53:
257:, is a disorder of sight in which the brain fails to fully process input from one eye and over time favors the other eye. It results in decreased vision in an eye that typically appears normal in other aspects. Amblyopia is the most common cause of decreased vision in a single eye among children and younger adults.
1095:
Putting special eye drops in the stronger eye. A once-a-day drop of the drug atropine can temporarily blur near vision, which forces the brain to use the other eye. For some kids, this treatment works as well as an eye patch, and some parents find it easier to use (for example, because young children
647:
in the good eye, or both. Atropine appears to result in similar outcomes to patching. If there is overpatching or overpenalizing the good eye when treating amblyopia, "reverse amblyopia" can result. Eye patching is usually done on a part-time schedule of about 4β6 hours a day. Treatment is continued
630:
may be able to identify, already in very young children, amblyopia that is associated with strabismus, microstrabismus, or reduced fixation accuracy. Diagnosis and treatment of amblyopia as early as possible is necessary to keep the vision loss to a minimum. Screening for amblyopia is recommended in
613:
Amblyopia is diagnosed by identifying low visual acuity in one or both eyes, out of proportion to the structural abnormality of the eye and excluding other visual disorders as causes for the lowered visual acuity. It can be defined as an interocular difference of two lines or more in acuity (e.g. on
702:
may temporarily improve contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution in the affected eye of adults with amblyopia. This approach is still under development, and the results await verification by other researchers. Comparable results may be achieved using different types of brain stimulation, such as
584:
Amblyopia is a developmental problem in the brain, not any intrinsic, organic neurological problem in the eyeball (although organic problems can lead to amblyopia which can continue to exist after the organic problem has resolved by medical intervention). The part of the brain receiving images from
517:
between the two eyes. The eye which provides the brain with a clearer image typically becomes the dominant eye. The image in the other eye is blurred, which results in abnormal development of one half of the visual system. Refractive amblyopia is usually less severe than strabismic amblyopia and is
449:
Strabismus, sometimes also incorrectly called lazy eye, is a condition in which the eyes are misaligned. Strabismus usually results in normal vision in the preferred sighting (or "fellow") eye (the eye that the person prefers to use), but may cause abnormal vision in the deviating or strabismic eye
522:
because of its less dramatic appearance and lack of obvious physical manifestation, such as with strabismus. Given that the refractive correction of anisometropia by means of spectacles typically leads to different image magnification for the two eyes, which may in turn prevent binocular vision, a
651:
Deprivation amblyopia is treated by removing the opacity as soon as possible followed by patching or penalizing the good eye to encourage the use of the amblyopic eye. The earlier the treatment is initiated, the easier and faster the treatment is and the less psychologically damaging. Also, the
298:
Amblyopia begins by the age of five. In adults, the disorder is estimated to affect 1β5% of the population. While treatment improves vision, it does not typically restore it to normal in the affected eye. Amblyopia was first described in the 1600s. The condition may make people ineligible to be
727:
A 2014 Cochrane review sought to determine the effectiveness of occlusion treatment on patients with sensory deprivation amblyopia, but no trials were found eligible to be included in the review. However, good outcomes from occlusion treatment for sensory deprivation amblyopia likely rely on
501:. This helps to prevent the bullying and teasing associated with wearing a patch, although sometimes application of the eye drops is challenging. The ocular alignment itself may be treated with surgical or nonsurgical methods, depending on the type and severity of the strabismus.
719:
that is modified such that each eye sees separate components of the game may also help to treat this condition in adults. Furthermore, the effects of this kind of therapy may be further enhanced by noninvasive brain stimulation as shown by a recent study using anodal
618:) when the eye optics are maximally corrected. In young children, visual acuity is difficult to measure and can be estimated by observing the reactions of the patient when one eye is covered, including observing the patient's ability to follow objects with one eye.
659:
providers, Barmer, has changed its policy to cover, as of 1 April 2014, the cost of software for amblyopic children whose condition did not improve through patching. The app offers dedicated eye exercises that the patient performs while wearing an eyepatch.
