1197:
60% of the subsidies go to natural gas, with the remainder spent on electricity (including under-pricing of gas delivered to power stations). For oil extraction the government gives tax exemptions and duty reductions amounting to about 22 billion dollars a year. Some of the tax exemptions and duty reductions also apply to natural gas extraction, though the majority is allocated for oil. The large subsidies of Russia are costly and it is recommended in order to help the economy that Russia lowers its domestic subsidies. However, the potential elimination of energy subsidies in Russia carries the risk of social unrest that makes
Russian authorities reluctant to remove them.
998:
Business
Development Bank of Canada, $ 50 million through Natural Resources Canada’s Clean Growth Program, and $ 100 million through Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada’s Strategic Innovation Fund. Minister of Natural Resources Amarjeet Sohi said that this financing is "not a subsidy for fossil fuels", adding that "These are commercial loans, made available on commercial terms. We have committed to phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies by 2025, and we stand by that commitment". Canada has committed to phase out fossil fuel subsidies by 2023.
22:
904:
30:
1070:
1019:
940:
429:(29 percent), other local externalities such as congestion and road accidents (15 percent), explicit subsidies (8 percent) and foregone consumption tax revenue (6 percent)." Globally, fossil fuel subsidies were $ 5.9 trillion which amounts to 6.8% of GDP in 2020 and are expected to rise to 7.4% in 2025.
1222:
In the 21st century, Turkey's fossil fuel subsidies are around 0.2% of GDP, including at least US$ 14 billion (US$ 169 per person) between
January 2020 and September 2021. If unpaid damages (such as health damage from air pollution) are included road fuel subsidy is estimated at over 400 dollars
234:
from fossil fuel subsidies, for example the poorest people do not usually own cars. But removing the subsidies may hit poor people via indirect price increases such as food prices, so they get a lot of benefit relative to their total income. Producers, such as oil companies, say that increasing taxes
178:
Subsidies for electricity and heat may be taken into account, depending on the share produced by fossil fuels. Sometimes there are disputes about what definition to use: for example the UK government said in 2021 that it uses the IEA definition and does not subsidize fossil fuels, but others said the
1205:
Most energy subsidies in Saudi Arabia are implicit in nature. This is due to the fact domestic oil prices are generally below global market prices but above domestic production costs, leading to forgone revenue but not direct subsidy costs. Contrary to the estimates above, a recent paper posits that
1005:
A 2018 report from the
Overseas Development Institute was critical of Canada's reporting and transparency practices around its fossil fuel subsidies. Canada does not publish specific reports on its fiscal support for fossil fuels, and when Canada’s Office of the Auditor-General attempted an audit of
428:
produced a working paper with estimates for the subsidies caused by the gap between the efficient price of fossil fuels and user prices. "Underpricing for local air pollution costs is the largest contributor to global fossil fuel subsidies, accounting for 42 percent, followed by global warming costs
993:
The
Canadian federal government offers subsidies for fossil fuel exploration and production and Export Development Canada regularly provides financing to oil and gas companies. A 2018 report from the Overseas Development Institute, a UK-based think tank, found that Canada spent a greater proportion
1196:
Russia holds the world’s largest natural gas reserves (27% of total), the second-largest coal reserves, and the eighth-largest oil reserves. Russia is the world's third-largest energy subsidizer as of 2015. The country subsidizes electricity and natural gas as well as oil extraction. Approximately
997:
In 2018, in response to low
Canadian oil prices, the federal government announced $ 1.6 billion in financial support for the oil and gas sector: $ 1 billion in loans to oil and gas exporters from Export Development Canada, $ 500 million in financing for "higher risk" oil and gas companies from the
202:
estimates 2020 total subsidies at $ 5.9 trillion or 6.8 percent of GDP: this figure is much larger because over 90% of it is undercharging for environmental costs and foregone consumption taxes (implicit subsidies). Setting fossil fuel prices that reflect their true cost would cut global CO2
432:
The table below shows excerpts from a 2021 IMF study for 20 countries with biggest subsidies. It also shows the biggest component of explicit subsidies, electricity costs, and of implicit subsidies, coal. See these references for complete data: (Units are billions of 2021 US dollars.)
1006:
Canadian fossil fuel subsidies in 2017, they found much of the data they needed was not provided by
Finance Canada. Export Development Canada reports on their transactions related to fossil fuel projects, but do not provide data on exact amounts or the stage of project development.
3145:
420:
The 2010s saw many other countries reducing energy subsidies, for instance in July 2014 Ghana abolished all diesel and gasoline subsidies, whilst in the same month Egypt raised diesel prices 63% as part of a raft of reforms intended to remove subsidies within 5 years.
273:
says that by encouraging excess energy use they can make countries more vulnerable to variation in international energy prices. However some governments say that the subsidies are necessary to shield citizens from such variation. According to the
346:
Many economists recommend replacing consumption subsidies with direct payments targeted at poor people or households. The best way to use the money saved will likely require country specific studies. However phase-out is politically difficult.
3064:
3135:
162:
Fossil fuel subsidies have been described as "any government action that lowers the cost of fossil fuel energy production, raises the price received by energy producers, or lowers the price paid by energy consumers." Including
226:
Subsidies on consumption reduce the price of energy for end consumers, for example the cost of gasoline for car drivers in Iran. This may win votes at elections and some people in government say it helps poorer citizens.
