887:
878:– "When side drums rattle") for Italy's freedom. Leonora arrives in male attire accompanied by Trabuco, a muleteer, on their way to a Franciscan monastery where Leonora plans to seek refuge. Recognizing her brother, who she knows wants to kill her, she hides. Carlo/"Pereda" grills Trabuco about the identity of his traveling companion, but the company lets him know they don't like his prying questions. They turn the tables by asking Carlo who he is. He claims to be a University student helping a friend track down the friend's sister and her seducer, who, he claims has returned to his native America. The gypsy girl laughs and says she doesn't believe this story. Overhearing this, Leonora realizes that Alvaro is still alive. She concludes he has betrayed and abandoned her, and she slips away without being discovered.
1074:– "Peace, O mighty Father, give me peace!"). The duel between the two men spills over onto the neighboring crags in the vicinity of Leonora's isolation. Upon hearing the clashing of swords she takes refuge in her cave. Carlo is mortally wounded by Alvaro, who invades the hermit's sanctuary to request the last offices for the dying man. Leonora and Alvaro recognize each other. Alvaro tells her of what has happened, and she rushes to embrace her dying brother. As she bends over him, he stabs her in the heart. The Father Superior, who has come in answer to Leonora's alarm bell, orders Alvaro to stop cursing fate and to humble himself before God. The dying Leonora joins him in this plea, and Alvaro declaims that he is now redeemed.
905:, – "I've arrived! Thank heaven! My last resort and hope"... "Mother, merciful Virgin".) After a somewhat surly reception by Fra Melitone, she tells the abbot, Padre Guardiano, her true name and her wish to spend the remainder of her life in the monastery's hermitage. The abbot recounts the trials she will have to undergo. Padre Guardiano agrees to direct her to a secret cave in the mountains, where he alone will bring her food and where she will find a bell which she is to ring only in times of great danger or if she is on the point of death. Leonora, Padre Guardiano, Fra Melitone, and the other monks join in prayer as she is formally accepted as tenant of the hermitage.
57:
212:
834:, where he is looked down on by many because of his Inca background. There, he and Donna Leonora, the daughter of the haughty Marchese di Calatrava, have fallen in love. But her father the Marchese violently opposes a match he feels is dishonorable and beneath her, believing her to have been seduced. Notwithstanding her tender regard for her father, who until now has always been kind to her, Leonora is ready to give up family and country in order to elope with Alvaro. Aided by her confidante, Curra (
1045:
950:
791:
939:– "You must swear to me in this solemn hour, to carry out my wish."). Felix/Carlo assures Alvaro that he won't die and that he will be decorated with the Order of Calatrava for his bravery. At the name Calatrava Alvaro shudders and exclaims, "No!". Carlo is taken aback. He is afraid that "Don Federico" (Alvaro) may, in truth, be the mysterious seducer who killed his father. He resolves to look at the letters to settle his doubts. (
290:, Milan, on 27 February 1869, has become the standard performance version. The most important changes were a new overture (replacing a brief prelude); the addition of a final scene to act 3, following the duel between Carlo and Alvaro; and a new ending, in which Alvaro remains alive, instead of throwing himself off a cliff to his death. The opera in this version is frequently performed in the world's opera houses today.
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1024:
842:
suddenly enters and discovers the couple together. Assuming the worst, he draws his weapons and threatens the young man with death. To remove any suspicion as to
Leonora's purity, Alvaro surrenders himself. As he flings down his pistol, it goes off, mortally wounding the Marchese, who dies, uttering a curse on his daughter. The horrified lovers rush out of the room.
2731:
968:
943:– "To die! An immense thing... Begone, fatal vessel of my destiny!"). As his wounded friend is taken away on the surgeon's stretcher, he opens the casket, finds his sister's portrait, and realizes Alvaro's true identity. At that moment a surgeon brings word that Don Alvaro may recover. Don Carlo exults at the prospect of avenging his father's death.
