1206:. Cushing's disease and Addison's disease are pathologies involving the dysfunction of the adrenal gland. Dysfunction in the adrenal gland could be due to primary or secondary factors and can result in hypercortisolism or hypocortisolism. Cushing's disease is characterized by the hypersecretion of the adrenocorticotropic hormone due to a pituitary adenoma that ultimately causes endogenous hypercortisolism by stimulating the adrenal glands. Some clinical signs of Cushing's disease include obesity, moon face, and hirsutism. Addison's disease is an endocrine disease that results from hypocortisolism caused by adrenal gland insufficiency. Adrenal insufficiency is significant because it is correlated with decreased ability to maintain blood pressure and blood sugar, a defect that can prove to be fatal.
1018:
373:
142:
36:
1171:
Endocrinopathies are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands. Secondary endocrine disease is indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland. Tertiary endocrine disease is associated with dysfunction of the hypothalamus and
668:
Adrenaline increases blood pressure, heart rate, and metabolism in reaction to stress, the aldosterone controls the body’s salt and water balance , the cortisol plays a role in stress response and the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA) produces aids in production of body odor and growth of body
992:
The endocrine glands belong to the body's control system. The hormones which they produce help to regulate the functions of cells and tissues throughout the body. Endocrine organs are activated to release their hormones by humoral, neural, or hormonal stimuli. Negative feedback is important in
607:(T3). Secretion is stimulated by the thyroid-stimulating hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary. When thyroid levels are high, there is negative feedback that decreases the amount of Thyroid-stimulating hormone secreted. Most T4 is converted to T3 (a more active form) in the target tissues.
562:
stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb and conserve water, resulting in small volumes of highly concentrated urine and decreased plasma osmolality. Antidiuretic hormone is released in response to high solute concentrations in the blood and inhibited by low solute concentrations in the blood.
617:(C cells) of the thyroid gland in response to rising blood calcium levels, depresses blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone matrix resorption and enhancing calcium deposit in bones. Excessive secretion cause hyperthyroidism and deficiency cause hypothyroidism.
766:
at puberty in response to luteinizing hormone. Testosterone promotes maturation of the male reproductive organs, development of secondary sex characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
555:
stimulates powerful uterine contractions, which trigger labour and delivery of an infant, and milk ejection in nursing women. Its release is mediated reflexively by the hypothalamus and represents a positive feedback
305:
The
Endocrine system is a network of glands and organs located throughout the body. It’s similar to the nervous system in that it plays a vital role in controlling and regulating many of the body’s functions.
1430:
Bhowmick NA, Chytil A, Plieth D, Gorska AE, Dumont N, Shappell S, Washington MK, Neilson EG, Moses HL (2004). "TGF-beta signaling in fibroblasts modulates the oncogenic potential of adjacent epithelia".
422:
that regulate the function of other endocrine organs. Most anterior pituitary hormones exhibit a diurnal rhythm of release, which is subject to modification by stimuli influencing the hypothalamus.
1213:
effects range from excess sweating, fatigue, heat intolerance and high blood pressure to swelling of the eyes that causes redness, puffiness and in rare cases reduced or double vision.
747:
under the influence of follicle-stimulating hormone. Estrogens stimulate the maturation of the female reproductive system and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
415:. The hypothalamus regulates the hormonal output of the anterior pituitary and creates two hormones that it exports to the posterior pituitary for storage and later release.
1586:
588:. Thyroid tissue consists of follicles with a stored protein called colloid, containing, a precursor to other thyroid hormones, which are manufactured within the colloid.
931:
Hormone receptors are dynamic structures. Changes in the number and sensitivity of hormone receptors may occur in response to high or low levels of stimulating hormones.
1249:, evidenced by tetany seizure and respiratory paralysis. Hyposecretion of insulin results in diabetes mellitus; cardinal signs are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
1482:
Buliman A, Tataranu LG, Paun DL, Mirica A, Dumitrache C (2016). "Cushing's disease: a multidisciplinary overview of the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment".
928:
The ability of a target cell to respond to a hormone depends on the presence of receptors, within the cell or on its plasma membrane, to which the hormone can bind.
