2474:) . The "protected Jews", whose number was initially limited to a total of 203 families in all of Brandenburg-Prussia, were allowed to reside in a city but had no right of mobility. Non-protected "tolerated Jews", who comprised the vast majority of Jewish inhabitants of the Prussian kingdom, were not allowed to permanently settle in Prussia, were not allowed to purchase land or houses or to engage in any commercial or economic activity, and generally were not allowed to live in the cities unless they served as employees or clients of the "protected Jews". As a result, the Jewish population of Königsberg in the 18th century was fairly low, although this changed as the restrictions became relaxed over the course of the 19th century. In 1753 Frederick II allowed the city's Jews to build a
2400:
4968:
4982:
2518:
2489:
served as its government inspector. In 1756 there were 29 families of "protected Jews" in Königsberg, which increased to 57 by 1789. The total number of Jewish inhabitants was less than 500 in the middle of the 18th century, and around 800 by the end of it, out of a total population of almost 60,000
2617:
criticized the persecution to no avail. Persecution led the Jewish community to create a separate Jewish school for 82 students in April 1935; it grew to encompass 180 students in 6 classes with 4 teachers by
October 1935. In February 1938 the propaganda paper
2630:
in
November 1938. The New Synagogue was burned down, the Orthodox Adass Jisroel synagogue and two cemeteries were vandalized; the Jewish school was attacked, as was the Orthodox synagogue. However, both reopened afterwards. (As late as mid-1941,
2442:, the Great Elector, allowed the city's Jewish residents to rent space for prayer at the Eulenburgsches Haus (later Hotel Deutsches Haus) on Burgfreiheit's Kehrwiederstraße (later Theaterstraße). Most were merchants from the
2548:
from 1894 to 1896 to serve the majority of the Jewish population. A third group included the city's Polish and
Lithuanian Jews. The number of Russian Jews increased in the late 19th century due to
2557:
1030:
2525:
Königsberg's Jewish community flourished during the 19th century and early 20th century, peaking with a population of 5,000 by 1880. The first history of the city's Jews was written by
2537:
branch, opened their own synagoge on
Synagogenstraße near the Alte Synagoge. The Orthodox numbered only 25-30 families, but included influential bankers, merchants, and jewelers. The
1608:
1263:
958:
1150:
2710:
2358:
122:
4472:
1145:
4862:
1393:
2594:
3545:
1647:
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A permanent Jewish community began to develop in Königsberg only by 1704, when a Jewish cemetery was designated. Jewish students were first admitted to the
4822:
632:
595:
3340:
2549:
1571:
3369:
1594:
4868:
2638:
There were only 1,585 Jews in the city in May 1939, after which emigration was prohibited. Prominent Königsberg Jews who committed suicide during
944:
688:
5018:
5013:
3968:
3422:
2690:
2351:
1521:
1456:
1338:
3963:
3312:
3189:
2439:
637:
3131:
1080:
2468:) who could remain in Prussia, and "not tolerated Jews" who were required to leave upon reaching adulthood, as well as "protected Jews" (
3983:
3978:
3402:
3117:
2502:. Although the first synagogue, the Alte Synagoge, burned down in 1811, it was rebuilt on nearby Synagogenstraße and dedicated in 1815.
1348:
1165:
1155:
395:
2443:
4795:
3672:
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1744:
1694:
1659:
1353:
1218:
1085:
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3295:
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3223:
3170:
2670:
2344:
1436:
1398:
1373:
1293:
1278:
1125:
1065:
1020:
2498:
The city counted 300 Jewish residents in 1756, 900 residents in 1800, and 1,027 in 1817, with much of the increase coming from the
3732:
3640:
1729:
1711:
1617:
1511:
1363:
1358:
1283:
1248:
1115:
4897:
2510:, but Jews were largely restricted from officer and government professions. Full emancipation only occurred in 1869 through the
4091:
2247:
2146:
1701:
1684:
1637:
1536:
1446:
1383:
1333:
1313:
1308:
1228:
1202:
1177:
1055:
1045:
1035:
1015:
1010:
2583:
Due to anti-Semitism and persecution in the 1920s and 1930s, Königsberg's Jewish population was in decline by the time of the
3773:
3333:
2423:
1720:
1706:
1674:
1654:
1622:
1566:
1541:
1516:
1496:
1486:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1441:
1431:
1426:
1403:
1318:
1303:
1223:
1182:
1135:
1130:
1050:
995:
19:
3283:
4874:
4195:
2859:
2678:
2538:
2141:
1679:
1664:
1627:
1589:
1561:
1551:
1546:
1531:
1526:
1506:
1491:
1476:
1451:
1417:
1388:
1288:
1273:
1197:
1187:
1105:
1075:
1000:
986:
4937:
3132:"Russia: New near replica synagogue in Kaliningrad/Königsberg now stands on site of synagogue destroyed on Kristallnacht"
622:
4805:
4800:
3988:
3973:
3737:
3692:
3437:
2702:
1749:
1669:
1632:
1556:
1501:
1368:
1343:
1268:
1243:
1233:
1172:
1095:
1090:
1070:
1060:
1040:
1025:
918:
386:
381:
4902:
4887:
3768:
3628:
2706:
1739:
1734:
1689:
1642:
1328:
1298:
1258:
1253:
1110:
416:
2450:
2655:
2622:
published the names of 201 Jewish business, 38 doctors, and 22 lawyers remaining in the city, which was used by the
4856:
4750:
4401:
4295:
4003:
3936:
3497:
3387:
2511:
2213:
2058:
1766:
1160:
356:
346:
82:
703:
4972:
4912:
4810:
4790:
4660:
4585:
4445:
4312:
3998:
3958:
3326:
2327:
2020:
1871:
1812:
4892:
4723:
4022:
3897:
2805:
2666:
2601:, restricted business and led many Königsberg Jews to emigrate, mostly to the United States and Great Britain.
