Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)

1226:

identity. Common signifiers of Latinidad are language, linguistic accents, religious symbols, tropical and spicy foods, and brown skin as a phenotypic identity." (Berg Ramirez p. 40–41). As Guzman discusses, "signifiers most commonly associated with Latinidad produce a sense of authenticity within media texts", (p. 235). Ramirez continues to discuss how these signifiers of Latinidad do not necessarily mean they are stereotypical. In actuality, Latina/os may utilize these "signifiers" for self-identifying purposes. In terms of media portrayal, Hollywood has invested a lot of time and money to develop a general notion of "Latinidad" because marketers, advertisers and media content producers have found that they are a very bankable demographic, thus turned "Latinidad" and Latina/o culture and identity to a commodity. What is problematic about this is when creating this general notion, the diversity within this demographic becomes suppressed and flattened in a demographic that is very heterogeneous just so marketers, advertisers and media content producers can communicate their version of "authentic" racial identity to consumers. Consequently, this opens the space for stereotypes to be created and perpetuated.

1265:

with how notions of citizenship, belonging, and entitlement are directly intertwined and predicated on dominant U.S. nationalist categories. Such categories conflate race, culture, and language with nationality, establishing the hierarchies and coordinates against which cultural and linguistic differences are ultimately evaluated (Ong 1999; Williams 1989). It is therefore these hierarchies that frame the discourses of Latinidad channeled in the media, as well as the media's treatment of language and what it may potentially communicate to and about Latino's claim to belonging, and in what terms they may or may not be within the political community of the United States." Consequently, this may leave issues, concerns, and topics relevant to this demographic left unheard, discussed and addressed. They are left invisible, therefore not only conflating the cultural differences, but also marginalizing them for the sake of convenience and marketability to the mass media. However, this is not to say this is a monolithic issue. Instead, this further gives incentive for the demographic to create a space in which they can transform these notions where the representations are more diverse, complex and authentic.

826:—refers more exclusively to persons or communities of Latin American Spanish-speaking origin. Of the two, only Hispanic can be used in referring to Spain and its history and culture. In practice, however, this distinction is of little significance when referring to Spanish-speaking residents of the United States, most of whom are of Latin American origin and can thus theoretically be called by either word. Since the 1980s Latino has come to be much more prevalent than Hispanic in national media, but actual Americans of Spanish-speaking Latin American heritage are far from unified in their preferences. For some, Latino is a term of ethnic pride, evoking the broad mix of Latin American peoples, while Hispanic, tied etymologically to Spain rather than the Americas, has distasteful associations with conquest and colonization. But in recent polls of Americans of Spanish-speaking Latin American ancestry, Hispanic is still preferred over Latino among those expressing a preference, while those having no preference constitute a majority overall. 1269:

American" she explains the origins of the term and how it positively unites Hispanics. The term officially came into existence through United States government but it was due to an activist movement. Before this term, groups such as Mexicans, Cubans, and Puerto Ricans were only accounted for in census data as "white". The lack of specific data tied to Hispanics failed to show their social circumstance and therefore could not create necessary changes. There was no data to back up that they were significantly being affected by poverty, discrimination, and disadvantageous education. Without data, Hispanics would not receive adequate funding to change their circumstances and future. Due to the activism on behalf of Chicano and Puerto Rican individuals, there is data that supports and unites a group towards social equality.

1016:, especially since the Census Bureau classifies Brazilian Americans and Belizean Americans as separate ancestry groups from "Hispanic or Latino". A surge of Portuguese Americans faced a big scare when the Census Bureau revealed plans to categorize people of Portuguese descent as "Hispanics" in the 2020 census. The unified feelings of dispute were displayed in a national survey conducted by Palcus within the Portuguese-American community. The results were an overwhelming 90% of participants objecting to Portuguese Americans being classified under the Hispanic ethnicity. 1005:: "Hispanic or Latino" refers to a person of Mexican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race. It allows respondents to self-define whether they were Latino or Hispanic and then identify their specific country or place of origin. On its website, the Census Bureau defines "Hispanic or Latino" persons as being "persons who trace their origin ... Spanish-speaking Central and South America countries, and other Spanish cultures". 1275:"I hope that my daughter will be conscious that the idea of Latino/Hispanic was actually rooted in an effort to work for social justice and political inclusion. Though we are a diverse community, many still grapple with disadvantage, discrimination and underrepresentation. All in all, I hope my daughter will embrace her Latinidad by being conscious of its roots in social justice and by continuing the cause of civil rights and political participation in America." 1287: 725:. Scholar Juan Francisco Martinez writes that "France began talking about Latin America during the rule of Napoleon III as a way of distinguishing between those areas of the Americas originally colonized by Europeans of Latin descent and those colonized by peoples from northern Europe. But the term was used to justify French intervention in the young republics of Latin America." 38: 1020:

the following: "Mexican; Central American: Costa Rican, Guatemalan, Honduran, Nicaraguan, Panamanian, Salvadoran, Other Central American; South American: Bolivian, Chilean, Colombian, Ecuadorian, Paraguayan, Peruvian, Venezuelan, Other South American; Other Hispanic or Latino: Spanish, Spanish American, All other Hispanic".