2991:
1605:
1303:
1001:
Canadian provincial governments also offer subsidies for the consumption of fossil fuels. For example, Saskatchewan offers a fuel tax exemption for farmers and a sales tax exemption for natural gas used for heating.
3090:
417:
countries committed to "rationalize and phase out over the medium term inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption". Many say that all fossil fuel subsidies are inefficient.
2199:
3056:
203:
emissions by 10% by 2030, according to the IPCC in 2023. Unfortunately governments worldwide have increased their subsidies to 7 trillion in 2022 due to high energy prices according to the IMF.
2346:
2320:
1910:
1264:
2020 subsidy has been estimated at 7% of GDP. In 2021 the subsidized and rationed gasoline price was around 25 US cents a litre, whereas the unsubsidized price was about 50 cents a litre.
1251:. In 2022 these payments totalled over US$ 200 million. As of 2020, the tax per unit energy on gasoline was higher than diesel, despite diesel cars on average emitting more lung damaging
1720:
139:
says: "High fossil fuel prices hit the poor hardest, but subsidies are rarely well-targeted to protect vulnerable groups and tend to benefit better-off segments of the population."
2987:
303:
2866:
Indra
Overland (2010) ‘Subsidies for Fossil Fuels and Climate Change: A Comparative Perspective’, International Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 203-217.
3479:
1613:
207:
2845:
1236:
2552:
2014:
1425:
3369:
2820:
1100:
In financial year 2021 fossil fuel subsidies have been estimated at 9 times renewable energy subsidies: with INR 55,250 crore for oil and gas and INR 12,976 crore for
307:
299:
3171:
3086:
1407:
2936:
2379:. Scroll down at left sidebar, see Data and Diagnostic Tools; see "Fossil Fuel Subsidies by Country and Fuel Database (2021)" (links to Excel spreadsheet)
2040:
2192:
65:
3031:
2287:
1988:
2699:
2412:
2193:"Joint report by IEA, OPEC, OECD and World Bank on fossil-fuel and other energy subsidies: An update of the G20 Pittsburgh and Toronto Commitments"
1351:
3317:
2256:
1989:"Fossil fuel subsidies reform could limit climate change while tackling global inequalities. Here's how. | United Nations Development Programme"
3232:
3424:
400:
3471:
1121:
962:
2786:
150:. Global fossil fuel consumption subsidies in 2022 have been estimated at one trillion dollars; although they vary each year depending on
127:. As of 2021, policy researchers estimate that substantially more money is spent on fossil fuel subsidies than on environmentally harmful
3194:
2653:
1283:
980:
3384:
3268:
3114:
2445:
2144:
2837:
1223:
per person per year and for all fossil fuels over one thousand dollars. Data on finance for fossil fuels by state-owned banks and
146:
countries having pledged to phase-out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, as of 2023 they continue because of voter demand, or for
33:
Fossil-fuel subsidies as a share of GDP, 2019. Fossil-fuel pre-tax subsidies are given as a share of total gross domestic product.
2495:
2070:
1248:
2872:
1206:
the incremental electricity subsidy in Saudi Arabia has been eliminated as a result of the 2018 domestic energy price reforms.
2764:
1167:
248:
2526:
2522:
2809:
1669:
1638:
215:
116:
3344:
2398:
1159:
2671:
2470:
1858:
958:
954:
3295:
1273:
1143:
410:
406:
275:
270:
199:
192:
172:
136:
3167:
2224:
25:
Fossil-fuel subsidies per capita, 2019. Fossil-fuel pre-tax subsidies per capita are measured in constant US dollars.
1327:"Fossil fuel subsidies: If we want to reduce greenhouse gas emissions we should not pay people to burn fossil-fuels"
2685:
2372:
3434:
2553:"China Briefing, 24 February 2022: New economics measures; Assessing China's climate pledges; Coal plant research"
1788:
2967:
329:
283:
187:
Subsidies may be estimated by adding up direct subsidies from government, comparing prices in a country to world
124:
3464:
2167:
3414:
2603:
109:
1408:"Update on recent progress in reform of inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption"
1828:
1655:
1191:
359:
77:
53:
2041:"Designing fossil fuel subsidy reforms in OECD and G20 countries: A robust sequential approach methodology"
2419:
1278:
1224:
1151:
1050:
164:
105:
81:
73:
3499:
2015:"Fossil fuel subsidies amount to hundreds of billions of dollars a year – here's how to get rid of them"
341:
2700:"Value of fossil-fuel subsidies by fuel in the top 25 countries, 2020 – Charts – Data & Statistics"
2249:
1737:
1381:
1352:"Protecting Nature by Reforming Environmentally Harmful Subsidies: The Role of Business | Earth Track"
1304:"Local Environmental Externalities due to Energy Price Subsidies: A Focus on Air Pollution and Health"
2628:
2108:
1466:
1426:"Reforming global fossil fuel subsidies: How the United States can restart international cooperation"
414:
128:
1057:
requires subsidy of production and consumption of fossil fuels including coal, oil and natural gas.
171:
results in a much larger total. Thus by the IMF definition they are far larger than by the OECD and
21:
3219:
1606:"New report highlights health costs of fossil fuel industry, calls for end to government subsidies"
994:
of its GDP on fiscal support to oil and gas production in 2015 and 2016 than any other G7 country.
