368:(miRNA) binding site. miRNAs regulate gene expression by binding to the target mRNAs and physically block translation. SNPs on the miRNA-binding site can result in faulty levels of gene expression as miRNA fails to bind to the corresponding mRNA effectively, leading to excess amount of protein product overall. Although the protein structure of the genes with SNPs are identical to that of the normal gene product, due to their faulty level of expressions, those genes increase risk. Genes such as CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and HNF1B exhibit increase the risk phenotype with SNPs in their
467:
affected the genetic-basis of type 2 diabetes. This can be seen from the adoption of the type 2 diabetes epidemiological pattern in those who have moved to a different environment as compared to the same genetic pool who have not. Immigrants to
Western developed countries, for instance, may be more prone to diabetes as compared to its lower incidence in their countries of origins. Such developments can also be found in environments which have had a recent increase in social wealth, increasingly common throughout Asia.
400:
depressed level of gene expression. APOM is partly responsible for producing pre beta-high-density lipoprotein and cholesterol, and APM1 is responsible for regulating glucose level in blood and fatty acid. Decreasing the level these gene products reduce the body's ability to handle glucose, which leads to the increased risk of diabetes.
458:
While obesity is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes that may be linked to lifestyle, obesity is also a trait that may be strongly inherited. Other research also shows that type 2 diabetes can cause obesity as an effect of the changes in metabolism and other deranged cell behavior
428:
It is important to note that those discovered genes do not determine susceptibility to diabetes for all people or cases. As the risk of diabetes is combination of the gene regulations and the interplay between those gene products, certain genes may not pose a threat to increase the susceptibility.
466:
However, environmental factors (almost certainly diet and weight) play a large part in the development of type 2 diabetes in addition to any genetic component. Genetic risk for type 2 diabetes changes as humans first began migrating around the world, implying a strong environmental component has
399:
increase the risk of type 2 diabetes when there are SNPs in their proximal promoter regions. Promoters are sequences of DNA that allows proteins such as transcription factors to bind for gene expression, and when the sequences are modified, the proteins no longer bind as effectively, resulting in
429:
TCF7L2 is one of the well-studied genes for diabetes susceptibility in most populations. However, SNPs in TCF7L2 that would normally increase the risk of diabetes does not affect the susceptibility for Pima
Indians. However, this gene is associated with regulating the
913:
Korneev, Kirill V.; Sviriaeva, Ekaterina N.; Mitkin, Nikita A.; Gorbacheva, Alisa M.; Uvarova, Aksinya N.; Ustiugova, Alina S.; Polanovsky, Oleg L.; Kulakovskiy, Ivan V.; Afanasyeva, Marina A.; Schwartz, Anton M.; Kuprash, Dmitry V. (March 2020).
71:
of diabetic patient group and the non-diabetic control group. The diabetic patients’ genome sequences differ from the controls' genome in specific loci along and around numerous genes, and these differences in the nucleotide sequences alter
221:. In addition, there is also a mutation to the Islet Amyloid Polypeptide gene that results in an earlier onset, more severe, form of diabetes. However, this is not a comprehensive list of genes that affects the proneness to the diabetes.
76:
traits that exhibit increased susceptibility to the diabetes. GWAS has revealed 65 different loci (where single nucleotide sequences differ from the patient and control group's genomes), and genes associated with type 2 diabetes, including
1433:
Camastra S, Bonora E, Del Prato S, Rett K, Weck M, Ferrannini E (December 1999). "Effect of obesity and insulin resistance on resting and glucose-induced thermogenesis in man. EGIR (European Group for the Study of
Insulin Resistance)".
1049:
Niu, Nifang (Jan 2007). "Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the proximal promoter region of apolipoprotein M gene (apoM) confer the susceptibility to development of type 2 diabetes in Han
Chinese".
349:
regions of the genes, making the SNP's mechanism for increasing susceptibility largely unknown. However, they are thought to influence the susceptibility by altering the
1778:
24:
have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total genetic component of the disease.
875:
Cho YM, Kim M, Park KS, Kim SY, Lee HK (May 2003). "S20G mutation of the amylin gene is associated with a lower body mass index in Korean type 2 diabetic patients".
