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60:. The aspects that determine these properties are due to certain temperatures and pressures that rocks experience within the Earth. Therefore, temperature and pressure control deformation processes. Ductile rocks tend to bend, fold, stretch, or flow due to compressional or extensional forces. Brittle rocks, on the other hand, tend to break. The zone where the crust breaks is termed a
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of the crust in the
Tibetan plateau gradually became the dominant mechanism for accommodating the collision and crustal shortening. The lateral extrusion is sliding dominantly to the east and out of India's path. Eastern Tibet is traditionally interpreted as being part of a broad accommodation zone.
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The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) is made up of rigid plates that "float" on top of the asthenosphere (lower mantle) and move relative to one another. As the plates move, the crust deforms dominantly along the plate margins. Intraplate
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Much of the eastern movement is due to major strike-slip faults. These strike-slip faults, along with the other faults in Tibet could still be interpreted as on a plate margin though. True intraplate deformation occurs farther north in areas such as
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Figure 1: East Asia topographic map. The large brown area is the
Tibetan plateau and the Tien Shan mountains to the northwest. Almost the whole central landmass in view is deformed from the collision of India into Asia around 50 million years
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These three boundaries do not always form perfectly and this can lead to a mixed boundary. Mixed boundaries can be a combination of a transform with convergence or a transform with divergence.
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Deformation is the folding, breaking, or flow of rocks. There are many different types of crustal deformation depending on whether the rocks are brittle or
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deformation differs from that respect by the observation that deformation can occur anywhere the crust is weak and not just at plate margins.
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Figure 2: Same image as Figure 1 but without any intraplate deformation throughout Asia from the India-Asia collision.
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within plates instead of at their margins. This process usually occurs in areas with especially weak crust and
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Central/East Asia is possibly the best example of large-scale intraplate deformation. The formation and
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may contain fluids and be partially melted. As the
Himalayan-Tibet region began to rise, lateral
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320:"Topographic ooze: Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow"
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Molnar and
Tapponier (1977). "The collision between India and Asia".
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263:"Cenozoic Tectonics of Asia: Effects of a Continental Collision"
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The
Physical Environment: an Introduction to Physical Geography
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show a weak crustal zone and suggest that the middle to lower
40:(Figure 1). Intraplate deformation brings another aspect to
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10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<703:TOBTEM>2.0.CO;2
384:"Kinematic model of active deformation in central Asia"
212:. University of Wisconsin Stevens Point. Archived from
239:. U. S. Geological Survey Publications Warehouse
132:. The collision caused much shortening of the
382:Jean‐Philippe Tapponnier; Paul Avouc (1993).
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28:is the folding, breaking, or flow of the
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124:around 50 million years ago when the
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204:Michael E. Ritter (21 June 2007).
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443:10.1038/scientificamerican0477-30
139:Many geophysical observations in
116:of the Tibetan plateau and the
95:Intraplate deformation examples
261:Molnar and Tapponnier (1975).
74:strike slip (transform) faults
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237:"Understanding plate motions"
48:Crustal deformation processes
388:Geophysical Research Letters
290:10.1126/science.189.4201.419
235:J. M. Watson (24 May 2012).
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118:Himalayan mountain range
185:North Atlantic breakup
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26:Intraplate deformation
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175:Intraplate earthquake
170:Alice Springs Orogeny
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82:convergent boundaries
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86:transform boundaries
78:divergent boundaries
435:1977SciAm.236d..30M
423:Scientific American
400:1993GeoRL..20..895A
339:2000Geo....28..703C
282:1975Sci...189..419M
158:Tian Shan mountains
180:Lower crustal flow
128:collided with the
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408:10.1029/93GL00128
276:(4201): 419–426.
206:"Types of Faults"
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38:Tibetan Plateau
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333:(8): 703–706.
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130:Eurasian plate
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66:normal faults
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30:Earth's crust
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429:(4): 30–41.
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126:Indian plate
122:Cenozoic era
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34:upper mantle
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394:(10): 895.
243:October 13,
220:October 15,
134:lithosphere
368:2012-12-09
314:Clark and
191:References
149:extrusion
457:Category
355:39772183
298:17781869
164:See also
154:Mongolia
44:theory.
431:Bibcode
396:Bibcode
335:Bibcode
327:Geology
278:Bibcode
270:Science
156:or the
58:ductile
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316:Royden
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114:uplift
84:, and
362:(PDF)
351:S2CID
323:(PDF)
266:(PDF)
145:crust
141:Tibet
62:fault
294:PMID
245:2012
222:2012
100:Asia
72:and
21:ago.
439:doi
427:236
404:doi
343:doi
286:doi
274:189
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