2095:
Harring, Niklas; Jönsson, Erik; Matti, Simon; Mundaca, Gabriela; Jagers, Sverker C. (March 2023).
1524:
3494:
3363:
2959:
2917:
2052:
1453:
Martinez-Alvarez, Cesar B.; Hazlett, Chad; Mahdavi, Paasha; Ross, Michael L. (22 November 2022).
1171:
409:
estimates that governments subsidised consumption of fossil fuels by US $ 1 trillion in 2022. At
1938:
1814:
1763:
949:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
2778:
3420:
2895:
2392:
2126:
1670:"UK refuses to join trade pact to end fossil fuel subsidies, eliminate tariffs on green goods"
1502:
1484:
1131:
1127:
287:
191:, and sometimes attempting to include the cost of damage to human health and the climate. The
2347:"Still Not Getting Energy Prices Right: A Global and Country Update of Fossil Fuel Subsidies"
2321:"Still Not Getting Energy Prices Right: A Global and Country Update of Fossil Fuel Subsidies"
1911:"Still Not Getting Energy Prices Right: A Global and Country Update of Fossil Fuel Subsidies"
2951:
2907:
2754:
2744:
2116:
2044:
1492:
1474:
1228:
1216:
1163:
1147:
120:
2097:"Public acceptance of fossil fuel subsidy removal can be reinforced with revenue recycling"
29:
3468:
3118:
3057:"Analysis: New Turkish energy minister bullish for coal – but lira weakness limits market"
1155:
1135:
1113:
1054:
236:
147:
132:
3060:
3258:
2112:
1695:
1470:
917:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
16:
Financial support by governments for coal, oil, gas, and electricity generated from them
3111:
2728:
1497:
1454:
1117:
89:
41:
3005:
1069:
1018:
3488:
2963:
2921:
2868:
2056:
1101:
325:
279:
188:
85:
2733:"Reducing Energy Subsidies in China, India and Russia: Dilemmas for Decision Makers"
2732:
195:
estimates 2022 consumption subsidies at 1 trillion dollars, more than ever before.
3087:"Court says 'environment report necessary' for planned coal mine in western Turkey"
1885:
1326:
1244:
1240:
266:
168:
151:
2937:"Fossil fuel subsidies as a lose-lose: Fiscal and environmental burdens in Turkey"
2530:
2935:
Acar, Sevil; Challe, Sarah; Christopoulos, Stamatios; Christo, Giovanna (2018).
1579:
1554:
311:
97:
61:
45:
2912:
2471:"Climate institute proposes new framework for addressing fossil fuel subsidies"
2121:
2096:
401:
Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing § Countries with subsidised gasoline
3290:
1963:
1863:
1311:
1142:
the world's largest subsidizer of energy prices. This situation is leading to
915:. The reason given is: did they eliminate subsidies by 2023 - if not why not?.
2130:
1488:
3032:"Revealed: the 'carbon bombs' set to trigger catastrophic climate breakdown"
1479:
1455:"Political leadership has limited impact on fossil fuel taxes and subsidies"
961:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
355:
57:
49:
1506:
2869:"Subsidies for fossil fuels and climate change: A comparative perspective"
1134:
given to its citizens on fossil fuel increased 42% in 2019 to over 15% of
3343:
Post, Mark Milke and Lennie Kaplan, Special to
Financial (22 July 2021).
3263:
2225:"The Final Countdown: How Canada can end fossil fuel subsidies this year"
101:
93:
3476:
2496:"Meeting Canada's Subsidy Phase-Out Goal: What it means in Saskatchewan"
2048:
2955:
2759:
1639:"Fossil fuel subsidies: Types, measurement, impacts and reform efforts"
1227:
is not public. The energy minister Fatih Dönmez supports coal and most
321:
315:
260:
69:
3436:
How to stop the never-ending nightmare FOSSIL FUEL SUBSIDIES IN THE EU
2749:
2578:
247:
Subsidies are estimated to cause hundreds of thousands of deaths from
3461:
3453:
1170:) with neighbouring countries each year by rogue elements within the
3168:"Kapasite mekanizmasıyla 2019'da 40 santrale 1.6 milyar lira ödendi"
2373:"International Monetary Fund; Climate Change; Fossil Fuel Subsidies"
375:
Coal subsidies in 2020 have been estimated at 1.7 billion dollars.
3195:"Turkey Spent Over $ 200,000,000 in Fossil Fuel Subsidies in 2022"
2288:"Fossil fuel industry gets subsidies of $ 11m a minute, IMF finds"
308:
Environmental impact of electricity generation § Fossil fuels
269:
and use government money that could be spent on other things. The
28:
20:
2896:"Revisiting Energy Subsidy Calculations: A Focus on Saudi Arabia"
1789:"Want to cut global emissions by 10%? Stop fossil-fuel subsidies"
391:
Gas subsidies in 2020 have been estimated at 37 billion dollars.
383:
Oil subsidies in 2020 have been estimated at 90 billion dollars.
3456:
3227:
3140:
3122:
2982:
2980:
1232:
1139:
1829:"Four Ways the G7 Can Show Leadership on Fossil Fuel Phase-Out"
1182:
Libya had the highest subsidy by percent GDP in 2020 at 17.5%.