714:
A 2013 study concluded that converging evidence indicates decorrelated binocular experience plays a pivotal role in the genesis of amblyopia and the associated residual deficits. Another study of 2013 suggests that playing a version of the popular game
462:
from one of the eyes, eliminating the double vision. This plastic response of the brain interrupts the brain's normal development, resulting in the amblyopia. Recent evidence points to a cause of infantile strabismus lying with the input to the
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haziness. These opacities prevent adequate visual input from reaching the eye, and disrupt development. If not treated in a timely fashion, amblyopia may persist even after the cause of the opacity is removed. Sometimes, drooping of the
538:
Frequently, amblyopia is associated with a combination of anisometropia and strabismus. In some cases, the vision between the eyes can differ to the point where one eye has twice average vision while the other eye is completely blind.
323:
Many people with amblyopia, especially those who only have a mild form, are not aware they have the condition until tested at older ages, since the vision in their stronger eye is normal. People with amblyopia typically have poor
639:
Treatment of strabismic or anisometropic amblyopia consists of correcting the optical deficit (wearing the necessary spectacle prescription) and often forcing use of the amblyopic eye, by patching the good eye, or instilling
2797:
Spiegel DP, Byblow WD, Hess RF, Thompson B (October 2013). "Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation transiently improves contrast sensitivity and normalizes visual cortex activation in individuals with amblyopia".
2044:
Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, et al. (September 2017). "Vision
Screening in Children Aged 6 Months to 5 Years: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement".
625:
are not reliable exclusion tests for amblyopia. A person who passes the Lang stereotest test is unlikely to have strabismic amblyopia, but could nonetheless have refractive or deprivational amblyopia. Binocular
2280:
355:, as well as spatial distortion, abnormal spatial interactions, and impaired contour detection. In addition, individuals with amblyopia have binocular abnormalities such as impaired stereoacuity (
287:
may be all the treatment needed for some children. If this is not sufficient, treatments which encourage or force the child to use the weaker eye are used. This is done by either using a
276:
of an eye (deprivational). After the underlying cause is addressed, vision is not restored right away, as the mechanism also involves the brain. Amblyopia can be difficult to detect, so
568:) or some other problem causes the upper eyelid to physically occlude a child's vision, which may cause amblyopia quickly. Occlusion amblyopia may be a complication of a
4446:
2272:
3843:
1783:
Astle WF, Rahmat J, Ingram AD, Huang PT (December 2007). "Laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy for anisometropic amblyopia in children: outcomes at 1 year".
470:
Those with strabismic amblyopia tend to show ocular motion deficits when reading, even when they use the nonamblyopic eye. In particular, they tend to make more
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the affected eye is not stimulated properly and does not develop to its full visual potential. This has been confirmed by direct brain examination.
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721:
704:
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Kanonidou E, Proudlock FA, Gottlob I (July 2010). "Reading strategies in mild to moderate strabismic amblyopia: an eye movement investigation".
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4458:
4283:
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Amblyopia occurs in 2β5% of the population in
Western countries. In the UK, 90% of visual health appointments in the child concern amblyopia.
2024:
1442:
1121:
1013:
879:
594:
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Clavagnier S, Thompson B, Hess RF (November 2013). "Long lasting effects of daily theta burst rTMS sessions in the human amblyopic cortex".
1826:
Angell LK, Robb RM, Berson FG (December 1981). "Visual prognosis in patients with ruptures in
Descemet's membrane due to forceps injuries".
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that blocks some or all of the eye. Other possible causes of deprivation and occlusion amblyopia include obstruction in the vitreous and
450:
due to the difference between the images projecting to the brain from the two eyes. Adult-onset strabismus usually causes double vision (
4436:
2030:
1127:
4431:
4318:
3885:
3111:
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Thompson B, Mansouri B, Koski L, Hess RF (July 2008). "Brain plasticity in the adult: modulation of function in amblyopia with rTMS".
2207:
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1501:
Tychsen L (August 2012). "The cause of infantile strabismus lies upstairs in the cerebral cortex, not downstairs in the brainstem".
