153:
vapors and evolving gases are delivered to a condensing system, where condensed shale oil is collected, while non-condensable gases are fed back to the retort. Recycled gas enters the bottom of the retort and cools the spent shale, which then leaves the retort through a water-sealed discharge system.
144:
are burnt within the retort. Raw oil shale is fed into the top of the retort, and is heated by the rising gases, which pass laterally through the descending oil shale causing decomposition of the rock. Pyrolysis is completed in the lower section of the retort, where the spent shale contacted with
113:
The
Kiviter process is based on the earlier vertical retort technology (Pintsch's generator). This technology underwent a long process of development. The early concept of central inlet of the heat carrier was later replaced by a concept of heat carrier gas cross flow in the retort.
132:
The
Kiviter process is classified as an internal combustion technology. The Kiviter retort is a vertical cylindrical vessel that heats coarse oil shale with recycled gases, steam, and air. To supply heat, gases (including produced
117:
The
Kiviter technology has been used in Estonia since 1921, when first experimental Kiviter retorts were built. The first commercial scale oil plant based on the Kiviter technology was built in 1924.
157:
The
Kiviter process uses large amounts of water, which is polluted during processing, and the solid waste residue contains water-soluble toxic substances that leach into the surrounding area.
169:'s subsidiary VKG Oil. The company operates several Kiviter retorts, the largest of them having a processing capacity of 40 tonnes per hour of oil shale feedstock.
382:
425:
Leveinen, Jussi; Aneshkin, Boris; Blanchard, Francois; Staudt, Michael; Van den Dool, Gijs; Sapon, Svetlana; Kruglova, Olga (16–20 September 2007).
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more hot gas, steam and air is heated to about 900 °C (1,650 °F) to gasify and burn the residual carbon (
638:"Strategic significance of America's oil shale resource. Volume II: Oil shale resources, technology and economics"
643:. Office of Deputy Assistant Secretary for Petroleum Reserves; Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves;
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Turning a
Problem Into a Resource: Remediation and Waste Management at the Sillamae Site, Estonia
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Modelling impacts of oil-shale mining on groundwater resources in the
Slantsy region, Russia
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Soone, Jüri; Riisalu, Hella; Kekisheva, Ljudmilla; Doilov, Svjatoslav (2006-11-07).
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From 1955 to 2003, Kiviter technology was used for oil shale processing also in
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Environmentally sustainable use of energy and chemical potential of oil shale
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Jaber, Jamel O.; Sladek, Thomas A.; Mernitz, Scott; Tarawneh, T. M. (2008).
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390:(edition 21 ed.). World Energy Council (WEC). 2007. pp. 93–115.
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436:
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612:: Jordanian Natural Resources Authority. pp. 2–3. Archived from
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501:"Future Policies and Strategies for Oil Shale Development in Jordan"
471:. Golden: 26th Oil shale symposium. UCRL-CONF-226717. Archived from
431:. 15th Meeting of the Association of European Geological Societies.
605:
466:"Comparison of the acceptability of various oil shale processes"
19:"Kiviter" redirects here. For the former oil shale company, see
541:"Estonian Oil Shale Retorting Industry at a Crossroads"
508:
Jordan
Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
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Burnham, Alan K.; McConaghy, James R. (2006-10-16).
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345:"Utilization of semi-coke for energy production"
321:. Geological Survey of Estonia. Archived from
347:. In Rofer, Cheryl K.; Kaasik, Tõnis (eds.).
8:
165:The Kiviter process is used by the Estonian
101:is an above ground retorting technology for
26:
246:(2). Estonian Academy Publishers: 101–114.
231:Väli, E.; Valgma, I.; Reinsalu, E. (2008).
25:
666:"An Assessment of Oil Shale Technologies"
554:(2). Estonian Academy Publishers: 97–98.
548:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
290:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
240:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
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604:. International Oil Shale Conference.
292:(Extra). Estonian Academy Publishers.
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671:. June 1980. NTIS order #PB80-210115
319:"Historical review of the kukersite"
317:Kattai, V.; Lokk, U. (1998-02-17).
645:United States Department of Energy
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16:Shale oil extraction technology
1:
233:"Usage of Estonian oil shale"
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384:Survey of energy resources
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539:Mölder, Leevi (2004).
343:Uustalu, Jaan (2000).
252:10.3176/oil.2008.2S.02
184:Alberta Taciuk Process
560:10.3176/oil.2004.2.01
284:Koel, Mihkel (1999).
81:Kiviõli Keemiatööstus
701:Oil shale in Estonia
696:Oil shale technology
286:"Estonian oil shale"
179:Oil shale in Estonia
103:shale oil extraction
40:Industrial sector(s)
28:
397:978-0-946121-26-7
362:978-0-7923-6186-2
167:Viru Keemia Grupp
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74:Leading companies
44:Chemical industry
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139:carbonaceous
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86:Developer(s)
48:oil industry
32:Process type
690:Categories
675:2008-11-23
651:2008-11-23
623:2007-06-29
581:2008-11-23
525:2008-11-22
482:2008-11-23
450:2017-05-07
411:2008-11-23
368:2008-11-23
329:2008-11-23
303:2008-11-23
265:2008-11-23
215:References
128:Technology
124:, Russia.
64:Product(s)
576:252707682
568:0208-189X
520:1995-6665
298:0208-189X
260:0208-189X
151:Shale oil
68:shale oil
58:oil shale
54:Feedstock
189:Petrosix
173:See also
35:Chemical
437:Estonia
433:Tallinn
122:Slantsy
109:History
90:VKG Oil
78:VKG Oil
647:. 2004
610:Jordan
574:
566:
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137:) and
669:(PDF)
641:(PDF)
617:(PDF)
606:Amman
602:(PDF)
572:S2CID
544:(PDF)
504:(PDF)
476:(PDF)
469:(PDF)
444:(PPT)
405:(PDF)
388:(PDF)
236:(PDF)
564:ISSN
516:ISSN
392:ISBN
357:ISBN
294:ISSN
256:ISSN
149:).
147:char
97:The
556:doi
248:doi
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