2030:
2010:
1120:
600:
141:
2482:
2728:
having been rebuilt in 2018 in the same location, and as an exact replica of the building destroyed in 1938.
4845:
4834:
4428:
4349:
4054:
3953:
3892:
3872:
3778:
3751:
2725:
2541:
2457:
2435:
2404:
2171:
2161:
2126:
2005:
1995:
1778:
949:
891:
725:
404:
361:
76:
5008:
4881:
4851:
3914:
3204:
Die
Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg. Band II: Von der Königskrönung bis zum Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs
2290:
2025:
1939:
1005:
557:
176:
146:
552:
4907:
4828:
4610:
4317:
4200:
3941:
3931:
3924:
3909:
3795:
2181:
2176:
2121:
1909:
824:
539:
434:
151:
2787:
2486:
2694:
2651:
2526:
4942:
4932:
4435:
3407:
2769:
2717:
and World War II; the number of victims is unknown. Many remaining German Jews left Königsberg, then
2252:
2204:
1944:
1802:
615:
480:
469:
427:
2643:
4590:
4558:
4484:
4393:
4339:
3946:
3746:
3480:
3445:
3257:
Geschichte der Juden in Königsberg i. Pr: ein
Beitrag zur Sittengeschichte des preussischen Stattes
2763:
2530:
2503:
2305:
673:
545:
448:
441:
371:
259:
134:
4922:
4917:
4728:
4450:
4327:
4322:
4307:
4277:
4230:
4153:
4059:
3919:
3492:
3397:
3364:
3216:
Die
Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg. Band III: Vom Ersten Weltkrieg biz zum Untergang Königsbergs
2698:
2647:
2461:
2156:
2106:
2053:
2048:
1962:
1832:
1100:
929:
683:
608:
462:
28:
4205:
4081:
3233:
4706:
4637:
4519:
4504:
4287:
4158:
4123:
3412:
3308:
3291:
3269:
3241:
3219:
3185:
3166:
3077:
2865:
2847:
2781:
2300:
2242:
2222:
2039:
1599:
1238:
698:
569:
499:
376:
289:
156:
3305:Евреи в Кёнигсберге на рубеже столетий/The Jews of Königsberg at the turn of the 20th Century
4772:
4740:
4701:
4672:
4655:
4605:
4406:
4215:
4148:
4101:
4049:
4017:
4008:
3993:
3867:
3842:
3818:
3702:
3633:
3550:
3417:
2835:
2829:
2534:
2507:
2270:
2151:
2111:
2075:
1773:
1323:
834:
590:
494:
409:
299:
91:
4682:
4677:
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4416:
4249:
4220:
4143:
4133:
4096:
4071:
3887:
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3862:
3857:
3847:
3832:
3623:
3540:
3507:
3465:
3455:
2817:
2775:
2757:
2736:
List of prominent personalities from Königsberg's Jewish community (including converts to
2659:
2614:
2589:
2475:
2232:
2191:
2186:
2166:
2088:
2082:
2015:
1967:
1807:
1788:
939:
663:
580:
563:
107:
4383:
54:
4986:
4961:
4782:
4689:
4647:
4627:
4615:
4595:
4509:
4499:
4467:
4460:
4440:
4411:
4378:
4344:
4254:
4178:
4168:
4106:
3904:
3852:
3763:
3758:
3520:
3515:
3450:
3379:
3068:
Gliński, Mirosław. "Podobozy i większe komanda zewnętrzne obozu
Stutthof (1939–1945)".
2751:
2674:
2623:
2499:
2332:
2131:
2000:
1986:
1866:
1845:
1822:
1817:
1795:
1783:
1378:
859:
793:
758:
736:
668:
511:
489:
351:
330:
306:
72:
2399:
5002:
4755:
4600:
4527:
4334:
4268:
4241:
4190:
4138:
4111:
4086:
4076:
3837:
3783:
3717:
3697:
3687:
3682:
3655:
3601:
3530:
3475:
3095:
2877:
2853:
2811:
2745:
2714:
2632:
2627:
2602:
2568:
2419:
2415:
2384:
2376:
2280:
2275:
1481:
1408:
934:
783:
778:
773:
763:
741:
693:
455:
294:
199:
161:
112:
4735:
4532:
4494:
4455:
4044:
3788:
3727:
3707:
3667:
3650:
3618:
3606:
3567:
3485:
3460:
2871:
2841:
2823:
2737:
2639:
2606:
2464:
into several categories. The main division was between so-called "tolerated Jews" (
2388:
2380:
2310:
2136:
1977:
1972:
1930:
1883:
977:
844:
829:
788:
753:
366:
208:
2793:
2709:
was operated in the city in 1944–1945, in which around 500 Jews were enslaved as
4745:
4260:
4185:
4163:
4066:
3660:
3589:
3584:
3572:
3562:
3211:
3199:
2799:
2718:
2564:
2427:
2295:
2237:
1902:
808:
803:
798:
768:
2434:), were the doctors Isaak May (1538) and Michel Abraham (1541) at the court of
4839:
4546:
4128:
3722:
3470:
3392:
2724:
Today, a community of approximately 2000 Jews remains in the region, with the
2598:
2584:
2572:
2517:
2470:
1953:
967:
896:
854:
678:
658:
222:
129:
49:
3081:
4760:
4225:
4116:
4027:
3645:
3579:
2478:
2116:
2101:
1191:
1139:
901:
849:
839:
520:
516:
506:
421:
181:
3596:
869:
4479:
4421:
4366:
4361:
4032:
2610:
2285:
1895:
1827:
653:
166:
117:
4694:
4578:
4573:
4563:
4551:
4371:
4356:
4300:
4235:
4210:
4173:
4037:
3712:
3611:
3535:
3427:
3353:
3266:
Mendelssohn to
Mendelsohn: Visual Case Studies of Jewish Life in Berlin
2553:
2261:
2227:
2096:
1890:
879:
874:
746:
532:
528:
524:
273:
268:
245:
227:
102:
97:
87:
65:
40:
2665:
Many of the Jewish residents who remained in 1942 were transported to
4765:
4632:
4568:
3098:, who delivered a detailed report on the years between 1933 and 1948.
