2756:
3389:, which has abandoned Christianity and taken up Judaism. There are an estimated 5,000 of them at the present time. Although at first Messianic, they concluded that their beliefs were incompatible with Christianity and are now waiting to be instructed in traditional Judaism. Some of the younger children of this community have been sent to the Abayudaya schools in Uganda to be instructed in Judaism and other subjects. Luos in Kenya are another of the groups considered by some to be of Israelite origin. They claim to have migrated hundreds of years ago from the north along the river Nile from Egypt through South Sudan and then into Kenya.
3711:
3461:
spiritual and intellectual curiosity. In 1919, having declared that "we now will be known as Jews," he was circumcised along with his first son, whom he called Yuda. His second son was subsequently circumcised on the eighth day, in the Jewish fashion, and he was named Nimrod. In 1922, Kakungulu published a 90-page book, which was essentially a guide to
Judaism. He died a Jew (albeit one with a residual belief in Jesus) and his followers in Mbale, who are known as the
3469:, when many of them converted to Christianity or Islam, and today, they are some thousand strong. In the twenty first century, the Abayudaya are considered observant practitioners of Judaism, many of them have undergone formal Orthodox conversions, and they have forged strong links with Jewish communities in the United States and Israel, along with increasingly strong links with Black Jewish communities in Africa and elsewhere. In a relatively new movement, the
30:
3697:
2536:
3404:
2010 a small community of
Malagasies began practicing normative Judaism, and three separate communities formed, each embracing a different version of Jewish spiritual practice. In May 2016, 121 members of the Malagasy Jewish community were converted in accordance with traditional Jewish rituals; appearing before a
3434:
ethnic group. Certain
Nigerian communities with Judaic practices have been receiving help from individual Israelis and American Jews who work in Nigeria with outreach organizations like Kulanu. The number of Igbos in Nigeria who identify as Jews has been estimated to number around 4,000 (2016), along
3172:
We know little more about the presence of Jews in modern times in the territories of today's Sudan, and what is known is that in the 20th and 19th centuries a permanent Jewish community was founded, which at its peak totaled approximately one thousand Jews, and that Jewish community was closed in the
3380:
Theories suggesting
Israelite origins particularly of the Masai abounded in the nineteenth century and were gradually absorbed into religious and societal practices throughout the area. The chief proponent of Masai Israelite origins was a German officer Moritz Merkel whose detailed research is still
3271:
exiled about 2,000 Jewish children under the age of ten, to São Tomé and Príncipe around 1500. Most died, but in the early 17th century "the local bishop noted with disgust that there were still Jewish observances on the island and returned to
Portugal because of his frustration with them." Although
2849:
The Beit
Avraham have traditionally been on the lower rungs of Ethiopian social life. They have held occupations which are similar to those which have been held by the Beta Israel, such as crafts. Recently, the Beit Avraham community has attempted to reach out to the worldwide Jewish community. They
4207:
T. McCaskie, 'Asante
Origins, Egypt, and the Near East: an idea and its history' in D.R.Peterson, and G. Macola(eds.) Recasting the Past: history writing and political work in modern Africa. (Athens OH: Ohio University Press, 2009) (New African Histories Series) 125–148; Parfitt, Tudor (2013)
2710:
discussing issues related to the people date back hundreds of years. With this endorsement, in later decades, tens of thousands of Beta Israel Jews were air-lifted to Israel. Significant immigration to Israel continues into the 21st century, producing an
Ethiopian Jewish community of around 81,000
3460:
For centuries, it was believed that Jews inhabited the central portions of Africa. Some
Africans were keen to adopt Judaism in recent times. One of these was Samei Kakungulu, one of the most remarkable Ugandans of his generation, a brilliant military strategist and a man who had a great amount of
3403:
In early modern times it was widely believed that
Israelites had settled in Madagascar. Works by the French scholar Alfred Grandidier and Augustus Keane, the British professor of Hindustani at University College, London provided what they saw as conclusive proof of these ancient connections. In
3312:
Rabbi Oriel claims that in 1920 there were 400,000 'Israelites' in Cameroon, but by 1962 the number had decreased to 167,000 due to conversions to Christianity and Islam. He said that although these tribes had not been accepted halachically, he believes that he can prove their Jewish status from
2837:
insist on maintaining their separate and distinct form of Judaism, as it had been practiced in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Many of the Ethiopian Jewish youth who have immigrated to Israel or been born there have assimilated either to the dominant form of Orthodox Judaism, or to a secular lifestyle.
3248:
texts among the city's historical records. He has also researched his own past and discovered that he is descended from the Moroccan Jewish traders of the Abana family. As he interviewed elders in the villages of his relatives, he has discovered that knowledge of the family's
2845:
of Ethiopia consists of some 50,000 members. This community also claims to have a Jewish heritage. Several scholars think that they broke off from the Beta Israel community several centuries ago, hid their Jewish customs, and outwardly adopted Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity.
2763:
Over time, due to their community's isolation from those in Europe and the Middle East, the practices of the Beta Israel developed to differ significantly from those of other forms of Judaism. In Ethiopia, the Beta Israel community was for the most part isolated from the
3338:
has two synagogues, each with a population of about 40-70 congregants. In addition, large groups of indigenous peoples referred to as Danites claim descent from the lost tribe of Dan and many from this ethnic group have shown interest in Judaic practices.
3353:
From the eighteenth century on what is now Ghana was a favorite locus for theories positing Israelite origins for various ethnic groups in the area. These theories were widespread and were taken up by powerful people in the twentieth century. The
2940:
The historical presence of Jewish communities in Africa is well-attested to. Today, the descendants of these Jews live in nations such as Sierra Leone, Liberia, Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria, and many other areas. According to the 17th century
3658:
analyses in the 2000s have established a partially Middle-Eastern origin for a portion of the male Lemba population. More recent research argues that DNA studies do not support claims of a specifically Jewish genetic heritage.
2814:, probably because they branched off from the main body of Judaism before these non-Biblical holidays began to be commemorated. Today, most members of the Beta Israel community living in Israel do observe these holidays.
3568:. The community declined in part due to age, but most Jewish residents in Zimbabwe left after violence and social disruption. In 2007, the local Jewish community had declined to 270. The community had strong links with
2984:
Other sources stated that other Jewish communities in the region developed from people who migrated from Morocco and Egypt; others later came from Portugal. Some communities were said to have been populated by certain
2727:
way of life and the Jewish people, in conformity with practices which are followed by adherents of Orthodox Rabbinical Judaism. He did not demand the normal formal requirements that the halacha imposes on potential
3213:
came to power in the previously tolerant region of Timbuktu and decreed that Jews must convert to Islam or leave; Judaism became illegal in Songhai, as it did in Catholic Spain that same year. As the historian
2968:
meaning "He comes from Yemen". According to an isolated local legend, Zuwa Alyaman was a member of one of the Jewish communities transported from Yemen by Abyssinians in the 6th century CE after the defeat of
3272:
Jewish practices faded over subsequent centuries, there are people in São Tomé and Príncipe who are aware of partial descent from this population. Similarly, a number of Portuguese ethnic Jews were exiled to
3220:"The king (Askia) is a declared enemy of the Jews. He will not allow any to live in the city. If he hears it said that a Berber merchant frequents them or does business with them, he confiscates his goods."