342:
Fossil fuel phase-out § Phase-out of fossil fuel subsidies
3136:"Taxing Energy Use 2019 : Using Taxes for Climate Action"
1252:
1064:
1013:
933:
897:
425:
143:
3318:"Venezuela Raises Gas Prices by 20-fold to 10 Cents a Gallon"
1525:"The new energy shock: Putin, Ukraine and the global economy"
1523:
Brower, Derek; Wilson, Tom; Giles, Chris (25 February 2022).
2523:"Time to change the game: Fossil fuel subsidies and climate"
2319:
Parry, Ian; Black, Simon; Vernon, Nate (24 September 2021).
211:
2686:"Why Fuel is Smuggled Out of Iran and Why No One Stops It"
1721:"Abolishing Fuel Subsidies in a Green and Just Transition"
1122:
2007 Gasoline
Rationing Plan in Iran § Fuel smuggling
362:
have been in place since at least the early 20th century.
3259:"Reality Check: Are diesel cars always the most harmful?"
2345:
Parry, Ian; Black, Simon; Vernon, Nate (September 2021).
230:
The consensus among economists is that the rich get most
154:, they are consistently hundreds of billions of dollars.
2071:"3 essential steps towards ending fossil fuel subsidies"
1235:
has strongly criticised. Capacity mechanism payments to
1138:
and 16% of total global energy subsidies. This has made
1126:
Contrary to the subsidy reform plan's objectives, under
2810:"G20 subsidies to oil, gas and coal production: Russia"
2446:"Sohi announces $ 1.6 billion to help Alberta oilpatch"
1424:
George, Johannes Urpelainen and Elisha (14 July 2021).
1081:
1030:
437:
Fossil fuel subsidies - top 20 countries US$ billions
3345:"Opinion: There is no fossil-fuel subsidy pot of gold"
2838:"June: IEA releases review of Russian energy policies"
2013:
McCulloch, Neil; Stefanski, Radek (11 February 2021).
278:(IEA) phasing out fossil fuel subsidies would benefit
235:
on them would cause unemployment and reduce national
1738:"Fossil Fuels Consumption Subsidies 2022 – Analysis"
1382:"Fossil Fuels Consumption Subsidies 2022 – Analysis"
304:
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
3480:
International Institute for Sustainable Development
2633:
International Institute for Sustainable Development
2604:"Asia-Pacific Must Phase Out Fossil-Fuel Subsidies"
2229:
International Institute for Sustainable Development
1833:
International Institute for Sustainable Development
208:
International Institute for Sustainable Development
115:Eliminating fossil fuel subsidies would reduce the
1217:Energy in Turkey § Fossil fuel subsidies and taxes
179:same year that under the OECD definition it does.
3385:"Venezuela to increase subsidized gasoline price"
1164:very lucrative (multi-billion dollars) contraband
2198:. International Energy Agency. 2011. p. 2.
2168:"Charted: $ 5 Trillion in Fossil Fuel Subsidies"
218:(SDG) indicator 12.c.1 (fossil fuel subsidies).
3220:"Taxing Energy Use 2019: Country Note – Turkey"
3170:(in Turkish). Enerji Günlüğü. 6 February 2020.
1459:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
214:should reveal their subsidies every year under
2672:"Blind subsidy system costing economy greatly"
1859:"Why are energy subsidy reforms so unpopular?"
300:Environmental impact of the petroleum industry
8:
3368:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2281:
2279:
2277:
2145:"Intangible Drilling and Development Costs"
1247:542 million (US$ 96 million) to gas-fired
1243:720 million (US$ 130 million) compared to
435:
316:Subsidy § Environmental externalities
3089:. Demirören News Agency. 10 August 2018.
2911:
2758:
2748:
2250:"Recent Developments in Energy Subsidies"
2120:
1656:"Oil and gas industry: outside interests"
1496:
1478:
981:Learn how and when to remove this message
2371:Parry, Ian; Black, Simon; Vernon, Nate.
2654:"Iran: Largest Fuel Subsidizer in 2018"
2366:
2364:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
1295:
870:
3361:
3238:from the original on 24 September 2020
2990:(Report). BloombergNEF. 20 July 2021.
2722:
2720:
2475:Canadian Institute for Climate Choices
2390:
2262:from the original on 26 September 2015
2875:from the original on 12 February 2018
2731:; Overland, Indra (1 February 2010).
2286:Carrington, Damian (6 October 2021).
2255:. International Energy Agency. 2015.
2205:from the original on 10 December 2014
2161:
2159:
2157:
1933:
1931:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1633:
1631:
1580:"Fossil Fuel Subsidies & Finance"
1555:"Fossil Fuel Subsidies & Finance"
265:Fossil fuel subsidies are a negative
104:. Some fossil fuel subsidies are via
7:
3472:United Nations Development Programme
3174:from the original on 12 January 2021
3148:from the original on 12 January 2021
3093:from the original on 16 October 2018
3067:from the original on 29 October 2020
2629:"Mapping India's Energy Policy 2022"
2039:Elgouacem, Assia (23 October 2020).
1549:
1547:
1545:
1518:
1516:
1448:
1446:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1144:highly wasteful consumption patterns
3413:McCulloch, Neil (14 January 2023).
3383:Buitrago, Deisy (23 October 2021).
2789:from the original on 15 August 2017
2767:from the original on 11 April 2018.
2166:Bhutada, Govind (31 January 2022).