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117:
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These deficits are usually specific to the amblyopic eye. Subclinical deficits of the "better" eye have also been demonstrated.
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drops to temporarily paralyze the accommodation reflex, leading to the blurring of vision in the good eye. It also dilates the
4146:
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627:
485:
Strabismic amblyopia is treated by clarifying the visual image with glasses, or encouraging use of the amblyopic eye with an
295:
in the stronger eye. Without treatment, amblyopia typically persists. Treatment in adulthood is usually much less effective.
4239:
4130:
3996:
872:
Ferri's differential diagnosis: a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders
2707:
Hess RF, Thompson B (February 2013). "New insights into amblyopia: binocular therapy and noninvasive brain stimulation".
1705:
Weakley DR (January 2001). "The association between nonstrabismic anisometropia, amblyopia, and subnormal binocularity".
648:
as long as vision improves. It is not worthwhile continuing to patch for more than 6 months if no improvement continues.
4637:
4328:
4313:
1114:
Visual
Impairments and Developmental Disorders: From diagnosis to rehabilitation Mariani Foundation Paediatric Neurology
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The cause of amblyopia can be any condition that interferes with focusing during early childhood. This can occur from
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4196:
3716:
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2492:"The prevalence of amblyopia in Germany: data from the prospective, population-based Gutenberg Health Study"
2345:"Perceptual learning improves contrast sensitivity and visual acuity in adults with anisometropic amblyopia"
4911:
4881:
4816:
4811:
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3816:
3681:
3441:
1171:
Hess RF, Mansouri B, Dakin SC, Allen HA (May 2006). "Integration of local motion is normal in amblyopia".
737:
519:
343:
Amblyopia is characterized by several functional abnormalities in spatial vision, including reductions in
328:, since it requires both eyes. They further may have, on the affected eye, poor pattern recognition, poor
207:
3411:
4854:
4530:
2225:"Amblyopia treatment outcomes after screening before or at age 3 years: follow up from randomised trial"
1670:
Rutstein RF, Corliss D (April 1999). "Relationship between
Anisometropia, Amblyopia, and Binocularity".
656:
513:(unequal refractive error between the two eyes). Anisometropia exists when there is a difference in the
381:
and usually have difficulty seeing the three-dimensional images in hidden stereoscopic displays such as
1538:"The effect of font size on reading performance in strabismic amblyopia: an eye movement investigation"
2394:"Can perceptual learning be used to treat amblyopia beyond the critical period of visual development?"
1375:
Mohammadpour, M; Shaabani, A; Sahraian, A; Momenaei, B; Tayebi, F; Bayat, R; Mirshahi, R (June 2019).
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Elflein HM, Fresenius S, Lamparter J, Pitz S, Pfeiffer N, Binder H, Wild P, Mirshahi A (May 2015).
1999:
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552:
432:
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3007:"Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances recovery of stereopsis in adults with amblyopia"
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Antonio-Santos, Aileen; Vedula, S. Swaroop; Hatt, Sarah R.; Powell, Christine (23 March 2020).
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2020:
1946:
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Deprivational: by deprivation of vision early in life by vision-obstructing disorders such as
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333:
195:
137:
2014:
1109:
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1991:
1936:
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1334:
1289:
1248:
1238:
1188:
1050:
1042:
963:
919:
911:
836:
576:. Deprivation amblyopia accounts for less than 3% of all individuals affected by amblyopia.
548:
514:
378:
374:
158:
73:
2104:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 5 December 2019.
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4705:
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2098:"A patch or eye drops are similarly effective for the treatment of "lazy eye" in children"
602:
565:
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200:
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1992:
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2565:
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2443:"Prentice award lecture 2011: removing the brakes on plasticity in the amblyopic brain"
2442:
2418:
2393:
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2132:
1900:
1867:
1403:
1376:
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382:
352:
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2249:
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1718:
1627:
Holmes JM, Repka MX, Kraker RT, Clarke MP (March 2006). "The treatment of amblyopia".
