366:. They asked for the surviving sons of Alauddin to be produced before them, declaring that they intended to install one of the princes on the throne, and the others as provincial governors. The mothers of the princes did not believe the Baradus, and tried to hide them. However, the Baradus found the princes, and killed the eldest among them - Farid Khan (fifteen years old) and Abu Bakr Khan (fourteen years old) - after allowing them to say their final prayers. They also killed Mubarak Shah's mother Jhatyapali. They blinded three other sons of Alauddin - Bahauddin Khan (eight years old), Ali Khan (eight years old), and Usman Khan (five years old); these princes were imprisoned at the Red Palace (
351:(betel leaf preparation) from Randhol, the Baradu leader Jaharya stabbed him to death. The Sultan, who was in the company of Khusrau Khan on the upper floor, heard the commotion caused by Ziyauddin's murder. However, Khusrau Khan told him that the royal horses had broken loose, and the noise was caused by the guards trying to catch the animals. Meanwhile, Jaharya and other Baradus entered the upper floor, and killed the Sultan's special guards - Ibrahim and Ishaq. The Sultan now realized that a rebellion was happening against him, and tried to escape to his
270:, who had become tributaries to Delhi during Alauddin's reign, asserted their independence after Malik Kafur's death. After consolidating his rule in Delhi, Mubarak Shah led a campaign to Devagiri in 1317, forcing the Yadava leader Harapala-deva and his prime minister Raghava to flee. Khusrau Khan, along with Malik Qutlugh, led an army to pursue them. The Delhi forces completely routed Raghava's army. Khusrau Khan then dispatched a force led by Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Talbagha to pursue Harapaladeva, who was later captured and beheaded.
612:. The Baradus obtained control of the houses of the former Muslim nobles, along with their women and slave-girls. The Hindus rejoiced at Khusrau Khan's ascension, hoping to weaken the Muslims, and make Delhi a Hindu-majority city again. Additionally, Khusrau’s prohibition of cow slaughter alienated many Muslim nobles, who after just four months transferred their loyalty to Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, a popular and experienced commander who had repulsed several Mongol invasions in the Punjab.
31:
705:. Multani was surrounded by Khusrau Khan's men when he received the letter, so he took the letter to the Sultan and expressed his loyalty. However, when Tughuq sent a second message to him, he expressed sympathy with Tughluq's cause, although refused to directly support Tughluq because he was surrounded by Khusrau Khan's allies.
708:
As
Tughluq raised a bigger army, and gained more support, Khusrau Khan's counselors advised him to take steps to prevent any further conspiracies and eliminate potential claimants to the throne. Accordingly, Khusrau Khan ordered killings of Alauddin's three sons - Bahauddin, Ali, and Usman - who had
661:
On the advice of his father, Fakhruddin Jauna left Delhi with some companions. When
Khusrau Khan learned of the conspiracy, he dispatched his minister of war Shaista Khan in pursuit of Fakhruddin, but the royal army was unable to capture the rebels. Tughluq then sought support from five neighbouring
336:
Next, Khusrau Khan contacted officers who resented Sultan
Mubarak Shah, and conspired with them to kill the Sultan in the royal palace. He told the Sultan that he wanted his men to be granted access to the palace, so that they could meet him without requiring him to leave the Sultan's company. The
230:
The two brothers acted as passive homosexuals to maintain their status and position. Alauddin's son
Mubarak Shah fell in love with Hasan: he preferred Hasan as a homosexual partner, but turned to Husamuddin whenever Hasan was unavailable. Their relationship was not a secret, and Mubarak and Hasan
340:
On 7 May 1320, Qazi
Ziyauddin, a teacher of the Sultan, suggested an investigation into the assembly of the Baradus. However, the Sultan angrily dismissed the suggestion, and none of the nobles dared to make a similar suggestion. Barani claims that, when the Sultan told Khusrau Khan about Qazi
305:
writes that
Khusrau Khan resented "the way the Sultan forced himself upon him and took advantage of him", and secretly planned revenge against him. Mubarak's other subordinates warned him about Khusrau's treacherous plans, but while being sodomized by the Sultan, Khusrau convinced him that the
395:
After killing the Sultan and potential claimants to the throne, the conspirators persuaded or compelled the various nobles to come to the first floor of the royal palace at midnight, and accept
Khusrau Khan as the new king. According to Barani, the following nobles were held as "hostages" at
344:
On the night of 9 July 1320, Qazi
Ziyauddin visited the ground floor of the palace to supervise the palace guard. Randhol, the maternal uncle of Khusrau Khan, entered the palace with a large number of Baradus, who hid daggers under their clothes. When Ziyauddin let his guard down to accept a
359:(axe) at the Sultan's chest, lifted him up by his hair, and threw him to the ground. He then beheaded the Sultan, and the head was later thrown in the courtyard on the ground floor. The Baradus massacred the palace residents, while the royal guards fled to save their lives.