2682:
2593:
in 1933. In that year there were only 3,500 Jews living in the city.
2431:
1921:
1916:
1876:
1861:
972:
864:
284:
250:
236:
171:
2383:. The city's Jewish community was eliminated by emigration and then
3318:
3182:
The Fall of Hitler's
Fortress City: The Battle for Königsberg, 1945
4716:
4711:
4665:
4620:
4541:
4536:
3800:
3555:
3525:
2545:
2516:
2398:
884:
313:
217:
186:
4815:
3349:
2658:, starved to death in 1942. The leader of the Jewish community,
2521:
Hugo Falkenheim, leader of Königsberg's Jews during World War II
2411:
36:
3322:
2575:
First Class and 102 recipients of the Iron Cross Second Class.
2571:, including 80 volunteers. They included 15 recipients of the
3259:(in German). Posen: Verlag von Joseph Jolowicz. p. 210.
3165:(in German). Leer: Verlag Gerhard Rautenberg. p. 371.
3118:"Kaliningrad Jews battle circus over restoring synagogue"
2558:
Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens
3290:(in German). München: Aufstieg-Verlag. p. 168.
2713:. Only a small number of Königsberg's Jews survived
2697:
was murdered at Theresienstadt, while the councilor
2552:. Königsberg's Jewish citizens were divided between
2379:
had one of the larger Jewish communities within the
1900:
1881:
304:
4781:
4646:
4518:
4392:
4286:
3817:
3506:
3436:
3378:
2605:wrote of the discrimination he suffered from the
2567:. By 1917 there were 820 Königsberg Jews in the
2544:(new synagogue) was built along Lindenstraße in
3218:(in German). Köln: Böhlau Verlag. p. 327.
2375:reaches back to the 1530s. By the 20th century
3206:(in German). Köln: Böhlau Verlag. p. 761.
2595:Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany
2485:Schnürlingsdamm, which was completed in 1756.
3334:
3163:Lexikon der Stadt Königsberg Pr. und Umgebung
2352:
8:
3238:Historia Królewca: szkice z XIII-XX stulecia
4823:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
596:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
3503:
3341:
3327:
3319:
2359:
2345:
2209:
1850:
923:
730:
335:
204:
23:
2550:anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire
2460:issued an edict which classified Jews in
3370:Index of Jewish history-related articles
3240:(in Polish). Olsztyn: Ksiaznica Polska.
2766:(1913-2007), Chief Rabbi of East Prussia
2563:Many of Königsberg's Jews served during
4869:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
3307:. Berlin: Verein Juden in Ostpreussen.
3036:
3034:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3001:
2999:
2891:
2260:
2212:
2038:
1985:
1952:
1929:
1853:
1719:
1607:
1581:
1416:
1210:
985:
957:
816:
645:
579:
479:
394:
338:
258:
235:
207:
35:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2862:(1857-1920), banker and philanthropist
2691:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
2635:became Bar Mitzva at the synagogue.)
7:
3184:. Havertown: Casemate. p. 256.
2832:(1845-1928), physician and academic
2778:(1856-1945), physician and academic
4816:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
4796:American Jewish Historical Society
2820:(1878-1945), producer and director
14:
2784:(1820-1900), physician and writer
2373:history of the Jews in Königsberg
387:Historical population comparisons
4980:
4967:
4966:
2868:(1810–99), jurist and politician
2838:(1873-1940), jurist and academic
2705:. In addition, a subcamp of the
1031:Democratic Republic of the Congo
945:Historical population by country
2748:(1830-1901), amber entrepreneur
2403:Early 20th-century view of the
4888:Relations with other religions
2444:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
20:History of the Jews in Germany
1:
5019:Holocaust locations in Russia
5014:Jewish German history by city
4875:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
2856:(1923–2018), human geneticist
2650:and his wife, and the doctor
2609:. At the opening of the 1935
602:Christianity and Judaism
4806:Leo Baeck Institute New York
4801:American Sephardi Federation
3284:Mühlpfordt, Herbert Meinhard
2642:were the esteemed councilor
2579:Interbellum and World War II
2506:occurred in 1812 during the
3629:Constantinopolitan Karaites
2707:Stutthof concentration camp
2662:, was smuggled to safety.