2385:
959:
922:– "Life is a hell to an unhappy man." ... "Oh, you who dwell with the angels"). He is interrupted by cries for help and rescues a man from two assassins. It is Don Carlo, who has newly joined the same regiment, also under an assumed name: Don Felix Bornos. The two become friends and march off side by side to fight in the
1031:
Impoverished peasants from the region approach Fra
Melitone at the monastery at Hornachuelos for food and Padre Guardiano gently scolds Melitone for his less than charitable behavior towards them. Don Carlo then approaches, having learned of the presence of Don Alvaro there. Under the name of Father
934:
Alvaro is brought into the officers' quarters, gravely wounded in the chest. Thinking he is about to die, he entrusts the key to a casket to his friend "Don Felix" (Carlo). The box contains a packet of letters, which Alvaro says contain a secret. He makes his friend swear to burn them without reading
841:
When Alvaro arrives to fetch her, however, Leonora hesitates, begging for one last day with her father. Alvaro, stunned, releases her from their engagement, saying that she cannot love him as much as he loves her. Leonora then relents and they agree to escape as planned. At that moment the
Marchese
866:(town mayor) and several muleteers among others gathered in the dining room as dinner is about to be served. Leonora's brother Don Carlo di Vargas then enters, bent on avenging the family honor and the death of his father. Carlo has disguised himself as a student from
967:
259:
1220:
2791:
886:
858:
About a year has passed since the death of the
Marchese di Calatrava. In their flight, Leonora and Alvaro were separated and have lost track of each other, unable to reunite or learn of each other's whereabouts.
1032:
Raphael, Alvaro has indeed entered the monastery, near which is
Leonora's cave. Alvaro offers peace, but when Carlo taunts him as a half-breed Alvaro takes up the challenge and the two rush from the monastery. (
1003:
Having recovered, Alvaro is confronted by Carlo. They begin to duel, but are pulled away from each other by the soldiers. As they restrain Carlo, the anguished Don Alvaro vows to enter a monastery.
279:. Performances followed in Madrid (with the Duke of Rivas, the play's author, in attendance) and the opera subsequently travelled to New York, Vienna (1865), Buenos Aires (1866), and London (1867).
1006:
The soldiers gather. Trabucco, the peddler, tries to sell them his wares; Fra
Melitone chastises them for their godless ways; and Preziosilla leads them in a chorus in praise of the military life (
898:
Outside the monastery of the
Madonna of Angels, Leonora, seeking sanctuary and solitary atonement, has come to take refuge in the monastery intending to live the rest of her life as a hermit
1370:(Baltimore, Maryland): "Superstition comes easily to the colorful, slightly crazy world of the performing arts ... Opera houses seem just as susceptible to superstitious thinking"
1315:
874:– "I am Pereda, of honorable descent"). During the supper, Preziosilla, a pretty gypsy fortune teller, joins them and sings a song urging them to enlist in the army (
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Meanwhile, Alvaro, believing
Leonora to be dead, has joined the Spanish army under the name of Don Federico Herreros and has distinguished himself for bravery (
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1248:
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was a
Military Order which had a major role in Spanish history, but in actual history there had never been an individual noble family with that title.
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1141:(2004) opens with "Pace, pace mio Dio", introducing a film about intensely powerful obsession which brings its lovers to the brink of madness.
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gave a concert performance of the critical edition of the 1862 version, plus never-performed vocal pieces from the 1861 version, in July 2008.
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1410:. Your mother was wearing a red shawl, with long features along the edges. During intermission I followed them to the snack..."