3540:
The Zimbabwe Jewish community was mainly of British citizenship, whose arrival coincides with the first white colonists in the 1890s. At its peak in the early 1970s, it numbered some 7500 people (80%
3160:
as Ankole. Though they have been Christians for centuries, they assert they are descendants of Hebrews who arrived in the Horn of Africa long before the arrival of Somali nomads. Some say that
5112:
1047:
2973:. Zuwa Alyaman was said to have traveled into West Africa along with his brother. They established a community in Kukiya at the banks of the Niger River downstream from Gao. According to the
2755:
2953:, several Jewish communities existed as parts of the Ghana, Mali, and later Songhai empires. One such community was formed by a group of Egyptian Jews, who allegedly traveled by way of the
3430:
At the present time, the existence of Israelite associations is mainly attributed to the Igbo, many of whom claim Israelite origins. Most of the Jews of Nigeria can be found among the
1625:
3617:
which their geographic neighbours speak and they also bear a physical resemblance to their geographic neighbors, but some of their religious practices and beliefs are similar to
1280:
975:
5257:
3262:
1167:
3435:
with 70 synagogues. Many have converted from Christianity. Other sources give a higher estimate, claiming that some 30,000 Igbos were practicing some form of Judaism in 2008.
2375:
139:
5117:
2865:
Because they do not have any reliable proof of Jewish ancestry, Israeli religious authorities and other religious Jewish communities require them to complete a formal
1162:
1410:
1664:
3613:, when he first worked in the field among the Lemba in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Malawi in the 1980s, they numbered an estimated 50,000. They speak the same
3276:
after forced conversions to Roman Catholicism. From São Tomé and by other means groups of Jews settled down the west coast of Africa, as far south as Loango.
3787:
649:
612:
4605:
Spurdle, AB; Jenkins, T (November 1996), "The origins of the Lemba "Black Jews" of southern Africa: evidence from p12F2 and other Y-chromosome markers.",
5368:
4880:, Recueil de sources écrites relatives au commerce juif à Tombouctou au XIXe siècle, Editions Donniya, Bamako, 1999 by Professor Ismael Diadie Haidara
4282:
3005:
in northeastern Mali and were formerly herders for Tuareg nobles. In addition, some migrated into the area away from the Muslim rule of North Africa.
1588:
3928:
2605:
in Tunisia. Since 1948 and the war to establish Israel, which aroused hostility in Muslim lands, most other North African Jews emigrated to Israel.
1611:
3224:
The Kehath family converted with the rest of the non-Muslim population. The Cohens, descended from the Moroccan Islamicized Jewish trader El-Hadj
4931:
4480:
961:
5342:
5441:
5034:
2368:
1538:
1473:
1355:
4696:
4367:
3724:
2714:
Due to certain aspects of Orthodox Jewish marital laws, Rabbi Yosef ruled that upon their arrival in Israel, the Beta Israel had to undergo a
4679:
4563:
4323:
3797:
659:
2961:
described a community called the Bani Israel; in 1402, it lived in Tindirma, possessed 333 wells, and had seven princes as well as an army.
5172:
3865:
1097:
4992:
4037:
Browne-Davies, Nigel, 'Jewish Merchants in Sierra Leone, 1831‐1934,' Journal of Sierra Leone Studies, Volume 6, Edition 2, pp 3-110, URL:
3303:" is from the Hebrew for 'on a journey' and means "blessing". Rabbi Oriel claims to be a Levite descended from Moses and reportedly made
2817:
They are a community which is in transition. Some of the kessim accept the rabbinic/Talmudic tradition that is practiced by non-Ethiopian
5097:
3625:
practices and beliefs. According to Parfitt, the Lemba claim that they once had a book which described their traditions but it was lost.
5282:
5272:
4411:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p.185; Parfitt, Tudor Black Jews in Africa and the Americas, Harvard University Press (2013) pp.121-3
3847:
3822:
3444:
3228:, arrived in the Timbuktu area in the 18th century, and the Abana family came in the first half of the 19th century. According to Prof.
2530:
1365:
1182:
1172:
412:
4927:
Kannan K. Nair: Origins and Development of Efik Settlements in Southeastern Nigeria. 1Ohio University, Center for International, 1975.
3334:
Communities have been forming in Côte d'Ivoire in recent years and have been slowly growing throughout the region. The capital city of
5177:
4392:
3329:
1761:
1711:
1676:
1370:
1235:
1102:
4845:
Israel, Jonathan I. "Piracy, Trade and Religion: The Jewish Role in the Rise of the Muslim Corsair Republic of Saleh (1624–1666)" in
5232:
5202:
5157:
5092:
4650:
3398:
2520:
Various relatively modern groups throughout Africa, most of whom claim some form of a Judaic or Israelite identity, and/or ancestry.
2361:
1453:
1415:
1390:
1310:
1295:
1142:
1082:
1037:
3575:
In 2003, the Bulawayo Hebrew Congregation Synagogue burned down; this was followed by several letters justifying the fire based on
5007:
4260:
Additional communities have emerged in Kasuku near the western part of the country after splitting off from Messianic movements.
4234:
Parfitt, Tudor (2002) The Lost Tribes of Israel: the History of a Myth. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson pp.190-1. Parfitt, Tudor
5222:
4247:"The Maasai and the ancient Israelites: an early 20th century interpretation of the Maasai in German East Africa".December 2017,
4178:
3668:
1746:
1728:
1634:
1528:
1380:
1375:
1300:
1265:
1132:
4667:
4119:
2851:
5322:
5297:
5147:
5142:
5122:
5087:
5072:
3772:
3535:
3524:
3290:
3233:
3053:
3049:
2659:
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1718:
1701:
1654:
1553:
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1400:
1350:
1330:
1325:
1245:
1219:
1194:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1032:
1027:
5132:
4966:
3070:. The mass exodus and expulsion of the Iberian Jews began in 1492, Sicilian Jews were affected soon afterwards. Many of these
2876:
The Gefat people (locally known by the pejorative "Fuga") are a southern Ethiopian tribe which is descended from Beta Israel.
5415:
5411:
5385:
5307:
5277:
5262:
5247:
5237:
5227:
5187:
5137:
5057:
4997:
4424:
3421:
3045:
3041:
3037:
1737:
1723:
1691:
1671:
1639:
1583:
1558:
1533:
1513:
1503:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1458:
1448:
1443:
1420:
1335:
1320:
1240:
1199:
1152:
1147:
1067:
1012:
3309:
in 1988, and he was then apparently ordained as a rabbi by the Sephardic Chief Rabbi and appointed rabbi to Nigerian Jews.
5317:
5312:
5207:
5167:
5062:
4102:
3498:
3455:
2158:
1696:
1681:
1644:
1606:
1578:
1568:
1563:
1548:
1543:
1523:
1508:
1493:
1468:
1434:
1405:
1305:
1290:
1214:
1204:
1122:
1092:
1017:
5407:
5077:
3802:
3412:. The conversion, organized with the help of the Jewish organization Kulanu, was presided over by three Orthodox rabbis.
639:
5292:
5287:
5197:
5182:
5162:
5152:
5127:
5107:
5067:
3899:
3894:
3832:
3375:
3348:
2799:
Jewish communities in other parts of the world. In that sense, the Beta Israel had a tradition analogous to that of the
2590:
1766:
1686:
1649:
1573:
1518:
1385:
1360:
1285:
1260:
1250:
1189:
1112:
1107:
1087:
1077:
1057:
1042:
935:
403:
398:
5347:
5267:
5217:
4975:
2964:
Another such community was that of the Zuwa ruler of Koukiya (located at the Niger River). His name was known only as
5212:
3909:
3644:
a Bantu term for a "non-African" or a "respected foreigner". In Zimbabwe and South Africa, the people prefer the name
1756:
1751:
1706:
1659:
1345:
1315:
1275:
1270:
1127:
433:
5398:
5394:
5376:
5192:
5082:
5252:
5027:
4549:
4442:
3837:
3734:
2889:
2641:
2230:
2075:
1783:
1177:
373:
363:
99:
5372:
5242:
2711:
immigrants, who with their 39,000 children who were born in Israel itself, numbered around 120,000 by early 2009.