2494:19th and early 20th century
1901:
1882:
1609:Latin America and Caribbean
305:
5035:
4857:National Library of Israel
3498:Zionism, race and genetics
3255:Jolowicz, Heimann (1867).
2850:(1864-1909), mathematician
2808:(1804-1851), mathematician
2512:North German Confederation
2214:Jewish political movements
1911:Conversion to Judaism
17:
4955:
4811:Yeshiva University Museum
4791:Center for Jewish History
3360:
2587:took control through the
617:Hinduism and Judaism
3403:Ancient Israel and Judah
3161:Albinus, Robert (1985).
3070:Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum
2806:Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
2790:(1824-1909), philologist
2667:Nazi concentration camps
2654:. Her uncle, politician
2451:University of Königsberg
2422:, a vassal duchy of the
443:Temple in Jerusalem
136:Bar and bat mitzvah
3779:North African Sephardim
3752:Jewish tribes of Arabia
2669:. These camps included
2620:Der Student der Ostmark
2458:Frederick II of Prussia
2436:Albert, Duke of Prussia
405:Twelve Tribes of Israel
4882:Holocaust Encyclopedia
4852:Jewish Virtual Library
3288:Königsberg von A bis Z
3180:Denny, Isabel (2007).
3136:Jewish Heritage Europe
2934:Mendelssohn, pp. 49-50
2880:(born 1928), violinist
2802:(1747-1803), physician
2754:(1910-2002), geologist
2522:
2407:
4829:Encyclopaedia Judaica
4611:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
3796:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
3546:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
3264:Reade, Cyril (2007).
2844:(1808-1867), Hebraist
2814:(1805–77), politician
2772:(1756-1804), Hebraist
2732:Notable personalities
2628:Night of Broken Glass
2529:in 1867. In 1893 the
2520:
2402:
1151:São Tomé and Príncipe
1146:Republic of the Congo
540:Second Temple Judaism
411:Kingdom of Judah
382:Modern historiography
3408:Second Temple period
2770:Isaac Abraham Euchel
2253:World Agudath Israel
1394:United Arab Emirates
481:Second Temple period
471:Babylonian captivity
4846:Jewish Encyclopedia
4591:Hekhalot literature
4402:Religious movements
3937:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3138:. November 23, 2017
2874:(1888-1961), jurist
2796:(1905-1978), writer
2764:Josef Hirsch Dunner
2760:(1855–1920), cantor
2504:Jewish emancipation
546:Hellenistic Judaism
124:Land of Israel
83:Principles of faith
4987:Judaism portal
4923:Jews and Halloween
4918:Jews and Christmas
4308:Rabbinic authority
4060:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3493:Xueta Christianity
3398:Origins of Judaism
3365:Outline of Judaism
2916:Mühlpfordt, p. 150
2788:Ludwig Friedländer
2523:
2483:Vordere Vorstadt's
2438:. In 1680 or 1682
2418:, then capital of
2408:
2107:Jewish Koine Greek
1649:Dominican Republic
930:Judaism by country
609:Jews and Christmas
464:Assyrian captivity
4996:
4995:
4962:extinct languages
4863:YIVO Encyclopedia
4638:Hebrew literature
4606:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
4446:Reconstructionist
4124:Judaeo-Portuguese
3813:
3812:
3769:Eastern Sephardim
3413:Synagogal Judaism
3313:978-3-00-057974-5
3191:978-1-935149-20-0
3058:Gause III, p. 149
3040:Gause III, p. 148
3026:Gause III, p. 147
3005:Gause III, p. 146
2866:Eduard von Simson
2848:Hermann Minkowski
2826:(1811–89), author
2782:Ferdinand Falkson
2721:, in April 1948.
2656:Alfred Gottschalk
2487:Georg David Kypke
2440:Frederick William
2424:Kingdom of Poland
2369:
2368:
2318:
2317:
2066:
2065:
1813:Reconstructionist
1757:
1756:
909:
908:
716:
715:
553:Jewish–Roman wars
501:Hasmonean dynasty
417:Kingdom of Israel
321:
320:
5026:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4970:
4969:
4102:Judeo-Golpaygani
3703:Palestinian Jews
3678:Alexandrian Jews
3634:Crimean Karaites
3551:Unterlander Jews
3504:
3418:Rabbinic Judaism
3343:
3336:
3329:
3320:
3301:
3279:
3260:
3251:
3234:Jasiński, Janusz
3229:
3207:
3195:
3176:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3027:
3024:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3003:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2984:Gause II, p. 701
2982:
2976:
2975:Gause II, p. 700
2973:
2967:
2966:Gause II, p. 596
2964:
2958:
2955:
2944:
2943:Jasinski, p. 172
2941:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2898:Armstedt, p. 183
2896:
2836:Friedrich Litten
2830:Ludwig Lichtheim
2701:was murdered at
2695:Max Lichtenstein
2652:Lotte Gottschalk
2527:Heymann Jolowicz
2508:Prussian reforms
2361:
2354:
2347:
2210:
2091:
1912:
1906:
1887:
1851:
1798:
1745:New Zealand
1697:
1660:El Salvador
1650:
1582:Northern America
1574:
1168:
924:
835:Crimean Karaites
731:
709:
707:
628:
626:
618:
612:
603:
591:Rabbinic Judaism
572:
566:
560:
548:
536:
502:
495:Maccabean Revolt
472:
465:
459:
451:
444:
438:
430:
412:
336:
310:
205:
137:
125:
24:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5023:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4981:
4979:
4951:
4777:
4642:
4514:
4388:
4282:
4097:Judeo-Borujerdi
4072:Judeo-Malayalam
4018:Judeo-Aragonese
3989:Lishanid Noshan
3821:
3809:
3541:Oberlander Jews
3502:
3432:
3374:
3356:
3347:
3298:
3282:
3276:
3263:
3254:
3248:
3232:
3226:
3210:
3198:
3192:
3179:
3173:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3093:
3089:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3030:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:Albinus, p. 142
2956:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:Jolowicz, p. 21
2906:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2818:Leopold Jessner
2776:Hugo Falkenheim
2758:Eduard Birnbaum
2734:
2685:, and camps in
2660:Hugo Falkenheim
2615:Hjalmar Schacht
2590:Machtergreifung
2581:
2496:
2466:geduldete Juden
2397:
2365:
2320:
2319:
2207:
2197:
2196:
2187:Judeo-Malayalam
2167:Judaeo-Georgian
2087:
2078:
2068:
2067:
1968:Yiddish theatre
1910:
1848:
1838:
1837:
1796:
1769:
1759:
1758:
1695:
1648:
1572:
1166:
950:Genetic studies
921:
911:
910:
728:
718:
717:
705:
704:
624:
623:
616:
606:
601:
583:and Middle Ages
581:Rabbinic period
568:
562:
555:
543:
514:
500:
470:
463:
454:
446:
442:
433:
428:in Judaism
425:
410:
333:
323:
322:
202:
192:
191:
135:
123:
68:
22:
12:
11:
5:
5032:
5030:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5001:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4976:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4929:non-Christian
4927:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4866:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4753:
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4738:
4733:
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4721:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4652:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4628:Shulchan Aruch
4625:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4616:Sefer Yetzirah
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4596:Pardes Rimonim
4593:
4586:Kabbalah texts
4583:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4398:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4379:Land of Israel
4376:
4375:
4374:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4292:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4257:
4255:Judeo-Alsatian
4247:
4246:
4245:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4107:Judeo-Hamedani
4104:
4099:
4094:
4084:
4082:Judaeo-Occitan
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4023:Jewish English
4020:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3954:Judaeo-Aramaic
3951:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3942:Judeo-Tunisian
3939:
3934:
3932:Judeo-Moroccan
3929:
3928:
3927:
3925:Judeo-Baghdadi
3912:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3829:
3827:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3776:
3774:Livornese Jews
3771:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3521:Afrikaner-Jode
3512:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3302:
3296:
3280:
3275:978-3039105311
3274:
3268:. Peter Lang.
3261:
3252:
3246:
3230:
3224:
3208:
3196:
3190:
3177:
3171:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3123:
3109:
3100:
3087:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3028:
3016:
3007:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2918:
2909:
2900:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2752:Yaakov Ben-Tor
2749:
2742:
2733:
2730:
2675:Czechoslovakia
2671:Theresienstadt
2644:Paul Stettiner
2624:Sturmabteilung
2597:, enforced by
2580:
2577:
2500:Russian Empire
2495:
2492:
2396:
2393:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2248:Territorialism
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2132:Judaeo-Spanish
2129:
2127:Judaeo-Iranian
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
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1800:
1793:
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1791:
1786:
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1770:
1765:
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1737:
1732:
1724:
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1699:
1692:
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1677:
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1657:
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1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1612:
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1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:United Kingdom
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
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1133:
1128:
1123:
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1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
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1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1006:Bilad-el-Sudan
1003:
998:
990:
989:
983:
982:
981:
980:
975:
970:
962:
961:
959:Land of Israel
955:
954:
953:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
922:
917:
916:
913:
912:
907:
906:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
888:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
819:
818:
817:Related groups
814:
813:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
750:
749:
744:
729:
724:
723:
720:
719:
714:
713:
712:
711:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
669:Jewish atheism
666:
661:
656:
648:
647:
643:
642:
641:
640:
635:
630:
625:Islamic–Jewish
620:
613:
598:
593:
585:
584:
577:
576:
575:
574:
550:
537:
509:
504:
497:
492:
490:Yehud Medinata
484:
483:
477:
476:
475:
474:
467:
460:
452:
439:
431:
419:
414:
407:
399:
398:
396:Ancient Israel
392:
391:
390:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
352:Land of Israel
349:
341:
340:
334:
329:
328:
325:
324:
319:
318:
317:
316:
311:
307:Shulchan Aruch
302:
297:
292:
287:
279:
278:
277:
276:
271:
263:
262:
256:
255:
254:
253:
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203:
198:
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190:
189:
184:
179:
174:
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159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
132:
127:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
85:
80:
73:God in Judaism
69:
64:
63:
60:
59:
58:
57:
52:
44:
43:
33:
32:
18:Main article:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5031:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
4989:
4988:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:Protestantism
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4601:Sefer HaBahir
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:Sifrei Kodesh
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4384:Who is a Jew?