577:
The
Baradus do not appear to have been granted any important posts in Khusrau Khan's government, presumably because they were illiterate. However, several of them appear to have been rewarded with titles, cash grants, and military commands. For example:
355:, which was located a floor above. However, Khusrau Khan stopped him by seizing his hair. The Sultan knocked Khusrau Khan to the ground, and sat on his chest, but Khusrau Khan did not let go of his hair. Meanwhile, Jaharya arrived at the scene, stuck a
391:
Khusrau Khan initially planned to install a son of the deceased Sultan on the throne as a puppet ruler. However, his advisors suggested that a prince would have him killed after his accession, and therefore, he decided to claim the throne himself.
258:. Husamuddin later became an apostate (from Islam), because of which the local nobles of Gujarat arrested him, and brought him to Delhi in chains. However, Mubarak Shah merely slapped him, and gave him a high position in the royal court.
630:
in the mosques read in his name. Apart from Qazi
Ziyauddin, whose wife and child had run away after his killing, the Baradus did not seize houses of Muslim nobles, many of whom were appointed to regular government posts under Khusrau.
607:
Barani portrays the killing of Mubarak Shah as a Hindu-Muslim conflict. He claims that 5–6 days after Khusrau Khan's ascension to the throne, the Baradus and other Hindus started idol worship in the palace, and would sit on the
731:
states that Khusrau Khan reigned for "two or three" months. Barani also suggests that Khusrau Khan ruled for more than two months, when he states that Fakhruddin Jauna fled from Delhi 2½ months after the Sultan's ascension.
416:
Shortly after ascending the throne, Khusrau Khan married the widow of Mubarak Shah. This marriage was declared invalid after Khusrau Khan was deposed, as according to the Muslim law, the widow could remarry only when four
337:
Sultan obliged, and subsequently, every night 300-400 Baradus started entering the palace. They assembled in the former chambers of Malik Kafur on the ground floor of the palace, which had been assigned to Khusrau Khan.
408:
Qara Beg. No information is available about the discussions between the conspirators and the nobles, but by the sunrise, all the nobles at the palace had accepted Khusrau Khan's accession to the throne as
727:, Mubarak Shah was murdered on 9 July 1320 and Tughluq ascended the throne on 6 September 1320. This implies that Khusrau Khan held the throne for less than two months. However, 14th century chronicler
223:
in central India. They were brought as slaves to Delhi, where they converted to Islam, and were named Hasan (later Khusrau Khan) and Husamuddin (or Hisamuddin). They were brought up by Alauddin's
658:
in Khusrau Khan's government, was not happy with the regime at Delhi. He convened a secret meeting of his friends, and on their advice, sought help from his father to overthrow Khusrau Khan.
254:, Mubarak Shah became "so enamored by Hasan ... that he did not want to be parted from him for a moment." Mubarak Shah appointed Khusrau Khan's brother Husamuddin as the governor of
650:
refused to acknowledge Khusrau Khan's ascension. However, realizing the enemy's military strength, he did not take any immediate steps to oppose the ascension. Tughluq's son
185:
to resume tribute payments to Delhi. In 1320, he led a group of Baradus and disgruntled nobles to assassinate Mubarak Shah, and ascended the throne with the regnal name
771:
The Sultanate of Delhi, 711-1526 A.D.: Including the Arab Invasion of Sindh, Hindu Rule in Afghanistan and Causes of the Defeat of the Hindus in Early Medieval Age
679:, informed Khusrau Khan about Tughluq's letter, and unsuccessfully invaded Dipalpur. He later retreated to Samana, and was killed by a group of angry citizens.
281:, stopped making tribute payments to Delhi after Alauddin's death. In 1318, Mubarak Shah sent an army led by Khusrau Khan, Malik Qutlugh, and Khwaja Haji to
242:
as a puppet ruler. Shortly after, Malik Kafur was killed, and Shihabuddin's half brother Mubarak Shah usurped the throne. Mubarak Shah gave Hasan the title
626:, Barani's narrative is unreliable, and contradicted by more reliable sources. Khusrau Khan wished to be seen as a normal Muslim monarch, and had the
1394:
1389:
669:
Mughlati, the governor of Multan, refused to join Tughluq, and was killed by Tughluq's friend Bahram Siraj. His army did not join Tughluq's forces.