2501:
720:
5302:
5102:
4555:
3777:
2344:
2037:
1888:
1829:
2047:
2027:
1137:
617:
158:
3190:
2676:. Hundreds of persons who wanted to emigrate to Israel were air-lifted under the leadership of Prime Minister
4852:
Israel, Jonathan I. "Tangiers, Sephardic Jewry and English Imperial Ambitions in the Maghreb (1661–1684)" in
3817:
3792:
3782:
3749:
3739:
3486:
3478:
3355:
3300:
3296:
2188:
2178:
2143:
2022:
2012:
1795:
966:
908:
742:
421:
378:
93:
3997:
3984:
3381:
in use today. Of the many Judaic manifestations in the religious sphere is a small emergent community in
3241:
3225:
4268:
4049:
3767:
3515:. The number began to fall after independence and there were estimated to be around 50 remaining by 2012.
3106:
became home to significant Jewish communities. These communities were later incorporated into the Ottoman
2935:
2555:
2514:
2307:
2042:
1956:
1022:
574:
193:
163:
3465:, continued to practice Judaism, despite the persecution which they were subjected to during the rule of
3237:
569:
5020:
3744:
3729:
3576:
2866:
2745:
2718:
2198:
2193:
2138:
1926:
841:
556:
451:
168:
4780:
Hybrid Hate: Conflations of Anti-Black Racism and Anti-Semitism from the Renaissance to the Third Reich
4150:
Hybrid Hate: Conflations of Anti-Black Racism and Anti-Semitism from the Renaissance to the Third Reich
4289:
3194:
3185:
and Jews, fleeing persecution in Spain, migrated south to the Timbuktu area, at that time part of the
4787:
Genetics, Mass Media, and Identity: A Case Study of the Genetic Research on the Lemba and Bene Israel
3973:מסיני לאתיופיה: עולמה ההלכתי והרעיוני של יהדות אתיופיה, כולל "שולחן האורית" - מדריך הלכתי לביתא ישראל
3674:
3268:
2496:
in the Middle Ages. The modern population of Berber Jews in Africa now numbers about 8,000 people in
2269:
2221:
1961:
1819:
632:
497:
486:
444:
4038:
2954:
2593:. Remnants of longstanding Jewish communities remain in Morocco, Tunisia, and the Spanish cities of
4094:
3512:
3059:
2517:
in West Africa, who existed before the introduction of Islam to the region during the 14th century.
2322:
695:
562:
465:
458:
388:
276:
151:
4835:
3904:
3240:
traveled to Timbuktu several times as a not-too-successful trader in ostrich feathers and ivory.
2777:
2445:
2173:
2123:
2070:
2065:
1979:
1849:
1117:
946:
705:
625:
479:
45:
3206:
2507:
4983:
2617:
5002:
4892:
The Forgotten Diaspora: Jewish Communities in West Africa and the Making of the Atlantic World
4675:
4646:
4624:
4559:
4388:
4146:
The Forgotten Diaspora: Jewish Communities in West Africa and the Making of the Atlantic World
3874:
3753:
3504:
3482:
3013:
2998:
2943:
2439:
2317:
2259:
2239:
2056:
1616:
1255:
715:
586:
516:
393:
306:
173:
34:
4854:
Diasporas within a Diaspora: Jews, Crypto-Jews, and the World of Maritime Empires (1540–1740)
4847:
Diasporas within a Diaspora: Jews, Crypto-Jews, and the World of Maritime Empires (1540–1740)
4840:
Diasporas within a Diaspora: Jews, Crypto-Jews, and the World of Maritime Empires (1540–1740)
3202:
2640:
tribe. With the defeat of the Berber rebellion, none of the Jewish communities was initially
4897:
4614:
3889:
3633:
3565:
3002:
2803:
although at times at variance with the practices and teachings of other Jewish communities.
2586:
2287:
2168:
2128:
2092:
1790:
1340:
851:
607:
511:
426:
316:
108:
3019:
convert to Christianity - mentions a mysterious small village of African Jews southwest of
4987:
4428:
4293:
4106:
3884:
3870:
3856:
3812:
3807:
3614:
3382:
3250:
3245:
3063:
2994:
2949:
2914:. Though they have been Muslim for centuries, some of them assert they are descendants of
2855:
2773:
2696:
2664:
In 1975, the Israeli religious authorities and the Israeli government both recognized the
2637:
2613:
2543:
2457:
2435:
2249:
2208:
2203:
2183:
2105:
2099:
2032:
1984:
1824:
1805:
956:
685:
597:
580:
124:
29:
4261:
3923:
3511:). At its peak in the early 1960s, there were 1,000 Jews living in the country, many in
2870:
2673:
2608:
Of the seventh-century immigrants, some of them moved inland and proselytized among the
2513:
Historical communities which no longer exist in Africa due to assimilation, such as the
71:
4815:
4619:
3842:
3827:
3702:
3541:
3229:
3210:
3186:
3127:
3083:
2919:
2677:
2571:
2449:
2349:
2148:
2017:
2003:
1883:
1862:
1839:
1834:
1812:
1800:
1395:
876:
810:
775:
753:
690:
528:
506:
368:
347:
323:
89:
4754:
4481:"Around the Jewish World in Zimbabwe, Jews Carry on After Arson Destroys Biggest Shul"
4186:
3197:. Sons of this prominent family founded three villages that still exist near Timbuktu—
5435:
4733:
4668:"Human Genetics and Genomics and Sociocultural Beliefs and Practices in South Africa"
4512:, edited by Parfitt, Tudor and Trevisan-Semi, E., London: Routledge Curzon, pp. 42–43
4123:
3914:
3860:
3762:
3716:
3610:
3594:
3215:
3071:
3067:
3016:
3009:
2990:
2986:
2821:. Many members of the younger generation of Ethiopian-Israelis have been educated in
2818:
2609:
2559:
2471:
2467:
2453:
2395:
2297:
2292:
1498:
1425:
951:
800:
795:
790:
780:
758:
710:
472:
311:
216:
178:
129:
2806:
One significant difference is the fact that the Beta Israel lacked the festivals of
4463:
3878:
3852:
3651:
3598:
3588:
3553:
3359:
3317:
3111:
2842:
2700:
2692:
2578:
2567:
2563:
2407:
2399:
2327:
2153:
1994:
1989:
1947:
1900:
994:
861:
846:
805:
770:
383:
225:
4421:
5012:
4370:
3918:
3431:
2684:
2665:
2653:
2625:
2551:
2539:
2485:
2463:
2312:
2254:
1919:
825:
820:
815:
785:
4090:
3757:
3692:
3602:
2860:
2826:
2733:
1970:
984:
913:
871:
700:
680:
239:
146:
66:
17:
4672:
Genomics and Society: Ethical, Legal, Cultural and Socioeconomic Implications
4066:
2783:
In many instances, their religious elders, or their priestly class, known as
4800:
3682:
3470:
3462:
3425:
3363:
3198:
2978:
2970:
2796:
2582:
2493:
2133:
2118:
1208:
1156:
918:
866:
856:
537:
533:
523:
438:
198:
2504:, along with smaller numbers scattered throughout Europe and North America.
886:
4628:
2601:. There is a much-diminished but still vibrant community on the island of
2589:-dominated cities along the Mediterranean coast. Others arrived after the
4161:
3549:
3466:
3405:
3273:
3153:
3149:
3020:
2907:
2903:
2822:
2811:
2769:
2707:
2681:
2669:
2621:
2475:
2302:
1912:
1844:
675:
183:
134:
3320:, an American actor, was a Cameroonian Jew. Kotto identified as Jewish.