4382:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:Chosen people
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4270:
4269:Scots-Yiddish
4267:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4242:Klezmer-loshn
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4112:Judeo-Shirazi
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4087:Judeo-Persian
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4077:Judeo-Marathi
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4055:Judeo-Italian
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3910:Judeo-Amazigh
3908:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:Hadhrami Jews
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:Mountain Jews
3696:
3694:
3693:Egyptian Jews
3691:
3689:
3688:Bukharan Jews
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3476:Lists of Jews
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3297:3-7612-0092-7
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3247:83-85702-03-2
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3225:3-412-38871-8
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3172:3-7921-0320-6
3168:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3096:Michael Wieck
3091:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3072:(in Polish).
3071:
3064:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2878:Michael Wieck
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2854:Arno Motulsky
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:Johann Jacoby
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2746:Moritz Becker
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2726:New Synagogue
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:The Holocaust
2712:
2711:forced labour
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:. The lawyer
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2633:Michael Wieck
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:Michael Wieck
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:Prussian Army
2566:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:Neue Synagoge
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:Adass Jisroel
2528:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2420:Ducal Prussia
2417:
2413:
2406:
2405:New Synagogue
2401:
2395:Early history
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:The Holocaust
2382:
2378:
2374:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Judeo-Aramaic
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Judeo-Italian
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Ghardaïa Sign
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:Denominations
1763:
1762:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:United States
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1081:Guinea-Bissau
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
992:
991:
988:
984:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
964:
963:
960:
956:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
935:Lists of Jews
933:
931:
928:
927:
926:
925:
920:
915:
914:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
820:
815:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
738:
735:
734:
733:
732:
727:
722:
721:
710:
702:
700:
697:
695:
694:The Holocaust
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
649:
644:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
621:
619:
614:
610:
604:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
587:
586:
582:
578:
571:
565:
559:
554:
551:
547:
541:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
486:
485:
482:
478:
473:
468:
466:
461:
457:
453:
450:
445:
440:
436:
432:
429:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
408:
406:
403:
402:
401:
400:
397:
393:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
343:
342:
337:
332:
327:
326:
315:
312:
309:
308:
303:
301:
298:
296:
295:Mishneh Torah
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
281:
280:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
265:
264:
261:
257:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
242:
241:
238:
234:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
214:
213:
210:
206:
201:
196:
195:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
133:
131:
128:
126:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
93:
89:
86:
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
70:
67:
62:
61:
56:
55:Who is a Jew?
53:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
25:
21:
16:
4978:
4971:
4957:
4880:
4873:
4861:
4844:
4827:
4661:perspectives
4495:Samaritanism
4456:Neo-Hasidism
4436:Conservative
4350:Names of God
4259:
4240:
4050:Judaeo-Greek
4045:Judeo-Gascon
3984:Lishán Didán
3979:Lishana Deni
3947:Judeo-Yemeni
3915:Judeo-Arabic
3789:Meshuchrarim
3708:Persian Jews
3641:Kurdish Jews
3619:Kaifeng Jews
3568:Beta Abraham
3531:Galitzianers
3486:Antisemitism
3461:Israeli Jews
3446:Assimilation
3304:
3287:
3265:
3256:
3237:
3215:
3212:Gause, Fritz
3203:
3200:Gause, Fritz
3181:
3162:
3140:. Retrieved
3135:
3126:
3112:
3107:Denny, p. 64
3103:
3090:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3054:
3049:Denny, p. 73
3045:
3014:Denny, p. 67
3010:
2993:Denny, p. 66
2989:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2939:
2930:
2925:Denny, p. 65
2921:
2912:
2903:
2894:
2872:Moshe Smoira
2860:Walter Simon
2842:Abraham Mapu
2824:Fanny Lewald
2738:Christianity
2735:
2723:
2689:in occupied
2681:in occupied
2673:in occupied
2664:
2640:World War II
2637:
2619:
2607:Hitler Youth
2588:
2582:
2562:
2524:
2497:
2471:Schutz-Juden
2469:
2465:
2455:
2448:
2409:
2389:World War II
2381:German Reich
2372:
2370:
2311:Post-Zionism
2182:Judeo-Berber
2177:Judeo-Arabic
2137:Judeo-Gascon
1884:Pidyon haben
1803:Conservative
1349:Saudi Arabia
1167:South Africa
1156:Sierra Leone
978:Israeli Jews
892:Mosaic Arabs
845:Kaifeng Jews
706:Arab–Israeli
689:Soviet Union
674:Emancipation
558:Great Revolt
367:Anti-Judaism
362:Antisemitism
357:Name "Judea"
152:Baal teshuva
15:
4903:Catholicism
4485:Hellenistic
4323:Eschatology
4261:Lachoudisch
4186:Lotegorisch
4164:Lachoudisch
4154:Koiné Greek
4067:Judeo-Latin
4004:Palestinian
3898:Palestinian
3747:Mustaʿravim
3673:Afghan Jews
3661:Berber Jews
3585:Bene Israel
3573:Falash Mura
3563:Beta Israel
3481:Persecution
3423:Middle Ages
3094:Among them
2800:Markus Herz
2719:Kaliningrad
2699:Marta Harpf
2648:Felix Japha
2626:during the
2565:World War I
2428:Kaliningrad
2306:Revisionist
2296:Neo-Zionism
1903:Zeved habat
1696:Puerto Rico
1522:Netherlands
1354:South Korea
1339:Philippines
1219:Afghanistan
1086:Ivory Coast
860:Crypto-Jews
825:Bnei Anusim
804:Bene Israel
769:Beta Israel
726:Communities
633:Middle Ages
372:Persecution
147:Bereavement
5009:Königsberg
5003:Categories
4898:Anabaptism
4840:Jew (word)
4707:Leadership
4520:Literature
4505:Secularism
4451:Humanistic
4318:Conversion
4288:Philosophy
4129:Judeo-Urdu
3893:Babylonian
3738:Saada Jews
3723:Adeni Jews
3516:Ashkenazim
3471:Samaritans
3438:Population
3393:Israelites
3155:References
3142:August 11,
2679:Kaiserwald
2599:Erich Koch
2585:Nazi Party
2573:Iron Cross
2416:Königsberg
2410:The first
2377:Königsberg
2291:Maximalism
2243:Secularism
2223:Autonomism
2040:Literature
1833:Humanistic
1437:Azerbaijan
1399:Uzbekistan
1374:Tajikistan
1294:Kyrgyzstan
1279:Kazakhstan
1126:Mozambique
1101:Madagascar
1021:Cape Verde
973:New Yishuv
968:Old Yishuv
919:Population
897:Subbotniks
855:Samaritans
794:Romanyotim
737:Ashkenazim
679:Old Yishuv
659:Sabbateans
646:Modern era
638:Golden Age
570:Bar Kokhba
290:Beit Yosef
157:Philosophy
4960:indicate
4908:Mormonism
4893:Christian
4773:Symbolism
4761:Synagogue
4741:Mythology
4702:Education
4673:Astronomy
4656:Astrology
4473:relations
4278:Zarphatic
4226:Galitzish
4028:Yeshivish
3905:Catalanic
3868:Samaritan
3843:Ashkenazi
3824:Diasporic
3819:Languages
3764:Sephardim
3759:Romaniote
3646:Krymchaks
3580:Desi Jews
3456:Buddhists
3082:0137-5377
2794:Max Fürst
2703:Auschwitz
2646:, consul
2479:synagogue
2453:in 1712.
2301:Religious
2157:Zarphatic
2147:Bukharian
2117:Judeo-Tat
2102:Yeshivish
2076:Languages
2031:Sephardic
2021:Israelite
2011:Ethiopian
2001:Ashkenazi
1940:Religious
1730:Australia
1712:Venezuela
1618:Argentina
1600:Greenland
1512:Lithuania
1364:Sri Lanka
1359:Singapore
1284:Kurdistan
1249:Indonesia
1239:Hong Kong
1192:Abayudaya
1116:Mauritius
850:Igbo Jews
840:Krymchaks
759:Sephardim
627:relations
521:Sadducees
517:Pharisees
507:Sanhedrin
422:Jerusalem
182:Synagogue
50:Etymology
4973:Category
4943:Hinduism
4933:Buddhism
4835:Genetics
4751:Politics
4724:Marriage
4683:Holidays
4678:Calendar
4559:Rabbinic
4535:/Hebrew
4480:Haymanot
4407:Orthodox
4394:Branches
4367:Kabbalah
4362:Haskalah
4340:Holiness
4216:dialects
4196:Shassagh
4159:Krymchak
4139:Kayliñña
4033:Yinglish
4009:Galilean
3999:Talmudic
3994:Biblical
3969:Betanure
3888:Biblical
3883:Mishnaic
3878:Medieval
3863:Tiberian
3858:Yemenite
3848:Sephardi
3784:Paradesi
3728:Ḥabbanim
3718:Teimanim
3683:Baghdadi
3656:Maghrebi
3624:Karaites
3602:Gruzínim
3590:Kochinim
3508:Diaspora
3466:Karaites
3451:Atheists
3388:Timeline
3286:(1972).
3236:(1994).
3214:(1971).
3202:(1968).
2611:Ostmesse
2556:and the
2554:Zionists
2535:Orthodox
2490:people.
2456:In 1750
2328:Category
2286:Kahanism
2233:Feminism
2205:Politics
2089:Biblical
2059:American
2006:Bukharan
1996:American
1896:Shidduch
1872:Clothing
1828:Haymanot
1774:Orthodox
1702:Suriname
1685:Paraguay
1638:Colombia
1537:Portugal
1447:Bulgaria
1384:Thailand
1334:Pakistan
1314:Mongolia
1309:Malaysia
1229:Cambodia
1203:Zimbabwe
1178:Tanzania
1056:Eswatini
1046:Ethiopia
1036:Djibouti
1016:Cameroon
1011:Botswana
940:Diaspora
902:Noahides
875:Marranos
799:Cochinim
784:Bukharim
774:Gruzinim
764:Teimanim
754:Mizrahim
742:Galician
708:conflict
664:Hasidism
654:Haskalah
564:Diaspora
435:timeline
347:Timeline
260:Rabbinic
167:Kabbalah
142:Marriage
118:Tzedakah
108:Holidays
66:Religion
29:a series
27:Part of
4958:Italics
4783:Studies
4729:Divorce
4695:Kashrut
4690:Cuisine
4648:Culture
4579:Midrash
4574:Tosefta
4564:Mishnah
4552:Ketuvim
4547:Nevi'im
4510:Schisms
4500:Science
4490:Karaite
4461:Renewal
4422:Litvaks
4417:Hasidic
4372:Sefirot
4357:Halakha
4328:Messiah
4301:Mitzvah
4296:Beliefs
4250:Western
4236:Poylish
4231:Litvish
4221:Eastern
4211:Yiddish
4206:Shuadit
4191:Qwareña
4179:Tetuani
4174:Haketia
4149:Knaanic
4144:Kivruli
4092:Bukhori
4038:Heblish
3974:Hulaulá
3964:Barzani
3920:Yahudic
3853:Mizrahi
3713:Urfalim
3668:Mizrahi
3612:Neofiti
3607:Italkim
3536:Lita'im
3428:Zionism
3380:History
3354:Judaism
3076:: 173.