619:
writes that after usurping the kingdom, Khusrau Khan "reverted to his ancient faith, began a reign of terror heaping dishonour on Muslim nobles".
285:, the capital of Prataparudra. Prataparudra surrendered, and agreed to make regular tribute payments. After this victory, Khusrau Khan marched to
816:
Amir Khusrau Critical Studies, National Committee for 700th Anniversary of Amir Khusrau, 1975, p.8, Islam and the Modern Age Volume 27, 1996 p.19
693:, also promised to support Tughluq, but deliberately reached Delhi only after the battle between the forces of Tughluq and Khusrau Khan was over.
220:
147:
1374:
1318:
212:, Barau, Rabari or Parvar. They were nominally converts to Islam, but retained some affiliations with Hinduism. In 1305, during the reign of
208:, Khusrau Khan and his brother belonged to a Hindu caste or group called Baradu. The name of this group has been variously transliterated as
1364:
1339:
1253:
1379:
595:
Two other uncles of the new Sultan - probably Nag and Kajb Brahma - were given the highest commands in the Baradu contingent
309:
Khusrau Khan also convinced Mubarak Shah to allow him to raise an army of Baradu Hindus by arguing that all other nobles (
1384:
1359:
166:. After ascending the throne in 1316, Mubarak Shah gave him the title "Khusrau Khan", and greatly favoured him.
1235:
1294:. Vol. 5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
1221:. Vol. 5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
1369:
282:
174:
1212:
643:
193:
163:
70:
60:
289:, where Mubarak Shah had been residing for a month. The rest of the army joined him on the banks of the
651:
480:
713:
702:
616:
489:
Shaista Khan, a co-conspirator and a son of Muhammad Qirat Qimar, was appointed the minister of war
397:
267:
217:
170:
529:, and re-appointed as the minister of the secretariat, a post that he held during Alauddin's reign
492:
Yusuf Sahi, another co-conspirator, was given the title of Sufi Khan and appointed as a counseller
1215:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Qutbuddin Mubarak Khalji". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
717:
1288:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Nasiruddin Khusrau Khan". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
801:
785:
769:
246:, with the former fief of Malik Kafur. Within a year, Khusrau Khan was promoted to the post of
1335:
1314:
1308:
1295:
1273:
1249:
1243:
1222:
728:
538:
Yak Lakkhi Qadr Khan (not to be confused with Yak Lakkhi, the governor of Devagiri and Samana)
239:
302:
251:
213:
139:
42:
720:. Khusrau Khan fled from the battlefield, but was captured and killed a few days later.
325:, this army included 10,000 Baradu horsemen, and was commanded by several Hindu chiefs (
1285:
1239:
676:
623:
686:, agreed to support Tughluq, but reached Delhi only after Tughluq ascended the throne.
362:
To eliminate any possible claimants to the thorne, the Baradus then entered the royal
341:
Ziyauddin's suggestion, Khusrau Khan won over his confidence by making love with him.
1353:
429:
Khusrau Khans officers included the following men, many of whom had served Alauddin:
290:
159:
666:
Bahram, the governor of Uchch, joined Tughluq's cause and provided military support.
313:) had their own groups of followers. He enlisted several soldiers at Bahilwal (near
724:
418:
278:
205:
182:
1329:
1289:
1267:
1216:
1087:
235:
118:
107:
1277:
1299:
1263:
1226:
598:
Jaharya, the murderer of the preceding sultan, was given pearls and diamonds
570:
314:
30:
647:
499:
371:
274:
178:
169:
Khusrau Khan led a successful campaign to reassert Delhi's control over
375:
318:
255:
209:
151:
143:
84:
698:
582:
Husamuddin, the younger brother of Khusrau Khan, was given the title
565:
286:
247:
189:. However, he was soon deposed by a group of rebels led by the noble
836:
834:
690:
683:
609:
520:
363:
352:
155:
96:
1142:
1140:
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1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
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1042:
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347:
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885:
374:, even Malik Nusrat - who had renounced royal life to become a
751:
749:
747:
745:
378:- was killed, because he was the son of a sister of Alauddin.
1248:. Vol. Supplement (New ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
592:; he was also given the house and wealth of Qazi Ziyauddin
588:
Randhol, an uncles of Khusrau Khan, was given the title
1310:
Same-Sex Love in India: Readings in Indian Literature
774:. Shiva Lal Agarwala, 1966. p. 175–178, 358–359.
712:
Tughluq's army defeated Khusrau Khan's forces at the
1088:"The Sufi and the Sultan in Pre-Mughal Muslim India"
142:for around two months in 1320. Originally from the
117:
103:
90:
80:
76:
66:
56:
48:
40:
23:
918:
840:
474:Qara Beg - were given the offices of their father.