2997:
or Iddao Ishaak ("children of Isaac"). They speak a language related to
2922:
long before the arrival of Somali nomads. These individuals assert that
2535:
3961:
Pictorial History of the Jewish People. New York: Crown, 1953. 225–227.
3618:
3335:
3295:
Rabbi Yisrael Oriel, formerly Bodol Ngimbus-Ngimbus, was born into the
3099:
3091:
3087:
3075:
2915:
2899:
2729:
2723:
2598:
2497:
2479:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2278:
2244:
2113:
1907:
896:
891:
763:
654:
549:
545:
541:
290:
285:
262:
244:
119:
114:
104:
82:
57:
3299:. He says there were historically Jews in the area and that the word "
4098:
3637:
3606:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3545:
3508:
3474:
3409:
3305:
3157:
3145:
3139:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3079:
2981:
before the rise of Islam in the second half of the eleventh century.
2792:
2765:
2737:
2629:
2602:
1938:
1933:
1893:
1878:
989:
881:
301:
267:
253:
188:
4901:
4536:
Journey to the Vanished City: the Search for a Lost Tribe of Israel.
4523:
Journey to the Vanished City: the Search for a Lost Tribe of Israel.
4508:
Parfitt, Tudor. (2002), "The Lemba: An African Judaising Tribe", in
2632:, a female Berber warlord who led the resistance against the Muslim
2581:
fled from the persecution which was occurring under the rule of the
2795:
in a way which is similar to the way in which it is interpreted by
4868:, Paris, 1900, by Abderrahman ben-Abdall es-Sadi (trad. O. Houdas)
4794:
Wars of the Jews: A Military History from Biblical to Modern Times
3655:
3622:
3386:
3182:
3119:
3103:
3095:
2911:
2895:
2885:
2807:
2754:
2741:
2704:
2594:
2534:
2489:
2431:
2427:
2419:
901:
330:
234:
203:
28:
4351:
4039:
http://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/downloads/Version11.pdf
3873:, a plan to forcibly relocate the Jewish population of Europe to
3477:
have converted to Judaism since 1917, influenced by the American
2873:. Those Falashmura who do so are considered converts to Judaism.
2636:
conquests of North Africa in the 680s and 690s, was a Jew of the
2585:
and migrated to North Africa, where they made their homes in the
4586:
van Warmelo, N.J. (1966). "Zur Sprache und Herkunft der Lemba".
3678:
2633:
53:
5016:
4960:
4643:
DNA and Tradition – Hc: The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews
3859:
which claims Israelite descent and is partially descended from
3544:) who lived primarily in the two communities of Salisbury (now
3556:. Smaller rural communities also existed for short periods in
4594:. Deutsches Institut für Afrika-Forschung: 273, 278, 281–282.
3628:
Parfitt has suggested that the name "Lemba" may originate in
2699:. Rabbis believed that they were probably descendants of the
4981:
ISSAJ – International Society for the Study of African Jewry
4551:
Community and Conscience: the Jews in Apartheid South Africa
4324:"In remote Madagascar, a new community chooses to be Jewish"
4949:, Guihon Books, University of Geneva, 1993, by Muse Tegegne
4812:
Hebrewisms of West Africa: From Nile to Niger With the Jews
4286:
3946:
Hirschberg, Haim Z. "The Problem of the Judaized Berbers,"
3640:
which are worn by some Bantu men, or it may originate from
3253:
has been preserved, in secret, out of fear of persecution.
3189:. Among them was the Kehath (Ka'ti) family, descended from
4666:
Himla Soodyall; Jennifer G. R Kromberg (29 October 2015).
3756:
who believe that they are the descendants of the ancient
2680:. Begin had obtained an official ruling from the Israeli
2500:, with the majority having emigrated to Israel since the
2488:, the majority of whom were assimilated and converted to
4980:
4874:, Washington Jewish Week, 30 December 1999, by Rick Gold
4821:
4347:
2772:. In some cases, they had practices similar to those of
4179:"Kulanu: Developing Judaism in Cote d'Ivoire and Gabon"
4020:
4018:
3998:"Serving the Scattered Tribes of Israel | Jewish Voice"
3987:, Black Jews Official website, visited 22 November 2006
2858:. The members of this group refer to themselves as the
2492:, especially during the historical persecutions of the
4961:
Site about travels Amongst Nigeria's and Uganda's Jews
4510:
Judaising Movements: Studies in the Margins of Judaism
4354:
page, which treats the Igbo question more extensively.
4283:
Kenyan political exile finds Jewish home, soul in S.F.
4755:"Origin of the Yoruba and the "Lost Tribes of Israel"
4385:
The Black Jews of Africa: History, Religion, Identity
3023:, who traded in exotic spices, weapons, and poisons.
2550:
The most ancient communities of African Jews are the
3058:
The largest influx of Jews to Africa came after the
1917:
1898:
321:
5356:
5331:
5050:
2977:, after Zuwa Alyaman, there were 14 Zuwa rulers of
2510:, who have been in Zimbabwe for atleast 2500 years.
4838:"The Jews of Spanish North Africa (1580–1669)" in
4443:"The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers"
2957:through Chad into Mali. Manuscript C of the
4766:The Lost Tribes of Israel: the History of a Myth
4409:The Lost Tribes of Israel: the History of a Myth
4307:The Lost Tribes of Israel: the History of a Myth
4263:Kenyan Hebrew converts celebrate Easter in style
3917:, a British plan to create a Jewish homeland in
3366:has identified as Jewish since the early 1970s.
4860:Jews in Africa: Part 1 The Berbers and the Jews
4748:Jews in Africa: Ancient Black African Relations
4670:. In Kumar, Dhavendra; Chadwick, Ruth (eds.).
4504:
4502:
5028:
4894:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2011.
4862:, by Sam Timinsky (Hebrew History Federation)
4368:'Meet the Igbo, Nigeria's Lost Jewish Tribe,'
4362:
4360:
4225:, Harvard University Press (2013) pp.118-119
2695:that the Beta Israel were descendants of the
2369:
8:
4998:The Awakening & In-Gathering of The Ibos
4947:Stigma "Gojjam": The Abyssinian Pariah Orits
4431:, Uganda Mission, accessed 22 November 2006.
4148:, (New York 2011); Parfitt, Tudor (2020)
3673:According to the 2011 census carried out by
3263:History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe
2721:. They had to declare their allegiance to a
4917:, Mega Press Limited, Abuja, Nigeria, 2004.
4878:Les Juifs à Tombouctou, or Jews of Timbuktu
3788:Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites
3650:They have a tradition of ancient Jewish or
3244:, a historian from Timbuktu, has found old
613:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
5035:
5021:
5013:
4317:
4315:
4212:, Harvard University Press pp.44-6,177-118
4091:The Renewal of Jewish Identity in Timbuktu
3236:in Israel, in the late 19th century Rabbi
2852:Ethiopian North Shewa Zionist Organization
2612:tribes. A number of tribes, including the
2376:
2362:
2226:
1867:
940:
747:
352:
221:
40:
4618:
3654:descent through their male line. Genetic
3601:, with smaller, little-known branches in
3234:Center for the Research of Moroccan Jewry
5003:History of the Jewish community in Ghana
4823:History of the Zimbabwe Jewish Community
4674:. Academic Press/Elsevier. p. 316.
4538:see the full explanatory note on p. 263.
4387:. Oxford University Press. p. 143.
3975:, עורך אברהם ונגרובר, ידיעות ספרים, 2012
3929:Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East
3593:The Lemba,"wa-Remba", or "Mwenye" are a
4856:. Leiden: Brill 2002, pp. 421–448.
