History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean

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evolved to a greater level of openness and tolerance. This openness provided the basis for continued Jewish residence beginning in the 19th century. In 1929, the Ashkenazi Jewish community set up an educational network. Jewish schools have been functioning in various parts of the country since the 1920s. In the 1930s, there were significant Fascist and liberal anti-immigration elements that opposed all foreign immigration, weighing heavily on Jewish immigration. Jews were singled out and many people opposed Jewish inclusion in Uruguayan society. The country is home to the

3810:; there were a higher number of Levantine Christian traders arriving at the same time. German Jews arrived with other German businessmen; they were highly acculturated and were considered part of the German community. In 1915, there were 200 Jews in Haiti. During the 20 years of American occupation, many of the Jews emigrated to the United States. The US and Haiti had joint interests in reducing the number and influence of foreign businessmen. In 1937, the government issued passports and visas to Jews of Germany and Eastern Europe, to help them escape the 7145: 2522: 2838: 4535: 2822: 2913:). Jewish immigration to Brazil was rather low between 1881 and 1900 although this was the height of other international immigration to Brazil; many were going to more industrialized countries. Between 1921 and 1942 worldwide immigration to Brazil fell by 21%, but Jewish immigration to Brazil increased by 57,000. This was in response to anti-immigration legislation and immigration quotas passed by the United States, Argentina, Canada and South Africa, persisting even after the 4023: 3546:

books that contributed to the dissemination of reading. Vera Kohn was a psychologist and teacher, tasks that at mid-century were not of interest of Ecuadorian women who used to live in their homes given away, devoid of intellectual curiosity and only care about social life. They were not interested in politics, with the exception of Paul Beter, belonging to the second generation of Jews, who became Minister of Economy and Central Bank President.

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foreign businessmen. Haiti achieved independence in 1804 but was not recognized by other nations for some time and struggled economically, based on a peasant culture producing coffee as a commodity crop. Foreigners were prohibited from owning land and subject to other restrictions. Planters and other whites were killed in 1805, and Jews were among the whites and people of color who fled to the United States, many settling in

4146:, also reported no evidence of government antisemitism after an investigation by embassy staff. The dozens of Nicaraguan Jews who had fled the country supported the Reagan administration's charges of antisemitism, citing several instances of intimidation, harassment, and arbitrary arrest, but two of the Jews who remained in Nicaragua denied their accuracy, and they were widely cited in the media at the time. 3596:. On 11 September 1948, the community started and continues to support a school "Colegio Estado de Israel". According to the latest Census, there are currently about 100 Jews living in El Salvador, mostly in the capital city of San Salvador. Most of them have Sephardic roots. There is a small town called Armenia in rural El Salvador where people practice Orthodox Sephardic Judaism since the inquisition. 4172: 3962: 2982: 4481:

converted to the Catholic faith were called New Christians, conversos, and, less often, "Marranos". The stadtholder of the King of Portugal gave those who wanted to depart some time to let them settle, and supplied them with 16 ships and safe conduct to leave for the Netherlands. The Dutch government gave an opportunity to settle in Brazil. But most found their home in

4384:. Then, with the advent of the Inquisition, New Christians began to be persecuted, and, in some cases, executed. In this period, these people were sometimes called "marranos", converts ("conversos"), and "cristianos nuevos" (New Christians) even if they had not been among the original converts from Judaism and had been reared as Catholics. The descendants of these 4426: 3705:. Mainstream Jewish communities felt concerned about the reputation following this group, who had left both the US and Canada under allegations of child abuse, underage marriage and child neglect. Despite the tropical heat, the members of the community continued to wear the long black cloaks for men and full black chador for women. 3739:, and ordered the expulsion of Jews, but this was lightly enforced. Sephardic Jews remained in Saint-Domingue as leading officials in French trading companies. After the French Revolution instituted religious freedom in 1791, additional Jewish merchants returned to Saint-Domingue and settled in several cities. Some likely married 3481:, the country's dictator, welcomed many Jewish refugees to his island mainly for their skills rather than for religious persecution. Present-day Sosua still possesses a synagogue and a museum of Jewish history. Descendants of those Jews can still be found in many other villages and towns on the north of the island close to Sosua. 4067:

assimilated into Mexican life. In recent years, the tourist industry has picked up in Baja California Sur, which saw many American retirees purchase and live in properties around the Baja. In 2009, with a grassroots Jewish Community formulating and with the help of Tijuana-based businessman Jose Galicot,

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broke out in 1791 in the North of the island. Slaves considered Jews to be among the white oppressor group. Through the years of warfare, many people of the Jewish community were among the whites killed; some Jews were expelled when the slaves and free blacks took power and instituted restrictions on

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Many of Santa Cruz's oldest families are of partial Jewish heritage; Some traces of Jewish culture can still be found in family traditions, as well as local customs. For example, some families have family-heirloom seven-branched candle sticks or the custom of lighting candles on Friday at sunset. The

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has the oldest Jewish community in the Americas. During the Inquisition in Portugal and Spain around 1500, many Jews fled to the Netherlands and the Dutch colonies to escape social discrimination and inquisitorial persecution, sometimes including torture and condemnation to the stake. Those who were

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Spain and France. De Sola helped to found the first synagogue and became an invaluable member of the Jewish community. In 1936, World War II caused the Jewish community to help their ancestors escape from Europe. Some had their relatives in El Salvador. But some were forced to go into countries such

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However, throughout the 15th and 16th centuries a number of converso families migrated to the Netherlands, France and eventually Italy, from where they joined other expeditions to the Americas. Others migrated to England or France and accompanied their colonists as traders and merchants. By the late

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were also professionals, intellectuals and artists, some of whom were professors and writers. Other Alberto Capua, Giorgio Ottolenghi, Aldo Mugla, Francisco Breth, Hans Herman, Leopold Levy, Paul Engel, Marco Turkel, Henry Fente, Benno Weiser, Otto Glass, Egon Fellig, and Karl Kohn. Olga Fis valued

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during the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, fleeing the outcome of the Spanish Inquisition. Over the centuries, many Jews and their descendants assimilated into the general population and some have converted into the Catholic religion, although many of the country's Jews still retain elements of the

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practices (none mix milk and meat, pork is served, but never mixed with other foods). Scholars disagree on provenance and recency of these practices. After almost five centuries, some of the descendants of these families claim awareness of Jewish origins, but practice Catholicism (in certain cases

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During the first decades of the 21st century, many Venezuelan Jews decided to emigrate due to the growth of antisemitism and to the political crisis and instability. Currently, there are around 10,000 Jews living in Venezuela, with more than half living in the capital Caracas. Venezuelan Jewry is

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According to a national census taken at the end of the 19th century, 247 Jews lived in Venezuela as citizens in 1891. In 1907, the Israelite Beneficial Society, which became the Israelite Society of Venezuela in 1919, was created as an organization to bring all the Jews who were scattered through

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supported the Reagan administration's charges of Sandinista antisemitism, having actively worked with Nicaraguan Jews to reclaim a synagogue that had been firebombed by Sandinista militants in 1978 and seized by the Sandinista government in 1979. However, a variety of left-wing organizations that

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production. Since the late 17th century, few Jews have lived in French Guiana. In 1992, 20 Jewish families from Suriname and North Africa attempted to re-establish the community in Cayenne. A Chabad organization exists in the country and maintains Jewish life within the community. Today, 800 Jews

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From Sephardic ancestry were Leonidas Gilces and his younger brother Angel Theodore Gilces whom helped many immigrants such as Charles Liebman who reach the capital with his library, which became the most important of the capital. Simon Goldberg who had a library in Berlin, Goethe library of old

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era in Germany started, there were 30 Jewish families. The first large Jewish immigration occurred during the 1930s; the population had climbed to an estimated 8,000 at the end of 1942. During the 1940s, 2,200 Jews emigrated from Bolivia to other countries. But the ones who remained have created

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and Brazil. Several Jewish communities in the Caribbean, Central and South America flourished, particularly in those areas under Dutch and English control, which were more tolerant. More immigrants went to this region as part of the massive emigration of Jews from eastern Europe in the late 19th

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of 1492 led to the mass conversion of Spain's Jews to Catholicism and the expulsion of those who refused to do so. However, the vast majority of conversos never made it to the New World and remained in Spain slowly assimilating to the dominant Catholic culture. This was due to the requirement by

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called upon the first settlers to be "persons of worth, of good habits, repute and family, so that they be not inferior nor of Moorish or Jewish race." The first record of open Jewish settlement is in the 1770s. With the end of the Inquisition in 1813, the political and social system of Uruguay

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known as Toiras Jesed for Minyanim information. Many Jews managed to settle in the island as secret Jews and settled in the island's remote mountainous interior as did the early Jews in all Spanish and Portuguese colonies. In the late 1800s during the Spanish–American War many Jewish American

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The State of Baja California has also had a Jewish presence for the last few hundred years. La Paz, Mexico was home to many Jewish traders who would dock at the port and do business. Many locals in La Paz descend from the prominent Schcolnik, Tuschman and Habiff families, although most are

4094:. The Jews made significant contributions to Nicaragua's economic development while dedicating themselves to farming, manufacturing and retail sales. It was approximated that the highest number of Jews in Nicaragua reached a peak of 250 in 1972. Some 60 Jews left the country after the 3386:. Early colonists generally married native women and few of their descendants, after centuries of residence, practice Judaism today. There was significant Jewish immigration to Cuba in the first half of the 20th century, as noted in other countries of Latin America. During this time, 3782:

Race, as defined in slavery years, and nationality became more important in Haiti in the 19th century than religion, and Jews were considered whites and nationals of their groups. Later in the century, Polish Jews immigrated to Haiti due to the civil strife in Poland and settled in

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Since the late 20th century there has been a fourth wave of Jewish immigration made up of American and Israeli expatriates who are retiring here or doing business in the country. The Jewish community is estimated to number 2,500 to 3,000 people, most of them living in the capital.