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Following these productions, Verdi made further, more extensive revisions to the opera with additions to the libretto by
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1182:– could hardly be described as "a war for Italy's freedom"; the reference is anachronistic, reflecting the struggle for
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Poster of the
Premiere at Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre, Saint Petersburg on 10 November 1862 (N.S.) (O.S. 29 October 1862)
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Leonora, longing for the peaceful release of death, restates her love for Alvaro and begs God for peace. (
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of all versions of the opera (including material from the original 1861 score) have been prepared by
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underwent some revisions and made its debut abroad with performances in Rome in 1863 under the title
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has acquired a reputation for being cursed, following some unfortunate incidents. In 1960 at the
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is frequently performed, and there have been a number of complete recordings. In addition, the
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Tim Smith, 30 September 2007, "Baltimore Opera tests superstition: Company to take on Verdi's
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whose program book included an essay by Gossett on the evolution of the various versions: "
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1955:
1287:: Three States of One Opera", San Francisco Opera program book, 2005/06 season, pp. x–xiii
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collapsed and died during a performance of the opera. The supposed curse reportedly kept
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1010:– "Rum-tum-tum on the drum is the music that makes a soldier's martial spirit rise").
315:
In November 2005, the critical edition of the 1869 version was first performed by the
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2005:
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1975:
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Don Alvaro, a young nobleman from South America (presumably Peru), has settled in
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The act opens in the crowded dining room of an inn, where the guests include the
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2015:
867:
838:– "Exiled and orphaned far from my childhood home"), she prepares to leave.
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used to follow small rituals during performances to avoid bad luck.
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La vita è inferno all'infelice ... O tu che in seno agli angeli
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Opera world premieres at the Bolshoi Theatre, Saint Petersburg
230:(to the revised version of the opera) is part of the standard
1512:
Un viaggio tra dominante e tonica negli anni del risorgimento
948:
254:, Saint Petersburg, with bilingual Italian and Russian text
937:
Solenne in quest'ora, giurarmi dovete far pago un mio voto
1666:
Nineteenth-Century Italian Opera: From Rossini to Puccini
1573:, New York: Knopf; Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1391:
Mike Mitchell, " 'Cursed' opera to be performed",
1406:"I remember that evening well. It was a performance of
903:
Estremo asil quest'è per me! ... Madre, pietosa Vergine
1612:. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.
1265:"Settling The Score: An Interview With Philip Gossett"
2719:
941:
Morir! Tremenda cosa! ... Urna fatale del mio destino
1594:, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
1340:
Melitz and Osborne, Charles: sources of the synopsis
1186:
taking place at the time when the opera was written.
890:
Set design for Act 2 Secene 2 by Carlo Ferrario for
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2585:
2514:
2405:
2343:
2240:
2157:
1856:
1685:, London & New York: Oxford University Press.
1481:, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
1115:The main theme in the musical scores for the films
103:
87:
79:
69:
34:
1786:for RAI Telecast, Teatro San Carlo di Napoli, 1958
1651:, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
1246:"What is a Critical Edition? How Does it Happen?"
1040:Scene 2: A desolate spot near Leonora's hermitage
238:, often played as the opening piece at concerts.
1145:also plays a thematic role in the novel series
1608:De Van, Gilles (trans. Gilda Roberts) (1998).
1103:from ever performing the opera, and the tenor
926:, an historical event which occurred in 1744.
794:Francesco Maria Piave, librettist of the opera
1825:
1610:Verdi's Theater: Creating Drama Through Music
220:
172:
134:
35:
8:
2456:Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi
1479:Divas and Scholars: Performing Italian Opera
1649:The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas
1832:
1818:
1810:
535:Il Padre Guardiano (The Father Superior),
55:
31:
1747:International Music Score Library Project
914:Scene 1: A forest near Velletri, in Italy
803:The music begins with the opera's "Fate"
1066:in a 1918 Metropolitan Opera performance
1036:– "May the winds carry off with them").
597:Peasants, servants, pilgrims, soldiers,
334:
257:
250:First edition (1862) of the libretto of
2726:
1203:
1171:
988:
1331:David Kimbell 2001, in Holden p. 1000
999:Scene 3: A camp near the battleground
325:Caramoor International Music Festival
145:
7:
1634:, New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.
1510:Mazza Schiantarelli, Simona (2011).
1379:
1366:, despite its history of bad luck",
1316:"Source of cast for revised version"
823:The mansion of Leonora's family, in
180:Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas
1668:, Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press.