4849:. Leiden: Brill 2002, pp. 291–312.
4842:. Leiden: Brill 2002, pp. 151–184.
3939:
3008:The well-known 16th Century geographer
2833:). A certain segment of traditionalist
2825:and they have also received rabbinical
2277:
2229:
2055:
2002:
1969:
1946:
1870:
1736:
1624:
1598:
1433:
1227:
1002:
974:
833:
667:
596:
496:
411:
355:
275:
252:
224:
52:
4785:Parfitt, Tudor and Egorova, Y. (2005)
4272:newspaper. Accessed 22 November 2006.
4172:
4170:
4101:'s website. Viewed 22 November 2006.
2791:, interpreted the Biblical Law of the
2744:consider the conversions to be actual
4900:"Bambara (A PROTO-HEBREW LANGUAGE?)"
4890:Mark, Peter and José da Silva Horta,
4792:Rosenthal, Monroe and Isaac Mozeson:
4773:Black Jews in Africa and the Americas
4695:Statistics Mauritius (October 2012).
4236:Black Jews in Africa and the Americas
4223:Black Jews in Africa and the Americas
4210:Black Jews in Africa and the Americas
3798:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
3503:A number of European Jews settled in
2434:. Some were established early in the
7:
4796:, New York, Hipporcrene Books, 1990.
4782:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4697:"2011 Housing and Population Census"
4152:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3866:List of Jews from Sub-Saharan Africa
4730:Jewish Communities in Exotic Places
4588:Hamburger Beiträge zur Afrika-Kunde
4164:, Haruth, accessed 22 November 2006
3848:Jewish views on religious pluralism
3823:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
3445:History of the Jews in South Africa
2531:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
4915:Igbos, Jews in Africa?, (Volume 1)
4768:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
4050:People-in-County Profile: Dawsahak
3330:History of the Jews in Ivory Coast
3164:means "Hebrew" in their language.
2926:means "Hebrew" in their language.
2438:; others after the expulsion from
25:
4902:https://josepheidelberg.com/blog/
4645:. Devora Publishing. p. 81.
4322:Josefson, Deborah (5 June 2016).
4238:, Harvard University Press (2013)
4067:"History | Tales of Jewish Sudan"
3725:African American–Jewish relations
3399:History of the Jews in Madagascar
404:Historical population comparisons
5343:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
5113:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4441:Tutton, Mark (19 January 2012).
3709:
3695:
3669:History of the Jews in Mauritius
2776:, and in others more similar to
1048:Democratic Republic of the Congo
962:Historical population by country
4933:Jews of Nigeria: The Aro Empire
4924:, Volume 1, Oxford, p. 66.
4144:Silva Horta, P. Mark and J. da
3773:Expulsions and exoduses of Jews
3536:History of the Jews in Zimbabwe
3525:History of the Jews in Zimbabwe
3291:History of the Jews in Cameroon
3054:History of the Jews in Kairouan
3050:History of the Jews in Carthage
2660:History of the Jews in Ethiopia
5044:History of the Jews in Africa
3422:History of the Jews in Nigeria
3046:History of the Jews in Tunisia
3042:History of the Jews in Algeria
3038:History of the Jews in Morocco
2674:an officially Jewish community
2624:people, converted to Judaism.
1:
5442:History of the Jews in Africa
4350:, especially relevant is the
3499:History of the Jews in Zambia
3456:History of the Jews in Uganda
2577:In the seventh century, many
619:Christianity and Judaism
4554:. United States of America:
4525:London: Hodder and Stoughton
3900:Racism in Muslim communities
3895:Racism in Jewish communities
3833:Jewish population by country
3376:History of the Jews in Kenya
3349:History of the Jews in Ghana
3032:North Africa and the Maghreb
2854:in an attempt to save their
4993:Scattered Among The Nations
4775:, Harvard University Press.
3910:Religion of Black Americans
3595:Bantu-speaking ethnic group
3313:medieval rabbinic sources.
3122:but with allegiance to the
3114:, bound by the laws of the
1918:
1899:
1626:Latin America and Caribbean
322:
5458:
4922:Northern Tribes of Nigeria
3948:Journal of African History
3838:Jewish religious movements
3735:African diaspora religions
3666:
3586:
3533:
3522:
3496:
3453:
3442:
3419:
3396:
3373:
3346:
3327:
3288:
3260:
3148:are a tribe that lives in
3137:
3035:
2933:
2898:are a tribe that lives in
2890:History of Jews in Somalia
2883:
2768:. They did have their own
2657:
2651:
2642:forced to convert to Islam
2528:
2402:who primarily live in the
2231:Jewish political movements
1928:Conversion to Judaism
4556:Brandeis University Press
4485:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
4328:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
3778:Genetic history of Africa
3181:In the 14th century many
3074:settled primarily in the
2620:, and some tribes of the
2442:in the late 15th century.
634:Hinduism and Judaism
5098:Central African Republic
4641:Kleiman, Yaakov (2004).
4548:Shimoni, Gideon (2003).
4177:Sussman, Bonita Nathan.
3985:"Ethiopia: Beit Avraham"
3803:Islamic–Jewish relations
3191:Ismael Jan Kot Al-yahudi
2466:living primarily in the
460:Temple in Jerusalem
153:Bar and bat mitzvah
4986:26 January 2020 at the
4976:Site about African Jews
4965:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce:
4959:Gorin, Howard (Rabbi):
4120:"Sao Tome and Principe"
4105:29 October 2005 at the
4026:Les Yibro: Mages somali
3818:Jewish ethnic divisions
3793:History of antisemitism
3783:Genetic studies on Jews
3750:Black Hebrew Israelites
3740:Antisemitism by country
3597:native to Zimbabwe and
3487:descended from the Jews
3479:William Saunders Crowdy
2732:proselytes, (such as a
422:Twelve Tribes of Israel
4778:Parfitt, Tudor (2020)
4771:Parfitt, Tudor (2013)
4764:Parfitt, Tudor (2002)
4534:Parfitt, Tudor (1992)
4407:Parfitt, Tudor (2002)
4383:Bruder, Edith (2008).
4305:Parfitt, Tudor (2002)
4287:JewishSanFrancisco.com
3768:Christianity in Africa
3110:system as Africanized
2989:Jews, like a group of
2936:Jews of Bilad el-Sudan
2871:recognize them as Jews
2760:
2547:
2515:Jews of Bilad el-Sudan
38:
5258:São Tomé and Príncipe
5118:Republic of the Congo
4810:Williams, Joseph J.:
4761:, 106, 2011, 579–595.
4056:, Pasadena, CA, 2001.
4028:, Paris 2000, 129–144
3950:4, no. 3 (1963): 317.
3855:, an ethnic group in
3745:Antisemitism in Islam
3730:African-American Jews
3577:economic antisemitism
3242:Ismael Diadie Haidara
3226:Abd-al-Salam al Kuhin
2867:conversion to Judaism
2758:
2719:conversion to Judaism
2658:Further information:
2591:expulsion from Iberia
2538:
2502:1948 Arab–Israeli War
2391:communities include:
1168:São Tomé and Príncipe
1163:Republic of the Congo
557:Second Temple Judaism
428:Kingdom of Judah
399:Modern historiography
32:
4872:The Jews of Timbuktu
4801:"The Jews of Africa"
4789:. London: Routledge.
4741:Black Jews of Africa
4296:on 22 November 2006.
4071:Tales of JewishSudan
3935:Notes and references
3675:Statistics Mauritius
3323:
3269:Manuel I of Portugal
2742:rabbinic authorities
2270:World Agudath Israel
1411:United Arab Emirates
498:Second Temple period
488:Babylonian captivity
5333:States with limited
4930:Eze Okafor-Ogbaji:
4836:Israel, Jonathan I.