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Although descendants of the "anusim," or forced converts, from the Iberian Peninsula have lived in Panama since the early sixteenth century, there was a Jewish community that openly practiced religion until it took centuries (?). Jews, mainly Sephardic from nearby islands such as

2754:) immigrated to Bolivia. Most took local women as wives, founding families that eventually merged into the mainstream Catholic society. This was often the case in the eastern regions of Santa Cruz, Tarija, Beni and Pando, where these merchants came from Brazil or Argentina. 4071:

sent out Rabbi Benny Hershcovich and his family to run the operations of the Cabo Jewish Center, located in Los Cabos, Mexico, but providing Jewish services and assistance to Jews scattered throughout the Baja Sur region, including La Paz, Todos Santos and the East Cape.

3537:. There is a Jewish school in Quito. In Guayaquil, there is a Jewish Community under the auspices of Los Caminos de Israel called Nachle Emuna Congregation. Now in 2017 in Ecuador there are only 290 reported Jews in the country. "Among the Jewish immigrants who came to 3439:

was built. Growth in Latin American Jewish communities, primarily in Colombia and Venezuela, resulted from the influx of Curaçaoan Jews. In 1856 and 1902 the Jews of Coro (Venezuela) were plundered, maltreated, and driven to seek refuge in their native Curaçao.

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in the 19th century, Brazil attracted more Jews among its immigrants, and pressure in Europe convinced more Jews to leave. Jewish immigration rose throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, at a time of massive emigration from the Russian Empire (including

4056:, and parts of France to flee. Finally, a wave of immigrants fled the increasing Nazi persecutions in Europe during World War II. According to the 2010 Census, there are 67,476 Jews in Mexico, making them the third largest Jewish community in Latin America. 2937:(CONIB) estimates that there are more than 120,000 Jews in Brazil. Brazilian Jews play an active role in politics, sports, academia, trade and industry, and are well integrated in all spheres of Brazilian life. The majority of Brazilian Jews live in the 2921:

became clear. The Brazilian government generally did not enforce its own immigration legislation. Lastly, the Jews in Brazil developed strong support structures and economic opportunities, which attracted Eastern European and Polish Jewish immigration.

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by the way of the Dutch West India Company. Later on 12 September 1659, Jews arrived from Dutch colonies in Brazil. The company appointed David Nassy, a Brazilian refugee, patron of an exclusive Jewish settlement on the western side of the island of

3125:, where they had flourished under English and Dutch rule. These Jews started practicing their religion openly in Colombia at the end of the 18th century, although it was not officially legal to do so, given the established Catholic Church. After 3071:

Many of the country's most important companies, particularly in the retail and commercial field, have been set up by Jews. Examples are Calderon, Gendelman, Hites, and Pollak (commercial retailers) and Rosen (Mattress and Bed Industries).

4262:, and Jewish immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe began arriving in Panama in large quantities until the mid-nineteenth century, attracted by economic incentives such as bi-oceanic railway construction and the California gold rush. 3226:

Policy has encouraged citizens to return; it has drastically reduced violence in the rural areas and criminality rates in urban areas, as well as in spurring the economy. The situation in Colombia has improved to the extent that many

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left Livorno (Leghorn) and settled in Cayenne. The French agreed to those terms, an exceptional policy that was not common among the French colonies. Nevertheless, nearly two-thirds of the population left for the Dutch colony of

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By 1943, nearly 600 German Jews had entered the country, with several hundred more becoming citizens after World War II. By 1950, the community had grown to around 6,000 people, even in the face of immigration restrictions.

3686:. Immigrants from the Middle East (mainly Turkey) immigrated during the first three decades of the 20th century. Many immigrated during World War II. There are approximately 900 Jews living in Guatemala today. Most live in 3814:. They retained control of any naturalization of foreigners, restricting it. During this time, 300 Jews lived on the island. Most of the Jews stayed until the late 1950s, when they moved on to the United States or Israel. 3735:, arriving in 1634, after the Portuguese had taken over there. Others immigrated from English colonies such as Jamaica, contributing to the merchant trade. In 1683, Louis XIV banned all religions except Catholicism in the 4193: 4062:

In 2010 they opened a Chabad branch in Playa del Carmen to expand their activities. Rabbi Mendel Goldberg along with his wife Chaya and two daughters where assigned to direct the activities there and open a new center.

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in Havana was constructed and became the most prominent Latin American Jewish synagogue. There were 15,000 Jews in Cuba in 1959, but many Jewish businessmen and professionals left Cuba for the United States after the

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The San José suburb of Rohrmoser has a strong Jewish influence due to its residents. A couple of synagogues are located here, as well as a kosher deli and restaurant. The Plaza Rohrmoser shopping center had the only

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Many Jews who came during the 18th and 19th centuries achieved prominent positions in Colombian society. Some married local women and felt they had to abandon or diminish their Jewish identity. These included author

4399:, the northern highlands of Piura as Ayabaca and Huancabamba, among others, due to cultural and ethnic contact with the southern highlands of Ecuador. In modern times, before and after the Second World War, some 4157:

or mohel (circumcision practitioner). In 2005, the Jewish community numbered about 50 people and included 3 mohalim, but had no ordained rabbi. In 2017, there was a mass conversion of 114 Nicaraguans to Judaism.

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origin. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, it has been absorbed a huge number of Jewish immigrants from Israel. Through the past two decades, the Honduras experienced a resurgence of Jewish life. Communities in

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from disintegrating, before and after the Second World War from Europe, from Arab countries because of the exodus caused in 1948 and more recently from South American countries suffering economic crises.

2623:, and the sixth largest in the world. According to recent surveys, more than a million Argentines have at least one grandparent of Jewish ethnicity. The Jewish Argentine community legally receives seven 3641:

Over the decades, the Leghorn Jews of Cayenne immigrated to Suriname. In 1667, the remaining Jewish community was captured by the occupying British forces and moved the population to either Suriname or

5282: 3522:. The antisemitism spread in the population, but was stopped by the intervention of the American embassy. In 1945, there was a reported population of 3,000. About 85% of them were European refugees. 3510:

Many Jewish people came from Germany in 1939, on a ship called the "Koenigstein". During the years 1933–43, there were a population of 2,700 Jewish immigrants. In 1939, the Jewish population, mostly

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destroyed the synagogue, which was part of the Jewish community center in the Honduras. But the Jewish community contributed money to re-build the temple. Most Honduran Jews live in Tegucigalpa.

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Jews fleeing the Inquisition settled in Argentina, where they intermarried with native women. Portuguese traders and smugglers in the Virreinato del Río de la Plata were considered by many to be

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officers told him of this plan in a 1983 meeting, justifying it with the antisemitic argument that Jews controlled the media and winning them over would be key to a public relations success.

3731:, who was Jewish. Luis was one of the first Jews to settle on Santo Domingo in 1492. When the western part of the island was taken over by France in 1633, many Dutch Sephardic Jews came from 3529:

started. In 1950, there was an estimation of 4,000 persons living in Ecuador. Most of the active Jewish communities in Ecuador are from German origin. The majority of Ecuadorian Jews live in

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servicemen gathered together with local Puerto Rican Jews at the Old Telegraph building in Ponce to hold religious services. Many Central and Eastern European Jews came after World War II.

7246: 3339:(it is located along 3rd Avenue and 6th Street). Along with a wave of nationalism, in the 1940s there was some antisemitism in Costa Rica, but generally there have been few problems. 3431:. The Jewish community of Curaçao also played a key role in supporting early Jewish congregations in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries, including in New York City and 4301:. Those communities are disappearing as families move to the capital in search of education for their children and for economic reasons. Today Jewish community numbers some 20,000. 3427:

has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas—dating to 1651—and the oldest synagogue of the Americas, in continuous use since its completion in 1732 on the site of a

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split equally between Sephardim and Ashkenazim. All but one of the country's 15 synagogues are Orthodox. The majority of Venezuela's Jews are members of the middle class.

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are mainly descendants from immigrants from Germany, Eastern Europe and the Middle East that arrived in the second half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th.

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and La Plata. After they gained economic success in mining and commerce, they faced suspicion and persecution from the Inquisition and local authorities. Most of these

3507:(Ladino) language. However, today, most Jewish people in Ecuador are of Ashkenazi ancestry. Some assume that these groups were among the European settlers of Ecuador. 1166: 4501:

For a few years, when World War II arrived, many Jewish refugees from the Netherlands and other parts of Europe fled to Suriname. Today, 2,765 Jews live in Suriname.

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in the early twentieth century, merchants, missionaries, adventurers, and bandits crossed the swamps of Panama to go from the Atlantic to the Pacific, or vice versa.

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is currently home to the largest Jewish community in the Caribbean, with over 3,000 Jews supporting four synagogues; three in the capital city of San Juan: one each

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The changing economy and wave of kidnappings during the last decade of the 20th century led many members of Colombia's Jewish community to emigrate. Most settled in

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took advantage of Paraguay's liberal immigration laws to escape from Nazi-occupied Europe. After World War II, most Jews that arrived in Paraguay were survivors of

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in the country. The Centro Israelita Sionista (Zionist Israeli Center) is a large Orthodox compound where a synagogue, library and museum are located. In 2015, the

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In the late eighteenth century at the time of the French Revolution, the free people of color pressed for more rights in Saint-Domingue, and a slave revolt led by

7351: 7341: 7029: 5347: 3449: 1668: 6016: 5983:"On the Wrong Side of History – Israel, Latin America and the United States under a Peripheral-Realist Perspective, 1949–2012," in Judaica Latinoamericana VII 3015:', the longest-running TV show in the world, is a Chilean Jew of German origin. Other Chilean Jews who have achieved recognition in arts and culture include 2997:

have achieved prominent positions in its society. They have had key roles both before and after its independence in 1810. Most Chilean Jews today reside in

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was deposed in 1979, almost all of the remaining Nicaraguan Jews left the country, concerned about their future under the incoming socialist government.

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Haiti and Israel maintain full diplomatic relations, but Israel's nearest permanent diplomat to the region is based in neighboring Dominican Republic.

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Suriname was one of the most important centers of the Jewish population in the Western Hemisphere, and Jews there were planters and slaveholders.

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Based in Cancún, they reached out to the whole Quintana Roo and Mexican Caribbean including Playa del Carmen, Cozumel, Isla Mujeres and Mérida.