2043:. OECD Environment Working Papers.
1237:coal-fired power stations in Turkey
3030:Taylor, Damian CarringtonMatthew.
2848:from the original on 21 March 2017
2808:Ogarenko, Luliia (November 2015).
2413:"G7 fossil fuel subsidy scorecard"
963:Knowledge (XXG)'s inclusion policy
119:, and would greatly reduce global
14:
3271:from the original on 16 July 2020
3257:Leggett, Theo (21 January 2018).
2994:from the original on 7 July 2022.
2826:from the original on 11 May 2017.
1284:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
324:and removing them would save the
2444:Meyer, Carl (18 December 2018).
1215:This section is an excerpt from
1068:
1017:
938:
902:
3419:. Practical Action Publishing.
1886:"Taxes, Energy and the Economy"
411:their meeting in September 2009
261:Subsidy § Economic effects
80:. Or they may be free or cheap
2527:Overseas Development Institute
1:
117:health risks of air pollution
3416:Ending Fossil Fuel Subsidies
3193:Ergur, Semih (12 May 2023).
216:Sustainable Development Goal
3477:Fossil fuel subsidy tracker
3296:International Energy Agency
3112:"Fossil Fuel Support – TUR"
2418:. June 2018. Archived from
2377:International Monetary Fund
2325:International Monetary Fund
1964:"Energy subsidies – Topics"
1696:"Fossil Fuel Support - GBR"
1274:Electric vehicle conversion
1174:supporting the status-quo.
407:International Energy Agency
276:International Energy Agency
271:International Monetary Fund
193:International Energy Agency
173:International Energy Agency
137:International Energy Agency
131:or environmentally harmful
3516:
3462:Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform
2944:New Perspectives on Turkey
2913:10.5547/01956574.44.1.agas
2122:10.1038/s41558-023-01609-4
1214:
1189:
1111:
398:
339:
297:
258:
1939:"| Fossil Fuel Subsidies"
911:This section needs to be
450:
447:
444:
284:climate change mitigation
110:coal-fired power stations
76:, such as tax breaks on
2779:"WEO - Energy Subsidies"
2397:: CS1 maint: location (
1610:European Lung Foundation
1584:Oil Change International
1559:Oil Change International
1249:power stations in Turkey
1231:are for coal, which the
108:, such as subsidies for
3125:, accessed August 2018.
2988:Climate Policy Factbook
1815:"Fossil Fuel Subsidies"
1764:"Fossil Fuel Subsidies"
1480:10.1073/pnas.2208024119
1192:Energy policy of Russia
360:oil and gas exploration
3117:31 August 2019 at the
2783:worldenergyoutlook.org
1279:Fossil fuel divestment
1225:export credit agencies
1051:energy policy of China
322:affect the environment
165:negative externalities
129:agricultural subsidies
106:electricity generation
82:negative externalities
34:
26:
3010:Energy Policy Tracker
2101:Nature Climate Change
1148:large budget deficits
294:Environmental effects
38:Fossil fuel subsidies
32:
24:
3467:31 July 2023 at the
2973:on 27 February 2020.
2075:World Economic Forum
1604:elf (26 July 2017).
395:Subsidies by country
330:limit climate change
125:limit climate change
3442:. CAN EUROPE. 2023.
2688:. 21 February 2019.
2113:2023NatCC..13..214H
2049:10.1787/d888f461-en
1471:2022PNAS..11908024M
1465:(47): e2208024119.
1168:price differentials
448:Implicit Subsidies
445:Explicit Subsidies
438:
424:In Sept, 2021, the
175:(IEA) definitions.
78:exploration for oil
66:residential heating
3291:"Energy subsidies"
2956:10.1017/npt.2018.7
2900:The Energy Journal
2559:. 24 February 2022
2521:Whitley, Shelagh.
1744:. 16 February 2023
1676:. 11 November 2021
1388:. 16 February 2023
1356:www.earthtrack.net
1172:Iranian government
1080:. You can help by
1029:. You can help by
436:
288:government budgets
56:, such as a lower
35:
27:
3426:978-1-78853-204-4
3324:. 23 October 2021
3199:Climate Scorecard
2750:10.3390/su2020475
2658:Financial Tribune
2533:on 3 January 2014
2450:National Observer
2172:Visual Capitalist
1331:Our World in Data
1255:(nitrogen oxide).
1239:in 2019 totalled
1152:price distortions
1132:Iranian subsidies
1128:President Rouhani
1098:
1097:
1047:
1046:
991:
990:
983:
932:
931:
891:
890:
366:Subsidies by fuel
3507:
3443:
3441:
3430:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3224:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3132:
3126:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3063:. 12 July 2018.
3061:S & P Global
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2966:. Archived from
2941:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2894:KAPSARC (2023).
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2814:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2752:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2529:. Archived from
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2502:. 29 August 2016
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2396:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2316:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2283:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2163:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2019:The Conversation
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1855:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1644:. 31 March 2022.
1643:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1616:on 17 March 2023
1612:. Archived from
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1551:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1482:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1378:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1229:energy subsidies
1093:
1090:
1072:
1065:
1042:
1039:
1021:
1014:
986:
979:
975:
972:
966:
942:
941:
934:
927:
924:
918:
906:
905:
898:
439:
255:Economic effects
232:absolute benefit
123:thus helping to
121:carbon emissions
42:energy subsidies
3515:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3485:
3484:
3469:Wayback Machine
3450:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3412:
3409:
3407:Further reading
3404:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3360:
3353:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3119:Wayback Machine
3110:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2970:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2729:Lanteigne, Marc
2727:Grant, Dansie;
2726:
2725:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2674:. 5 March 2019.