413:. Population-based sequencing studies have since identified numerous other genes harbouring rare large-effect variants for type 2 diabetes, including the known
243:
of affected individuals, contributing to an inflammation-prone environment that predisposes minor allele carriers to development of certain pathologies with an
955:
Wang, Xiaojing (Oct 2015). "Association study of the miRNA-binding site polymorphisms of CDKN2A/B genes with gestational diabetes mellitus susceptibility".
361:
function, and the altered function and therefore compromise the performances of the protein product causes increased susceptibility to the type 2 diabetes.
1094:"Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the proximal promoter region of the adiponectin (APM1) gene are associated with type 2 diabetes in Swedish Caucasians"
455:
that first becomes evident in childhood. It consists of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness, hence the acronym DIDMOAD.
330:
correlates with increased risk of developing T2DM and may promote lipid-induced insulin resistance via TLR4 activation, resulting in production of
164:
1241:"Gene-level analysis of rare variants in 379,066 whole exome sequences identifies an association of GIGYF1 loss of function with type 2 diabetes"
1000:"Polymorphism in microRNA-binding site in HNF1B influences the susceptibility of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population based case-control study"
1401:
916:"Minor C allele of the SNP rs7873784 associated with rheumatoid arthritis and type-2 diabetes mellitus binds PU.1 and enhances TLR4 expression"
206:
403:
Since 2019 large sequencing studies have started to identify rare coding variants associated with type 2 diabetes risk, including variants in
509:
1655:
1600:
32:
2096:
840:
Sakagashira S, Sanke T, Hanabusa T, et al. (September 1996). "Missense mutation of amylin gene (S20G) in
Japanese NIDDM patients".
795:
703:
660:
1570:
2050:
1700:
168:
1926:
1192:"Analysis of rare genetic variation underlying cardiometabolic diseases and traits among 200,000 individuals in the UK Biobank"
369:
364:
One of the examples of gene regulation in non-ORF SNPs that influences susceptibility is the changes in nucleotide sequence in
40:
476:
224:
196:
52:
1816:
350:
64:
571:
322:
and provokes TLR4-dependent inflammation in the arterial wall, further TLR4 activation results in a strong inhibition of
1856:
1783:
278:
SNPs alleles and T2DM may be directly related to elevated TLR4 expression since its signaling can regulate diet-induced
1768:
1693:
1688:
2000:
1829:
1636:
452:
1903:
1851:
1748:
331:
307:
2086:
1824:
1631:
264:
43:, among others. Maturity onset diabetes of the young constitute 1–5% of all cases of diabetes in young people.
607:"Genetic fine mapping and genomic annotation defines causal mechanisms at type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci"
1978:
1943:
260:
218:
160:
1891:
1773:
1743:
1733:
1648:
1619:
1563:
441:
334:. Additionally, mice with deficiencies in TLR4 signaling were protected from insulin resistance caused by
27:
There are a number of rare cases of diabetes that arise due to an abnormality in a single gene (known as
1921:
1916:
1710:
528:
Herder, C; Roden, M (Jun 2011). "Genetics of type 2 diabetes: pathophysiologic and clinical relevance".
271:
172:
1329:
Barrett TG (September 2001). "Mitochondrial diabetes, DIDMOAD and other inherited diabetes syndromes".
445:
742:"Revisiting the Thrifty Gene Hypothesis via 65 Loci Associated with Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes"
2081:
2040:
1973:
1963:
1958:
1846:
1613:
1505:
1411:
1146:
381:
373:
353:
of those gene expressions. Only few genes (PARG6, KCNJ11-ABCC8, SLC30A8, and GCKR) have SNPs in the
2091:
2076:
2005:
1990:
1985:
1968:
1953:
1938:
1881:
1876:
1841:
1808:
1738:
449:
388:
572:"Monogenic Forms of Diabetes: Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus and Maturity-onset Diabetes of the Young"
270:
levels). However, there is growing evidence that T2DM is not only a purely metabolic, but also an
239:
binding to the minor C allele of rs7873784 may be responsible for elevated TLR4 expression in the
2055:
1643:
1074:
980:
553:
460:
437:
354:
283:
20:
involved many genes contributing small amount to the overall condition. As of 2011 more than 36
2117:
1861:
1798:
1728:
1683:
1556:
1521:
1451:
1383:
1346:
1311:
1270:
1221:
1172:
1115:
1066:
1031:
972:
937:
892:
857:
822:
771:
722:
679:
636:
545:
505:
384:
that regulates other genes, faulty regulations of those genes increase the risk of diabetes.
