164:
vapors and evolving gases are delivered to a condensing system, where condensed shale oil is collected, while non-condensable gases are fed back to the retort. Recycled gas enters the bottom of the retort and cools the spent shale, which then leaves the retort through a water-sealed discharge system.
155:
are burnt within the retort. Raw oil shale is fed into the top of the retort, and is heated by the rising gases, which pass laterally through the descending oil shale causing decomposition of the rock. Pyrolysis is completed in the lower section of the retort, where the spent shale contacted with
124:
The
Kiviter process is based on the earlier vertical retort technology (Pintsch's generator). This technology underwent a long process of development. The early concept of central inlet of the heat carrier was later replaced by a concept of heat carrier gas cross flow in the retort.
143:
The
Kiviter process is classified as an internal combustion technology. The Kiviter retort is a vertical cylindrical vessel that heats coarse oil shale with recycled gases, steam, and air. To supply heat, gases (including produced
128:
The
Kiviter technology has been used in Estonia since 1921, when first experimental Kiviter retorts were built. The first commercial scale oil plant based on the Kiviter technology was built in 1924.
168:
The
Kiviter process uses large amounts of water, which is polluted during processing, and the solid waste residue contains water-soluble toxic substances that leach into the surrounding area.
180:'s subsidiary VKG Oil. The company operates several Kiviter retorts, the largest of them having a processing capacity of 40 tonnes per hour of oil shale feedstock.
393:
436:
Leveinen, Jussi; Aneshkin, Boris; Blanchard, Francois; Staudt, Michael; Van den Dool, Gijs; Sapon, Svetlana; Kruglova, Olga (16–20 September 2007).
406:
371:
607:
655:
437:
648:
329:
476:
711:
706:
156:
more hot gas, steam and air is heated to about 900 °C (1,650 °F) to gasify and burn the residual carbon (
649:"Strategic significance of America's oil shale resource. Volume II: Oil shale resources, technology and economics"
654:. Office of Deputy Assistant Secretary for Petroleum Reserves; Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves;
132:
412:
194:
243:
189:
113:
582:
360:
Turning a
Problem Into a Resource: Remediation and Waste Management at the Sillamae Site, Estonia
624:
574:
526:
402:
367:
355:
304:
266:
177:
100:
88:
54:
31:
566:
439:
Modelling impacts of oil-shale mining on groundwater resources in the
Slantsy region, Russia
363:
258:
209:
157:
551:
451:
204:
676:
219:
214:
700:
586:
333:
145:
606:
Soone, Jüri; Riisalu, Hella; Kekisheva, Ljudmilla; Doilov, Svjatoslav (2006-11-07).
149:
58:
483:
296:
152:
131:
From 1955 to 2003, Kiviter technology was used for oil shale processing also in
511:
609:
Environmentally sustainable use of energy and chemical potential of oil shale
578:
530:
308:
270:
510:
Jaber, Jamel O.; Sladek, Thomas A.; Mernitz, Scott; Tarawneh, T. M. (2008).
161:
78:
68:
262:
570:
401:(edition 21 ed.). World Energy Council (WEC). 2007. pp. 93–115.
199:
447:
443:
17:
623:: Jordanian Natural Resources Authority. pp. 2–3. Archived from
620:
512:"Future Policies and Strategies for Oil Shale Development in Jordan"
482:. Golden: 26th Oil shale symposium. UCRL-CONF-226717. Archived from
442:. 15th Meeting of the Association of European Geological Societies.
616:
477:"Comparison of the acceptability of various oil shale processes"
30:"Kiviter" redirects here. For the former oil shale company, see
552:"Estonian Oil Shale Retorting Industry at a Crossroads"
519:
Jordan
Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
475:
Burnham, Alan K.; McConaghy, James R. (2006-10-16).
96:
84:
74:
64:
50:
42:
356:"Utilization of semi-coke for energy production"
332:. Geological Survey of Estonia. Archived from
358:. In Rofer, Cheryl K.; Kaasik, Tõnis (eds.).
8:
176:The Kiviter process is used by the Estonian
112:is an above ground retorting technology for
37:
257:(2). Estonian Academy Publishers: 101–114.
242:Väli, E.; Valgma, I.; Reinsalu, E. (2008).
36:
677:"An Assessment of Oil Shale Technologies"
565:(2). Estonian Academy Publishers: 97–98.
559:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
301:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
251:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
505:
503:
231:
615:. International Oil Shale Conference.
303:(Extra). Estonian Academy Publishers.
290:
288:
286:
237:
235:
7:
682:. June 1980. NTIS order #PB80-210115
330:"Historical review of the kukersite"
328:Kattai, V.; Lokk, U. (1998-02-17).
656:United States Department of Energy
25:
27:Shale oil extraction technology
1:
244:"Usage of Estonian oil shale"
728:
395:Survey of energy resources
29:
550:Mölder, Leevi (2004).
354:Uustalu, Jaan (2000).
263:10.3176/oil.2008.2S.02
195:Alberta Taciuk Process
571:10.3176/oil.2004.2.01
295:Koel, Mihkel (1999).