1019:

Fortunately for those opposed to the Portuguese-as-Hispanic classification, the Census Bureau later released an update stating that they never intended to classify people of Portuguese descent as Hispanic in the 2020 census. The 28 Hispanic or Latino American groups in the Census Bureau's reports are

453:

Another respondent agreed with this position, contrasting his white colleagues' perceptions of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus with their perception of the Congressional Black Caucus. 'We certainly haven't been militant like the Black Caucus. We're seen as a power bloc—an ethnic power bloc striving

821:

Though often used interchangeably in American English, Hispanic and Latino have slightly different ranges of meaning. Hispanic, from the Latin word for "Spain," has the broader reference, potentially encompassing all Spanish-speaking peoples in both hemispheres and emphasizing the common denominator

513:

Most Hispanic and Latino Americans can speak Spanish, but not all, and most Spanish-speaking Americans are Hispanic or Latino, but not all. For example, Hispanic/Latino Americans often do not speak Spanish by the third generation, and some Americans who speak Spanish may not identify themselves with

415:

did not include a question on Hispanic origin on all census forms—instead relying on a sample of the population via an extended form ("Is this person's origin or descent: Mexican; Puerto Rican; Cuban; Central or South American; Other Spanish; or None of these"), the members of the committee wanted a

2030:

Latino denotes "the inclusion of the non-Spanish cultures of Latin America that have contributed immensely to the development and structure of present-day Latino cultural groups. These groups may include people of Latin American descent whose cultural heritage may be African, Asian, American Indian

1251:

When and why the Latino identity came about is a more involved story. Essentially, politicians, the media, and marketers find it convenient to deal with the different U.S. Spanish-speaking people under one umbrella. However, many people with Spanish surnames contest the term 'Latino'. They claim it

1163:

What most of us know and what the results from the 1992 Latino National Political survey demonstrate is a preference for place of origin or national identity in what we call ourselves. Face-to-face interviews of 2,817 people were conducted in 1989 and 1990. Some 57 percent to 86 percent of Mexicans

1268:

Not everyone rejects the terms and in fact feel that this idea of Latinidad is taken for granted. G. Christina Mora, author and UC Berkeley sociologist professor, emphasizes the importance of the Hispanic term. In her book, "Making Hispanics: How Activists, Bureaucrats, and Media Constructed a New

1264:

to categorize this demographic, "... the extent to which assertions of cultural differences intersect with dominant norms of American citizenship that give preeminence to white, monolingual, middle-class producers of and contributors to a political body defined in national terms. My concern is ...

1245:

The terms 'Hispanic' and 'Latino', although first created for the purpose of lumping together a diverse group of people and making them more economically marketable, have grown into something far more significant. Over time the legitimacy and accuracy of these terms have come to influence not only

661:

A study done in 2009 shows that there is not a significant difference between the attitudes or preferences towards the terms among young (18–25) and older individuals. The statistical numbers are almost identical. Among the overall Hispanic population, young Hispanics prefer to identify themselves

436:

identity: "The Chicano label reflected the more radical political agenda of Mexican-Americans in the 1960s and 1970s, and the politicians who call themselves Hispanic today are the harbringers of a more conservative, more accomadationist politics." Some of these elites sought to encourage cultural

1176:

Nearly four decades after the United States government mandated the use of the terms 'Hispanic' or 'Latino' to categorize Americans who trace their roots to Spanish-speaking countries, a new nationwide survey of Hispanic adults finds that these terms still haven't been fully embraced by Hispanics

481:

Although a large majority of Hispanic and Latino Americans have Spanish ancestry, most are not of direct, "from-Spain-to-the-U.S." Spanish descent; many are not primarily of Spanish descent; and some are not of Spanish descent at all. People whose ancestors or who themselves arrived in the United

1146:

Despite this, debates regarding the proper name of the perceived homogeneous population of U.S. citizens with Latin American or Spanish background still abound, and are even more acute. To find out how much people agree or disagree with either term, many polls have been conducted. According to a

1225:

These characteristics that are often used, such as Hollywood, to classify a person of Latina/o culture and identity has been termed by scholars, "As a system of media signification, Latinidad is a performative and performed dynamic set of popular signs associated with Latinas/os and Latina/o

427:

among the Mexican-American community, which in turn fueled both electronic and print media to use the term when referring to Mexican Americans in the 1980s. Gómez conducted a series of interviews with Mexican-American political elites on their role in promoting

1726:

Tingitana in late antiquity, the III-VII centuries: the autochthonous and Roman world in the west end of the Mediterranean. Which answers the million dollar question. Portuguese people are considered to be Hispanic because of the origin of the familial

1142:

has stated that the new term should be, indeed, "Hispanic or Latino" because the usage of the terms differs—"Hispanic is commonly used in the eastern portion of the United States, whereas Latino is commonly used in the western portion".

410:

after the Hispanic members of an interdepartmental Ad Hoc Committee to develop racial and ethnic definitions recommended that a universal term encompassing all Hispanic subgroups—including Central and South Americans—be adopted. As the

996:

The U.S. government has defined "Hispanic or Latino" persons as being "persons who trace their origin ... Central and South America, and other Spanish cultures". The Census Bureau's 2010 census provides a definition of the terms

662:

with their family's country of origin. Both groups prefer the term "American" versus "Latino/Hispanic". Yet, older Hispanics are more likely to identify as white than younger Hispanics. When it comes to the preference of

333:

are generally used to denote people living in the United States. Outside of the United States, people living in Latin American countries usually refer to themselves by the names of their respective countries of origin.