1836:
1513:
1443:
1373:
1338:
1301:
1260:
1252:
1211:
1203:
1162:
1154:
1105:
1058:
1021:
1011:
964:
927:
884:
849:
812:
804:
761:
753:
712:
669:
626:
618:
537:
60:
55:(SNP) is one of many mechanisms that leads to increased risk for type 2 diabetes. To locate
36:
28:
387:
Another example of faulty gene regulation that influence the susceptibility is the SNPs in
2035:
1705:
1606:
1593:
430:
339:
17:
209:, subfamily J, member 11), encodes the islet ATP-sensitive potassium channel Kir6.2, and
1509:
1150:
1995:
1868:
1265:
1240:
1216:
1191:
1167:
1134:
1026:
999:
817:
790:
766:
741:
631:
606:
578:. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH. Archived from
314:. A number of endogenous TLR4 ligands are elevated in patients with diabetes. Oxidized
287:
888:
2111:
2012:
1933:
1911:
541:
256:
1078:
984:
557:
2017:
1758:
1753:
335:
286:
and, therefore, influence the pathogenesis of T2DM. TLR4 expression is elevated in
244:
579:
1517:
1110:
1093:
932:
915:
294:. LPS-mediated TLR4 activation can suppress glucose-induced insulin secretion by
2060:
1788:
1626:
396:
377:
323:
319:
267:
214:
192:
1290:"TCF7L2 is not a major susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians"
1256:
1207:
853:
757:
228:
1720:
1158:
1016:
968:
311:
291:
656:"Clinical risk factors, DNA variants, and the development of type 2 diabetes"
1763:
504:(12th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. 2011. pp. 1371–1435.
346:
299:
295:
248:
240:
73:
51:
Genetic cause and mechanism of type 2 diabetes is largely unknown. However,
1525:
1455:
1447:
1387:
1350:
1342:
1315:
1274:
1225:
1176:
1119:
1070:
1035:
976:
941:
896:
826:
775:
726:
683:
640:
549:
861:
717:
698:
674:
655:
1793:
1579:
1378:
1365:
1135:"Exome sequencing of 20,791 cases of type 2 diabetes and 24,440 controls"
697:
McCarthy, M. I. (December 2010). Feero, W. G.; Guttmacher, A. E. (eds.).
365:
327:
149:
91:
1496:
Gibbons, Ann (4 November 2011). "Diabetes Genes
Decline Out of Africa".
808:
409:
358:
303:
279:
252:
180:
121:
115:
1306:
1289:
908:
906:
235:
gene and associated with the development of type-2 diabetes mellitus.
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1406:
1331:
Best
Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
1062:
184:
145:
141:
103:
97:
79:
68:
622:
188:
176:
157:
153:
127:
85:
1470:
290:
of obese mice and its activation triggered insulin resistance in
2045:
920:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease
436:
Various hereditary conditions may feature diabetes, for example
414:
392:
275:
236:
232:
137:
133:
109:
56:
21:
1552:
654:
Lyssenko V, Jonsson A, Almgren P, et al. (November 2008).
315:
326:
efflux from macrophages. The hepatic secretory glycoprotein
1548:
1366:"Genetics of obesity and the prediction of risk for health"
247:
component. rs7873784 was also associated with the abnormal
302:
from T2DM patients demonstrate increased TLR4 expression,
345:
Most SNPs that increase the risk of diabetes reside in
63:
that are responsible for the risk of type 2 diabetes,
357:(ORF). These SNPs in ORFs result in altering of the
2069:
2026:
1902:
1807:
1719:
1586:
1364:Walley AJ, Blakemore AI, Froguel P (October 2006).
576:National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC)
372:miRNA binding sites. As CDKN2A and B regulate the
338:and from secondary complications of T2DM such as
1779:Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR)
1475:World Wide Patterns of Genetic Risk for Disease
251:phenotype accompanying T2DM (levels of fasting
1564:
523:
521:
8:
421:(over 14-fold increased odds) and the gene
217:gene expression and thus the production of
1571:
1557:
1549:
530:European Journal of Clinical Investigation
496:
494:
492:
213:(transcription factor 7–like 2) regulates
1377:
1305:
1264:
1215:
1166:
1109:
1025:
1015:
931:
816:
765:
716:
673:
630:
1542:, Saunders Sixth Edition, 1999; 913-926.