3912:) immigrants to Jamaica from Portugal and Spain from 1494 to the present, either by birth or ancestry. Jewish documents, gravestones written in 2409:

to provide written documentation of Old Christian lineage to travel to the New World. However, the first Jews came with the first expedition of

4606:, where they had flourished under Dutch rule. Judaism was recognized as a legal religion. The government granted the Jews land for a cemetery. 4553:

dates back to the 16th century, yet few documents relating to converso history during the Colonial period are extant. In 1726, the governor of

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culture of their ancestors. Later, in the 18th and 19th centuries, many Sephardic families from Curaçao emigrated to the Dominican Republic.

2553: 663: 6046: 5688: 5674: 3787:, in the North-West region of the country. Most Jews settled in port cities, where they worked as traders and merchants. In 1881 a crowd in 7306: 7236: 7206: 4385: 3605: 3567:

in 1868, was believed to be the country's first Jewish immigrant. Another Jew, Leon Libes, was documented as the first German Jew in 1888.

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comprehensive school in San Jose had over 300 students in kindergarten, primary, and secondary grades learning in both Spanish and Hebrew.

2658: 1101: 5132:, with most estimates current as of July 2014; Jewish Virtual Library: Vital Statistics: Jewish Population of the World (1882 – Present). 7271: 3094:

to escape persecution and seek religious freedom during the 16th and 17th centuries. It is estimated that some reached northern areas of

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The history of Venezuelan New Christians most likely began in the middle of the 17th century, when some records suggest that groups of

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that devastated Managua, it having destroyed many Jewish businesses, while others fled during the violence and unrest of the 1978-1979

3332:, which was originally a slur referring to these immigrants, has come to mean door-to-door salesman in colloquial Costa Rican Spanish. 3258:. There are 14 official synagogues throughout the country. In Bogotá, Jews each run their own religious and cultural institutions. The 7251: 7231: 7039: 6974: 5266: 4420: 4304:

Panama is the only country in the world except for Israel that has had two Jewish presidents in the twentieth century. In the sixties

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A third wave of Jewish immigrants came before World War I and especially in the 1930s, as Ashkenazi Jews fled a Europe threatened by

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emigrated to South America for refuge. In the 21st century, fewer than 300,000 Jews live in Latin America. They are concentrated in

2365: 1457: 1419: 1394: 1314: 1299: 1146: 1086: 1041: 7196: 6432: 5527: 3419: 7099: 5402: 4594:. At the turn of the 19th century, Venezuela and Colombia were fighting against their Spanish colonizers in wars of independence. 7366: 7201: 7134: 7079: 7049: 6969: 5151: 4577: 4081: 3660: 3317:, married local women, and were soon assimilated into the country's general society. Most eventually gave up Judaism altogether. 3228: 2758: 2537: 1750: 1732: 1638: 1532: 1384: 1379: 1304: 1269: 1136: 6964: 6412: 6386: 3211:

in the country illegally to stay. The Jewish population increased dramatically in the 1950s and 1960s, and institutions such as

7361: 7191: 7166: 7114: 7089: 7064: 7009: 6979: 6450: 4466: 4321: 4312:, was president between 1985 and 1988. The two were members of Kol Shearith Israel synagogue and were involved in Jewish life. 4153:

lost the 1990 presidential election, Nicaraguan Jews started returning to Nicaragua. Prior to 1979 the Jewish community had no

3837: 3081: 2870: 2560:, began to settle in Argentina. By the end of the century in Argentina, as in America, many Jewish immigrants were coming from 2268: 2167: 1722: 1705: 1658: 1557: 1467: 1404: 1354: 1334: 1329: 1249: 1223: 1198: 1076: 1066: 1056: 1036: 1031: 5656: 5553: 4109:

Beginning in 1983, the Reagan administration in the U.S. made a concerted effort to increase domestic support for funding the

7336: 7181: 7129: 7069: 7034: 6989: 5849: 4529: 4197: 4131: 3987: 3876: 3490: 2910: 2648: 1741: 1727: 1695: 1675: 1643: 1587: 1562: 1537: 1517: 1507: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1462: 1452: 1447: 1424: 1339: 1324: 1244: 1203: 1156: 1151: 1071: 1016: 7294: 4407:. Today, Peruvian Jews represent an important part of the economics and politics of Peru; the majority of them are from the 2761:, settled in Bolivia. In 1917, it was estimated that there were 20 to 25 professing Jews in the country. By 1933, when the 2714:

families moved to Santa Cruz de la Sierra, as it was an isolated urban settlement where the Inquisition did not bother the

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have proven this. While many are non-practicing, it is recorded that over 20,000 Jamaicans religiously identify as Jews.

3621:, an area called Remire or Irmire. From 1658 to 1659, Paulo Jacomo Pinto began negotiating with the Dutch authorities in 643: 7171: 7104: 7059: 7004: 6932: 4923: 3714: 3402:

was launched, and in the period of five years, more than 400 Cuban Jews secretly immigrated to Israel. In February 2007

3200:, immigration was put to a halt by anti-immigrant feelings in the country and restrictions on immigration from Germany. 3181: 2976: 2926: 2866: 1770: 1690: 1653: 1577: 1522: 1389: 1364: 1289: 1264: 1254: 1193: 1116: 1111: 1091: 1081: 1061: 1046: 939: 407: 402: 7226: 7221: 7216: 6527: 4380:. At first, they had lived without restrictions because the Inquisition was not active in Peru at the beginning of the 3592:. On 30 July 1939, President Martinez barred an entry of fifty Jewish refugees going to El Salvador on the German ship 2757:

During the 20th century, substantial Jewish settlement began in Bolivia. In 1905, a group of Russian Jews, followed by

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in the cities of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, La Paz, and Cochabamba. Most Bolivian Jews live in Santa Cruz de la Sierra.

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In the 20th century, Nicaragua's Jewish community consisted mostly of immigrants from Eastern Europe who arrived in

3690:. Today, the Jewish community in Guatemala is made up of Orthodox Jews, Sephardi, Eastern European and German Jews. 2624: 6984: 6510: 5481: 4298: 4122: 3776: 3314: 3154: 2854: 2826: 2234: 2079: 1787: 1181: 377: 367: 103: 6693: 4201: 4186: 3991: 3976: 2993:

Although a relatively small community amounting to no more than 1% of the country's religious minorities, Jews in

724: 4598:, Venezuela's liberator and his sister, found refuge and material support for his army in the homes of Jews from 4489:

growers. But the Portuguese in Brazil forced many Jews to move into the northern Dutch colonies in the Americas,

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descent. Jewish groups, such as the Latin American Jewish Congress, have criticized Maduro and his predecessor,

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and Turkey arrived in Paraguay, mostly Sephardic Jews. In the 1920s, there was a second wave of immigrants from

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As of 2010, the number of known Jews in Haiti is estimated at 25, residing in the relatively affluent suburb of

3542:

and spread the Ecuadorian folk art, Constanza Capua conducted archaeological, anthropological and colonial art.

4566: 4449: 4103: 3850:. There were also immigration from Greece, who are of Sephardic origin and Turkey and North Africa, who are of 2894: 2521: 2051: 2031: 1141: 621: 162: 4453: 3767: 2612: 2425:

16th century, fully functioning Jewish communities were founded in the Portuguese colony of Brazil, the Dutch

6870: 3046: 6925: 5605: 3336: 3262:, located in Bogotá, is the central organization that coordinates Jews and Jewish institutions in Colombia. 3145:(who adopted the more Christian name of Santiago Eder when he translated his name to Spanish) born into the 3036: 3019:, now established in France and best known internationally for his literary and filmic work. Others include 2965: 2662: 2591:. Between 250,000 and 300,000 Jews now live in Argentina, the vast majority of whom reside in the cities of 2192: 2182: 2147: 2026: 2016: 1799: 970: 912: 746: 425: 382: 97: 6294: 5701: 5587: 4037:

presence in Mexico, few conversos and even fewer Jews migrated there after the Spanish Conquest of Mexico.

3740: 3204: 3149:

community, as well as the De Lima, Salazar, Espinoza, Arias, Ramirez, Perez and Lobo families of Caribbean

5156: 5141: 4139: 4041: 4040:

Then, in the late 19th century, a number of German Jews settled in Mexico as a result of invitations from

3519: 3255: 3185: 3099: 2946: 2901: 2692:

came to Santa Cruz de la Sierra after 1570, when the Spanish Inquisition began operating in Lima. Alleged

2561: 2445:. In addition, there were unorganized communities of Jews in Spanish and Portuguese territories where the 2311: 2046: 1960: 1026: 578: 197: 167: 5185: 573: 6157: 5460: 4099: 3470: 3432: 3266: 2202: 2197: 2142: 1930: 845: 560: 455: 172: 6488:

Encyclopedia of Latin America: Amerindians through The Age of Globalization (Prehistory to the Present)

4113:

by persuading American Jews that the Sandinista government was antisemitic. According to Contra leader

2837: 2666: 2600: 6823: 6709: 6551: 5912: 6884: 6178: 6125: 5934: 4971: 4441: 4309: 4294: 4027: 3942:

In 2006 Jamaican Jewish Heritage Center opened to celebrate of 350 years of Jews living in Jamaica.

3720: 3428: 3061: 3016: 2942: 2410: 2273: 2225: 1965: 1823: 636: 501: 490: 448: 5502: 4603: 4534: 2821: 7153: 6843: 6818: 6417: 6278: 4517: 4381: 4290: 3936: 3383: 3251: 3223: 3103: 2878: 2682: 2446: 2326: 699: 566: 469: 462: 392: 280: 155: 6828: 6799: 6774: 6017:"ADL Reports That Nicaragua's Jewish Community Has Been Forced into Exile by Sandinist Government" 4595: 3698: 3057: 3028: 2746:

From independence in 1825 to the end of the 19th century, some Jewish merchants and traders (both

2472:

By the mid-17th century, the largest Jewish communities in the Western Hemisphere were located in

6857: 6838: 6794: 6198: 5003: 4351: 4331: 3702: 3701:, who practice a particularly austere form of Orthodox Judaism, began settling in the village of 3407: 3387: 3265:

In the new millennium, after years of study, a group of Colombians with Jewish ancestry formally

3032: 3024: 3008: 2604: 2506: 2434: 2406: 2177: 2127: 2074: 2069: 1983: 1853: 1121: 950: 709: 629: 483: 49: 6879: 6813: 6779: 6612: 4022: 6852: 6784: 3157:

region of Colombia. They have continued to be influential members of society in cities such as

6833: 6789: 6753: 6739: 6724: 6699: 6683: 6667: 6653: 6637: 6621: 6603: 6587: 6245: 6084: 5996: 5855: 5845: 5817: 5807: 5422: 5356: 4138:, all found that there was no evidence to support the U.S. charge of government antisemitism. 4127: 3902: 3890: 3142: 3091: 3045:

is leader of the radical Green-Communist coalition and former presidential candidate in 2005.