3078:

Because regional usage of the terms differs—Hispanic is commonly used in the eastern portion of the United States, whereas Latino is commonly used in the western portion—this change may contribute to improved response

1216:

The word 'Latino' may be loaded with negative connotations when used by non-Latinos in American culture because of its association with the sign 'Latin' which may imply a stereotyped character partially imposed by

1097:, less educated, under-class people of Mexican-origin. Del Olmo pushed 'Latino' as a substitute for the rejected 'Chicano.' Unfortunately, he was in a position to push this substitution into the language of the ' 653:

when describing their identity. Instead, they preferred to be identified by their country of origin. Over half of those surveyed said they had no preference for either term. When forced to choose, 33% chose

575:

to refer to "a person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race." The OMB did not accept the recommendation to retain the single term

1168:—whether born in Mexico or born in the United States, whether born in the island or in the mainland—preferred to call themselves Mexican or Puerto Rican rather than panethnic names like Hispanic or Latino. 1221:. Latino is a sign that needs to be contextualized. It may bring some groups together, but it also may contribute to depoliticize a movement and to stereotype a diversity of social groups and cultures. 3538: 840:

limits "Hispanic" to persons "from—or whose ancestors were from—a Spanish-speaking land or culture. Latino and Latina are sometimes preferred". It provides a more expansive definition, however, of

926:, in one character. Latin@ may be used to promote gender neutrality or be used to encompass both Latinos and Latinas without using the masculine "Latinos" designation for the mixed genders group. 607:

as "persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Central or South American, or others Spanish or Portuguese culture or origin, regardless of race." This definition has been adopted by the

1706:

has meaning only in reference to the U.S. experience. Outside the United States, we don't speak of Latinos; we speak of Mexicans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and so forth. Latinos are made in the USA.

1252:

is misleading because no Latino or Hispanic nationality exists since no Latino state exists, so generalizing the term 'Latino' slights the various national identities included under the umbrella.

1196:

overtones they carry, but the unjust and unfair labeling of people who do not even belong to the practices and ideologies of such identities. This is true of many indigenous peoples such as the

2793: 618:(CHC)—which was organized in 1976 by five Hispanic Congressmen: Herman Badillo (NY), Baltasar Corrada del Río (PR), Kika de la Garza (TX), Henry B. Gonzalez (TX) and Edward Roybal (CA)—and the 2411: 822:

of language among communities that might sometimes seem to have little else in common. Latino—which in Spanish means "Latin" but in English is probably a shortening of the Spanish word

2691: 2121: 1424:

Latino: People with roots in the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking Americas. This broader term, mostly used in the United States, is sometimes used as a replacement for Hispanic

3142:

In Texas, a Pew Hispanic Center poll found that 45% of Latinos prefer the term Hispanic and 8% prefer Latino. Note this leaves 47% of Latinos in Texas who prefer neither term

642:, which proclaims itself the champion of Hispanic success in higher education, has member institutions in the U.S. mainland, Puerto Rico, Latin America, Spain, and Portugal. 2715: 482:

States directly from Spain are a tiny minority of the Hispanic or Latino population (see figures in this article), and there are Hispanic/Latino Americans who are of other

289:

as categorical terms often used by government institutions and prominent organizations. The choice between the terms is frequently associated with location: persons in the

1651: 639: 1468:

Martinez, Daniel E.; Gonzalez, Kelsey E. (2020). "'Latino' or 'Hispanic'? The Sociodemographic Correlates of Panethnic Label Preferences among U.S. Latinos/Hispanics".

1890:"Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States" 852:

includes not only persons of Spanish-speaking land or ancestry, but also more generally includes persons "from—or whose ancestors were from— ... Latin America." The

3094:"Review: Other Immigrants: The Global Origins of the American People – A poll in 2000 revealed that 'Latinos' and 'Latinas' use neither term to describe themselves" 2767: 736:

in 2000 and its subsequent media attention brought about several controversies and disagreements, specifically in the United States and, to a lesser extent, in

3460: 2323: 2106: 2063:"Identification of Hispanic Ethnicity in Census 2000: Analysis of Data Quality for the Question on Hispanic Origin, Population Division Working Paper No. 75" 423:

notes that key members of the Mexican-American political elite with assimilationist ideologies, all of whom were middle-aged men, helped popularize the term

2801: 2511: 2660: 600: 1889: 1058:

set its feet in concrete and the use of the word 'Latino' and nothing has cracked the concrete since. Worst of all, other newspapers have followed the

1177:

themselves. A majority (51%) say they most often identify themselves by their family's country of origin; just 24% say they prefer a pan-ethnic label.

1054:-imposed word, 'Latino', in describing the country's fastest growing ethnic 'Group,' those with Spanish-surnames, those who speak Spanish, et al. The 3255:

Guzman, Isabel (2006). "Mediating Frida : Negotiating Discourses Of Latina/O Authenticity In Global Media Representations Of Ethnic Identity".

1123: 1357: 2621: 2373: 3432: 3315: 3239: 3204: 3031: 2219: 2186: 1990: 1963: 1806: 1772: 1738: 1695: 948:

was introduced in the early 2000s as a gender-neutral term for Latino/Latina, in addition to encompassing those who identify outside of the

3470: 3119: 1829: 1292: 722: 611:

as well as by many federal, state, and municipal agencies for the purposes of awarding government contracts to minority-owned businesses.