443:; he died or retired soon after, when the post of
234:After Alauddin's death in 1316, his slave-general
216:, they were captured when the Delhi forces led by
1073:
806:. Calcutta Oriental Press, 1985. pp. 22–23.
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1131:
1108:
1061:
1046:
1031:
1014:
999:
421:periods had passed after her husband's death.
984:
972:
960:
945:
933:
906:
891:
864:
852:
790:. Indian History Congress, 1955. p. 176.
755:
697:Tughluq also sent a letter to Khusrau Khan's
8:
483:, a son of Tughluq, was given the office of
439:Wahiduddin Quraishi was re-appointed as the
173:in 1317. The next year, he led an army that
150:in 1305. After being brought to Delhi as a
146:, he was captured by the Delhi army during
803:The Indian Historical Quarterly, Volume 30
29:
20:
876:
825:
35:Billon 2 gani of Nasir Ud Din Khusro Shah
453:Ayn al-Mulk Multani was given the title
370:). According to the 16th century writer
741:
519:Tigin was appointed as the governor of
498:Tamar was appointed as the governor of
1331:India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765
556:Qabul, who had been given the post of
306:accusers were falsely slandering him.
114:
709:earlier been blinded and imprisoned.
231:exchanged hugs and kisses in public.
7:
525:Bahauddin Dabir was given the title
507:Kafur Muhrdar was given the post of
682:Muhammad Shah Lur, the governor of
196:, who succeeded him on the throne.
148:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa
1269:History of the Khaljis (1290-1320)
1098:. Verlag von Karl J. Trübner: 148.
262:Military career under Mubarak Shah
204:According to the Delhi chronicler
14:
470:Badruddin Abu Bakr - the sons of
400:, Wahiduddin Quraishi, Bahauddin
1291:A Comprehensive History of India
1218:A Comprehensive History of India
447:was given to Ayn al-Mulk Multani
16:Indian slave and Sultan of Delhi
1395:Converts to Hinduism from Islam
1390:Converts to Islam from Hinduism
1272:. Allahabad: The Indian Press.
919:R. Vanita & S. Kidwai 2000
841:R. Vanita & S. Kidwai 2000
689:Hushang Shah, the governor of
622:According to Indian historian
250:. According to the chronicler
1:
1307:R. Vanita; S. Kidwai (2000).
513:Shihab was given the post of
297:Assassination of Mubarak Shah
1375:14th-century Indian monarchs
675:Yak Lakkhi, the governor of
615:Pakistani-Canadian academic
1365:14th-century Indian Muslims
768:Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal.
573:, and his son Muhammad Ayaz
238:appointed the minor prince
1411:
1245:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
293:on his way back to Delhi.
52:10 July – 5 September 1320
1328:Richard M. Eaton (2019).
654:, who held the office of
317:) and in the province of
124:
113:
28:
1234:I. H. Siddiqui (1980).
544:Talbagha, son of Yaghda
273:Another tributary, the
644:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
154:, he was converted to
71:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
61:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah
1380:14th-century soldiers
1074:Richard M. Eaton 2019
404:, and three sons of
1385:14th-century slaves
1197:, pp. 456–459.
1195:Mohammad Habib 1992
1185:, pp. 453–456.
1183:Mohammad Habib 1992
1171:Mohammad Habib 1992
1159:I. H. Siddiqui 1980
1147:Mohammad Habib 1992
1132:Mohammad Habib 1992
1109:Mohammad Habib 1992
1086:Aziz Ahmad (1962).
1062:Mohammad Habib 1992
1047:Mohammad Habib 1992
1032:Mohammad Habib 1992
1015:Mohammad Habib 1992
1000:Mohammad Habib 1992
975:, pp. 443–444.
948:, pp. 442–443.