2539:liberal
2476:Hasidic
2462:Prussia
2387:during
2271:General
2262:Zionism
2238:Leftism
2228:Bundism
2152:Knaanic
2112:Yevanic
2097:Yiddish
2054:Yiddish
2049:Israeli
2026:Mizrahi
2016:Israeli
1987:Cuisine
1963:Ancient
1945:Secular
1891:Kashrut
1867:Wedding
1854:Customs
1846:Culture
1823:Science
1818:Renewal
1808:Karaite
1789:Hasidic
1721:Oceania
1707:Uruguay
1675:Jamaica
1655:Ecuador
1623:Bolivia
1567:Ukraine
1542:Romania
1517:Moldova
1497:Hungary
1487:Germany
1482:Georgia
1472:Finland
1467:Estonia
1462:Denmark
1457:Czechia
1442:Belarus
1432:Austria
1427:Armenia
1404:Vietnam
1319:Myanmar
1304:Lebanon
1224:Bahrain
1183:Tunisia
1161:Somalia
1136:Nigeria
1131:Namibia
1121:Morocco
1051:Eritrea
996:Algeria
880:Neofiti
789:Italkim
779:Juhurim
684:Zionism
533:Sicarii
529:Zealots
525:Essenes
512:Schisms
377:Leaders
339:General
331:History
274:Tosefta
269:Midrash
246:Mishnah
228:Ketuvim
223:Nevi'im
172:Customs
103:Shabbat
98:Halakha
90: (
88:Mitzvot
75: (
41:Judaism
4766:Hazzan
4756:Prayer
4633:Siddur
4569:Talmud
4533:Tanakh
4468:Neolog
4441:Reform
4429:Modern
4412:Haredi
4335:Ethics
4201:Shassi
4169:Ladino
4134:Karaim
4117:Juhuri
3959:Targum
3873:Signed
3838:Modern
3833:Hebrew
3801:Xuetes
3597:Dönmeh
3556:Yekkes
3311:
3294:
3272:
3244:
3222:
3188:
3169:
3080:
2683:Latvia
2432:Russia
2333:Portal
2192:Domari
2122:Shassi
2083:Hebrew
1978:Humour
1922:Hiloni
1917:Aliyah
1877:Niddah
1862:Minyan
1797:Reform
1784:Haredi
1779:Modern
1680:Mexico
1665:Guyana
1628:Brazil
1590:Canada
1562:Sweden
1552:Serbia
1547:Russia
1532:Poland
1527:Norway
1507:Latvia
1492:Greece
1477:France
1452:Cyprus
1418:Europe
1389:Turkey
1379:Taiwan
1289:Kuwait
1274:Jordan
1264:Israel
1198:Zambia
1188:Uganda
1106:Malawi
1076:Guinea
1066:Gambia
1001:Angola
987:Africa
870:Dönmeh
865:Anusim
809:Berber
747:Litvak
699:Israel
605:
542:
456:Second
424:
285:Targum
251:Gemara
237:Talmud
209:Tanakh
162:Ethics
113:Prayer
4938:Islam
4746:Names
4736:Music
4717:Rebbe
4712:Rabbi
4666:Monen
4621:Zohar
4542:Torah
4537:Bible
3651:Lemba
3526:Chuts
2886:Notes
2687:Minsk
2546:Lomse
2533:, an
2426:(now
2281:Labor
2276:Green
1973:Dance
1931:Music
1750:Palau
1670:Haiti
1633:Chile
1557:Spain
1502:Italy
1409:Yemen
1369:Syria
1344:Qatar
1324:Nepal
1269:Japan
1244:India
1234:China
1173:Sudan
1096:Libya
1091:Kenya
1071:Ghana
1061:Gabon
1041:Egypt
1026:Benin
885:Xueta
830:Lemba
449:First
314:Zohar
218:Torah
200:Texts
187:Rabbi
177:Rites
77:names
3352:and
3350:Jews
3309:ISBN
3292:ISBN
3270:ISBN
3242:ISBN
3220:ISBN
3186:ISBN
3167:ISBN
3144:2022
3078:ISSN
2412:Jews
2371:The
1740:Guam
1735:Fiji
1690:Peru
1643:Cuba
1329:Oman
1299:Laos
1259:Iraq
1254:Iran
1211:Asia
1140:Igbo
1111:Mali
130:Brit
39:and
37:Jews
4345:God
2481:on
2414:in
1954:Art
300:Tur
92:613
5005::
3134:.
3031:^
3019:^
2998:^
2948:^
2740:)
2677:,
2613:,
2560:.
2514:.
2446:.
2430:,
2391:.
567:,
561:,
531:,
527:,
523:,
519:,
31:on
3826:)
3822:(
3342:e
3335:t
3328:v
3315:.
3300:.
3278:.
3250:.
3228:.
3194:.
3175:.
3146:.
3120:.
3084:.
3074:3
2360:e
2353:t
2346:v
1194:)
1190:(
1142:)
1138:(
611:)
607:(
573:)
556:(
549:)
544:(
535:)
515:(
458:)
447:(
437:)
426:(
94:)
79:)
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