1592:Verdi's Middle Period, 1849 to 1859
1318:. L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia
286:. This version, which premiered at
1564:Giuseppe Verdi: His Life and Works
1131:from the duet "Invano, Alvaro" in
851:Scene 1: An inn in the village of
352:Conductor: Edoardo Bauer (Baveri)
323:: Three States of One Opera". The
25:
2797:Libretti by Francesco Maria Piave
1532:, New York: Da Capo Press, 1969.
1395:(Aurora, Illinois), 15 April 2007
1178:The actual war referred to – the
196:). It was first performed in the
2729:
2705:
2704:
2655:Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story
2383:
1632:Verdi: His Music, Life and Times
1549:. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
1161:La forza del destino discography
1008:Rataplan, rataplan, della gloria
989:Problems playing this file? See
964:
1520:The Opera Goer's Complete Guide
1296:Mazza Schiantarelli, p. ??
1255:, University of Chicago website
960:"Nè gustare m'è dato un'ora..."
930:Scene 2: The officers' quarters
174:Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino
147:[laˈfɔrtsadeldeˈstiːno]
97:Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino
1896:I Lombardi alla prima crociata
1866:Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio
1721:Verdi: The Man and His Letters
1700:The Oxford Dictionary of Opera
1590:Chusid, Martin, (ed.) (1997).
1148:A Series of Unfortunate Events
271:After its premiere in Russia,
1:
204:, Russia, on 29 October 1862
2675:Casa di Riposo per Musicisti
2420:Theatres named after Verdi (
1530:The Complete Operas of Verdi
1499:, New York: Penguin Putnam.
1027:1860s postcard showing act 4
872:Son Pereda son ricco d'onore
363:Conductor: Eugenio Terziani
182:, with a scene adapted from
2414:Memorials to Giuseppe Verdi
1497:The New Penguin Opera Guide
1127:(both 1986) was adapted by
1034:Le minacce, i fieri accenti
974:Opening of act 3, scene 3;
900:(Son giunta! Grazie, o Dio!
882:Scene 2: A monastery nearby
2813:
2782:Operas based on literature
2524:Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi
1723:, New York: Vienna House.
1491:Kimbell, David (2001). in
1314:Casaglia, Gherardo (2005).
1180:War of Austrian Succession
1158:
170:based on a Spanish drama,
158:) is an Italian opera by
108:10 November 1862
2787:Operas adapted into films
2701:
2544:Verdi, the King of Melody
2372:String Quartet in E minor
1847:
1791:"La vergine degli angeli"
1514:. Tirano, Italy: Polaris.
595:
368:Il Marchese di Calatrava
54:
43:
2752:Operas by Giuseppe Verdi
2212:Libiamo ne' lieti calici
1698:and West, Ewan (1992).
1679:Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane
1547:The Grove Book of Operas
1434:5000 Nights at the Opera
1251:17 February 2012 at the
870:by the name of Pereda. (
807:, an ominous three note
467:Constance Nantier-Didiée
294:Recent critical editions
2757:Italian-language operas
2449:Giuseppe Verdi Monument
2176:Bella figlia dell'amore
1996:La battaglia di Legnano
1630:Martin, George (1983).
1545:and Laura Macy (2006).
836:Me pellegrina ed orfana
545:Gian Francesco Angelini
198:Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre
122:Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre
27:Opera by Giuseppe Verdi
2056:Les vêpres siciliennes
1770:from aria-database.com
1569:Walker, Frank (1962).
1436:. New York: Doubleday.
1221:"La Forza del Destino"
1067:
1028:
1019:Scene 1: The monastery
953:
895:
795:
783:Place: Spain and Italy
520:a muleteer and peddler
263:
255:
221:
216:
173:
143:Italian pronunciation:
135:
36:
2221:Un dì, felice, eterea
1095:, the noted baritone
1047:
1026:
952:
889:
793:
407:Don Carlo di Vargas,
310:University of Chicago
261:
249:
214:
168:Francesco Maria Piave
154:, often translated
74:Francesco Maria Piave
2683:Verdi Transcriptions
2333:Un ballo in maschera
2279:La forza del destino
2106:La forza del destino
2096:Un ballo in maschera
1850:List of compositions
1775:"Pace, pace mio Dio"
1742:La forza del destino
1518:Melitz, Leo (1921).
