 2165:themselves 1985:Nonstandard 1941:yourselves 1833:(esp. BrE) 1646:a couple of 1612:); various 1590:possessives 1555:determiners 1539:Determiners 1329:Old English 1265:(these are 1263:the English 1109:participial 944:Jesus' love 869:woman/women 689:verb phrase 677:noun phrase 662:aerobicized 593:celebutante 499:Orthography 483:Periphrasis 423:Modal verbs 390:subjunctive 382:conditional 322:Possessives 302:Intensifier 287:Determiners 139:determiners 91:case system 10727:East Asian 10688:Vietnamese 10474:Historical 10436:Mingrelian 10202:Hindustani 10179:Indo-Aryan 10129:Slovincian 10089:Macedonian 10074:Belarusian 10056:Lithuanian 10018:Portuguese 9948:colloquial 9772:Adjectives 9700:Yes and no 9615:Classifier 9599:Possessive 9561:Quantifier 9556:Possessive 9533:Determiner 9505:Adposition 9477:Resumptive 9462:Reciprocal 9457:Possessive 9437:Indefinite 9365:Pronominal 9317:Subsective 9292:Possessive 9262:Collateral 9235:Unergative 9225:Transitive 9140:Inchoative 9135:Impersonal 9075:Catenative 9014:Participle 9009:Infinitive 8941:Relational 8911:Collective 8891:Adjectival 8721:Englicious 8534:. Longman. 8493:Monographs 7607:2017-04-21 7426:2020-09-24 7281:2020-09-24 6661:Henry VIII 6593:me neither 6566:we mustn't 6521:imperative 6169:Word order 6145:A typical 6005:I am going 5927:plain case 5915:possessive 5877:subjective 5873:nominative 5851:Declension 5845:Declension 5717:determiner 5602:complement 5542:nominative 5340:exhausted 5132:infinitive 5029:in England 5021:complement 4858:pick it up 4786:You might 4754:have chips 4606:(see also 4592:most often 4588:more often 4571:after it. 4567:by adding 4565:repeatedly 4549:according, 4538:lengthwise 4279:infinitive 4196:completely 4172:ungradable 4045:, such as 4025:Comparison 3976:unforeseen 3920:adjectives 3908:Adjectives 3900:. See the 3643:had better 3490:imperative 3462:infinitive 3397:will write 3373:continuous 3213:undervalue 3183:, such as 3070:antecedent 3062:each other 3052:Reciprocal 2921:complement 2897:whom(ever) 2633:which ones 2553:those cars 2493:my old man 2305:each other 2139:themselves 2061:Masculine 2014:yeerselves 1968:yourselves 1790:(subject) 1770:Accusative 1765:Nominative 1610:the girl's 1568:; certain 1283:infinitive 1277:possessive 1227:apposition 1086:complement 1042:determiner 1010:Determiner 928:apostrophe 924:children's 912:possessive 751:converting 735:sisterhood 697:complement 475:Do-support 461:in English 435:Verb usage 401:continuous 386:imperative 298:Expletives 256:Adjectives 247:Word types 222:in English 208:Morphology 151:adjectives 108:word order 78:vocabulary 10944:Esperanto 10936:auxiliary 10834:Classical 10745:Mongolian 10635:Cantonese 10569:Malayalam 10556:Dravidian 10426:Kabardian 10334:Meänkieli 10309:Hungarian 10134:Ukrainian 10079:Bulgarian 9978:Dalmatian 9878:Ripuarian 9873:Old Norse 9868:Norwegian 9863:Icelandic 9826:Afrikaans 9690:Prop-word 9652:Ideophone 9579:Discourse 9518:Inflected 9467:Reflexive 9442:Intensive 9249:Adjective 9220:Stretched 9210:Separable 9200:Reflexive 9095:Denominal 9090:Defective 9070:Captative 9065:Auxiliary 9004:Gerundive 8994:Nonfinite 8916:Countable 8787:Phonology 8453:. Brill. 8436:cite book 8225:cite book 8042:cite book 7885:(1978) . 7856:(2003) . 7403:ThoughtCo 7089:cite book 6627:am I not? 6619:isn't it? 6379:See also 6211:inverting 6207:questions 6201:Questions 6163:predicate 6017:I go not. 5764:ourselves 5756:intensive 5751:reflexive 5546:objective 5351:football 5319:punished 5255:We came, 5134:phrases: 4832:(such as 4807:Yesterday 4724:carefully 4717:carefully 4446:hopefully 4281:phrases: 4235:very warm 4224:modifiers 4204:terrified 4200:delicious 4037:forms in 4013:), while 3993:), as in 3980:overtired 3964:hazardous 3851:predicate 3803:you would 3713:inversion 3659:can/could 3639:ought (to 3541:if I were 3498:let us go 3330:was, were 3169:electrify 3161:formulate 3042:weak form 3007:predicate 2997:The word 2977:inversion 2907:The word 2893:who(ever) 2881:whichever 2863:The word 2806:The word 2771:registers 2749:is used ( 2708:The main 2629:which one 2547:), as in 2471:singular 2467:referents 2080:Feminine 2058:Singular 1932:Standard 1881:yourself 1870:Standard 1867:Singular 1849:ourselves 1806:Singular 1793:(object) 1775:Reflexive 1663:, etc.). 