3012: 2958: 2950: 2414: 2321: 2263: 2243: 2060: 1620: 1259: 719: 590: 520: 397: 310: 177: 6862: 6804: 5388: 3881:

The history of the Jews in Jamaica predominantly dates back to the 1490s when many Jews from

2576:. Upon arrival they were generally called "Russians" in reference to their region of origin. 6390: 6190: 6137: 6001: 5294: 4626: 4396: 4346:

and Poland. Between 1933 and 1939, between 15,000 and 20,000 Jews from Germany, Austria and

4278: 3392: 3193: 2938: 2291: 2172: 2132: 2096: 1794: 1344: 855: 611: 515: 430: 320: 112: 5263: 3335:

The country's first synagogue, the Orthodox Shaarei Zion, was built in 1933 in the capital

3297:, who arrived in the 16th and 17th centuries with Spanish expeditions. In the 19th century 2505:. There are many important Jewish sites found in Latin America with the most notable being 5708: 5675:"Ultra-orthodox Lev Tahor settlement has spurred tension in Guatemalan village, CIJA says" 5351: 5270: 5166: 5161: 4486: 4400: 4034: 3932: 3908:

A recent study has now estimated that nearly 424,000 Jamaicans are descendants of Jewish (

3864: 3736: 3478: 3436: 3215:, schools and social clubs were established throughout the largest cities in the country. 3168:

During the early part of the 20th century, numerous Sephardic Jewish immigrants came from

3130: 3049: 2998: 2986: 2882: 2861:

in 1636, which is considered the first synagogue in the Americas. Most of these Jews were

2783: 2525: 2401: 2253: 2212: 2207: 2187: 2109: 2103: 2036: 1988: 1828: 1809: 960: 689: 601: 584: 128: 4126:

opposed the Reagan administration's policies in Latin America, including the progressive

4090:

after 1929. The Jews in Nicaragua were a relatively small community, with most living in

3818: 3129:, Judaism was recognized as a legal religion. The government granted the Jews land for a 3042: 75: 5406: 4891: 4622: 4542: 4538: 4437: 4391:

descent converts to Christianity settled mainly in the northern highlands and northern

4347: 4266: 4114: 4049: 3924: 3860: 3822: 3788: 3752: 3743:, establishing families. In the 21st century, archaeologists discovered a synagogue of 3728: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3630: 3626: 3568: 3504: 3357: 3325: 3298: 3107: 2914: 2816: 2775: 2543: 2478: 2418: 2353: 2152: 2021: 2007: 1887: 1866: 1843: 1838: 1816: 1804: 1399: 880: 814: 779: 757: 694: 532: 510: 372: 351: 327: 93: 6917: 6905: 2893:

under Dutch rule; the latter was taken over by the English in 1664 and was renamed as

7330: 6874: 6202: 5067: 4388: 4282: 4150: 3897:

began to practice Judaism openly. In 1719, the synagogue Kahal Kadosh Neve Tsedek in

3851: 3724: 3613: 3500: 3177: 3087: 3053: 3039:, is one of the many Jews to have held important political positions in the country. 3020: 3002: 2890: 2699: 2628: 2616: 2584: 2301: 2296: 1502: 1429: 955: 804: 799: 794: 784: 762: 714: 476: 315: 220: 182: 133: 6454: 6436: 3748: 3406:

estimated that about 1,500 Jews live in Cuba, most of them (about 1,000) in Havana.

3056:(Minister for Social Affairs) are also Jewish. In the field of sport, tennis player 2579:

Jewish individuals and families emigrated from Europe to Argentina before and after

6478:, Suplemento: 40 Aniversario del Estado de Israel, seccion: Judios de PR, 1988 pg.6 6194: 6141: 5660: 5632:"El Salvador Jewish Community Emerges from Centuries of Isolation and Assimilation" 4472: 4392: 4330:

from countries such as France, Switzerland and Italy. During World War I Jews from

4305: 4243: 3928: 3321: 3239: 3197: 3138: 3065: 2954: 2918: 2718:. Most of the converso settlers were men, and many intermarried with indigenous or 2678: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2529: 2331: 2157: 1998: 1993: 1951: 1904: 998: 865: 850: 809: 774: 387: 229: 30: 2842: 6733: 6718: 6677: 6647: 6631: 6615: 6597: 6581: 6239: 5724: 4265:

They were followed by other waves of immigration: during the First World War the

4048:

in Russia and Eastern Europe. A second large wave of immigration occurred as the

3674:

The first Jewish families arrived from the town of Kempen, Posen, Prussia (today

3196:

and practices, including more than 7,000 German Jews. From 1939 until the end of

5804:

The island of one people : an account of the history of the Jews of Jamaica

5019: 4827: 4630: 4433: 4403:, Western and Eastern Slavic and Hungarians mainly, migrated to Peru, mostly to 4355: 4274: 4171: 3961: 3917: 3886: 3856: 3795: 3772: 3744: 3564: 3515: 3511: 3352: 3247: 3146: 2981: 2727: 2674: 2670: 2466: 2458: 2316: 2258: 1923: 829: 824: 819: 789: 5725:

Brenda Plummer, "Between Privilege and Opprobrium: The Arabs and Jews in Haiti"

3005:, but there are significant communities in the north and south of the country. 5322:

Latin America during World War II by Thomas M. Leonard, John F. Bratzel, P.117

4795: 4599: 4554: 4251: 3898: 3732: 3455: 3424: 3302: 3288: 3189: 3162: 3122: 2771: 2751: 2740: 2632: 2549: 2430: 1974: 988: 917: 875: 704: 684: 243: 150: 70: 17: 6088: 5821: 2615:. Argentina has the third-largest Jewish community in the Americas after the 7158: 6583:

Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the Caribbean and the Guianas: A Bibliography

5859: 5503:"Jews migration to the Dominican Republic to seek refuge from the Holocaust" 4859: 4763: 4667: 4591: 4408: 4335: 4087: 3909: 3905:

was Jewish. For the most part, Jews practiced Orthodox rituals and customs.

3811: 3694: 3668: 3647: 3622: 3585: 3534: 3526: 3460: 3234:

In the early 21st century, most of the Jews in Colombia are concentrated in

3212: 2798: 2747: 2556:. After 1810 (and about mid-nineteenth century), more Jews, especially from 2482: 2397: 2137: 2122: 1212: 1160: 922: 870: 860: 541: 537: 527: 442: 202: 6720:

The Jewish Diaspora In Latin America and the Caribbean: Fragments of Memory

6241:

Nicaragua, the Price of Intervention: Reagan's Wars Against the Sandinistas

5285:

Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved 13 November 2013

5264:

Jeffrey Lesser, "The Immigration and Integration of Polish Jews in Brazil"

4425: 4277:, although historically small groups of Jews settled in other cities, like 3235: 2787: 2703: 890: 6649:

Through the Sands of Time: A History of the Jewish Community of St. Thomas

6045:

Muravchik, Joshua; Alberts, Susan; Korenstein, Antony (1 September 1986).

7144: 5782:"Haiti's Jewish Remnant Keeps the Faith and Lends a Hand Amid the Crisis" 5370: 5083: 5035: 4987: 4843: 4779: 4477: 4327: 3894: 3882: 3843: 3643: 3635: 3293: 3095: 2862: 2715: 2689: 2636: 2608: 2473: 2450: 2442: 2426: 2400:

who joined the Spanish and Portuguese expeditions to the continents. The

2306: 1916: 1848: 679: 187: 138: 3935:, De Leon, DeMercado, Barrett, Babb, Magnus, Codner, Pimentel, DeCosta, 3378:

for centuries. Some Cubans trace Jewish ancestry to crypto-Jews, called

2702:

whom others rightly or wrongly suspected of crypto-Judaism), settled in

6562: 5781: 5332:

Florencia Arbiser, "Mass converts pose dilemma for Latin American Jews"

5115: 4955: 4939: 4875: 4715: 4587: 4550: 4343: 4259: 4110: 4091: 4053: 3847: 3799: 3618: 3581: 3576: 3538: 3496: 3379: 3306: 3270: 3208: 3118: 2723: 2719: 2694: 2654: 2596: 2502: 2438: 2282: 2248: 2117: 1911: 900: 895: 767: 658: 553: 549: 545: 294: 289: 266: 248: 123: 118: 108: 86: 61: 29:"Hispanic Jews" and "Latino Jews" redirect here. For related uses, see 3901:

was built. By the year 1720, 18 percent of the population the capital

5609: 4747: 4699: 4683: 4637:

Reported Jewish populations in the Americas and the Caribbean in 2014

4482: 4445: 4286: 4239: 4068: 4045: 4033:

New Christians arrived in Mexico as early as 1521. Due to the strong

3913: 3784: 3760: 3589: 3560: 3348: 3310: 2858: 2850: 2830: 2767: 2735: 2707: 2510: 2498: 2486: 1942: 1937: 1897: 1882: 993: 885: 305: 271: 257: 192: 6077:"Opinion | SO ARE THE SANDINISTAS ANTI-SEMITIC? OF COURSE, THEY ARE" 5935:"Persecution and Restrictions of Religion in Nicaragua – transcript" 3518:, were expelled by a decree of the Italian influenced government of 2669:

who was accompanied by a small group of pioneers, including several

5997:"Shows Small Nicaraguan Jewish Community Mistreated by Sandinistas" 4602:. After independence, in 1826 practicing Jews came from Curaçao to 4354:. Today, there are 1,000 Jews mostly living in Paraguay's capital, 3923:

Common Jewish surnames in Jamaica are Abrahams, Alexander, Isaacs,

2730:, Postrervalle, Portachuelo, Terevinto, Pucara, Cotoca and others. 2469:, who had generally concealed their identity from the authorities. 5880: 5311:

Arab and Jewish Immigrants in Latin America: Images and Realities,

5099: 5051: 4731: 4562:, and the second-largest as a proportion of the total population. 4533: 4424: 4339: 4154: 4021: 3807: 3803: 3756: 3675: 3572: 3530: 3466: 3219: 3153:. Coincidentally, these persons and their families settled in the 2994: 2980: 2836: 2820: 2779: 2520: 2490: 905: 334: 238: 207: 6633:

Jews of the Dutch Caribbean: Exploring Ethnic Identity on Curaçao

6490:. J. Michael Francis, Facts On File. New York, N.Y. 2010, p. 296, 5729:

Arab and Jewish Immigrants in Latin America: Images and Realities

3250:, but very few practicing Jews. Smaller communities are found in 3161:. Over the generations most of their descendants were raised as 6413:"Tiny Nicaragua Jewish community doubles in size as 114 convert" 4907: 4811: 4404: 4373: 4242:

has been a transit station. Long before the construction of the

3474: 3375: 3243: 3222:

and other parts of the United States. Successes in the nation's

3158: 2930: 2762: 2494: 2462: 2454: 57: 6921: 2797:

By 2006, approximately 700 Jews remained in Bolivia. There are

4165: 4118: 3955: 6768: 5524:"A partial, brief summary of Jews in the Dominican Republic" 3791:

attacked a group of Jews but was drawn back by militia men.

3106:

into Colombian society. Some continue to practice traces of

2681:. The city became known as a safe haven for Jews during the 6735:

The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450–1800

6580:

Mordechai Arbell, Dennis Channing Landis, Ann Phelps Barry

4452:

community in the western part of the island in the town of

3454:

Converso Merchants of Sephardic origin arrived in southern

3242:, with about 7,000 members. Large communities are found in 6867: 6711:

Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question

6528:"Venezuela's 'anti-Semitic' leader admits Jewish ancestry" 5689:"More Lev Tahor sect members leaving Canada for Guatemala" 5606:"Los Caminos de Israel – A Non-Profit Jewish Organization" 4610:

various cities and towns throughout the country together.

3629:

to settle in the Americas. On 20 July 1600, more than 150

5958: 5956: 3842:

During the 20th century-1980s, Jewish immigrants came to

5752:

Reported in Jewish newspaper 'Ha-Melitz' on 12 July 1881

5250:

Luz, Marina Canelas A., "Esplendor Judío en la Llajta",

3184:. Shortly after, Jewish immigrants began to arrive from 6906:

Latin American Jews contend with spike in anti-Semitism

3525:

The rise of Jewish immigration to Ecuador was when the

3495:

For some time, prior to the 20th century, many Jews in

5913:"World Jewish Communities – Latin America – Nicaragua" 5461:"The Exile of the Jews due to the Spanish Inquisition" 5228:

Sherry Mangan, "Storm Clouds over the Bolivian Refuge"

4326:

Toward the 19th century, Jewish immigrants arrived in

4308:

was first vice president, then president. His nephew,

2726:

families. Conversos also settled in adjacent towns of

6617:

Memory, Oblivion, and Jewish Culture In Latin America

5739: 5737: 4520:, a former British colony, is home to over 500 Jews. 4044:, followed by a huge wave of Ashkenazic Jews fleeing 3727:, as he named it, among his crew was an interpreter, 3571:

families also arrived from countries such as Turkey,

3324:. Most of these immigrants came from the Polish town 6179:"Playing the 'Anti-Semitism' Card Against Venezuela" 5715:, posted 23 September 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2015 5377:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. 5360:

magazine, December 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.

4052:

collapsed, leading many Sephardic Jews from Turkey,

3410:

is an active synagogue that serves many Cuban Jews.

2552:, but no community emerged after Argentina achieved 1921: 1902: 325: 7152: 6953: 5214:

Farewell España, The World The Sephardim Remembered

3846:, mainly from Russia, Poland, Germany, Hungary and 2853:, especially in areas of Dutch rule. They set up a 6679:Jews of the Amazon: Self-Exile in Earthly Paradise 6521: 6519: 6511:Post-Chavez, Venezuelan Jews plant roots elsewhere 3794:By the end of the 19th century, a small number of 3395:, fearing class persecution under the Communists. 3011:, otherwise known as "Don Francisco" and host of ' 2881:began in Portugal in 1536. In 1656, following the 6162:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 3651:live in French Guiana, predominately in Cayenne. 3313:and the Caribbean followed. They lived mostly in 3931:, Lyon, Sangster, Myers, Da Silva, De Souza, De 3260:Confederación de Asociaciones Judías de Colombia 5443:"In Cuba, Finding a Tiny Corner of Jewish Life" 5237:Mario Rueda Peña, "Los Judíos de Vallegrande", 4560:fifth-largest Jewish community in Latin America 3763:, a few Jewish tombstones have been uncovered. 6552:The Virtual Jewish History Tour: French Guiana 3141:of English Jewish ancestry, the industrialist 2734:typical local dishes can be all prepared with 6933: 6387:"International Religious Freedom Report 2005" 6244:. Institute for Policy Studies. p. 174. 6047:"Sandinista Anti-Semitism and its Apologists" 6040: 6038: 4395:, and they were assimilated to local people: 3693:In 2014, numerous members of the communities 3450:History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic 2477:century. During and after World War II, many 2373: 8: 7267:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 6347:"Managua's Jews Reject Anti-Semitism Charge" 5224: 5222: 5197: 5195: 3893:from Spain in 1655, Jews who were living as 2945:, but there are also sizable communities in 5874:"Panorama de las religiones en México 2010" 5702:"September 24: Expelled from North America" 4200:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3990:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 617:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 6940: 6926: 6918: 6389:. U.S. Department of State. Archived from 6177:Wingerter, Eric; Delacour, Justin (2009). 5806:. Alberga, Anthony. Kingston: Ian Randle. 5575:The Lost Sephardic Tribes of Latin America 4511:History of the Jews in Trinidad and Tobago 2929:, about 107,329 by 2010, according to the 2380: 2366: 2230: 1871: 944: 751: 356: 225: 44: 6900:Brazil's Jews face 60% intermarriage rate 5976: 5974: 4220:Learn how and when to remove this message 4010:Learn how and when to remove this message 6698:. University of New Mexico Press, 2008. 6682:, The Jewish Publication Society, 1999, 4640: 3751:in the southwest area of the island. In 3269:to be accepted as Jews according to the 2790:. After World War II, a small number of 5835: 5833: 5831: 5797: 5795: 5177: 4376:, conversos arrived at the time of the 4273:The center of Jewish life in Panama is 3473:was founded by Jews fleeing the rising 3203:Colombia asked Germans who were on the 2281: 2233: 2059: 2006: 1973: 1950: 1874: 1740: 1628: 1602: 1437: 1231: 1006: 978: 837: 671: 600: 500: 415: 359: 279: 256: 228: 56: 7347:History of the Jews in Central America 6714:. University of California Press, 1995 6321:"Among Jews of Nicaragua, Much Debate" 6155: 5985:. Hebrew University Magnes Press, Ltd. 5907: 5905: 5780:Birkner, Gabrielle (20 January 2010). 5657:"Ancient Jewish Tradition of clothing" 5588:"Ecuador: Virtual Jewish History Tour" 5427:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5420: 3885:and Spain fled the persecution of the 3678:, Poland), establishing themselves in 3469:, meanwhile, is a small town close to 3188:. A wave of immigrants came after the 2825:The oldest synagogue in the Americas, 5375:Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project 3110:Jewish rituals as family traditions. 2635:, and the first and last two days of 7: 7352:History of the Jews in North America 7342:History of the Jews in South America 6295:"The Sandinista War on Human Rights" 5371:"The Jewish Community of Costa Rica" 4621:The current president of Venezuela, 4493:. Jews settled in Suriname in 1639. 4429:Inside Sha'are Zedeck in Puerto Rico 4198:adding citations to reliable sources 3988:adding citations to reliable sources 3606:History of the Jews in French Guiana 3231:are now seeking refuge in Colombia. 2394:history of the Jews in Latin America 6948:History of the Jews in the Americas 6620:, University of Texas Press, 2005, 5731:, Psychology Press, 1997, pp. 80–81 5313:Psychology Press, 1997, pages 76–78 5186:"The Jews who Sailed with Columbus" 3503:and some retained their use of the 36:For a list of Jews by country, see 6902:Includes history and current stats 6692:Jeffrey Lesser & Raanan Rein. 6526:Shmulovich, Michal (13 May 2013). 5844:. Kingston, Jamaica: Canoe Press. 5389:"Cuba Virtual Jewish History Tour" 4421:History of the Jews in Puerto Rico 4132:the Council on Hemispheric Affairs 3798:families immigrated to Haiti from 3556:History of the Jews in El Salvador 3102:. Most if not all of these people 25: 7357:Jews and Judaism in the Caribbean 6695:Rethinking Jewish-Latin Americans 6272:Tracy, Lawrence (20 March 1986). 6126:"Jewish Support for the Contras?" 5727:, in Ignacio Klich, Jeff Lesser, 5345:"The Jewish Traveler: Costa Rica" 5309:Ignacio Klich & Jeff Lesser, 5147:Jewish immigration to Puerto Rico 3374:Jews have lived on the island of 3283:History of the Jews in Costa Rica 3238:, with about 20,000 members, and 3098:, which at the time was known as 408:Historical population comparisons 7143: 7110:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6666:(rev) Holmes & Meier, 1998. 6319:Berger, Joseph (20 April 1986). 4578:History of the Jews in Venezuela 4170: 4082:History of the Jews of Nicaragua 3960: 3889:. When the English captured the 3661:History of the Jews in Guatemala 3113:In the 18th century, practicing 3035:, poet and former leader of the 2873:to the religious freedom of the 2657:started at the beginning of the 2538:History of the Jews in Argentina 2465:. Many in such communities were 1052:Democratic Republic of the Congo 966:Historical population by country 7377:Latin America and the Caribbean 6723:, Sussex Academic Press, 2005, 6345:Cody, Edward (29 August 1983). 5939:US Department of State Bulletin 5110: 5094: 5078: 5062: 5046: 5030: 5014: 4998: 4982: 4966: 4950: 4934: 4918: 4902: 4886: 4870: 4854: 4838: 4822: 4806: 4790: 4774: 4758: 4742: 4726: 4710: 4694: 4678: 4662: 4467:History of the Jews in Suriname 4322:History of the Jews in Paraguay 3838:History of the Jews in Honduras 3082:History of the Jews in Colombia 2883:Portuguese reconquest of Brazil 2639:, according to the law 26,089. 6599:The Portuguese Jews of Jamaica 6195:10.1080/10714839.2009.11725471 6142:10.1080/0449010X.1986.10703674 5981:Escudė, Carlos (August 2013). 5842:The Portuguese Jews of Jamaica 4549:The New Christian presence in 4530:History of the Jews in Uruguay 4358:. Most are of German descent. 4238:For nearly five hundred years 3877:History of the Jews in Jamaica 3625:to allow a group of Jews from 3491:History of the Jews in Ecuador 3420:History of the Jews in Curaçao 3192:in 1933 and the imposition of 2935:Jewish Confederation of Brazil 2722:women, founding mixed-race or 2649:History of the Jews in Bolivia 2583:, in an attempt to escape the 2437:, and the English colonies of 1: 6911:The Christian Science Monitor 6433:"Toiras Jesed de Puerto Rico" 5482:"Jews migration in the 1700s" 4633:, of fostering antisemitism. 4234:History of the Jews in Panama 3952:History of the Jews in Mexico 2927:Jewish community in the world 2811:History of the Jews in Brazil 623:Christianity and Judaism 6183:NACLA Report on the Americas 6144:(inactive 12 September 2024) 5802:Marilyn., Delevante (2006). 5203:History of the Jewish People 4924:United States Virgin Islands 4144:U.S. ambassador to Nicaragua 3715:History of the Jews in Haiti 3207:to leave and allowed Jewish 2977:History of the Jews in Chile 5883:. p. 3. Archived from 4368:History of the Jews in Peru 4102:. When Nicaraguan dictator 3863:grew more active. In 1998, 3563:Bernardo Haas, who came to 3370:History of the Jews in Cuba 3115:Spanish and Portuguese Jews 2925:Brazil has the 9th largest 1922: 1903: 1630:Latin America and Caribbean 326: 38:List of Latin American Jews 7393: 5840:Mordehay., Arbell (2000). 5295:U.S. Department of State. 5216:, written by Howard Sachar 5152:B'nai B'rith Latin America 4575: 4564: 4527: 4470: 4464: 4418: 4365: 4319: 4231: 4123:The Anti-Defamation League 4079: 3949: 3874: 3835: 3712: 3553: 3488: 3447: 3417: 3367: 3280: 3079: 3064:and former top-ten in the 3052:(Minister for Mining) and 2974: 2963: 2827:Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue 2814: 2808: 2646: 2541: 2535: 2235:Jewish political movements 1932:Conversion to Judaism 35: 28: 7285: 7252:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 7141: 6664:The Jews of Latin America 6500:American Jewish Book 2019 6274:"The Post Is Wrong (III)" 6021:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 5550:"Dominican Republic-Jews" 5299:, Retrieved on 2013-12-18 4136:American Jewish Committee 4026:Sinagoga Maguén David in 3068:) has Jewish background. 2683:Inquisition in the region 2665:, was founded in 1557 by 638:Hinduism and Judaism 7272:Turks and Caicos Islands 6738:, Berghahn Books, 2001, 6238:Kornbluh, Peter (1987). 5761:Plummer (1997), pp.86–88 5269:13 December 2010 at the 4567:Israel-Uruguay relations 464:Temple in Jerusalem 157:Bar and bat mitzvah 7367:Religion in Puerto Rico 6752:. Hill and Wang, 1998. 6586:, Interamericas, 1999, 6299:The Heritage Foundation 6225:The Death of Ben Linder 6124:Klich, Ignacio (1986). 5915:. World Jewish Congress 4485:, and merchants became 3037:Chilean Communist Party 2966:Israel-Brazil relations 2794:immigrated to Bolivia. 2663:Santa Cruz de la Sierra 2659:Spanish colonial period 426:Twelve Tribes of Israel 7362:Latin American history 7187:British Virgin Islands 6908:By Sara Miller Llana, 6630:Alan Fredric Benjamin 6513:– The Times of Israel. 6373:Israeli Foreign Policy 6111:Israeli Foreign Policy 5965:Israeli Foreign Policy 5592:Jewish Virtual Library 5157:Latin American Muslims 5142:List of Caribbean Jews 4546: 4499: 4430: 4042:Maximilian I of Mexico 4030: 3520:Alberto Enriquez Gallo 2990: 2849:Jews settled early in 2846: 2834: 2533: 2449:was active, including 7337:Ashkenazi Jews topics 7100:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6824:Jews in French Guiana 6676:Ariel Segal Frielich 6662:Judith Laikin Elkin. 6602:, Canoe Press, 2000, 6563:Ethnic groups – Haiti 5586:Shields, Jacqueline. 5283:2010 Brazilian census 4537: 4495: 4471:Further information: 4428: 4100:Sandinista Revolution 4025: 3768:Toussaint L'Ouverture 3477:regime of the 1930s. 3433:Newport, Rhode Island 2984: 2841:Beth El Synagogue in 2840: 2824: 2815:Further information: 2613:San Miguel de Tucumán 2542:Further information: 2524: 1172:São Tomé and Príncipe 1167:Republic of the Congo 561:Second Temple Judaism 432:Kingdom of Judah 403:Modern historiography 7372:Sephardi Jews topics 6439:on 23 November 2007. 5770:Plummer (1997), p.88 5743:Plummer (1997), p.84 5707:16 July 2014 at the 5350:8 March 2009 at the 4972:Netherlands Antilles 4310:Eric Arturo Delvalle 4295:Santiago de Veraguas 4194:improve this section 4028:Polanco, Mexico City 3984:improve this section 3721:Christopher Columbus 3398:In the early 1990s, 3267:converted to Judaism 3017:Alejandro Jodorowsky 2885:, Jews left for the 2627:, with both days of 2411:Christopher Columbus 2274:World Agudath Israel 1415:United Arab Emirates 502:Second Temple period 492:Babylonian captivity 7277:U.S. Virgin Islands 7120:Trinidad and Tobago 6965:Antigua and Barbuda 6873:19 January 2013 at 6819:Jews in El Salvador 6636:, Routledge, 2002, 6532:The Times of Israel 6418:The Times of Israel 6393:on 14 December 2012 6375:. pp. 171–172. 