1051:Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews
791:"Diabetes treatment—bridging the divide"
699:"Genomics, Type 2 Diabetes, and Obesity"
488:
207:potassium inwardly rectifying channel
7:
1821:Metabolic assessment and monitoring
1402:"Can Diabetes Type II be inherited?"
600:
598:
596:
33:maturity onset diabetes of the young
2097:Notable people with type 1 diabetes
1609:(SIDD, SIRD, MOD and MARD clusters)
1540:Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease
796:The New England Journal of Medicine
704:The New England Journal of Medicine
661:The New England Journal of Medicine
67:(GWAS) was utilized to compare the
1436:Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord
746:American Journal of Human Genetics
502:Williams textbook of endocrinology
31:forms of diabetes). These include
14:
2051:International Diabetes Federation
1927:Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
1410:. 25 August 2017. Archived from
542:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02454.x
391:regions of the genes. Gene like
318:upregulates TLR4 expression in
65:genome wide association studies
477:Epigenetics of diabetes Type 2
53:single nucleotide polymorphism
1:
1986:Diabetes-related skin disease
889:10.1016/S0168-8227(03)00019-6
1784:Homeostatic model assessment
1518:10.1126/science.334.6056.583
1111:10.2337/diabetes.53.2007.S31
933:10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165626
433:for Pima Indian population.
306:activity, and production of
1769:Noninvasive glucose monitor
998:Goda, Naoki (Sep 2, 2015).
740:Ayub, Qasim (Feb 6, 2014).
425:(4-6 fold increased odds).
274:. The link between certain
2134:
2001:Diabetic cheiroarthropathy
1830:Ambulatory glucose profile
1637:Impaired glucose tolerance
1257:10.1038/s41598-021-99091-5
1208:10.1038/s41588-021-01011-w
854:10.2337/diabetes.45.9.1279
758:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.12.010
605:Gaulton, Kyle (Dec 2015).
453:neurodegenerative disorder
376:replication, and HNF1B is
41:Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome
1749:Postprandial glucose test
1372:. 15 Spec No 2: R124–30.
1288:Guo, Tingwei (Dec 2007).
1159:10.1038/s41586-019-1231-2
1017:10.1186/s12881-015-0219-5
969:10.1007/s00592-015-0768-2
877:Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract
332:proinflammatory cytokines
308:proinflammatory cytokines
227:rs7873784 located in the
2087:Epidemiology of diabetes
1825:Blood glucose monitoring
1701:Type 3c (pancreatogenic)
1632:Impaired fasting glucose
1538:Cotran, Kumar, Collins;
1370:Human Molecular Genetics
789:Rother KI (April 2007).
265:high-density lipoprotein
1944:Neuropathic arthropathy
261:low-density lipoprotein
219:glucagon-like peptide-1
1892:Gastric bypass surgery
1774:Insulin tolerance test
1744:Glucose tolerance test
1649:Ketosis-prone diabetes
1620:Diabetes and pregnancy
1448:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801072
1343:10.1053/beem.2001.0149
229:3′-untranslated region
1477:. Stanford University
718:10.1056/NEJMra0906948
675:10.1056/NEJMoa0801869
272:inflammatory disorder
2082:Glossary of diabetes
2041:Open Insulin Project
1877:Embryonic stem cells
1614:Gestational diabetes
1004:BMC Medical Genetics
382:transcription factor
374:pancreatic beta-cell
2092:History of diabetes
2077:Outline of diabetes
2006:Diabetic foot ulcer
1991:Diabetic dermopathy
1950:Organs in diabetes
1882:Artificial pancreas
1842:Diabetes medication
1739:Glycated hemoglobin
1510:2011Sci...334..583G
1151:2019Natur.570...71F
1092:Gu, HF (Feb 2004).
809:10.1056/NEJMp078030
450:autosomal recessive
442:Friedreich's ataxia
2056:World Diabetes Day
1644:Insulin resistance
1379:10.1093/hmg/ddl215
1245:Scientific Reports
1104:(Suppl 1): S31–5.
957:Acta Diabetologica
461:insulin resistance
446:Wolfram's syndrome
438:myotonic dystrophy
355:open reading frame
284:insulin resistance
2105:
2104:
1799:Disposition index
1729:Blood sugar level
1599:Type 1 diabetes (
1414:on 28 August 2017
1307:10.2337/db07-0621
1133:Flannick (2019).