1465:performer 1392:Masculine 1347:(such as 1133:statement 1111:phrases ( 1072:(such as 934:plurals ( 873:foot/feet 865:irregular 810:prejudice 727:shrinkage 626:inflected 479:Inversion 331:List here 292:List here 279:Compounds 70:varieties 62:registers 51:sentences 10993:Category 10908:artistic 10898:American 10860:Cherokee 10768:Hawaiian 10706:Has Hlai 10650:Kokborok 10645:Dzongkha 10607:Okinawan 10597:Japanese 10501:Ugaritic 10496:Tigrinya 10421:Georgian 10398:European 10324:Livonian 10299:Estonian 10255:Albanian 10232:Sanskrit 10207:Maithili 10197:Gujarati 10192:Bhojpuri 10109:Silesian 10033:Venetian 10023:Romanian 10002:Lombard 9953:literary 9818:Germanic 9792:Pronouns 9767:Grammars 9742:Grammars 9679:Pro-verb 9674:Pro-form 9571:Particle 9523:Stranded 9472:Relative 9452:Personal 9370:Relative 9355:Locative 9345:Genitive 9170:Negative 9100:Deponent 9080:Compound 8817:Dialects 8807:Alphabet 8672:in 1971. 8615:(1962). 8589:(1992). 8563:(1982). 8541:(2009). 8206:Korsakov 8135:(1933). 8020:(2004). 7998:(1990). 7976:(1996). 7842:(1883). 7545:(1997). 7190:Moro, A. 6981:(1996). 6773:(eds.). 6705:See also 6681:English 6597:I do too 6562:he isn't 6547:Ellipsis 6500:, as in 6413:, etc.: 6355:Negative 6293:such as 6249:-support 6147:sentence 5997:-support 5948:Negation 5796:whosever 5792:whomever 5696:their(s) 5674:such as 5653:whomever 5623:such as 5568:such as 5528:above.) 5428:although 5409:now that 5353:but also 5349:not only 4978:opposite 4788:possibly 4770:She can 4742:probably 4684:farthest 4680:furthest 4632:a little 4596:smoothly 4563:becomes 4561:repeated 4530:homeward 4468:straight 4444:, as in 4399:the boss 4341:, as in 4247:fat-free 4176:pregnant 4163:, as in 4146:siblings 4116:becomes 4087:happiest 4001:, as in 3968:disloyal 3956:youngish 3936:blissful 3928:habitual 3918:English 3789:, as in 3780:-support 3717:negative 3549:rich ... 3502:let's go 3470:to write 3258:form in 3205:overtake 3181:prefixes 3173:-ise/ize 3136:generic 3114:somebody 3110:everyone 3094:a little 2877:whatever 2814:(unlike 2765:, as in 2757:form of 2691:Relative 2543:(plural 2535:(plural 2407:generic 2380:you guys 2345:Personal 2216:yourself 2201:Informal 2190:oneself 2176:Generic 2142:themself 2091:herself 2072:himself 1781:genitive 1730:Pronouns 1719:Pronouns 1678:problems 1676:the many 1634:numerals 1592:such as 1559:articles 1553:English 1395:Feminine 1345:pronouns 1335:period. 1189:such as 1115:), or a 971:enclitic 967:genitive 845:singular 828:such as 816:such as 792:) or as 719:suffixes 658:aerobics 610:sentence 405:habitual 337:Pronouns 271:Articles 252:Acronyms 228:Suffixes 217:Prefixes 143:pronouns 99:analytic 10916:Klingon 10870:Miskito 10829:Nahuatl 10783:Tagalog 10773:Ilocano 10763:Cebuano 10698:Kra–Dai 10665:Tibetan 10630:Burmese 10612:Hachijō 10589:Japonic 10564:Kannada 10541:Swahili 10372:Turkmen 10367:Turkish 10314:Ingrian 10304:Finnish 10277:Hittite 10265:Ancient 10227:Punjabi 10212:Marathi 10187:Bengali 10162:Persian 10152:Kurdish 10144:Iranian 10124:Slovene 10104:Russian 10051:Latvian 10028:Spanish 10011:Western 10006:Eastern 9993:Italian 9973:Catalan 9916:Cornish 9893:Yiddish 9883:Swedish 9853:Faroese 9841:English 9744:of the 9664:Preverb 9541:Article 9487:Subject 9380:Pronoun 9215:Stative 9180:Phrasal 9155:Lexical 9110:Dynamic 9085:Copular 8985:Converb 8901:Animacy 8812:Braille 8782:Grammar 8732:at the 7602:NPR.org 7526:(2007) 7226:18 June 6601:so do I 6574:he does 6478:, i.e. 6426:neither 6346:whether 6215:subject 6159:subject 6125:anybody 6080:, etc. 5966:special 5958:negated 5881:oblique 5857:decline 5815:subject 5788:whoever 5766:). 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Index

English Grammar
English language
words
phrases
clauses
sentences
Standard English
registers
grammar
varieties
pronunciation
vocabulary
Modern English
inflectional
case system
Indo-European
analytic
personal pronouns
word order
prepositions
Saxon genitive
English possessive
"word classes" or "parts of speech"
nouns
determiners
pronouns
verbs
adjectives
adverbs
prepositions

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