4750:, Fact Paper 19-II.
4427:17 May 2004 at the
4292:2 June 2006 at the
4054:Peoples on the Move
4002:www.jewishvoice.org
3481:, who claimed that
3408:and submerged in a
3257:São Tomé e Príncipe
3238:Mordoche Aby Serour
3060:Spanish Inquisition
2918:who arrived in the
2525:Ancient communities
2494:Almohadic Caliphate
2452:descended from pre-
563:Hellenistic Judaism
141:Land of Israel
100:Principles of faith
4746:Kurinsky, Samuel:
4607:Am. J. Hum. Genet.
4162:"Jews in Cameroon"
4024:Bader, Christian.
3905:Religion in Africa
3280:Modern communities
2778:rabbinical Judaism
2761:
2736:or immersion in a
2548:
2446:South African Jews
2124:Jewish Koine Greek
1666:Dominican Republic
947:Judaism by country
626:Jews and Christmas
481:Assyrian captivity
39:
5429:
5428:
5360:other territories
5133:Equatorial Guinea
4920:Charles K. Meek:
4681:978-0-12-420195-8
4565:978-1-58465-329-5
4285:", accessed from
4052:; D. J. Philips,
3875:French Madagascar
3754:African Americans
3505:Northern Rhodesia
3483:African Americans
3027:Medieval arrivals
2959:Tarikh al-Fattash
2944:Tarikh al-Fattash
2740:). Few Ashkenazi
2556:West African Jews
2448:, who are mostly
2386:
2385:
2335:
2334:
2083:
2082:
1830:Reconstructionist
1774:
1773:
926:
925:
733:
732:
570:Jewish–Roman wars
518:Hasmonean dynasty
434:Kingdom of Israel
338:
337:
35:Jewish population
16:(Redirected from
5449:
5421:
5420:(United Kingdom)
5416:Tristan da Cunha
5412:Ascension Island
5404:
5391:
5382:
5358:Dependencies and
5051:Sovereign states
5037:
5030:
5023:
5014:
5008:Shabbat in Ghana
4968:Jews and Berbers
4898:Joseph Eidelberg
4866:Tarikh es Soudan
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4701:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4622:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4545:
4539:
4532:
4526:
4521:Parfitt, Tudor,
4519:
4513:
4506:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4477:
4471:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4438:
4432:
4418:
4412:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4380:
4374:
4373:24 January 2016.
4366:Sam Kestenbaum,
4364:
4355:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4319:
4310:
4303:
4297:
4279:
4273:
4266:from the Kenyan
4258:
4252:
4245:
4239:
4232:
4226:
4221:Parfitt, Tudor
4219:
4213:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4189:on 25 March 2017
4185:. Archived from
4174:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4122:. Archived from
4115:
4109:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4063:
4057:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4022:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3969:
3963:
3959:Ausbel, Nathan.
3957:
3951:
3944:
3890:Racism in Israel
3877:proposed by the
3719:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3583:The Lemba People
3195:Scheida, Morocco
2478:and sparsely in
2378:
2371:
2364:
2227:
2108:
1929:
1923:
1904:
1868:
1815:
1762:New Zealand
1714:
1677:El Salvador
1667:
1599:Northern America
1591:
1185:
941:
852:Crimean Karaites
748:
726:
724:
645:
643:
635:
629:
620:
608:Rabbinic Judaism
589:
583:
577:
565:
553:
519:
512:Maccabean Revolt
489:
482:
476:
468:
461:
455:
447:
429:
353:
327:
222:
154:
142:
41:
21:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5402:
5389:
5380:
5361:
5359:
5352:
5336:
5334:
5327:
5046:
5041:
4988:Wayback Machine
4956:
4943:
4910:
4887:
4832:
4830:Northern Africa
4805:Image Magazine,
4739:Bruder, Édith:
4725:
4720:
4718:Further reading
4715:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4653:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4558:. p. 178.
4547:
4546:
4542:
4533:
4529:
4520:
4516:
4507:
4500:
4490:
4488:
4487:. 20 March 2015
4479:
4478:
4474:
4462:
4458:
4448:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4429:Wayback Machine
4419:
4415:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4365:
4358:
4346:
4342:
4332:
4330:
4321:
4320:
4313:
4304:
4300:
4294:Wayback Machine
4280:
4276:
4259:
4255:
4246:
4242:
4233:
4229:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4176:
4175:
4168:
4160:
4156:
4143:
4139:
4129:
4127:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4107:Wayback Machine
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4048:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4023:
4016:
4006:
4004:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3970:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3885:Moroccan citron
3871:Madagascar Plan
3857:Southern Africa
3813:Jewish diaspora
3808:Islam in Africa
3715:
3710:
3708:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3677:, there are 43
3671:
3665:
3615:Bantu languages
3609:. According to
3591:
3585:
3538:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3501:
3495:
3458:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3428:
3420:Main articles:
3418:
3401:
3395:
3383:Laikipia County
3378:
3372:
3356:House of Israel
3351:
3345:
3332:
3326:
3293:
3287:
3282:
3265:
3259:
3251:Jewish identity
3218:wrote in 1526:
3179:
3170:
3156:, and Southern
3142:
3136:
3066:and the end of
3064:Fall of Granada
3056:
3034:
3029:
2975:Tarikh al-Sudan
2950:Tarikh al-Sudan
2938:
2932:
2910:, and northern
2892:
2884:Main articles:
2882:
2856:Jewish identity
2774:Karaite Judaism
2697:Ten Lost Tribes
2662:
2656:
2650:
2544:Atlas Mountains
2533:
2527:
2458:Lithuanian Jews
2382:
2337:
2336:
2224:
2214:
2213:
2204:Judeo-Malayalam
2184:Judaeo-Georgian
2104:
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2678:Menachem Begin
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4734:Jason Aronson
4732:, Jerusalem,
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3924:Who is a Jew?
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3915:Uganda Scheme
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3861:Yemenite Jews
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3763:Black Judaism
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3717:Africa portal
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3652:South Arabian
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3636:word for the
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3611:Tudor Parfitt
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3018:
3015:
3011:
3010:Leo Africanus
3006:
3004:
3003:Ménaka Region
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2966:Zuwa Alyaman,
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2819:Orthodox Jews
2815:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2560:Sephardi Jews
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:, as well as
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2396:Sephardi Jews
2394:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:Judeo-Aramaic
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:Judeo-Italian
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2159:Ghardaïa Sign
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:Denominations
1780:
1779:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1612:United States
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1098:Guinea-Bissau
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1001:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
981:
980:
977:
973:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
952:Lists of Jews
950:
948:
945:
944:
943:
942:
937:
932:
931:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
838:
837:
832:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
755:
752:
751:
750:
749:
744:
739:
738:
727:
719:
717:
714:
712:
711:The Holocaust
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
672:
671:
666:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
638:
636:
631:
627:
621:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
604:
603:
599:
595:
588:
582:
576:
571:
568:
564:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
503:
502:
499:
495:
490:
485:
483:
478:
474:
470:
467:
462:
457:
453:
449:
446:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
425:
423:
420:
419:
418:
417:
414:
410:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
360:
359:
354:
349:
344:
343:
332:
329:
326:
325:
320:
318:
315:
313:
312:Mishneh Torah
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
298:
297:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
282:
281:
278:
274:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
258:
255:
251:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
231:
230:
227:
223:
218:
213:
212:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
150:
148:
145:
143:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
110:
106:
103:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
87:
84:
79:
78:
73:
72:Who is a Jew?