1453:La forza del destino
1408:La Forza del Destino
1364:La forza del destino
1285:La forza del destino
1143:La forza del destino
1133:La forza del destino
1072:Pace, pace, mio Dio!
892:La forza del destino
591:Vincenzo Paraboschi
321:La forza del destino
252:La forza del destino
222:La forza del destino
208:(N.S. 10 November).
156:The Force of Destiny
136:La forza del destino
37:La forza del destino
18:La Forza del Destino
2777:Operas set in Italy
2772:Operas set in Spain
2515:Cultural depictions
2394:Quattro pezzi sacri
2242:Opera discographies
1455:. London: Cassell.
1445:The Operas of Verdi
1305:Budden 1984, p. 427
1184:Italian Unification
876:Al suon del tamburo
587:Alessandro Polonini
513:Luigi Alessandrini
317:San Francisco Opera
284:Antonio Ghislanzoni
242:Performance history
2442:Milan Conservatory
2363:Inno delle nazioni
2344:Other compositions
2066:I vespri siciliani
1876:Un giorno di regno
1754:, giuseppeverdi.it
1752:Synopsis, libretto
1683:Verdi: A Biography
1566:, New York: Knopf.
1351:Order of Calatrava
1244:Patricia Brauner,
1210:Sadie 2006, p. 231
1138:The Scarlet Letter
1135:. The Korean film
1093:Metropolitan Opera
1068:
1029:
954:
924:Battle of Velletri
896:
796:
571:Achille De Bassini
419:Francesco Graziani
264:
256:
217:
194:Wallenstein's Camp
189:Wallensteins Lager
184:Friedrich Schiller
124:, Saint Petersburg
61:c. 1870 poster by
2717:
2716:
2557:(1982 miniseries)
2554:The Life of Verdi
2491:Verdi, California
2203:La donna è mobile
1657:978-0-19-531314-7
1555:978-0-19-530907-2
1469:978-0-19-520450-6
1461:978-0-19-520068-3
1447:, Volume 2: From
1368:The Baltimore Sun
1129:Jean-Claude Petit
1124:Manon des Sources
1101:Luciano Pavarotti
969:
786:Time: around 1750
606:
605:
518:Maestro Trabuco,
299:Critical editions
152:The Power of Fate
130:
129:
92:Ángel de Saavedra
16:(Redirected from
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2708:
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2667:Related articles
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2586:Film adaptations
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2380:Messa da Requiem
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1763:English libretto
1758:Italian libretto
1745:: Scores at the
1662:Pistone, Danièle
1526:Osborne, Charles
1515:
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1413:The Snicket File
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951:
553:
527:Geremia Bettini
480:
440:Enrico Tamberlik
430:Leonora's suitor
423:Luigi Colonnese
379:Giuseppe Vecchi
359:
358:27 February 1869
348:10 November 1862
335:
224:
202:Saint Petersburg
176:
149:
144:
138:
115:
113:
59:
39:
32:
21:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2728:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2697:
2690:
2680:
2673:
2662:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2622:
2612:
2602:
2592:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2419:
2412:
2401:
2391:
2378:
2370:
2360:
2353:Suona la tromba
2350:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2073:
2069:(December 1855)
2063:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2023:
2013:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1933:
1926:Giovanna d'Arco
1923:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1852:
1843:
1838:
1798:, performed by
1790:
1782:, performed by
1774:
1737:
1702:New York: OUP.