6351:The Washington Post 6279:The Washington Post 5612:on 28 December 2018 5334:, JTA, 18 June 2009 5254:, 24 September 2006 4518:Trinidad and Tobago 4505:Trinidad and Tobago 4352:concentration camps 3741:free women of color 3384:Spanish Inquisition 3224:Democratic security 2985:Great Synagogue of 2688:The second wave of 2653:Jewish presence in 2574:Tsarist persecution 567:Hellenistic Judaism 145:Land of Israel 104:Principles of faith 7030:Dominican Republic 6868:Jewish Puerto Rico 6844:Jews in Martinique 6800:Jews in Costa Rica 6717:Ruggiero, Kristin 6325:The New York Times 6081:The New York Times 5890:on 21 October 2015 5449:. 4 February 2007. 5447:The New York Times 5273:, Emory University 5241:, 23 November 1995 5130:CIA World Factbook 5004:Dominican Republic 4625:, claims to be of 4547: 4431: 4130:, the leftist NGO 4031: 3703:San Juan La Laguna 3501:Sephardic ancestry 3444:Dominican Republic 3429:previous synagogue 3408:Beth Shalom Temple 3404:The New York Times 3388:Beth Shalom Temple 3287:The first Jews in 3254:and the island of 3060:(gold medalist in 3033:Volodia Teitelboim 3009:Mario Kreutzberger 2991: 2847: 2835: 2587:and later postwar 2534: 2507:Beth Shalom Temple 2128:Jewish Koine Greek 1670:Dominican Republic 951:Judaism by country 630:Jews and Christmas 485:Assyrian captivity 7324: 7323: 6895: 6894: 6885:Jews in Venezuela 6829:Jews in Guatemala 6775:Jews in Argentina 6704:978-0-8263-4401-4 6596:Mordechai Arbell 5941:. 1984. p. 2 5556:on 1 October 2013 5127: 5126: 4230: 4229: 4222: 4134:, as well as the 4128:New Jewish Agenda 4020: 4019: 4012: 3891:colony of Jamaica 3143:James Martin Eder 3092:Iberian peninsula 3025:Shlomit Baytelman 2951:Rio Grande do Sul 2887:Caribbean islands 2739:with some Jewish 2625:holidays per year 2415:Rodrigo de Triana 2390: 2389: 2339: 2338: 2087: 2086: 1834:Reconstructionist 1778: 1777: 930: 929: 737: 736: 574:Jewish–Roman wars 522:Hasmonean dynasty 438:Kingdom of Israel 342: 341: 16:(Redirected from 7384: 7242:Saint Barthélemy 7202:Falkland Islands 7147: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6919: 6858:Jews in Paraguay 6839:Jews in Honduras 6795:Jews in Colombia 6769: 6708:Jeffrey Lesser, 6569: 6560: 6554: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6523: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6457:on 30 April 2008 6453:. 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Archived from 5602: 5596: 5595: 5583: 5577: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5552:. Archived from 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5526:. Archived from 5520: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5426: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5405:. Archived from 5399: 5393: 5392: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5367: 5361: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5314: 5307: 5301: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5261: 5255: 5248: 5242: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5190: 5189: 5182: 4641: 4627:Sephardic Jewish 4389:Sephardic Jewish 4378:Spanish Conquest 4225: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4174: 4166: 4140:Anthony Quainton 4104:Anastasio Somoza 4015: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3964: 3956: 3887:Holy Inquisition 3812:Nazi persecution 3612:Jews arrived in 3393:Cuban revolution 3194:antisemitic laws 3050:Karen Poniachick 2382: 2375: 2368: 2231: 2112: 1933: 1927: 1908: 1872: 1819: 1766:New Zealand 1718: 1681:El Salvador 1671: 1603:Northern America 1595: 1189: 945: 856:Crimean Karaites 752: 730: 728: 649: 647: 639: 633: 624: 612:Rabbinic Judaism 593: 587: 581: 569: 557: 523: 516:Maccabean Revolt 493: 486: 480: 472: 465: 459: 451: 433: 357: 331: 226: 158: 146: 45: 21: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7295:Central America 7281: 7156: 7148: 7139: 6956: 6949: 6946: 6896: 6880:Jews in Uruguay 6814:Jews in Ecuador 6780:Jews in Bolivia 6766: 6646:Judah M. Cohen 6613:Marjorie Agosín 6577: 6572: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6546: 6536: 6534: 6525: 6524: 6517: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6494: 6486: 6482: 6474: 6470: 6460: 6458: 6449: 6448: 6444: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6396: 6394: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6355: 6353: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6207: 6205: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6154: 6147: 6145: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6093: 6091: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6060: 6058: 6044: 6043: 6036: 6026: 6024: 6023:. 20 March 2015 6015: 6014: 6010: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5979: 5972: 5962: 5961: 5954: 5944: 5942: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5911: 5910: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5852: 5839: 5838: 5829: 5814: 5801: 5800: 5793: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5735: 5723: 5719: 5713:Jewish Currents 5709:Wayback Machine 5700: 5696: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5655: 5654: 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3948: 3939:and Rodriques. 3879: 3873: 3865:Hurricane Mitch 3840: 3834: 3737:French colonies 3717: 3711: 3663:redirects here. 3657: 3608:redirects here. 3602: 3558: 3552: 3493: 3487: 3479:Rafael Trujillo 3452: 3446: 3437:Touro Synagogue 3422: 3416: 3400:Operation Cigar 3382:, who fled the 3372: 3366: 3301:merchants from 3285: 3279: 3229:Venezuelan Jews 3084: 3078: 3047:State ministers 2987:Santiago, Chile 2979: 2973: 2968: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2766:communities in 2667:Ñuflo de Chávez 2651: 2645: 2546: 2540: 2526:Templo Libertad 2519: 2402:Alhambra Decree 2386: 2341: 2340: 2228: 2218: 2217: 2208:Judeo-Malayalam 2188:Judaeo-Georgian 2108: 2099: 2089: 2088: 1989:Yiddish theatre 1931: 1869: 1859: 1858: 1817: 1790: 1780: 1779: 1716: 1669: 1593: 1187: 971:Genetic studies 942: 932: 931: 749: 739: 738: 726: 725: 645: 644: 637: 627: 622: 604:and Middle Ages 602:Rabbinic period 589: 583: 576: 564: 535: 521: 491: 484: 475: 467: 463: 454: 449:in Judaism 446: 431: 354: 344: 343: 223: 213: 212: 156: 144: 89: 41: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7390: 7388: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7329: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7311: 7309: 7304: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7257:Sint Eustatius 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7192:Cayman Islands 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7163: 7161: 7150: 7149: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6961: 6959: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6903: 6893: 6892: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6853:Jews in Mexico 6848: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6785:Jews in Brazil 6782: 6777: 6767: 6765: 6764:External links 6762: 6761: 6760: 6746: 6731: 6715: 6706: 6690: 6674: 6660: 6652:, UPNE, 2004, 6644: 6628: 6610: 6594: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6555: 6544: 6515: 6503: 6492: 6480: 6468: 6442: 6424: 6404: 6378: 6363: 6337: 6311: 6285: 6264: 6250: 6230: 6215: 6169: 6116: 6113:. p. 171. 6101: 6068: 6034: 6008: 5988: 5970: 5967:. p. 170. 5952: 5926: 5901: 5879:(in Spanish). 5865: 5850: 5827: 5812: 5791: 5772: 5763: 5754: 5745: 5733: 5717: 5694: 5691:. 3 July 2014. 5680: 5677:. 3 July 2014. 5666: 5648: 5623: 5597: 5578: 5567: 5541: 5515: 5494: 5473: 5452: 5434: 5394: 5380: 5362: 5336: 5324: 5315: 5302: 5287: 5275: 5256: 5243: 5230: 5218: 5206: 5201:Eli Birnbaum, 5191: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5137: 5134: 5125: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4961: 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4163: 4160: 4115:Edgar Chamorro 4080:Main article: 4077: 4074: 4050:Ottoman Empire 4018: 4017: 3968: 3966: 3959: 3950:Main article: 3947: 3944: 3875:Main article: 3872: 3869: 3861:San Pedro Sula 3836:Main article: 3833: 3830: 3823:Port-au-Prince 3796:Mizrahi Jewish 3789:Port-au-Prince 3729:Luis de Torres 3713:Main article: 3710: 3707: 3688:Guatemala City 3684:Quetzaltenango 3680:Guatemala City 3656: 3653: 3631:Sephardic Jews 3627:Livorno, Italy 3601: 3598: 3554:Main article: 3551: 3548: 3505:Judaeo-Spanish 3489:Main article: 3486: 3483: 3448:Main article: 3445: 3442: 3418:Main article: 3415: 3412: 3368:Main article: 3365: 3362: 3358:Chaim Weizmann 3315:Central Valley 3291:were probably 3281:Main article: 3278: 3275: 3205:U.S. blacklist 3190:rise of Nazism 3186:Eastern Europe 3147:Latvian Jewish 3088:New Christians 3080:Main article: 3077: 3074: 3027:(actress) and 3013:Sábado Gigante 2975:Main article: 2972: 2969: 2947:Rio de Janeiro 2915:crisis of Jews 2817:Amazonian Jews 2809:Main article: 2806: 2803: 2778:, Santa Cruz, 2700:New Christians 2647:Main article: 2644: 2641: 2562:Eastern Europe 2544:Jewish gauchos 2536:Main article: 2518: 2515: 2479:Ashkenazi Jews 2419:Luis De Torres 2407:Blood Statutes 2388: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2377: 2370: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2286: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2269:Territorialism 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2238: 2237: 2229: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2153:Judaeo-Spanish 2150: 2148:Judaeo-Iranian 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2100: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2064: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2011: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1978: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1955: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1928: 1919: 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1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1027:Bilad-el-Sudan 1024: 1019: 1011: 1010: 1004: 1003: 1002: 1001: 996: 991: 983: 982: 980:Land of Israel 976: 975: 974: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 943: 938: 937: 934: 933: 928: 927: 926: 925: 920: 915: 910: 909: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 840: 839: 838:Related groups 835: 834: 833: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 771: 770: 765: 750: 745: 744: 741: 740: 735: 734: 733: 732: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 695:Jewish atheism 692: 687: 682: 674: 673: 669: 668: 667: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646:Islamic–Jewish 641: 634: 619: 614: 606: 605: 598: 597: 596: 595: 571: 558: 530: 525: 518: 513: 511:Yehud Medinata 505: 504: 498: 497: 496: 495: 488: 481: 473: 460: 452: 440: 435: 428: 420: 419: 417:Ancient Israel 413: 412: 411: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 373:Land of Israel 370: 362: 361: 355: 350: 349: 346: 345: 340: 339: 338: 337: 332: 328:Shulchan Aruch 323: 318: 313: 308: 300: 299: 298: 297: 292: 284: 283: 277: 276: 275: 274: 269: 261: 260: 254: 253: 252: 251: 246: 241: 233: 232: 224: 219: 218: 215: 214: 211: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 153: 148: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 106: 101: 94:God in Judaism 90: 85: 84: 81: 80: 79: 78: 73: 65: 64: 54: 53: 24: 18:Jews in Panama 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7389: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7317: 7316: 7315:South America 7312: 7310: 7308: 7307:Latin America 7305: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7290:North America 7288: 7287: 7284: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7207:French Guiana 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7125:United States 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6952: 6943: 6938: 6936: 6931: 6929: 6924: 6923: 6920: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6891: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6875:archive.today 6872: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6834:Jews in Haiti 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6790:Jews in Chile 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6763: 6759: 6758:0-8090-5545-7 6755: 6751: 6750:Hotel Bolivia 6748:Leo Spitzer. 