653:
The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys in humans and in front of the kidneys in other animals. The adrenal glands produce a variety of hormones including
281:
1983:
1517:
Inder, Warrick J.; Meyer, Caroline; Hunt, Penny J. (2015-06-01). "Management of hypertension and heart failure in patients with
Addison's disease".
635:, This causes an increase in blood calcium levels by targeting bone, the intestine, and the kidneys. The parathyroid hormone is the antagonist of
890:. The efficiency of all endocrine glands seems to decrease gradually as ageing occurs. This leads to a generalized increase in the incidence of
512:
regulate the functions of the gonads in both sexes. Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates sex cell production; luteinizing hormone stimulates
1579:
1414:
245:
1978:
878:
801:
Many body organs not normally considered endocrine organs contain isolated cell clusters that secrete hormones. Examples include the
1572:
1291:
119:
438:
53:
1325:
1333:
437:(IGFs). GH mobilizes fats, stimulates protein synthesis, and inhibits glucose uptake and metabolism. Secretion is regulated by
100:
665:
538:
517:
57:
639:. Parathyroid hormone release is triggered by falling blood calcium levels and is inhibited by rising blood calcium levels.
72:
433:
that stimulates the growth of all body tissues especially skeletal muscle and bone. It may act directly, or indirectly via
1021:
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276:
1907:
1187:. Endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signaling have all been implicated in proliferation, one of the required steps of
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1160:, atrophy, or active destruction. Hyperfunction can occur as a result of hypersecretion, loss of suppression,
1740:
1651:
970:
occurs when two or more hormones produce the same effects in a target cell and their results are amplified.
68:
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is the situation in which a hormone cannot exert its full effects without the presence of another hormone.
1763:
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810:
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631:
The parathyroid glands, of which there are 4–6, are found on the back of the thyroid glands, and secrete
1209:
Graves' disease involves the hyperactivity of the thyroid gland which produces the T3 and T4 hormones.
269:
1966:
1956:
1440:
1199:
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1004:, acting through hypothalamic controls, can in certain cases override or modulate hormonal effects.
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408:
1179:, and hormones have been implicated in signaling distant tissues to proliferate, for example, the
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1613:
1550:
1464:
1242:
1156:). Hypofunction of endocrine glands can occur as a result of the loss of reserve, hyposecretion,
1114:
1109:
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are the major organs that degrade hormones; breakdown products are excreted in urine and faeces.
739:
The ovaries of the female, located in the pelvic cavity, release two main hormones. Secretion of
404:
1406:
1216:
1210:
1203:
715:
into the blood. Insulin increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by most body cells.
711:. Glucagon is released when the blood glucose level is low and stimulates the liver to release
372:
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effect in humans. It may also influence the melanotropes and melanocytes located in the skin.
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The natural decrease in function of the female's ovaries during late middle age results in
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Local chemical messengers, not generally considered part of the endocrine system, include
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Hormone half-life and duration of activity are limited and vary from hormone to hormone.
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403:, and is enclosed by bone. It consists of a hormone-producing glandular portion of the
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1998:
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and smaller amounts of other hormones into the blood. Insulin and glucagon influence
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541:. It is linked with the formation of the black pigment in our skin called melanin.
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Endocrine disease is characterized by irregulated hormone release (a productive
658:
559:
35:
17:
683:
The pancreas, located in the abdomen, below and behind the stomach, is both an
1912:
1897:
1165:
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688:
654:
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596:
537:
The intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland secretes only one enzyme that is
450:
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stimulates its release; negative feedback of thyroid hormone inhibits it.
1973:
1845:
1373:"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002"
1283:
1157:
978:
occurs when a hormone opposes or reverses the effect of another hormone.
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582:, and is shaped like a butterfly, with two wings connected by a central
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promotes milk production in human females. Its secretion is prompted by
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The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck, in front of the
573:
520:. Negative feedback of gonadal hormones inhibits gonadotropin release.
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319:
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1194:
Other common diseases that result from endocrine dysfunction include
1152:), or structural enlargement in a critical site such as the thyroid (
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Endocrine glands in the human head and neck and their hormones
29:
1024:
for endocrine disorders per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002.