1509:
1475:Gossett, Philip
1428:
1420:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1393:The Beacon News
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1281:Gossett, Philip
1279:
1275:
1263:
1259:
1253:Wayback Machine
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1113:
1087:Over the years
1085:
1051:
1016:
996:
995:
987:
985:
984:
983:
982:
972:
965:
962:
955:
949:
911:
848:
820:
801:
780:
775:
720:
611:
609:Instrumentation
547:
474:
396:Caroline Barbot
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:Revised version
351:
349:
347:
333:
296:
269:
244:
166:was written by
142:
126:
125:
119:
111:
109:
95:
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2810:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2715:
2714:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2678:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2650:
2640:
2630:
2620:
2610:
2600:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2539:
2534:Giuseppe Verdi
2529:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2463:Verdi (crater)
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2417:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2376:
2368:
2358:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2194:Di quella pira
2189:
2180:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2158:Opera excerpts
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2111:
2101:
2091:
2081:
2071:
2061:
2051:
2041:
2031:
2021:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1961:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:Giuseppe Verdi
1839:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1800:Renata Tebaldi
1787:
1784:Renata Tebaldi
1771:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1736:
1735:External links
1733:
1732:
1731:
1710:
1693:
1676:
1659:
1642:
1628:
1606:
1582:
1581:
1567:
1557:
1543:Sadie, Stanley
1540:
1523:
1516:
1507:
1493:Holden, Amanda
1489:
1472:
1441:Budden, Julian
1438:
1419:
1418:
1397:
1384:
1372:
1355:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1273:
1257:
1237:
1212:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1159:Main article:
1156:
1153:
1112:
1109:
1105:Franco Corelli
1097:Leonard Warren
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1015:
1012:
986:
973:
963:
958:
957:
956:
947:
946:
945:
910:
907:
847:
844:
832:Seville, Spain
819:
816:
814:in the brass.
800:
797:
788:
787:
784:
779:
776:
774:
773:
770:
767:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
736:
721:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
689:
688:
683:
677:
671:
656:
655:
649:
644:(2nd doubling
638:
632:
627:(2nd doubling
612:
610:
607:
604:
603:
593:
592:
589:
584:
581:
577:
576:
573:
568:
565:
561:Fra Melitone,
558:
557:
554:
542:
539:
532:
531:
530:Antonio Tasso
528:
525:
522:
515:
514:
511:
509:Ignazio Marini
506:
503:
499:
498:
495:
492:
491:mezzo-soprano
489:
487:Leonora's maid
482:
481:
472:Ida Benza-Nagy
469:
464:
455:
448:
447:
445:Mario Tiberini
442:
437:
432:
425:
424:
421:
416:
411:
404:
403:
398:
393:
388:
381:
380:
377:
374:
369:
365:
364:
353:
350:St. Petersburg
344:
339:
332:
329:
306:Philip Gossett
295:
292:
268:
265:
243:
240:
160:Giuseppe Verdi
128:
127:
120:
107:
105:
101:
100:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
63:Charles Lecocq
60:
52:
51:
49:Giuseppe Verdi
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2809:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2712:
2711:
2700:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2574:Risorgimento!
2570:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2505:Verdi, Nevada
2502:
2499:
2498:Verdi, Kansas
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1916:I due Foscari
1912:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1768:List of arias
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:0-8443-0088-8
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:Werfel, Franz
1711:
1709:
1708:0-19-869164-5
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:Warrack, John
1694:
1692:
1691:0-19-313204-4
1688:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:0-931340-82-9
1671:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:Parker, Roger
1643:
1641:
1640:0-396-08196-7
1637:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1626:0-226-14370-8
1623:
1619:
1618:0-226-14369-4
1615:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1604:0-226-10659-4
1601:
1600:0-226-10658-6
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:Other sources
1580:
1579:0-226-87132-0
1576:
1572:
1571:The Man Verdi
1568:
1565:
1561:
1560:Toye, Francis
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:0-306-80072-1
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1505:0-14-029312-4
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1487:0-226-30482-5
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1423:Cited sources
1414:
1411:
1409:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1154:
1152:
1151:(1999–2006).