70:
68:
65:
64:
63:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:
36:
31:
27:
19:
5408:Saint Helena
5379:
5283:South Africa
5273:Sierra Leone
5078:Burkina Faso
5043:
4967:
4946:
4932:
4921:
4914:
4913:Remy Ilona:
4891:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4822:
4814:, Ney York,
4811:
4804:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4747:
4740:
4729:
4728:Blady, Ken:
4704:. Retrieved
4702:. p. 69
4690:
4671:
4661:
4642:
4636:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4569:. Retrieved
4550:
4543:
4535:
4530:
4522:
4517:
4509:
4491:22 September
4489:. Retrieved
4484:
4475:
4467:
4464:Barry Kosmin
4459:
4447:. Retrieved
4436:
4416:
4408:
4403:
4384:
4378:
4343:
4331:. Retrieved
4327:
4306:
4301:
4277:
4269:Sunday Times
4267:
4262:
4256:
4248:
4243:
4235:
4230:
4222:
4217:
4209:
4203:
4191:. Retrieved
4187:the original
4182:
4157:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4128:. Retrieved
4124:the original
4113:
4086:
4074:. Retrieved
4070:
4061:
4053:
4045:
4033:
4025:
4005:. Retrieved
4001:
3992:
3980:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3955:
3947:
3942:
3853:Lemba people
3752:, groups of
3672:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3629:
3627:
3599:South Africa
3592:
3589:Lemba people
3574:
3554:Matabeleland
3539:
3502:
3459:
3439:South Africa
3429:
3402:
3379:
3360:Sefwi Wiawso
3352:
3333:
3318:Yaphet Kotto
3315:
3311:
3304:
3297:Bassa people
3294:
3266:
3223:
3219:
3209:. In 1492,
3180:
3171:
3161:
3143:
3112:Ottoman Jews
3057:
3007:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2923:
2893:
2875:
2869:before they
2859:
2848:
2843:Beit Avraham
2840:
2834:
2830:
2816:
2805:
2800:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2762:
2749:
2722:
2715:
2713:
2701:Tribe of Dan
2693:Ovadia Yosef
2688:
2663:
2607:
2579:Spanish Jews
2576:
2568:North Africa
2564:Mizrahi Jews
2549:
2410:, including
2408:North Africa
2400:Mizrahi Jews
2388:
2387:
2328:Post-Zionism
2199:Judeo-Berber
2194:Judeo-Arabic
2154:Judeo-Gascon
1901:Pidyon haben
1820:Conservative
1366:Saudi Arabia
1184:South Africa
1173:Sierra Leone
1003:
995:Israeli Jews
909:Mosaic Arabs
862:Kaifeng Jews
723:Arab–Israeli
696:Emancipation
575:Great Revolt
384:Anti-Judaism
379:Antisemitism
374:Name "Judea"
169:Baal teshuva
26:
5335:recognition
5288:South Sudan
5178:Ivory Coast
4974:Sand, Jay:
4885:West Africa
4799:Sand, Jay:
4371:The Forward
4130:14 February
4118:Sand, Jay.
3971:שרון שלום,
3919:East Africa
3879:Nazi German
3513:Livingstone
3152:, northern
3102:as well as
3086:patronage.
2850:formed the
2746:conversions
2685:Chief Rabbi
2666:Beta Israel
2654:Beta Israel
2626:Ibn Khaldun
2540:Berber Jews
2486:Berber Jews
2474:regions of
2464:Beta Israel
2323:Revisionist
2313:Neo-Zionism
1920:Zeved habat
1713:Puerto Rico
1539:Netherlands
1371:South Korea
1356:Philippines
1236:Afghanistan
1103:Ivory Coast
877:Crypto-Jews
842:Bnei Anusim
821:Bene Israel
786:Beta Israel
743:Communities
650:Middle Ages
389:Persecution
164:Bereavement
5390:(Portugal)
5348:Somaliland
5268:Seychelles
5233:Mozambique
5218:Mauritania
5203:Madagascar
5158:The Gambia
5093:Cape Verde
4807:5 May 2009
3881:government
3758:Israelites
3603:Mozambique
3530:Anglo-Jews
3393:Madagascar
3207:Kongougara
3062:after the
3036:See also:
3014:Andalusian
3001:, live in
2902:, eastern
2861:Falashmura
2827:ordination
2734:brit milah
2705:rabbinical
2529:See also:
2508:Lemba Jews
2456:immigrant
2308:Maximalism
2260:Secularism
2240:Autonomism
2057:Literature
1850:Humanistic
1454:Azerbaijan
1416:Uzbekistan
1391:Tajikistan
1311:Kyrgyzstan
1296:Kazakhstan
1143:Mozambique
1118:Madagascar
1038:Cape Verde
990:New Yishuv
985:Old Yishuv
936:Population
914:Subbotniks
872:Samaritans
811:Romanyotim
754:Ashkenazim
701:Old Yishuv
681:Sabbateans
668:Modern era
660:Golden Age
587:Bar Kokhba
307:Beit Yosef
174:Philosophy
5223:Mauritius
4759:Anthropos
4249:Scriptura
4007:8 October
3683:Mauritius
3663:Mauritius
3471:Abayudaya
3463:Abayudaya
3426:Igbo Jews
3364:Sefwi Sui
3232:, at the
3199:Kirshamba
2993:known as
2971:Dhu Nuwas
2797:rabbinite
2750:pro forma
2716:pro forma
2618:Uled Jari
2587:Byzantine
2583:Visigoths
2552:Ethiopian
2546:, c. 1900
2454:Holocaust
2318:Religious
2174:Zarphatic
2164:Bukharian
2134:Judeo-Tat
2119:Yeshivish
2093:Languages
2048:Sephardic
2038:Israelite
2028:Ethiopian
2018:Ashkenazi
1957:Religious
1747:Australia
1729:Venezuela
1635:Argentina
1617:Greenland
1529:Lithuania
1381:Sri Lanka
1376:Singapore
1301:Kurdistan
1266:Indonesia
1256:Hong Kong
1209:Abayudaya
1133:Mauritius
867:Igbo Jews
857:Krymchaks
776:Sephardim
644:relations
538:Sadducees
534:Pharisees
524:Sanhedrin
439:Jerusalem
199:Synagogue
67:Etymology
37:in Africa
5436:Category
5414: /
5410: /
5403:(France)
5397: /
5375: /
5371: /
5323:Zimbabwe
5298:Tanzania
5148:Ethiopia
5143:Eswatini
5123:Djibouti
5088:Cameroon
5073:Botswana
4984:Archived
4941:Ethiopia
4706:19 April
4571:13 March
4449:15 April
4425:Archived
4333:24 March
4290:Archived
4193:24 March
4103:Archived
3689:See also
3630:chilemba
3550:Bulawayo
3519:Zimbabwe
3467:Idi Amin
3406:beit din
3285:Cameroon
3274:Sao Tome
3154:Tanzania
3150:Tanzania
3134:Tanzania
3021:Timbuktu
2995:Dawsahak
2947:and the
2908:Djibouti
2904:Ethiopia
2823:yeshivas
2812:Hanukkah
2789:qessotch
2770:oral law
2724:halachic
2708:responsa
2682:Sephardi
2670:Ethiopia
2648:Ethiopia
2622:Daggatun
2570:and the
2476:Ethiopia
2436:diaspora
2345:Category
2303:Kahanism
2250:Feminism
2222:Politics
2106:Biblical
2076:American
2023:Bukharan
2013:American
1913:Shidduch
1889:Clothing
1845:Haymanot
1791:Orthodox
1719:Suriname
1702:Paraguay
1655:Colombia
1554:Portugal
1464:Bulgaria
1401:Thailand
1351:Pakistan
1331:Mongolia
1326:Malaysia
1246:Cambodia
1220:Zimbabwe
1195:Tanzania
1073:Eswatini
1063:Ethiopia
1053:Djibouti
1033:Cameroon
1028:Botswana
957:Diaspora
919:Noahides
892:Marranos
816:Cochinim
801:Bukharim
791:Gruzinim
781:Teimanim
771:Mizrahim
759:Galician
725:conflict
686:Hasidism
676:Haskalah
581:Diaspora
452:timeline
364:Timeline
277:Rabbinic
184:Kabbalah
159:Marriage
135:Tzedakah
125:Holidays
83:Religion
46:a series
44:Part of
5399:Réunion
5395:Mayotte
5386:Madeira
5381:(Spain)
5377:Melilla
5308:Tunisia
5278:Somalia
5263:Senegal
5248:Nigeria
5238:Namibia
5228:Morocco
5193:Liberia
5188:Lesotho
5138:Eritrea
5108:Comoros
5083:Burundi
5058:Algeria
4908:Nigeria
4818:, 1931.