2832:

For the U.S. government and others, Hispanic or Latino identity is voluntary, as in the United States Census, and in some market research

1320: 2594: 1796: 1719: 904:

aim to challenge the gender binary that is inherent in Portuguese and Spanish, which combines the Portuguese/Spanish masculine ending

251: 3047: 2129: 1566: 756:, pointing out that such ethnonyms are optional and should be used only to describe people involved in the practices, ideologies and 567:

has been the source of several debates in the United States. Within the United States, the term originally referred typically to the

3375: 2049: 1603: 619: 81: 2932:'Latino' is a self-chosen word that has come to refer to American-born peoples of Spanish/Portuguese and/or American-Indian descent 3167: 2568: 670:, the younger subgroup is more likely to state that it does not matter. If they do have a preference, both groups prefer the term 595:

Other federal and local government agencies and non-profit organizations include Brazilians and Portuguese in their definition of

3391: 2723: 2537: 1875: 1659: 1310: 645:

In a 2012 study, most Spanish speakers of Spanish or Latin American descent in the United States did not choose to use the terms

2823: 1621: 3533: 3051: 1571: 1139: 470:

in the western portion of the United States, the government adopted this term as well in 1997, and used it in the 2000 census.

151: 48: 2236: 2007: 971:

reportedly surfaced with LGBTQ+ spaces on the internet in 2004, but use of the term did not take off until a decade later.

3543: 2745: 1300: 1119: 991: 615: 608: 474: 310: 124: 3495: 2088: 580:. Instead, the OMB has decided that the term should be "Hispanic or Latino" because regional usage of the terms differs. 3523: 1762: 1730: 226:

institutions and Spanish-language media adopted the term for community unity and political organizing. The emergence of

2885: 2310:'Latino' refers only to immigrants from Latin America (itself an offensive term to some indigenous people of that area) 2953: 2151: 1379: 1218: 733: 623: 179: 129: 3442: 2844:

Gorin, Sherri Sheinfeld; Heck, Julia E. (May 2005). "Cancer screening among Latino subgroups in the United States".

2771: 1073:

people with Latin American background living in the U.S. reject the term. He traces the polarization of the word to

416:

common designation to better track the social and economic progress of the group vis-à-vis the general population.

372: 3048:"Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. Federal Register Notice" 1567:"Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. Federal Register Notice" 1510:"The Birth of the 'Hispanic' Generation: Attitudes of Mexican-American Political Elites toward the Hispanic Label" 1159:, points out that many Latin Americans feel more comfortable identifying themselves with their country of origin: 1130:

was commonly used for statistical purposes. However, many people did not feel satisfied with the term and started

3280: 589: 572: 477:

were categorized as "Spanish-Americans", "Spanish-speaking Americans", or "Spanish-surnamed Americans". However:

412: 275: 3021: 2062: 255: 190:

into American society among all Hispanic/Latino peoples and move away from the anti-assimilationist politics of

2668: 870:, whereas a group of Latino men or a combination of Latino and Latina individuals are designated as "Latinos" ( 534: 63: 1721:

Tingitana en la antigüedad tardía, siglos III-VII: autoctonía y romanidad en el extremo occidente mediterráneo

1897: 1863: 1172:

A Pew Hispanic Center survey conducted November 9 – December 7, 2011, and published April 4, 2012, reported:

1246:

the functioning of the marketing industry, but the organization and structure of many other aspects of life.

483: 59: 3465: 1439:

Ramirez, Deborah A. (1993). "Excluded Voices: The Disenfranchisement of Ethnic Groups from Jury Service".

1131: 568: 518: 3331:

Davila, Arlene (February 2000). "Mapping Latinidad: Language and Culture in the Spanish TV Battlefront".

1233:, address the issue from a more global and political perspective, stressing the importance of terms like 3227: 2489: 2415: 783: 298: 290: 259: 187: 2177:

Martinez, Juan Francisco (2009). "Identity (Latino/a vs. Hispanic)". In De La Torre, Miguel A. (ed.).

1101:' in the West. Other papers and broadcast stations took up the word because it was the 'style' of the 1441: 1089:

The third reason Del Olmo objected to the word 'Hispanic' and championed the word 'Latino' was that '

3475: 2625: 2461: 1341: 3528: 3508: 3271: 1383: 1353: 1098: 1009: 306: 281:

There remains no definitive consensus over which term should be used, which has led to the rise of

3348: 2980: 1839: 1685: 1537: 1529: 1485: 1411:

The Effects of Multicultural Dance on Self-Determination of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

1013: 779: 507: 3126: 2211: 2204: 2122:"Between Two Worlds: How Young Latinos Come of Age in America I. Overview and Executive Summary" 1864:

Huffington Post: "Latino Or Hispanic? How The Federal Government Decided" By Grace Flores-Hughes

1028:

In the U.S., the terms are officially voluntary, self-designated classifications. However, the

136:

refers to people from Spanish-speaking countries (including Spain but excluding Brazil), while

3428: 3371: 3311: 3273:

Changing Views of Identity in the Face of Globalization Among Hispanic Communities in Diaspora

3235: 3231: 3200: 3196: 3027: 2861: 2692:"How a coding error provided a rare glimpse into Latino identity among Brazilians in the U.S." 2382: 2328: 2248: 2215: 2182: 2045: 1986: 1959: 1802: 1768: 1734: 1691: 1038: 757: 491: 420: 356: 210: 183: 2945: 1953: 3340: 3221: 3190: 2970: 2962: 2923: 2853: 2372: 2066: 1980: 1521: 1477: 1349: 1272:

Mora, states the following about the term and what she hopes it will mean for her daughter:

1230: 979: 918:

has been noted to have the symbolical importance of suggesting inclusiveness, by having the

873: 806: 741: 690: 406:

was adopted by the United States government in the early 1970s during the administration of

195: 175: 101: 3055: 1580: 3304: 2466: 1201: 975: 530: 503: 442: 167: 2429: 2237:"Latinos/Hispanics ... What Next! Some Reflections on the Politics of Identity in the US" 1409: 1192:

One of the major arguments of people who object to either term is not only the perceived

3425:

Hispanic Spaces, Latino Places: Community and Cultural Diversity in Contemporary America

3093: 1157:

Hispanic spaces, Latino places: community and cultural diversity in contemporary America

2433: 1147:

December 2000 poll by Hispanic Trends, 65% of the registered voters preferred the word

1078: 745: 526: 495: 487: 380: 141: 118: 2946:"Nature, race, and parks: past research and future directions for geographic research" 856:

specifically lists Brazilians as an example of a group that can be considered Latino.

3517: 3500: 3352: 2827: 1927: 1625: 1602:

Taylor, Paul; Lopez, Mark Hugo; Martínez, Jessica; Velasco, Gabriel (April 4, 2012).

1541: 1489: 1165: 1069:

Lowery Contreras argues that, according to the statistics of the Census Bureau, most

949: 769: 635: 529:. Those without Spanish surnames but of Hispanic or Latino origin include politician 499: 407: 171: 159: 110: 3023:

Jalapeno Chiles, Mexican Americans and Other Hot Stuff: A Peoples' Cultural Identity

2984: 1036:

in the U.S. has been possible due to the policies of certain newspapers such as the

1070: 974:

The term has drawn criticisms for its invented roots, in addition to its perceived

832: 708: 538: 446: 348: 223: 199: 3368:

Making Hispanics: How Activists, Bureaucrats, and Media Constructed a New American

2889: 2569:"Latino/a vs. Latinx vs. Latine: Which Word Best Solves Spanish's Gender Problem?" 2107:"Study: Most Hispanics Prefer Describing Identity From Family's Country Of Origin" 2061:

Crese, Aruthur R.; Schmidley, Audrey Dianne; Ramirez, Roberto R. (July 27, 2004).

242:

was reasserting a colonial dynamic or relationship with Spain. Others argued that

17: 2256: 3223:

Negotiating performance: gender, sexuality, and theatricality in Latin/o America

2857: 2350: 2014: 2008:"U.S. Latino Patriots: From the American Revolution to Afghanistan, An Overview" 1576: 1447:

he term 'Latino' ... is more inclusive and descriptive than the term 'Hispanic.'

1094: 957: 953: 542: 463: 314: 3344: 1525: 862:

is traditionally reserved for males or a combination of males and females, and

208:

first emerged at the local level through media outlets in the early 1990s. The

3071:—OMB does not accept the recommendation to retain the single term 'Hispanic.' 2647: 2092: 1305: 1282: 1205: 1193: 1115: 1043: 1029: 749: 459: 2966: 2386: 2279: 2252: 1481: 2665:

2009 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Selected Population Profile

2646:

In contrast, some dictionary definitions may include Brazilian Americans or

2407: 1340:

Krogstad, Jens M.; Passel, Jeffrey S.; Lopez, Mark H. (September 23, 2021).

778:) to refer to the Spanish, French, and Portuguese-speaking countries of the 376: 114: 106: 27:

Ethnonyms used to refer to Hispanic or Latino Americans in the United States

3166:

Taylor, Paul; Lopez, Mark Hugo; Martínez, Jessica Hamar; Velasco, Gabriel.

2865: 1093:' had been roundly rejected by all Mexican Americans but the most radical, 592:, the identifier has changed from "Hispanic" to "Spanish/Hispanic/Latino". 441:

within their community and not be seen as "militant" in order to appeal to

432:

and found that one of the main reasons was because it stood in contrast to

392: 194:

identity, which had gained prominence in the preceding decades through the

2927: 2716:"Portuguese-Americans against being declared Hispanic – The Portugal News" 154:'s (OMB) Directive No. 15 in 1977, which defined Hispanic as "a person of 3396: 2599: 2542: 1315: 1209: 1197: 1187: 1032:

has helped propagate them irrespective of this fact. The rapid spread of

631: 558: 364: 352: 155: 95: 2128:. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center: Hispanic Trends. Archived from 2091:. US Department of Transportation Office of Civil Rights. Archived from 1798:

Al-Andalus, Sepharad and Medieval Iberia: Cultural Contact and Diffusion

1256:

Davila expands on the ramifications of the mass media's dominant use of

3476:

Yale University – Understanding Ethnic Labels and Puerto Rican Identity

2975: 2304:

Grunig, Larissa A.; Hon, Linda Childers; Toth, Elizabeth Lance (2004).

1533: 1509: 1090: 700: 433: 396: 388: 368: 247: 191: 584:

is commonly used in the eastern portion of the United States, whereas

525:

Spanish-surnamed Americans are Hispanic or Latino, but not all, e.g.,

3073:

Instead, OMB has decided that the term should be 'Hispanic or Latino.