27:
Glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones to blood
1505:
Vander's Human
Physiology: the mechanisms of body function
725:
and acts as an inhibitor of GH, insulin, and glucagon.
326:. The major glands of the endocrine system include the
489:. Adrenocorticotropic hormone release is triggered by
883:
Endocrine glands derive from all three germ layers.
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production. Gonadotropin levels rise in response to
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1507:. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. pp. 345-347
934:Blood levels of hormones reflect a balance between
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
789:, which influences daily rhythms and may have an
921:, which act on the cells that secrete them, and
751:is released in response to high blood levels of
467:promotes normal development and activity of the
418:Four of the six anterior pituitary hormones are
548:stores and releases two hypothalamic hormones:
445:(GHIH), or somatostatin. Hypersecretion causes
755:. It works with estrogens in establishing the
1580:
1241:and its effects and in extreme bone wasting.
925:, which act on a different cell type nearby.
8:
563:Hyposecretion results in diabetes insipidus.
362:. The hypothalamus and pituitary glands are
493:-releasing hormone and inhibited by rising
1984:List of human endocrine organs and actions
1783:
1609:
1587:
1573:
1565:
1397:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
140:
1183:has been shown to be involved in certain
1136:), inappropriate response to signalling (
1117:are common, including conditions such as
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
956:Interaction of hormones at target cells
762:The testes of the male begin to produce
371:
1352:Medline Plus/Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1258:
666:Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA).
292:
131:
7:
1499:
1497:
1268:"Hypothalamus as an endocrine organ"
785:of the brain. It primarily releases
58:adding citations to reliable sources
879:Development of the endocrine system
781:The pineal gland is located in the
743:by the ovarian follicles begins at
797:Other hormone-producing structures
25:
443:growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
1323:Endocrinology: Tissue Histology.
1115:Diseases of the endocrine glands
439:growth hormone-releasing hormone
34:
1334:University of Nebraska at Omaha
695:are the endocrine cells in the
411:, which is an extension of the
45:needs additional citations for
1484:Journal of Medicine & Life
1266:Clarke, I. J. (January 2015).
539:melanocyte stimulating hormone
518:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
1:
1168:change, or hyperstimulation.
1022:Disability-adjusted life year
473:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
318:that secrete their products,
146:The major endocrine glands:
1219:is the most common cause of
687:and an endocrine gland. The
532:prolactin-inhibiting hormone
506:follicle-stimulating hormone
407:and a neural portion of the
528:prolactin-releasing hormone
479:Adrenocorticotropic hormone
465:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
435:insulin-like growth factors
395:hangs from the base of the
2021:
1107:
985:
910:
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807:atrial natriuretic peptide
774:
732:
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571:
384:
1380:World Health Organization
1154:toxic multinodular goitre
287:
139:
1272:Comprehensive Physiology
1172:its releasing hormones.
1142:diabetes mellitus type 1
425:Somatotropic hormone or
1652:Somatomammotrophic cell
1503:Vander, Arthur (2008).
1453:10.1126/science.1090922
1223:; hyposecretion causes
825:(hormones of pregnancy—
1519:Clinical Endocrinology
1150:chronic kidney failure
1105:
811:gastrointestinal tract
583:
377:
289:Anatomical terminology
1020:
1008:Clinical significance
997:levels in the blood.
669:hair during puberty.