2670:
2669:
2665:
2660:. 16 July 2019.
2652:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2425:on 6 March 2021
2422:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2389:
2382:
2380:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1857:
1856:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1795:. 23 March 2023
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1529:Financial Times
1522:
1521:
1514:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1270:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1220:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1188:
1180:
1124:
1114:Economy of Iran
1110:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1078:needs expansion
1063:
1055:energy security
1043:
1037:
1034:
1027:needs expansion
1012:
987:
976:
970:
967:
953:Please help by
952:
943:
939:
928:
922:
919:
916:
907:
903:
896:
403:
397:
389:
381:
373:
368:
353:
344:
338:
318:
296:
263:
257:
245:
237:energy security
224:
185:
160:
148:energy security
133:water subsidies
92:due to burning
17:
12:
11:
5:
3513:
3511:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3459:
3449:
3448:External links
3446:
3445:
3444:
3431:
3425:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3375:
3349:Financial Post
3335:
3309:
3282:
3249:
3211:
3185:
3159:
3127:
3104:
3078:
3048:
3022:
2997:
2976:
2927:
2906:(1): 245–276.
2886:
2859:
2829:
2800:
2770:
2743:(2): 475–493.
2737:Sustainability
2716:
2691:
2677:
2663:
2645:
2620:
2595:
2570:
2544:
2513:
2487:
2462:
2436:
2404:
2360:
2337:
2304:
2273:
2241:
2216:
2184:
2153:
2136:
2107:(3): 214–215.
2087:
2062:
2031:
2005:
1980:
1955:
1927:
1902:
1877:
1845:
1820:
1806:
1780:
1755:
1729:
1712:
1700:stats.oecd.org
1687:
1661:
1647:
1627:
1596:
1571:
1541:
1512:
1442:
1416:
1399:
1368:
1343:
1318:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1156:entire economy
1130:the volume of
1118:Energy in Iran
1109:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1075:
1073:
1062:
1059:
1045:
1044:
1024:
1022:
1011:
1008:
989:
988:
946:
944:
937:
930:
929:
910:
908:
901:
895:
892:
889:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
869:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
849:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
829:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
809:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
789:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
769:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
749:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
729:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
709:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
689:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
669:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
649:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
629:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
609:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
589:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
569:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
549:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
529:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
509:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
489:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
469:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
449:
446:
443:
396:
393:
388:
385:
380:
377:
372:
369:
367:
364:
352:
349:
337:
334:
295:
292:
280:energy markets
256:
253:
244:
243:Health effects
241:
223:
220:
184:
181:
159:
156:
90:climate change
48:. They may be
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3512:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3336:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3250:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2584:
2580:
2579:"China | GSI"
2574:
2571:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2201:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2006:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1092:
1089:February 2023
1083:
1079:
1076:This section
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1041:
1038:February 2023
1032:
1028:
1025:This section
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
985:
982:
974:
971:February 2023
964:
960:
956:
950:
947:This section
945:
936:
935:
926:
923:February 2023
914:
909:
900:
899:
893:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
850:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
830:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
810:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
770:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
730:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
710:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
690:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
670:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
650:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
630:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
610:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
570:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
550:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
530:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
510:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
492:United States
491:
490:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
470:
466:
463:
460:
457:
455:
454:
441:
440:
434:
430:
427:
422:
418:
416:
412:
408:
402:
394:
392:
386:
384:
378:
376:
370:
365:
363:
361:
357:
350:
348:
343:
335:
333:
331:
327:
326:carbon budget
323:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
268:
262:
254:
252:
250:
249:air pollution
242:
240:
238:
233:
228:
221:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
201:
196:
194:
190:
189:market prices
182:
180:
176:
174:
170:
166:
157:
155:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:air pollution
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
31:
23:
19:
3500:Fossil fuels
3454:Fossil fuels
3435:
3415:
3392:. Retrieved
3388:
3378:
3352:. Retrieved
3348:
3338:
3326:. Retrieved
3321:
3312:
3300:. Retrieved
3294:
3285:
3273:. Retrieved
3262:
3252:
3240:. Retrieved
3226:
3214:
3204:25 September
3202:. Retrieved
3198:
3188:
3176:. Retrieved
3162:
3150:. Retrieved
3139:
3130:
3107:
3095:. Retrieved
3081:
3069:. Retrieved
3051:
3039:. Retrieved
3036:the Guardian
3035:
3025:
3013:. Retrieved
3009:
3000:
2968:the original
2947:
2943:
2930:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2877:. Retrieved
2862:
2850:. Retrieved
2841:
2832:
2816:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2782:
2773:
2740:
2736:
2707:. Retrieved
2703:
2694:
2680:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2632:
2623:
2611:. Retrieved
2607:
2598:
2586:. Retrieved
2583:www.iisd.org
2582:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2557:Carbon Brief
2556:
2547:
2535:. Retrieved
2531:the original
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2499:
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2474:
2465:
2453:. Retrieved
2449:
2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2420:the original
2407:
2381:. Retrieved
2376:
2351:. Retrieved
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2324:
2295:. Retrieved
2292:The Guardian
2291:
2264:. Retrieved
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2228:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2171:
2139:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:
2065:
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
2018:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1992:
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1942:
1918:. Retrieved
1914:
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1889:
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1862:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:
1823:
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1792:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1767:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1741:
1732:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1699:
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1673:
1664:
1650:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:the original
1609:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1583:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1558:
1532:. Retrieved
1528:
1462:
1458:
1433:. Retrieved
1429:
1419:
1402:
1390:. Retrieved
1385:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:
1321:
1310:
1298:
1263:
1204:
1201:Saudi Arabia
1195:
1181:
1166:(because of
1125:
1099:
1086:
1082:adding to it
1077:
1048:
1035:
1031:adding to it
1026:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
977:
968:
955:spinning off
948:
920:
912:
732:South Africa
692:Korea, South
572:Saudi Arabia
458:Electricity
431:
423:
419:
404:
390:
382:
374:
354:
345:
319:
267:carbon price
264:
246:
231:
229:
225:
212:G7 countries
205:
198:However the
197:
186:
177:
169:health costs
161:
142:Despite the
141:
114:
46:fossil fuels
37:
36:
18:
3394:28 February
3354:28 February
3328:28 February
3302:26 February
3015:15 November
2879:11 February
2760:10037/11504
2709:27 February
2613:27 February
2588:27 February
2563:27 February
2429:28 February
2177:27 February
2080:26 February
2024:26 February
1998:26 February
1948:26 February
1920:26 February
1895:26 February
1890:www.api.org
1870:26 February
1534:26 February
1435:26 February
1392:16 February
1053:says that
872:World total
312:Externality
251:each year.
183:Measurement
62:natural gas
54:consumption
3489:Categories
3242:11 January
2950:: 93–124.
2383:22 October
2353:20 October
2330:19 October
2297:19 October
1864:World Bank
1336:4 November
1312:World Bank
1290:References
1190:See also:
1136:Iran’s GDP
1112:See also:
959:relocating
752:Kazakhstan
399:See also:
356:Tax breaks
340:See also:
320:Subsidies
298:See also:
259:See also:
158:Definition
152:oil prices
84:; such as
74:production
50:tax breaks
3495:Subsidies
3364:cite news
3322:Bloomberg
2964:149594404
2922:247994294
2537:3 January
2131:1758-6798
2057:242402423
1489:0027-8424
1430:Brookings
1260:Venezuela
1160:pollution
887:5,857.36
792:Australia
612:Indonesia
487:2,203.23