2538:"To Be Or Not to Be Latinx? For Some Hispanics, That Is the Question" 944: 937: 737: 458:

The designation has since been used in local and federal employment,

163: 2870:'Latino' is a self-designated term by members of different subgroups 445:

sensibilities, particularly in regard to separating themselves from

66:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2512:"'Latin@' Offers A Gender-Neutral Choice; But How To Pronounce It?" 2374:"Opinion | Latino? Hispanic? Quechua? No, American; Take Your Pick" 1118:

and other neighboring states. Before the adoption of the ethnonym "

1065:

lead and news coverage, accuracy and the community have suffered.

704: 627: 462:, academia, and business market research. It has been used in the 384: 360: 250:

culture and political struggle as well as erased the existence of

2746:"Census Bureau: Portuguese not Hispanic | WashingtonExaminer.com" 1952:

Nicolás Kanellos; Thomas Weaver; Claudio Esteva Fabregat (1994).

379:

but excluding the Spanish and Portuguese overseas territories of

2595:"Are you Latinx? As Usage Grows, Word Draws Approval, Criticism" 1955:

Handbook of Hispanic Cultures in the United States: Anthropology

1114:

The naming dispute is a phenomenon that has its roots mainly in

961: 144:

countries (including Brazil but excluding Spain and Portugal).

622:

include representatives of Spanish and Portuguese descent. The

1834: 1604:"When Labels Don't Fit: Hispanics and Their Views of Identity" 1046:-based media during the 1990s. Raoul Lowery Contreras writes: 198:. The rise of Hispanic identity paralleled an emerging era of 128:). While many use the terms interchangeably, for example, the 31: 748:

scholars, journalists and organizations have objected to the

313:

prefer to identify with their families' country of origin or

3189:

McDonogh, Gary; Gregg, Robert; Wong, Cindy H., eds. (2001).

3168:"When Labels dont fit Hispanics and Their Views of Identity" 2690:

Passel, Jeffrey S.; Krogstad, Jens Manuel (April 19, 2023).

2152:"U.S. Blacks, Hispanics Have No Preferences on Group Labels" 1105:. Frank Del Olmo single-handedly branded millions of people. 744:

countries. Regarding it as an arbitrary, generic term, many

3496:"Latina, Latino, or LatinX? Here's how the term came about" 2902:

Spanish/Hispanic/Latino is a self-designated classification

1876:

U.S. Census website: US Census History – 1970 (Population):

1761:

Bowersock, Glen Warren; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (1999).

3480: 2042:

A Dictionary of New Mexico & Southern Colorado Spanish

347:

was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during

2306:

Women in Public Relations: How Gender Influences Practice

1204:, who still practice their own religious rituals without 2412:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2044:(2nd ed.); Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press; p. ix; 355:, which roughly comprised what is currently called the 55: 2794:"B03001. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin" 626:

is dedicated to the study of the arts and cultures of

214:

was one of the first major newspapers to use the term

3539:

Mass media-related controversies in the United States

3120:"Latino or Hispanic Panic: Which Term Should We Use?" 1859: 1857: 1241:

for the marketing industry and for statistical ends:

109:

used to refer collectively to the inhabitants of the

3443:"What's the Difference Between Hispanic and Latino?" 2089:"What is a Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE)?" 3471:

Latino or Hispanic Panic: Which Term Should We Use?