511:978-1-4377-0324-5
2125:
1837:Diet in diabetes
1573:
1566:
1559:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1190:Jurgens (2022).
1187:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1063:10.1002/dmrr.641
1046:
1040:
1039:
1029:
1019:
995:
989:
988:
952:
946:
945:
935:
910:
901:
900:
872:
866:
865:
837:
831:
830:
820:
803:(15): 1499–501.
786:
780:
779:
769:
737:
731:
730:
720:
694:
688:
687:
677:
651:
645:
644:
634:
602:
591:
590:
588:
587:
568:
562:
561:
525:
516:
515:
498:
37:Donohue syndrome
2133:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2065:
2036:T1International
2028:
2027:Advocacy &
2022:
1898:
1847:Insulin therapy
1803:
1715:
1582:
1577:
1547:
1546:
1537:
1533:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1442:(12): 1307–13.
1432:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1239:Deaton (2021).
1238:
1237:
1233:
1196:Nature Genetics
1189:
1188:
1184:
1145:(7759): 71–76.
1132:
1131:
1127:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1048:
1047:
1043:
997:
996:
992:
954:
953:
949:
912:
911:
904:
874:
873:
869:
839:
838:
834:
788:
787:
783:
739:
738:
734:
711:(24): 2339–50.
696:
695:
691:
668:(21): 2220–32.
653:
652:
648:
623:10.1038/ng.3437
617:(12): 1415–25.
611:Nature Genetics
604:
603:
594:
585:
583:
570:
569:
565:
527:
526:
519:
512:
500:
499:
490:
485:
473:
340:atherosclerosis
49:
18:type 2 diabetes
12:
11:
5:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2120:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:Diabetic bulla
1993:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1912:Diabetic comas
1908:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1871:
1869:Diabetic shoes
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1652:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1610:
1604:
1597:
1596:(SAID cluster)
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1531:
1488:
1469:Corona, Erik.
1461:
1425:
1393:
1356:
1321:
1300:(12): 3082–8.
1280:
1231:
1202:(3): 240–250.
1182:
1125:
1084:
1041:
990:
947:
902:
867:
848:(9): 1279–81.
832:
781:
732:
689:
646:
592:
563:
517:
510:
487:
486:
484:
481:
480:
479:
472:
469:
288:adipose tissue
48:
45:
16:Most cases of
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2130:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:Organizations
2025:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Hyperglycemia
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:Blood vessels
1952:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1934:Diabetic foot
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1904:Complications
1901:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1795:
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1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:(6056): 583.
1503:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1426:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:(3): 325–43.
1336:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
991:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
948:
943:
939:
934:
929:
926:(3): 165626.
925:
921:
917:
909:
907:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
833:
828:
824:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:
792:
785:
782:
777:
773:
768:
763:
759:
755:
752:(2): 176–85.
751:
747:
743:
736:
733:
728:
724:
719:
714:
710:
706:
705:
700:
693:
690:
685:
681:
676:
671:
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663:
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650:
647:
642:
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633:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
601:
599:
597:
593:
582:on 2008-07-04
581:
577:
573:
567:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:(6): 679–92.
535:
531:
524:
522:
518:
513:
507:
503:
497:
495:
493:
489:
482:
478:
475:
474:
470:
468:
464:
462:
459:attendant on
456:
454:
451:
447:
443:
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432:
426:
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420:
416:
412:
411:
406:
401:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
336:high-fat diet
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:
262:
258:
257:triglycerides
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:among others.
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
129:
124:
123:
118:
117:
112:
111:
106:
105:
100:
99:
94:
93:
88:
87:
82:
81:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
46:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
23:
19:
2018:Hypoglycemia
1922:Ketoacidosis
1917:Hypoglycemia
1857:conventional
1759:Glucose test
1754:Fructosamine
1539:
1534:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1481:11 September
1479:. Retrieved
1474:
1464:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:the original
1405:
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1369:
1359:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1297:
1293:
1283:
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1248:
1244:
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1142:
1138:
1128:
1101:
1097:
1087:
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1003:
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963:(5): 951–8.
960:
956:
950:
923:
919:
883:(2): 125–9.