1150:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1064:Rosa Ponselle
1061:
1060:Enrico Caruso
1055:
1050:
1049:Jose Mardones
1046:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1001:
1000:
994:
992:
981:
977:
976:Enrico Caruso
961:
944:
942:
938:
932:
931:
927:
925:
921:
916:
915:
908:
906:
904:
901:
893:
888:
884:
883:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
856:
855:
854:
845:
843:
839:
837:
833:
828:
827:
826:
817:
815:
813:
810:
806:
798:
792:
785:
782:
781:
777:
772:4 side drums.
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
761:
756:
755:double basses
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
740:
737:
735:
731:
730:
729:
727:
726:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
697:
695:
694:
687:
684:
682:
678:
676:
672:
670:
666:
665:
664:
662:
661:
654:
650:
647:
646:bass clarinet
643:
639:
637:
633:
630:
626:
622:
621:
620:
618:
617:
608:
602:
600:
594:
590:
588:
585:
582:
579:
578:
575:Giacomo Rota
574:
572:
569:
566:
564:
560:
559:
556:Marcel Junca
555:
551:
546:
543:
540:
538:
534:
533:
529:
526:
523:
521:
517:
516:
512:
510:
507:
504:
501:
500:
496:
493:
490:
488:
484:
483:
478:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
459:
458:mezzo-soprano
456:
454:
453:a young gypsy
451:Preziosilla,
450:
449:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
427:
426:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
406:
405:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
383:
382:
378:
375:
373:
370:
367:
366:
354:
346:Premiere cast
345:
343:
340:
337:
336:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
304:
300:
293:
291:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
266:
262:Verdi in 1859
260:
253:
248:
241:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
223:
213:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
177:
175:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
140:
139:
137:
123:
118:
106:
102:
98:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
64:
58:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2703:
2682:
2654:
2644:
2634:
2624:
2614:
2604:
2594:
2577:(2011 opera)
2572:
2562:
2552:
2542:
2532:
2522:
2406:Recognitions
2392:
2361:
2351:
2332:
2323:
2315:Il trovatore
2314:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2230:Va, pensiero
2185:Celeste Aida
2167:Anvil Chorus
2144:
2134:
2124:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2084:
2074:
2064:
2054:
2044:
2036:Il trovatore
2034:
2024:
2014:
2006:Luisa Miller
2004:
1994:
1984:
1974:
1966:I masnadieri
1964:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1864:
1741:
1720:
1717:Stefan, Paul
1699:
1682:
1665:
1648:
1631:
1620:(hardback),
1609:
1591:
1584:
1583:
1570:
1563:
1546:
1529:
1519:
1511:
1496:
1478:
1471:(paperback).
1463:(hardcover)
1452:
1449:Il trovatore
1448:
1444:
1433:
1430:Bing, Rudolf
1422:
1421:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1320:(in Italian)
1310:
1301:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1224:
1215:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1174:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1088:
1086:
1083:Superstition
1071:
1069:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1018:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:
940:
936:
933:
929:
928:
919:
917:
913:
912:
902:
899:
897:
894:(Milan 1869)
891:
881:
880:
875:
871:
863:
861:
857:
853:Hornachuelos
850:
849:
840:
835:
829:
822:
821:
802:
759:
723:
722:
691:
690:
658:
657:
614:
613:
596:
563:a Franciscan
562:
537:a Franciscan
536:
519:
486:
452:
429:
428:Don Alvaro,
408:
401:Teresa Stolz
386:his daughter
385:
320:
314:
303:musicologist
297:
281:
276:
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251:
219:
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171:
155:
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131:
96:
29:
2762:1862 operas
2692:Villa Verdi
2615:La Traviata
2567:(1985 play)
2547:(1953 film)
2537:(1938 film)
2477:Verdi Range
2470:Verdi Inlet
2397:(1889–1897)
2324:La traviata
2059:(June 1855)
2046:La traviata
1382:, p. .