3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2768:"American FactFinder Help; Spanish/Hispanic/Latino" 588:is commonly used in the western portion. Since the 182:." The term was formed out of a collaboration with 3461:Los Angeles Times – Look beyond the 'Latino' label 3303: 2996:Latino is a self-identifying ethno-racial category 2203: 1764:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 1652:"New Survey Paints Vivid Portrait of U.S. Latinos" 1690:. University of California Press. p. xxvii. 640:Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities 3125:. crossculturecommunications.com. Archived from 2944:Byrne, Jason; Wolch, Jennifer (March 13, 2009). 2181:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 292. 1622:"The concept of 'Latino' is an American concept" 715:was coined in France in the mid-19th century as 2798:2009 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates 2031:or indigenous, Middle Eastern and/or European." 1684:Marcelo M. Suárez-Orozco; Mariela Páez (2008). 1249: 1243: 1229:Others, such as Catherine Alexandra Carter and 1214: 1174: 1161: 1087: 1048: 1008:These definitions thus arguably do not include 866:for females. A group of Latina women is termed 819: 451: 3220:Taylor, Diana; Morales, Juan Villegas (1994). 2886:"Census 2000: The Changing Face of Providence" 2013:. Pew Research Hispanic Center. Archived from 1888:Gibson, Campbell; Jung, Kay (September 2002). 514:Spanish-speaking Americans as an ethnic group. 3192:Encyclopedia of contemporary American culture 2800:. United States Census Bureau. Archived from 2371:Velez Guadalupe, Hector (November 18, 1992). 2206:Encyclopedia of Applied Developmental Science 2202:Fisher, Celia B.; Lerner, Richard M. (2004). 1608:Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project 8: 1928:"Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000" 1151:, while 30% chose to identify themselves as 773: 716: 3392:"Voices: How We Became Hispanic – NBC News" 2914:Sebesta, Judith A (2007). "Title unknown". 2888:. The Providence Plan. 2001. Archived from 2430:"AHANA- "We are More Than Just an Acronym"" 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1212:elements. Journalist Juan Villegas writes: 772:who coined the expression "Latin America" ( 517:Not all Hispanic and Latino Americans have 342: 3481:Latino Times has 20-1 ratio of the use of 2622:"Hispanic Population of the United States" 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2351:"Latino | Define Latino at Dictionary.com" 2120:Pew Hispanic Center staff (July 1, 2013). 960:. The term has been embraced by the Latin 836:also distinguishes between the terms. The 3509:The Difference Between Latino vs Hispanic 2974: 2562: 2560: 1926:Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Rachel C. Cassidy. 1767:. Harvard University Press. p. 504. 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 809:maintain a distinction between the terms 571:until the U.S. government used it in the 466:since 1980. Because of the popularity of 82:Learn how and when to remove this message 2322:Rodriguez, Gregory (November 12, 2012). 1384:"The American Community—Hispanics: 2004" 1050:For years I have campaigned against the 764:is an imposed official term, then so is 760:of their supporters. They argue that if 449:political consciousness. Gómez records: 3257:Critical Studies in Media Communication 3153: 2490:"Latin@: Its Pronunciation and Meaning" 1360:from the original on September 29, 2021 1332: 202:in the United States during the 1980s. 152:Federal Office of Management and Budget 150:was first used and defined by the U.S. 3118:Retta, Edward; Brink, Cynthia (2007). 2280:"The Rise of Hispanic Political Power" 2006:Rochin, Refugio I.; Lionel Fernandez. 359:, included the contemporary states of 266:was also described as more inclusive. 230:resulted in increasing criticism over 2593:Reyes, Raul A. (September 29, 2016). 1110:Latino, Hispanic or national identity 7: 2770:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from 2667:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from 2179:Hispanic American Religious Cultures 2040:Cobos, Rubén (2003) "Introduction," 1672:Being Latino is an American identity 1650:Thomas, Jeffrey (December 8, 2006). 1503: 1501: 1499: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1434: 1432: 1293:Hispanic and Latino Americans portal 1155:. Daniel David Arreola, in his book 1085:as "ugly and imprecise". He writes: 723:Second French intervention in Mexico 3366:Mora, G. Cristina (March 7, 2014). 2567:Reichard, Raquel (March 30, 2017). 2536:Reyes, Raul A. (November 7, 2017). 1321:Race and ethnicity in Latin America 305:. According to a 2011 study by the 3466:The Term 'Latino' Describes No One 3054:. October 30, 1997. Archived from 2488:Michaeli, Orly (October 8, 2014). 1985:. Infobase Publishing. p. 7. 1958:. Arte Publico Press. p. 92. 1579:. October 30, 1997. Archived from 502:, and Middle Eastern, such as the 317:, while only 24% prefer the terms 25: 3092:Homberger, Eric (November 2009). 2462:"'Latinx' And Gender Inclusivity" 620:Congressional Hispanic Conference 262:peoples throughout the Americas. 132:, others maintain a distinction: 3195:. Taylor & Francis. p. 3020:Lowery Contreras, Raoul (2003). 2324:"Look beyond the 'Latino' label" 1311:Native American name controversy 1285: 454:to deal with mainstream issues.' 36: 3494:Terry Blas (October 15, 2019). 3370:. University of Chicago Press. 3052:Office of Management and Budget 2510:Demby, Gene (January 7, 2013). 1838:. June 18, 1997. Archived from 1572:Office of Management and Budget 1508:Gomez, Laura E. (Autumn 1992). 1140:Office of Management and Budget 601:US Department of Transportation 3423:Arreola, Daniel David (2004). 3310:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1982:Latino Writers and Journalists 782:, during their support of the 186:political elites to encourage 1: 3489:from news articles worldwide. 3427:. University of Texas Press. 3270:Carter, Catherine Alexandra. 2210:. Vol. 2. SAGE. p. 1933:. United States Census Bureau 1718:Vega, Noé Villaverde (2001). 1301:Hispanic and Latino Americans 992:Hispanic and Latino Americans 986:Hispanic/Latino nationalities 616:Congressional Hispanic Caucus 609:Small Business Administration 475:Hispanic and Latino Americans 311:Hispanic and Latino Americans 125:Hispanic and Latino Americans 1979:Jamie Martinez Wood (2007). 1878:retrieved September 25, 2013 1731:Real Academia de la Historia 3082:(Boldface in the original.) 2954:Progress in Human Geography 2858:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.09.031 2235:Gimenez, Martha E. (1998). 2158:. Gallup Inc. July 26, 2013 1894:Working Paper Series No. 56 1514:Latin American Perspectives 871: 624:Hispanic Society of America 130:United States Census Bureau 122: 62:the claims made and adding 3560: 3345:10.1177/152747640000100105 3333:Television & New Media 3069:Terminology for Hispanics. 