595:increase the rate of
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1967:Organ of Zuckerkandl
1957:Enteroendocrine cell
1284:10.1002/cphy.c140019
1140:), lack of a gland (
1102: more than 1000
615:parafollicular cells
560:Antidiuretic hormone
322:, directly into the
54:improve this article
1746:Parafollicular cell
1445:2004Sci...303..848B
1235:Hyperparathyroidism
833:, and others); the
821:, and others); the
753:luteinizing hormone
633:parathyroid hormone
597:cellular metabolism
510:luteinizing hormone
457:in children causes
409:posterior pituitary
222:glandulae endocrine
1890:Islets of pancreas
1664:Corticotropic cell
1328:2010-02-04 at the
1243:Hypoparathyroidism
1110:Endocrine diseases
1106:
1036: less than 80
709:blood sugar levels
621:Parathyroid glands
613:, produced by the
459:pituitary dwarfism
405:anterior pituitary
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270:H2.00.02.0.03072
1992:
1991:
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1756:Parathyroid gland
1727:
1726:
1669:Gonadotropic cell
1642:Somatotropic cell
1531:10.1111/cen.12592
1416:978-0-07-139140-5
1200:Cushing's disease
1196:Addison's disease
1181:estrogen receptor
1134:pituitary adenoma
1119:diabetes mellitus
892:diabetes mellitus
697:pancreatic islets
657:and the steroids
627:Parathyroid gland
580:thyroid cartilage
530:and inhibited by
352:parathyroid gland
303:
302:
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122:
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69:"Endocrine gland"
16:(Redirected from
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2005:Endocrine system
1941:Corpora arenacea
1806:Zona reticularis
1801:Zona fasciculata
1796:Zona glomerulosa
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1681:Chromophobe cell
1674:Thyrotropic cell
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791:antigonadotropic
605:triiodothyronine
593:thyroid hormones
449:in children and
431:anabolic hormone
316:endocrine system
308:Endocrine glands
295:edit on Wikidata
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1622:Pars intermedia
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1227:in infants and
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757:menstrual cycle
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721:is released by
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629:
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546:neurohypophysis
514:gonadal hormone
487:corticosteroids
481:stimulates the
420:tropic hormones
401:pituitary stalk
393:pituitary gland
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155:Pituitary gland
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625:Main article:
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572:Main article:
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495:glucocorticoid
483:adrenal cortex
427:growth hormone
385:Main article:
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1871:
1869:
1868:Theca interna
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:Adrenal gland
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:Basophil cell
1657:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:Pars distalis
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1293:9780470650714
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:hypercalcemia
1236:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:, diminished
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1125:disease, and
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1090: 720–800
1084: 640–720
1078: 560–640
1072: 480–560
1066: 400–480
1060: 320–400
1054: 240–320
1048: 160–240
1030: no data
1023:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1003:
998:
996:
989:
981:
979:
977:
976:
971:
969:
968:
963:
961:
960:
954:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
929:
926:
924:
920:
914:
906:
901:
899:
897:
893:
889:
884:
880:
872:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
796:
794:
792:
788:
784:
778:
770:
768:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
736:
728:
726:
724:
720:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
699:that release
698:
694:
690:
686:
680:
672:
670:
667:
663:
660:
656:
650:
649:Adrenal gland
642:
640:
638:
634:
628:
620:
618:
616:
612:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
586:
581:
575:
568:Thyroid gland
567:
561:
558:
554:
551:
550:
549:
547:
542:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:gonadotropins
498:
496:
492:
491:corticotropin
488:
484:
480:
476:
474:
470:
469:thyroid gland
466:
462:
460:
456:
455:hyposecretion
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
388:
380:
374:
370:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:thyroid gland
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:are ductless
309:
296:
290:
286:
283:
280:
278:
274:
271:
268:
266:
262:
259:
256:
254:
250:
247:
244:
242:
238:
235:
232:
230:
226:
223:
220:
218:
214:
209:
206:
203:
201:
197:
192:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
170:Adrenal gland
168:
166:
163:
161:
160:Thyroid gland
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
143:
138:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1928:Pineal gland
1918:Epsilon cell
1856:Sertoli cell
1769:Oxyphil cell
1699:Pars nervosa
1522:
1518:
1512:
1504:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1396:
1388:
1379:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1351:
1342:
1332:
1318:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1247:hypocalcemia
1233:
1215:
1208:
1193:
1174:
1170:
1162:hyperplastic
1131:
1113:
1042: 80–160
999:
991:
973:
972:
965:
964:
957:
955:
952:
933:
930:
927:
916:
894:and a lower
885:
882:
831:progesterone
800:
783:diencephalon
780:
777:Pineal gland
771:Pineal gland
764:testosterone
761:
749:Progesterone
738:
719:Somatostatin
717:
682:
652:
630:
609:
590:
577:
543:
536:
522:
499:
477:
463:
424:
417:
413:hypothalamus
390:
356:hypothalamus
328:pineal gland
307:
304:
246:A11.0.00.000
221:
150:Pineal gland
116:
110:January 2010
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1979:Development
1962:Paraganglia
1936:Pinealocyte
1851:Leydig cell
1490:(1): 12–18.