1269:Opera Today
1111:Other media
1052: [
599:vivandières
548: [
497:Ester Neri
494:Lagramante
475: [
178:(1835), by
2746:Categories
2685:(Finnissy)
2564:After Aida
2484:3975 Verdi
2261:Don Carlos
2119:(1867/84)
2116:Don Carlos
2109:(1862/69)
1986:Il corsaro
1959:(1847/65)
1194:References
1155:Recordings
991:media help
769:6 trumpets
693:Percussion
601:and friars
580:A surgeon
342:Voice type
277:Don Alvaro
236:orchestras
232:repertoire
112:1862-11-10
70:Librettist
2306:Rigoletto
2079:(1857/81)
2026:Rigoletto
2016:Stiffelio
1976:Jérusalem
1528:(1969).
1380:Bing 1972
1225:Operabase
868:Salamanca
760:Onstage:
716:bass drum
706:side drum
681:trombones
642:clarinets
616:Woodwinds
567:baritone
462:contralto
384:Leonora,
267:Revisions
2710:Category
2430:Florence
2422:Brindisi
2270:Falstaff
2146:Falstaff
1719:(1973).
1681:(1993).
1664:(1995).
1647:(2007).
1562:(1931).
1477:(2006).
1443:(1984).
1432:(1972).
1249:Archived
1230:26 March
1089:La forza
799:Overture
778:Synopsis
686:cimbasso
675:trumpets
653:bassoons
414:baritone
288:La Scala
273:La forza
228:overture
164:libretto
104:Premiere
88:Based on
80:Language
2635:Macbeth
2434:Trieste
2426:Busseto
2382:(1874)
2288:Macbeth
2139:(1887)
2129:(1871)
2099:(1859)
2049:(1853)
2039:(1853)
2029:(1851)
1956:Macbeth
1886:Nabucco
1804:Firenze
1796:YouTube
1780:YouTube
1495:(Ed.),
1283:2005, "
935:them: (
864:alcalde
825:Seville
739:violins
725:Strings
711:cymbals
701:timpani
629:piccolo
485:Curra,
409:his son
391:soprano
308:of the
162:. The
110: (
99:of 1835
83:Italian
2767:Operas
2722:Portal
2658:(2005)
2648:(1987)
2638:(1987)
2628:(1986)
2625:Otello
2618:(1983)
2608:(1953)
2598:(1906)
2595:Otello
2527:(1886)
2374:(1873)
2366:(1862)
2356:(1848)
2297:Otello
2149:(1893)
2136:Otello
2089:(1857)
2086:Aroldo
2019:(1850)
2009:(1849)
1999:(1849)
1989:(1848)
1979:(1847)
1969:(1847)
1949:(1846)
1946:Attila
1939:(1845)
1936:Alzira
1929:(1845)
1919:(1844)
1909:(1844)
1906:Ernani
1899:(1843)
1889:(1842)
1879:(1840)
1869:(1839)
1857:Operas
1806:, 1956
1727:
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1689:
1672:
1655:
1638:
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1503:
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1467:
1459:
812:unison
750:cellos
745:violas
625:flutes
524:tenor
502:Mayor
2736:Opera
1199:Notes
1166:Notes
1056:]
1014:Act 4
909:Act 3
846:Act 2
818:Act 1
805:motif
765:organ
741:I, II
734:harps
669:horns
660:Brass
636:oboes
583:bass
552:]
541:bass
505:bass
479:]
435:tenor
361:Milan
338:Role
331:Roles
45:Opera
2645:Aida
2605:Aida
2252:Aida
2126:Aida
1725:ISBN
1715:and
1704:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1483:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1349:The
1232:2018
1121:and
1062:and
978:and
376:Meo
372:bass
234:for
206:O.S.
117:N.S.
1794:on
1778:on
1451:to
200:of
186:'s
47:by
2748::
2432:-
2428:-
2424:-
1802:,
1602:,
1267:,
1223:.
1058:,
1054:es
732:2
728::
696::
679:3
673:2
667:4
663::
651:2
640:2
634:2
623:2
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550:it
477:hu
312:.
150:;
94:'s
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1833:e
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809:E
648:)
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460:/
192:(
141:(
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