92:Kiviõli Keemiatööstus
712:Oil shale in Estonia
707:Oil shale technology
297:"Estonian oil shale"
190:Oil shale in Estonia
114:shale oil extraction
51:Industrial sector(s)
39:
408:978-0-946121-26-7
373:978-0-7923-6186-2
178:Viru Keemia Grupp
106:
105:
85:Leading companies
55:Chemical industry
32:Viru Keemia Grupp
16:(Redirected from
719:
691:
690:
688:
687:
681:
673:
667:
666:
664:
663:
653:
645:
639:
638:
636:
635:
629:
614:
603:
597:
596:
594:
593:
556:
547:
541:
540:
538:
537:
516:
507:
498:
497:
495:
494:
488:
481:
472:
466:
465:
463:
462:
456:
450:. Archived from
433:
427:
426:
424:
423:
417:
411:. Archived from
400:
390:
384:
383:
381:
380:
364:Axel Springer AG
351:
345:
344:
342:
341:
325:
319:
318:
316:
315:
292:
281:
280:
278:
277:
248:
239:
210:TOSCO II process
40:
21:
727:
726:
722:
721:
720:
718:
717:
716:
697:
696:
695:
694:
685:
683:
679:
675:
674:
670:
661:
659:
651:
647:
646:
642:
633:
631:
627:
612:
605:
604:
600:
591:
589:
554:
549:
548:
544:
535:
533:
514:
509:
508:
501:
492:
490:
486:
479:
474:
473:
469:
460:
458:
454:
435:
434:
430:
421:
419:
415:
409:
398:
392:
391:
387:
378:
376:
374:
366:. p. 223.
353:
352:
348:
339:
337:
327:
326:
322:
313:
311:
294:
293:
284:
275:
273:
246:
241:
240:
233:
228:
205:Galoter process
186:
174:
141:
122:
110:Kiviter process
91:
57:
38:Kiviter process
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
725:
723:
715:
714:
709:
699:
698:
693:
692:
668:
640:
598:
542:
499:
467:
428:
407:
385:
372:
346:
320:
282:
230:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
220:Paraho process
217:
215:Fushun process
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
185:
182:
173:
172:Commercial use
170:
140:
137:
121:
118:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
52:
48:
47:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
724:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
702:
678:
672:
669:
657:
650:
644:
641:
630:on 2007-09-28
626:
622:
618:
611:
610:
602:
599:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:
546:
543:
532:
528:
524:
520:
513:
506:
504:
500:
489:on 2016-02-13
485:
478:
471:
468:
457:on 2016-03-04
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:
432:
429:
418:on 2011-04-09
414:
410:
404:
397:
396:
389:
386:
375:
369:
365:
361:
357:
350:
347:
336:on 2017-03-24
335:
331:
324:
321:
310:
306:
302:
298:
291:
289:
287:
283:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
245:
238:
236:
232:
225:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
183:
181:
179:
171:
169:
166:
163:
159:
154:
153:spent residue
151:
147:
146:oil shale gas
138:
136:
134:
129:
126:
119:
117:
115:
111:
102:
99:
95:
90:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
33:
19:
684:. Retrieved
671:
660:. Retrieved
643:
632:. Retrieved
625:the original
608:
601:
590:. Retrieved
562:
558:
545:
534:. Retrieved
525:(1): 31–44.
522:
518:
491:. Retrieved
484:the original
470:
459:. Retrieved
452:the original
438:
431:
420:. Retrieved
413:the original
394:
388:
377:. Retrieved
359:
349:
338:. Retrieved
334:the original
323:
312:. Retrieved
300:
274:. Retrieved
254:
250:
175:
167:
150:carbonaceous
142:
130:
127:
123:
109:
107:
97:Developer(s)
59:oil industry
43:Process type
701:Categories
686:2008-11-23
662:2008-11-23
634:2007-06-29
592:2008-11-23
536:2008-11-22
493:2008-11-23
461:2017-05-07
422:2008-11-23
379:2008-11-23
340:2008-11-23
314:2008-11-23
276:2008-11-23
226:References
139:Technology
135:, Russia.
75:Product(s)
587:252707682
579:0208-189X
531:1995-6665
309:0208-189X
271:0208-189X
162:Shale oil
79:shale oil
69:oil shale
65:Feedstock
200:Petrosix
184:See also
46:Chemical
448:Estonia
444:Tallinn
133:Slantsy
120:History
101:VKG Oil
89:VKG Oil
18:Kiviter
658:. 2004
621:Jordan
585:
577:
529:
405:
370:
307:
269:
148:) and
680:(PDF)
652:(PDF)
628:(PDF)
617:Amman
613:(PDF)
583:S2CID
555:(PDF)
515:(PDF)
487:(PDF)
480:(PDF)
455:(PPT)
416:(PDF)
399:(PDF)
247:(PDF)
575:ISSN
527:ISSN
403:ISBN
368:ISBN
305:ISSN
267:ISSN
160:).
158:char
108:The
567:doi
259:doi
703::
619:,
581:.
573:.
563:21
561:.
557:.
521:.
517:.
502:^
446:,
362:.
299:.
285:^
265:.
255:25
253:.
249:.
234:^
116:.
689:.
665:.
637:.
595:.
569::
539:.
523:2
496:.
464:.
425:.
382:.
343:.
317:.
279:.
261::
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.