880:
876:
870:
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841:
835:
800:
794:
784:
749:
745:
735:
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702:
692:
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659:
649:
614:
610:
584:. Retrieved
580:the original
575:
566:
533:
529:
501:
465:
457:
435:
427:
422:
418:
408:
404:
402:
386:
363:
344:
245:inflammatory
231:(3′-UTR) of
223:
210:
202:
132:
126:
120:
114:
108:
102:
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2061:Diabetes UK
1789:SPINA-GBeta
1721:Blood tests
1627:Prediabetes
1471:"Geneworld"
1057:(1): 21–5.
380:containing
378:homeodomain
324:cholesterol
320:macrophages
268:cholesterol
259:, abnormal
215:proglucagon
1817:Prevention
1809:Management
1734:Biomarkers
586:2008-08-04
483:References
351:regulation
312:chemokines
292:adipocytes
74:phenotypic
1862:pulsatile
1852:intensive
1764:C-peptide
1694:Permanent
1689:Transient
1654:Type 3a (
1418:29 August
347:noncoding
300:Monocytes
249:metabolic
241:monocytes
175:, PPARG,
47:Polygenic
29:monogenic
2118:Diabetes
2112:Category
1794:SPINA-GR
1684:Neonatal
1612:Type 4 (
1603:cluster)
1580:Diabetes
1526:22053022
1456:10643689
1388:16987875
1351:11554774
1316:17909099
1294:Diabetes
1275:34732801
1226:35177841
1177:31118516
1120:14749263
1098:Diabetes
1079:21156244
1071:16572495
1036:26329304
985:21203147
977:25990668
942:31785408
897:12706321
842:Diabetes
827:17429082
776:24412096
727:21142536
684:19020324
641:26551672
558:43548816
550:21198561
471:See also
389:promoter
366:microRNA
328:fetuin-A
35:(MODY),
1506:Bibcode
1498:Science
1266:8566487
1217:8930703
1168:6699738
1147:Bibcode
1027:4557749
862:8772735
818:4152979
767:3928649
632:4666734
410:SLC30A8
359:protein
296:β-cells
280:obesity
253:insulin
181:SLC30A8
122:SLC30A8
116:IGF2BP2
69:genomes
1974:Retina
1969:Nerves
1964:Kidney
1959:Muscle
1888:Other
1706:Type 3
1662:Type 1
1607:Type 2
1594:Type 1
1524:
1454:
1407:Dw.com
1386:
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1139:Nature
1118:
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423:GIGYF1
370:3' UTR
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203:KCNJ11
185:CDKAL1
173:MTNR1B
146:CDKN2B
142:CDKN2A
104:NOTCH2
98:KCNJ11
80:TCF7L2
39:, and
2070:Other
1979:Heart
1939:ulcer
1873:Cure
1651:(KPD)
1587:Types
1075:S2CID
981:S2CID
554:S2CID
417:gene
189:GLIS3
177:ZBED3
169:HNF4A
158:HNF1B
154:HNF1A
150:KCNQ1
128:JAZF1
86:PPARG
57:genes
22:genes
2046:JDRF
1711:MIDD
1656:MODY
1601:LADA
1522:PMID
1483:2013
1452:PMID
1420:2017
1384:PMID
1347:PMID
1312:PMID
1271:PMID
1222:PMID
1173:PMID
1116:PMID
1067:PMID
1032:PMID
973:PMID
938:PMID
924:1866
893:PMID
858:PMID
823:PMID
772:PMID
723:PMID
680:PMID
637:PMID
546:PMID
506:ISBN
440:and
415:MODY
407:and
397:APM1
395:and
393:APOM
310:and
304:NFÎşB
282:and
276:TLR4
263:and
255:and
237:PU.1
233:TLR4
197:GCKR
165:GIPR
161:MC4R
138:DGKB
134:HHEX
110:WFS1
61:loci
59:and
1514:doi
1502:334
1444:doi
1374:doi
1339:doi
1302:doi
1261:PMC
1253:doi
1212:PMC
1204:doi
1163:PMC
1155:doi
1143:570
1106:doi
1059:doi
1022:PMC
1012:doi
965:doi
928:doi
885:doi
850:doi
813:PMC
805:doi
801:356
762:PMC
754:doi
713:doi
709:363
670:doi
666:359
627:PMC
619:doi
538:doi
431:BMI
419:GCK
405:PAM
316:LDL
225:SNP
193:GCK
92:FTO
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