4723:General
4629:8900243
4620:1914832
4352:Nigeria
4076:13 June
3646:Mwenye.
3638:turbans
3634:Swahili
3566:Gatooma
3564:), and
3416:Nigeria
3336:Abidjan
3203:Haybomo
3177:Songhai
3173:1970s.
3100:Algeria
3092:Tunisia
3088:Morocco
3084:Ottoman
3076:Maghreb
2999:Songhai
2916:Hebrews
2900:Somalia
2880:Somalia
2831:semikha
2801:Talmud,
2730:gentile
2599:Melilla
2542:of the
2498:Morocco
2480:Eritrea
2424:Tunisia
2416:Algeria
2412:Morocco
2404:Maghreb
2288:General
2279:Zionism
2255:Leftism
2245:Bundism
2169:Knaanic
2129:Yevanic
2114:Yiddish
2071:Yiddish
2066:Israeli
2043:Mizrahi
2033:Israeli
2004:Cuisine
1980:Ancient
1962:Secular
1908:Kashrut
1884:Wedding
1871:Customs
1863:Culture
1840:Science
1835:Renewal
1825:Karaite
1806:Hasidic
1738:Oceania
1724:Uruguay
1692:Jamaica
1672:Ecuador
1640:Bolivia
1584:Ukraine
1559:Romania
1534:Moldova
1514:Hungary
1504:Germany
1499:Georgia
1489:Finland
1484:Estonia
1479:Denmark
1474:Czechia
1459:Belarus
1449:Austria
1444:Armenia
1421:Vietnam
1336:Myanmar
1321:Lebanon
1241:Bahrain
1200:Tunisia
1178:Somalia
1153:Nigeria
1148:Namibia
1138:Morocco
1068:Eritrea
1013:Algeria
897:Neofiti
806:Italkim
796:Juhurim
706:Zionism
655:Khazars
550:Sicarii
546:Zealots
542:Essenes
529:Schisms
394:Leaders
356:General
348:History
291:Tosefta
286:Midrash
263:Mishnah
245:Ketuvim
240:Nevi'im
189:Customs
120:Shabbat
115:Halakha
107: (
105:Mitzvot
92: (
58:Judaism
5418:
5401:
5388:
5318:Zambia
5313:Uganda
5253:Rwanda
5208:Malawi
5168:Guinea
5063:Angola
4678:
4649:
4627:
4617:
4562:
4468:MAJUTA
4391:
4251:116(2)
4099:Kulanu
3642:lembi,
3623:Muslim
3619:Jewish
3607:Malawi
3570:Israel
3562:Mutare
3558:Kwekwe
3548:) and
3546:Harare
3509:Zambia
3493:Zambia
3475:Uganda
3450:Uganda
3410:mikvah
3246:Hebrew
3205:, and
3162:Nyambo
3158:Uganda
3146:Nyambo
3140:Nyambo
3124:Caliph
3116:Talmud
3108:millet
3080:Muslim
3078:under
3052:, and
3017:Berber
2991:Tuareg
2987:Berber
2835:kessim
2793:Tanakh
2785:kessim
2766:Talmud
2748:, not
2738:mikveh
2638:Jarawa
2630:Kahina
2614:Jarawa
2610:Berber
2603:Djerba
2562:, and
2472:Tigray
2468:Amhara
2440:Iberia
2422:, and
2350:Portal
2209:Domari
2139:Shassi
2100:Hebrew
1995:Humour
1939:Hiloni
1934:Aliyah
1894:Niddah
1879:Minyan
1814:Reform
1801:Haredi
1796:Modern
1697:Mexico
1682:Guyana
1645:Brazil
1607:Canada
1579:Sweden
1569:Serbia
1564:Russia
1549:Poland
1544:Norway
1524:Latvia
1509:Greece
1494:France
1469:Cyprus
1435:Europe
1406:Turkey
1396:Taiwan
1306:Kuwait
1291:Jordan
1281:Israel
1215:Zambia
1205:Uganda
1123:Malawi
1093:Guinea
1083:Gambia
1018:Angola
1004:Africa
887:Dönmeh
882:Anusim
826:Berber
764:Litvak
716:Israel
622:
559:
473:Second
441:
302:Targum
268:Gemara
254:Talmud
226:Tanakh
179:Ethics
130:Prayer
5373:Ceuta
5293:Sudan
5243:Niger
5198:Libya
5183:Kenya
5163:Ghana
5153:Gabon
5128:Egypt
5068:Benin
4700:(PDF)
4445:. CNN
4309:p.203
4097:, on
3656:Y-DNA
3507:(now
3485:were
3387:Kenya
3370:Kenya
3343:Ghana
3306:aliya
3301:Bassa
3267:King
3183:Moors
3168:Sudan
3120:Torah
3104:Egypt
3096:Libya
3012:- an
2924:Yibir
2912:Kenya
2896:Yibir
2886:Yibir
2808:Purim
2595:Ceuta
2490:Islam
2432:Egypt
2428:Sudan
2420:Libya
2298:Labor
2293:Green
1990:Dance
1948:Music
1767:Palau
1687:Haiti
1650:Chile
1574:Spain
1519:Italy
1426:Yemen
1386:Syria
1361:Qatar
1341:Nepal
1286:Japan
1261:India
1251:China
1190:Sudan
1113:Libya
1108:Kenya
1088:Ghana
1078:Gabon
1058:Egypt
1043:Benin
902:Xueta
847:Lemba
466:First
331:Zohar
235:Torah
217:Texts
204:Rabbi
194:Rites
94:names
5303:Togo
5213:Mali
5103:Chad
4708:2020
4676:ISBN
4647:ISBN
4625:PMID
4573:2010
4560:ISBN
4493:2023
4451:2018
4389:ISBN
4335:2017
4195:2017
4132:2016
4078:2024
4009:2023
3679:Jews
3632:, a
3621:and
3605:and
3432:Igbo
3424:and
3144:The
3118:and
3098:and
3082:and
2894:The
2888:and
2841:The
2810:and
2687:(or
2634:Arab
2597:and
2470:and
2430:and
2398:and
1757:Guam
1752:Fiji
1707:Peru
1660:Cuba
1346:Oman
1316:Laos
1276:Iraq
1271:Iran
1228:Asia
1157:Igbo
1128:Mali
147:Brit
56:and
54:Jews
4757:,
4615:PMC
4093:by
3681:in
3552:in
3473:of
3193:of
3126:of
2979:Gao
2787:or
2672:as
2668:of
2566:of
2406:of
1971:Art
317:Tur
109:613
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