336:Phase-out
328:and help
210:say that
70:subsidies
58:sales tax
3465:Archived
3275:13 April
3269:Archived
3264:BBC News
3233:Archived
3178:21 April
3172:Archived
3152:13 April
3146:Archived
3115:Archived
3097:21 April
3091:Archived
3071:21 April
3065:Archived
3006:"Turkey"
2992:Archived
2873:Archived
2852:6 August
2846:Archived
2821:Archived
2793:6 August
2787:Archived
2765:Archived
2393:cite web
2266:27 April
2257:Archived
2209:27 April
2200:Archived
1973:15 April
1705:4 August
1680:4 August
1674:POLITICO
1620:4 August
1589:4 August
1507:36375060
1268:See also
884:5,402.57
881:2,362.26
832:Malaysia
484:2,187.50
481:1,391.78
167:such as
102:jet fuel
94:gasoline
3389:Reuters
2842:iea.org
2480:1 March
2109:Bibcode
1498:9704748
1467:Bibcode
1413:. 2021.
1361:7 March
1154:in its
913:updated
812:Ukraine
672:Germany
667:105.07
647:116.72
627:127.09
607:152.77
587:158.11
567:169.55
547:247.07
527:522.62
507:662.05
351:History
222:Effects
3423:
3041:13 May
2962:
2920:
2638:2 June
2506:19 May
2455:19 May
2234:4 June
2129:
2055:
1838:4 June
1799:4 June
1793:Quartz
1773:4 June
1748:4 June
1564:2 June
1505:
1495:
1487:
1210:Turkey
1186:Russia
1120:, and
894:Canada
878:454.79
875:189.53
867:42.97
852:Brazil
847:43.02
827:43.63
807:44.49
787:46.13
772:Taiwan
767:46.98
747:50.56
727:64.03
712:Canada
707:68.98
687:71.75
644:112.61
632:Turkey
624:115.13
604:111.05
584:104.36
564:164.80
544:230.89
541:162.72
524:445.26
521:195.26
512:Russia
504:646.00
501:121.45
467:Total
461:Total
451:Total
314:, and
135:. The
98:diesel
3440:(PDF)
3236:(PDF)
3223:(PDF)
2971:(PDF)
2960:S2CID
2940:(PDF)
2918:S2CID
2824:(PDF)
2813:(PDF)
2608:Brink
2423:(PDF)
2416:(PDF)
2349:. IMF
2260:(PDF)
2253:(PDF)
2203:(PDF)
2196:(PDF)
2148:(PDF)
2053:S2CID
1724:(PDF)
1642:(PDF)
1411:(PDF)
1307:(PDF)
1178:Libya
1061:India
1010:China
864:37.17
844:39.50
824:35.87
821:28.76
804:38.92
801:14.85
784:43.55
781:25.42
764:37.05
761:19.11
744:44.84
741:30.41
724:53.69
718:10.34
704:68.39
701:28.93
684:68.32
681:25.50
664:95.38
652:Egypt
641:52.59
621:32.85
618:11.96
598:41.72
595:26.51
578:53.75
561:57.69
552:Japan
538:16.18
532:India
518:77.36
515:25.14
498:16.06
478:15.73
475:13.69
472:China
464:Coal
442:2020
68:; or
3457:OECD
3421:ISBN
3396:2022
3370:link
3356:2022
3330:2022
3304:2022
3277:2020
3244:2021
3228:OECD
3206:2023
3180:2020
3154:2020
3141:OECD
3123:OECD
3099:2020
3073:2020
3043:2022
3017:2021
2881:2018
2854:2017
2817:IISD
2795:2017
2711:2022
2640:2022
2615:2022
2590:2022
2565:2022
2539:2014
2508:2019
2500:IISD
2482:2022
2457:2019
2431:2022
2399:link
2385:2021
2355:2021
2332:2021
2299:2021
2268:2015
2236:2023
2211:2015
2179:2022
2127:ISSN
2082:2022
2026:2022
2000:2022
1993:UNDP
1975:2021
1950:2022
1922:2022
1897:2022
1872:2022
1840:2023
1801:2023
1775:2023
1750:2023
1707:2022
1682:2022
1622:2022
1591:2022
1566:2022
1536:2022
1503:PMID
1485:ISSN
1437:2022
1394:2023
1363:2022
1338:2021
1233:OECD
1162:and
1140:Iran
1108:Iran
1102:coal
1049:The
861:4.60
858:5.80
855:0.00
841:5.52
838:3.52
835:0.90
818:7.76
815:4.57
798:5.57
795:2.14
778:2.58
775:1.67
758:9.93
755:4.57
738:5.72
735:5.62
721:3.04
715:2.43
698:0.58
695:0.00
678:3.43
675:0.00
661:1.89
658:9.69
655:7.32
638:4.11
635:0.24
615:5.49
601:4.59
592:Iran
581:0.00
575:8.72
558:4.75
555:2.74
535:8.71
495:0.00
415:G-20
413:the
405:The
371:Coal
358:for
286:and
206:The
112:.
100:and
64:for
40:are
2952:doi
2908:doi
2755:hdl
2745:doi
2704:IEA
2117:doi
2045:doi
1968:IEA
1943:IMF
1915:IMF
1768:IMF
1742:IEA
1493:PMC
1475:doi
1463:119
1386:IEA
1253:NOx
1084:.
1033:.
957:or
426:IMF
387:Gas
379:Oil
200:IMF
144:G20
88:or
72:on
60:on
52:on
44:on
3491::
3387:.
3366:}}
3362:{{
3347:.
3320:.
3293:.
3267:.
3261:.
3231:.
3225:.
3197:.
3144:.
3138:.
3121:,
3059:.
3034:.
3008:.
2979:^
2958:.
2948:58
2946:.
2942:.
2916:.
2904:44
2902:.
2898:.
2871:.
2844:.
2840:.
2819:.
2815:.
2785:.
2781:.
2763:.
2753:.
2739:.
2735:.
2719:^
2702:.
2656:.
2631:.
2606:.
2581:.
2555:.
2525:.
2498:.
2473:.
2448:.
2395:}}
2391:{{
2375:.
2363:^
2323:.
2307:^
2290:.
2276:^
2227:.
2170:.
2156:^
2125:.
2115:.
2105:13
2103:.
2099:.
2073:.
2051:.
2017:.
1991:.
1966:.
1941:.
1930:^
1913:.
1888:.
1861:.
1848:^
1831:.
1791:.
1766:.
1740:.
1698:.
1672:.
1630:^
1608:.
1582:.
1557:.
1544:^
1527:.
1515:^
1501:.
1491:.
1483:.
1473:.
1461:.
1457:.
1445:^
1428:.
1384:.
1371:^
1354:.
1329:.
1309:.
1158:,
1150:,
1146:,
1116:,
1104:.
332:.
310:,
306:,
302:,
290:.
282:,
239:.
96:,
3429:.
3398:.
3372:)
3358:.
3332:.
3306:.
3279:.
3246:.
3208:.
3182:.
3156:.
3101:.
3075:.
3045:.
3019:.
2954::
2924:.
2910::
2883:.
2856:.
2797:.
2757::
2747::
2741:2
2713:.
2642:.
2617:.
2592:.
2567:.
2541:.
2510:.
2484:.
2459:.
2433:.
2401:)
2387:.
2357:.
2334:.
2301:.
2270:.
2238:.
2213:.
2181:.
2150:.
2133:.
2119::
2111::
2084:.
2059:.
2047::
2028:.
2002:.
1977:.
1952:.
1924:.
1899:.
1874:.
1842:.
1817:.
1803:.
1777:.
1752:.
1726:.
1709:.
1684:.
1658:.
1624:.
1593:.
1568:.
1538:.
1509:.
1477::
1469::
1439:.
1396:.
1365:.
1340:.
1315:.
1245:₺
1241:₺
1219:.
1091:)
1087:(
1040:)
1036:(
984:)
978:(
973:)
969:(
965:.
951:.
925:)
921:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