714:Battle of Saraswati
703:Ayn al-Mulk Multani
646:), the governor of
515:naib-i amir-i hajib
398:Ayn al-Mulk Multani
268:Yadavas of Devagiri
225:naib-i khas-i hajib
218:Ayn al-Mulk Multani
985:B. P. Saksena 1992
973:B. P. Saksena 1992
961:B. P. Saksena 1992
946:B. P. Saksena 1992
934:B. P. Saksena 1992
907:B. P. Saksena 1992
892:B. P. Saksena 1992
865:B. P. Saksena 1992
853:B. P. Saksena 1992
756:B. P. Saksena 1992
718:Battle of Lahrawat
162:of Alauddin's son
160:homosexual partner
1320:978-1-137-05480-7
1238:; E. van Donzel;
701:(prime minister)
603:Religious outlook
541:Ambar Bughra Khan
532:Sumbul Hatim Khan
283:besieged Warangal
175:besieged Warangal
133:
132:
129:
128:
1402:
1360:Sultans of Delhi
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775:
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759:
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652:Fakhruddin Jauna
563:Ahmad Ayaz, the
547:Talbagha Nagauri
481:Fakhruddin Jauna
240:Shihabuddin Omar
115:
33:
21:
1410:
1409:
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766:
762:
754:
743:
738:
637:
605:
504:Kamaluddin Sufi
427:
389:
384:
321:. According to
303:Ziauddin Barani
299:
264:
221:conquered Malwa
214:Alauddin Khalji
202:
158:, and became a
140:Sultan of Delhi
95:
43:Sultan of Delhi
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1370:Khalji dynasty
1367:
1362:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1325:
1319:
1304:
1286:Mohammad Habib
1282:
1260:
1254:
1240:Charles Pellat
1236:C. E. Bosworth
1231:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1173:, p. 453.
1163:
1161:, p. 105.
1151:
1149:, p. 452.
1136:
1134:, p. 451.
1113:
1111:, p. 450.
1101:
1078:
1066:
1064:, p. 449.
1051:
1049:, p. 447.
1036:
1034:, p. 448.
1019:
1017:, p. 445.
1004:
1002:, p. 446.
989:
987:, p. 444.
977:
965:
963:, p. 443.
950:
938:
936:, p. 442.
923:
921:, p. 134.
911:
909:, p. 436.
896:
894:, p. 435.
881:
879:, p. 329.
877:K. S. Lal 1950
869:
867:, p. 434.
857:
855:, p. 433.
845:
843:, p. 133.
830:
828:, p. 323.
826:K. S. Lal 1950
818:
809:
793:
777:
760:
758:, p. 431.
740:
739:
737:
734:
695:
694:
687:
680:
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667:
636:
633:
624:Mohammad Habib
604:
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558:shuhna-i manda
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425:Administration
423:
388:
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298:
295:
263:
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201:
198:
177:, forcing the
144:Gujarat region
138:was an Indian
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1341:9780141985398
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1334:. Penguine.
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1313:. Springer.
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509:amir-i hajib
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244:Khusrau Khan
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206:Amir Khusrau
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183:Prataparudra
168:
164:Mubarak Shah
136:Khusrau Khan
135:
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24:Khusrau Khan
18:
787:Proceedings
662:governors:
640:Ghazi Malik
560:by Alauddin
550:Saif Chaush
455:Alimul mulk
301:Chronicler
236:Malik Kafur
119:Regnal name
108:Devala Devi
99:, now India
57:Predecessor
1354:Categories
736:References
617:Aziz Ahmad
434:Tajul Mulk
396:midnight:
368:Qasr-i Lal
200:Early life
187:Nasiruddin
125:Nasiruddin
1278:685167335
1264:K. S. Lal
1092:Der Islam
656:akhur-bek
635:Overthrow
590:Rai Rayan
485:akhur-bek
387:Accession
315:Mount Abu
67:Successor
1300:31870180
1266:(1950).
1242:(eds.).
1227:31870180
716:and the
648:Dipalpur
500:Chanderi
372:Firishta
275:Kakatiya
179:Kakatiya
171:Devagiri
462:Hasan,
376:dervish
319:Gujarat
256:Gujarat
210:Bharwad
194:Tughluq
85:Veraval
1338:
1317:
1298:
1276:
1252:
1225:
677:Samana
628:khutba
566:kotwal
411:Sultan
311:maliks
287:Ellora
277:ruler
252:Barani
181:ruler
104:Spouse
729:Isami
699:wazir
691:Jalor
684:Sindh
673:Malik
610:Quran
554:Malik
536:Malik
521:Awadh
496:Malik
478:Malik
472:Malik
468:Malik
464:Malik
460:Malik
451:Malik
445:wazir
441:wazir
437:Malik
406:Malik
402:Dabir
382:Reign
364:harem
357:patta
353:harem
331:ranas
248:vazir
191:Malik
156:Islam
152:slave
97:Delhi
49:Reign
41:16th
1336:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1296:OCLC
1274:OCLC
1250:ISBN
1223:OCLC
571:Siri
348:paan
329:and
327:rais
266:The
94:1320
91:Died
81:Born
569:of
333:).
1356::
1139:^
1116:^
1096:38
1094:.
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1344:.
1323:.
1302:.
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1229:.
642:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