1405:. pp.
1403:McGraw Hill
1357:11 February
1237:results in
1231:in adults.
1189:oncogenesis
993:regulating
873:Development
723:delta cells
659:aldosterone
485:to release
453:in adults;
441:(GHRH) and
429:(GH) is an
211:Identifiers
1913:Delta cell
1898:Alpha cell
1764:Chief cell
1253:References
1166:neoplastic
975:Antagonism
923:paracrines
919:autocrines
693:beta cells
655:adrenaline
637:calcitonin
611:Calcitonin
556:mechanism.
451:acromegaly
80:newspapers
1903:Beta cell
1714:Pituicyte
1691:Posterior
1539:1365-2265
1302:2040-4603
1245:leads to
1229:myxoedema
1225:cretinism
967:Synergism
940:excretion
936:secretion
902:Functions
888:menopause
787:melatonin
741:estrogens
603:(T4) and
601:thyroxine
524:Prolactin
447:gigantism
344:testicles
1999:Category
1974:Placenta
1846:Testicle
1614:Anterior
1555:13552007
1547:25138826
1461:14764882
1326:Archived
1310:25589270
1158:agenesis
907:Hormones
867:resistin
827:estrogen
823:placenta
819:secretin
813:organs (
705:glucagon
685:exocrine
679:Pancreas
673:Pancreas
662:cortisol
553:Oxytocin
497:levels.
336:pancreas
320:hormones
185:Testicle
175:Pancreas
1908:PP cell
1816:Medulla
1733:Thyroid
1469:1703215
1441:Bibcode
1433:Science
1382:. 2002.
1177:thyroid
1175:As the
1127:obesity
1123:thyroid
1013:Disease
995:hormone
982:Control
948:kidneys
913:Hormone
857:); and
845:); the
835:kidneys
815:gastrin
745:puberty
713:glucose
701:insulin
585:isthmus
574:Thyroid
399:by the
340:ovaries
314:of the
234:D004702
194:Details
94:scholar
1838:Gonads
1788:Cortex
1553:
1545:
1537:
1467:
1459:
1413:
1308:
1300:
1290:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
942:. The
863:leptin
847:thymus
729:Gonads
367:organs
312:glands
200:System
165:Thymus
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1950:Other
1863:Ovary
1709:Stalk
1551:S2CID
1465:S2CID
1376:(xls)
1164:, or
944:liver
843:renin
803:heart
735:Gonad
689:alpha
397:brain
324:blood
293:[
217:Latin
180:Ovary
101:JSTOR
87:books
1543:PMID
1535:ISSN
1457:PMID
1411:ISBN
1407:2074
1359:2015
1306:PMID
1298:ISSN
1288:ISBN
1202:and
1000:The
946:and
865:and
851:skin
841:and
703:and
691:and
664:and
591:The
544:The
508:and
500:The
391:The
358:and
282:9602
258:3852
241:TA98
229:MeSH
73:news
1527:doi
1449:doi
1437:303
1280:doi
1148:in
869:).
809:);
277:FMA
253:TA2
56:by
2001::
1549:.
1541:.
1533:.
1523:82
1521:.
1496:^
1486:.
1463:.
1455:.
1447:.
1435:.
1409:.
1401:.
1378:.
1350:.
1304:.
1296:.
1286:.
1274:.
1270:.
1198:,
1191:.
1129:.
1121:,
898:.
849:;
829:,
817:,
759:.
534:.
471:.
461:.
369:.
354:,
350:,
346:,
342:,
338:,
334:,
330:,
265:TH
1588:e
1581:t
1574:v
1557:.
1529::
1488:9
1471:.
1451::
1443::
1419:.
1361:.
1336:.
1312:.
1282::
1276:5
861:(
853:(
837:(
805:(
504:—
297:]
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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