6747: 6745: 6744:1-57181-430-2 6741: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6730: 6729:1-84519-061-0 6726: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6689: 6688:0-8276-0669-9 6685: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6673: 6672:0-8419-1369-2 6669: 6665: 6661: 6659: 6658:1-58465-341-8 6655: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6643: 6642:0-415-27439-7 6639: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6627: 6626:0-292-70667-7 6623: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6608:976-8125-69-1 6605: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6593: 6592:0-916617-52-1 6589: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6564: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6548: 6545: 6533: 6529: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6472: 6469: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6443: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6425: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6408: 6405: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6374: 6367: 6364: 6352: 6348: 6341: 6338: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6312: 6300: 6296: 6289: 6286: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6268: 6265: 6253: 6251:9780897580403 6247: 6243: 6242: 6234: 6231: 6227:. p. 84. 6226: 6219: 6216: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6170: 6165: 6159: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6117: 6112: 6105: 6102: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6069: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5984: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5940: 5936: 5930: 5927: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5886: 5882: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5813:9789766376932 5809: 5805: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5773: 5767: 5764: 5758: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5698: 5695: 5690: 5684: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5571: 5568: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5504: 5498: 5495: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5325: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5181: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5068:French Guiana 5066: 5063: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4648: 4643: 4642: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4596:Simón Bolívar 4593: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4571: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4468: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4422: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4268: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4224: 4221: 4213: 4210:February 2022 4203: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4179:This section 4177: 4173: 4168: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4151:Daniel Ortega 4147: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4036: 4029: 4024: 4014: 4011: 4003: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3969:This section 3967: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3725:Santo Domingo 3722: 3716: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3670: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3614:French Guiana 3610: 3609: 3607: 3600:French Guiana 3599: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3561:Alsatian-born 3557: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3284: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3058:Nicolás Massú 3055: 3054:Clarisa Hardy 3051: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3021:Nissim Sharim 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2970: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2895:New York City 2892: 2891:New Amsterdam 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2865:who had fled 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2839: 2832: 2829:, located in 2828: 2823: 2818: 2812: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2737: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629:Rosh Hashanah 2626: 2622: 2618: 2617:United States 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2550:crypto-Jewish 2545: 2539: 2531: 2528:Synagogue in 2527: 2523: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2461:, Mexico and 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2435:Santo Domingo 2432: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2221: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2193:Judeo-Aramaic 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2183:Judeo-Italian 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2163:Ghardaïa Sign 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2093: 2092: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1788:Denominations 1784: 1783: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1616:United States 1614: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1102:Guinea-Bissau 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 986: 985: 984: 981: 977: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 956:Lists of Jews 954: 952: 949: 948: 947: 946: 941: 936: 935: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 883: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 843: 842: 841: 836: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 769: 766: 764: 761: 760: 759: 756: 755: 754: 753: 748: 743: 742: 731: 723: 721: 718: 716: 715:The Holocaust 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 677: 676: 675: 670: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 642: 640: 635: 631: 625: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 608: 607: 603: 599: 592: 586: 580: 575: 572: 568: 562: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 507: 506: 503: 499: 494: 489: 487: 482: 478: 474: 471: 466: 461: 457: 453: 450: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 429: 427: 424: 423: 422: 421: 418: 414: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 365: 364: 363: 358: 353: 348: 347: 336: 333: 330: 329: 324: 322: 319: 317: 316:Mishneh Torah 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 303: 302: 301: 296: 293: 291: 288: 287: 286: 285: 282: 278: 273: 270: 268: 265: 264: 263: 262: 259: 255: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 236: 235: 234: 231: 227: 222: 217: 216: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 154: 152: 149: 147: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 114: 110: 107: 105: 102: 99: 95: 92: 91: 88: 83: 82: 77: 76:Who is a Jew? 74: 72: 69: 68: 67: 66: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 46: 43: 39: 32: 27: 19: 7313: 7262:Sint Maarten 7247:Saint Martin 7154:Dependencies 6914:26 July 2009 6909: 6889: 6863:Jews in Peru 6805:Jews in Cuba 6749: 6734: 6719: 6710: 6694: 6678: 6663: 6648: 6632: 6616: 6598: 6582: 6575:Bibliography 6566: 6558: 6547: 6535:. 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The 2924: 2902:independence 2899: 2848: 2796: 2756: 2745: 2732: 2711: 2693: 2687: 2679:Buenos Aires 2652: 2593:Buenos Aires 2589:antisemitism 2581:World War II 2578: 2554:independence 2547: 2530:Buenos Aires 2471: 2423: 2413:, including 2393: 2391: 2332:Post-Zionism 2203:Judeo-Berber 2198:Judeo-Arabic 2158:Judeo-Gascon 1905:Pidyon haben 1824:Conservative 1629: 1370:Saudi Arabia 1188:South Africa 1177:Sierra Leone 999:Israeli Jews 913:Mosaic Arabs 866:Kaifeng Jews 727:Arab–Israeli 700:Emancipation 579:Great Revolt 388:Anti-Judaism 383:Antisemitism 378:Name "Judea" 173:Baal teshuva 42: 31:Iberian Jews 26: 7232:Puerto Rico 7159:territories 7105:Saint Lucia 7040:El Salvador 6567:The Forward 6537:29 December 5786:The Forward 5641:22 February 5252:Los Tiempos 5020:El Salvador 4828:Puerto Rico 4654:Population 4631:Hugo Chavez 4491:The Guyanas 4434:Puerto Rico 4415:Puerto Rico 4411:community. 4393:high jungle 4382:Viceroyalty 4291:La Chorrera 4275:Panama City 3918:DNA testing 3916:and recent 3857:Tegucigalpa 3773:New Orleans 3753:Cap-Haïtien 3745:Crypto-Jews 3723:arrived in 3646:to work in 3580:as Brazil, 3565:El Salvador 3550:El Salvador 3516:Polish Jews 3353:Burger King 3328:. The term 3104:assimilated 3100:New Granada 3062:Athens 2004 3031:(actress). 2919:Third Reich 2879:Inquisition 2875:Netherlands 2792:Polish Jews 2728:Vallegrande 2671:crypto-Jews 2467:crypto-Jews 2459:Puerto Rico 2447:Inquisition 2396:began with 2327:Revisionist 2317:Neo-Zionism 1924:Zeved habat 1717:Puerto Rico 1543:Netherlands 1375:South Korea 1360:Philippines 1240:Afghanistan 1107:Ivory Coast 881:Crypto-Jews 846:Bnei Anusim 825:Bene Israel 790:Beta Israel 747:Communities 654:Middle Ages 393:Persecution 168:Bereavement 7331:Categories 7227:Montserrat 7222:Martinique 7217:Guadeloupe 7015:Costa Rica 6461:10 January 6356:7 December 6330:7 December 6257:8 December 6208:8 December 6148:8 December 6061:7 December 6051:Commentary 5851:9768125691 5173:References 5027:<0.01% 4883:<0.01% 4851:<0.01% 4835:<0.04% 4819:<0.01% 4796:Costa Rica 4787:<0.01% 4565:See also: 4555:Montevideo 4256:St. Thomas 3927:, Marish, 3899:Port Royal 3821:, outside 3777:Charleston 3456:Hispaniola 3289:Costa Rica 3277:Costa Rica 3256:San Andres 3213:synagogues 3117:came from 3003:Valparaíso 2964:See also: 2917:under the 2799:synagogues 2772:Cochabamba 2759:Argentines 2752:Ashkenazim 2741:syncretism 2698:(that is, 2633:Yom Kippur 2572:) fleeing 2433:; Spanish 2312:Maximalism 2264:Secularism 2244:Autonomism 2061:Literature 1854:Humanistic 1458:Azerbaijan 1420:Uzbekistan 1395:Tajikistan 1315:Kyrgyzstan 1300:Kazakhstan 1147:Mozambique 1122:Madagascar 1042:Cape Verde 994:New Yishuv 989:Old Yishuv 940:Population 918:Subbotniks 876:Samaritans 815:Romanyotim 758:Ashkenazim 705:Old Yishuv 685:Sabbateans 672:Modern era 664:Golden Age 591:Bar Kokhba 311:Beit Yosef 178:Philosophy 7300:Caribbean 7212:Greenland 7135:Venezuela 7080:Nicaragua 7050:Guatemala 6970:Argentina 6955:Sovereign 6476:El Vocero 6397:30 August 6203:157079721 6089:0362-4331 5945:30 August 5919:30 August 5822:854586578 4860:Guatemala 4764:Venezuela 4668:Argentina 4592:Maracaibo 4586:lived in 4584:conversos 4572:Venezuela 4409:Ashkenazi 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538:Pharisees 528:Sanhedrin 443:Jerusalem 203:Synagogue 71:Etymology 7167:Anguilla 7115:Suriname 7090:Paraguay 7065:Honduras 7025:Dominica 7010:Colombia 6980:Barbados 6871:Archived 6371:Hunter. 6304:31 March 6109:Hunter. 6094:31 March 6027:31 March 5963:Hunter. 5860:45701914 5705:Archived 5423:cite web 5357:Hadassah 5348:Archived 5267:Archived 5239:El Deber 5136:See also 5084:Barbados 5036:Honduras 4988:Suriname 4844:Paraguay 4780:Colombia 4672:180,500 4659:Country 4649:Country 4478:Suriname 4461:Suriname 4454:Mayagüez 4386:Colonial 4356:Asunción 4328:Paraguay 4316:Paraguay 3903:Kingston 3883:Portugal 3852:Mizrachi 3844:Honduras 3832:Honduras 3644:Barbados 3636:Suriname 3594:Portland 3499:were of 3380:Marranos 3337:San José 3326:Żelechów 3248:Medellín 3209:refugees 3131:cemetery 3096:Colombia 3076:Colombia 2999:Santiago 2871:Portugal 2695:marranos 2637:Passover 2609:La Plata 2564:(mainly 2474:Suriname 2451:Colombia 2443:Barbados 2427:Suriname 2405:Spain's 2349:Category 2307:Kahanism 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1209:Uganda 1127:Malawi 1097:Guinea 1087:Gambia 1022:Angola 1008:Africa 891:Dönmeh 886:Anusim 830:Berber 768:Litvak 720:Israel 626: 563: 477:Second 445: 306:Targum 272:Gemara 258:Talmud 230:Tanakh 183:Ethics 134:Prayer 7172:Aruba 7060:Haiti 7005:Chile 6199:S2CID 6136:(2). 5888:(PDF) 5881:INEGI 5877:(PDF) 5100:Haiti 5088:970? 5072:880? 5052:Aruba 4771:0.2% 4739:0.1% 4732:Chile 4487:cocoa 4340:Egypt 4283:David 4279:Colón 4155:rabbi 3933:Cohen 3929:Lindo 3808:Egypt 3804:Syria 3757:Cayes 3719:When 3709:Haiti 3676:Kepno 3573:Egypt 3531:Quito 3467:Sosua 3220:Miami 3182:Syria 2995:Chile 2971:Chile 2939:state 2867:Spain 2780:Sucre 2776:Oruro 2673:from 2491:Chile 2302:Labor 2297:Green 1994:Dance 1952:Music 1771:Palau 1691:Haiti 1654:Chile 1578:Spain 1523:Italy 1430:Yemen 1390:Syria 1365:Qatar 1345:Nepal 1290:Japan 1265:India 1255:China 1194:Sudan 1117:Libya 1112:Kenya 1092:Ghana 1082:Gabon 1062:Egypt 1047:Benin 906:Xueta 851:Lemba 470:First 335:Zohar 239:Torah 221:Texts 208:Rabbi 198:Rites 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Knowledge (XXG)

History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean

Index