2916:Studies in Musical Theatre 2661:"Select Population Groups" 2308:. Routledge. p. 166. 1526:10.1177/0094582X9201900405 1185: 989: 935: 688: 556: 373:British Overseas Territory 3281:Illinois State University 2278:de la Isla, José (2003). 1687:Latinos: Remaking America 1470:Sociological Perspectives 728:The adoption of the term 721:, during the time of the 178:or origin, regardless of 2967:10.1177/0309132509103156 1482:10.1177/0731121420950371 1081:, who regarded the term 1024:Criticism from the media 952:, such as those who are 658:and 14% chose "Latino." 535:National Football League 309:, the majority (51%) of 270:was included along with 3447:Encyclopedia Britannica 3302:Acuña, Rodolfo (2003). 3000:(subscription required) 2874:(subscription required) 2720:www.theportugalnews.com 1795:Corfis, Ivy A. (2009). 1138:as a new ethnonym. The 297:, whereas those in the 3534:Latin American studies 2830:on February 14, 2009. 1801:. BRILL. p. 231. 1254: 1248: 1223: 1179: 1170: 1107: 1067: 828: 774: 717: 569:Hispanos of New Mexico 456: 343: 246:failed to acknowledge 3228:Duke University Press 3170:. Pew Hispanic Center 2928:10.1386/smt.1.2.183_1 2650:, or both in general. 2416:TheFreeDictionary.com 1830:"A Cultural Identity" 1186:Further information: 1134:promoting the use of 990:Further information: 790:Distinctions between 784:Second Mexican Empire 689:Further information: 557:Further information: 437:assimilation through 291:Eastern United States 234:. Many supporters of 188:cultural assimilation 3544:Naming controversies 3400:. September 28, 2014 2804:on February 12, 2020 2671:on November 20, 2011 2020:on February 27, 2008 1900:on December 24, 2014 1729:] (in Spanish). 1442:Wisconsin Law Review 805:Some authorities of 703:are loan words from 351:. The ancient Roman 3524:Hispanic and Latino 3058:on February 8, 2004 2846:Preventive Medicine 2695:Pew Research Center 2095:on January 9, 2010. 1662:on October 21, 2012 1583:on February 8, 2004 1408:Thurman, Christie. 1354:Pew Research Center 1346:www.pewresearch.org 1099:Newspaper of Record 1010:Brazilian Americans 956:, or those who are 768:, since it was the 484:European ancestries 307:Pew Research Center 287:Hispanic and Latino 256:Afro-Latin American 140:refers people from 3306:U.S. Latino Issues 3098:Reviews in History 2379:The New York Times 1866:September 19, 2013 1842:on January 1, 2014 1544:– via JSTOR. 1380:U.S. Census Bureau 1342:"Who is Hispanic?" 1316:Naming controversy 1182:Academic reception 1120:Hispanic or Latino 1014:Belizean Americans 780:Western Hemisphere 734:U.S. Census Bureau 707:and originated in 47:possibly contains 18:Hispanic or Latino 3434:978-0-292-70562-3 3317:978-0-313-32211-2 3241:978-0-8223-1515-5 3206:978-0-415-16161-9 3132:on August 7, 2012 3033:978-0-595-29256-1 2329:Los Angeles Times 2221:978-0-7619-2820-1 2188:978-1-59884-139-8 1992:978-1-4381-0785-1 1965:978-1-61192-161-8 1808:978-90-04-17919-6 1774:978-0-674-51173-6 1740:978-84-89512-94-8 1697:978-0-520-25827-3 1382:(February 2007). 1075:Los Angeles Times 1052:Los Angeles Times 1039:Los Angeles Times 924:⟨a⟩ 920:⟨o⟩ 910:⟨a⟩ 908:and the feminine 906:⟨o⟩ 881:Alternative terms 758:identity politics 527:Filipino surnames 357:Iberian Peninsula 211:Los Angeles Times 92: 91: 84: 49:original research 16:(Redirected from 3551: 3505: 3450: 3438: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3309: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3278: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3131: 3124: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3076: 3065: 3063: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3017: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2978: 2950: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2892:on July 15, 2012 2882: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2826:. 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April 4, 2012. 2103: 2097: 2096: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2067:US Census Bureau 2058: 2052: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2019: 2012: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1932: 1923: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1896:. Archived from 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1658:. Archived from 1647: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1630: 1624:. Archived from 1618: 1612: 1611: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1563: 1546: 1545: 1505: 1494: 1493: 1465: 1450: 1449: 1436: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1350:Washington, D.C. 1337: 1295: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1064: 980:Spanish language 925: 921: 911: 907: 876: 874:Latino (demonym) 807:American English 777: 752:use of the word 742:Spanish-speaking 720: 691:Latino (demonym) 519:Spanish surnames 346: 276:2000 U.S. census 196:Chicano Movement 184:Mexican-American 127: 87: 80: 76: 73: 67: 64:inline citations 40: 39: 32: 21: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3514: 3513: 3493: 3457: 3441: 3435: 3422: 3419: 3417:Further reading 3414: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3276: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3074: 3061: 3059: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3019: 3018: 3005: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2948: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2895: 2893: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2824:"Title unknown" 2822: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2748:. March 6, 2013 2744: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2628:on July 2, 2012 2620: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2566: 2565: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2467:Merriam-Webster 2460: 2459: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2428: 2420: 2418: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2381:. p. 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Archer Books 2270: 2241:Cultural Logic 2227: 2220: 2194: 2187: 2169: 2156:www.gallup.com 2143: 2112: 2098: 2080: 2053: 2033: 1998: 1991: 1971: 1964: 1944: 1911: 1880: 1868: 1853: 1821: 1807: 1787: 1773: 1753: 1739: 1710: 1702:The very term 1696: 1676: 1642: 1613: 1594: 1547: 1495: 1476:(3): 365–386. 1451: 1428: 1400: 1371: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1280: 1277: 1183: 1180: 1111: 1108: 1079:Frank del Olmo 1025: 1022: 987: 984: 936:Main article: 933: 928: 893: 884: 882: 879: 848:definition of 802: 788: 746:Latin American 686: 680: 554: 548: 547: 546: 541:, and actress 515: 511: 443:white American 421:Laura E. 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