1338:
1253:
1218:
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Depending on the chosen criterion for diagnosis, 1β4% of the children have amblyopia.
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4891:
4746:
4686:
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4351:
4298:
4228:
4137:
4024:
4001:
3929:
3838:
3643:
3548:
3151:
Stewart CE, Moseley MJ, Fielder AR (September 2011). "Amblyopia therapy: an update".
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2901:
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2409:
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2074:
1965:
1683:
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856:
615:
510:
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184:
142:
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2087:
Coats DK and Paysse EA. Overview of amblyopia UpToDate. Last updated: 25 Sep 2014
1883:
1812:
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is a treatment option, in particular if conventional approaches have failed due to
524:
454:), since the two eyes are not fixed on the same object. Children's brains are more
3380:
698:
A 2009 study, widely reported in the popular press, has suggested that repetitive
547:
Deprivation amblyopia (amblyopia ex anopsia) results when the ocular media become
3334:
3164:
3140:
2720:
2458:
2361:
2344:
679:. Tentative evidence shows that perceptual training may be beneficial in adults.
17:
4955:
4906:
4849:
4844:
4801:
4779:
4690:
4681:
4601:
4579:
4391:
4363:
4161:
4029:
3870:
3691:
3568:
3520:
3467:
3364:
3129:
675:
Treatment of individuals age 9 through to adulthood is possible through applied
532:
425:
284:
265:
220:
216:
180:
3005:
Spiegel DP, Li J, Hess RF, Byblow WD, Deng D, Yu M, Thompson B (October 2013).
1796:
1393:
1223:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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4695:
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3726:
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3189:
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2658:
2507:
2240:
1640:
1471:
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1008:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 110.
622:
569:
444:
406:
325:
261:
176:
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3249:
2811:
1891:
1303:
915:
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chance of achieving 20/20 vision is greater if treatment is initiated early.
4927:
4901:
4775:
4709:
4594:
4589:
4574:
4570:
4108:
3806:
3783:
3596:
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3538:
3515:
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1761:
1243:
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479:
212:
146:
52:
3268:
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3172:
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2819:
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2728:
2666:
2623:
2574:
2525:
2476:
2427:
2370:
2329:
2258:
2166:
2066:
1950:
1909:
1804:
1757:
1726:
1691:
1648:
1608:
1573:
1522:
1479:
1412:
1346:
1325:
Simons K (2005). "Amblyopia characterization, treatment, and prophylaxis".
1311:
1262:
1200:
1064:
977:
933:
848:
605:". The maximum "critical period" in humans is from birth to two years old.
601:
produced in kittens by sufficient visual deprivation during the so-called "
2109:
1847:
1554:
1537:
952:"Amblyopia: prevalence, natural history, functional effects and treatment"
4966:
4731:
4265:
4068:
3699:
2556:
1600:
644:
494:
490:
486:
451:
390:
364:
292:
288:
273:
234:
188:
3391:
2541:"Design of the Monitored Occlusion Treatment of Amblyopia Study (MOTAS)"
2133:"Conventional occlusion versus pharmacologic penalization for amblyopia"
4793:
4736:
4278:
4085:
4016:
3986:
3976:
3583:
2223:
Williams C, Northstone K, Harrad RA, Sparrow JM, Harvey I (June 2002).
1458:
Levi DM (March 2006). "Visual processing in amblyopia: human studies".
641:
573:
474:
per line than persons with normal stereo vision, and to have a reduced
471:
230:
3291:
2766:
2747:"Binocular vision in amblyopia: structure, suppression and plasticity"
2275:[Prescription app: Barmer pays for internet-based treatment].
1564:
840:
4896:
3798:
3775:
3495:
3425:
Look After Your Eyes - patient information on
Amblyopia or 'lazy eye'
3303:
874:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. p. Chapter A.
716:
561:
556:
417:
1294:
1277:
1108:
Bianchi PE, Ricciardelli G, Bianchi A, Arbanini A, Fazzi E (2016).
4868:
1941:
1924:
1362:
Binocular Vision In, Duane's
Foundations of Clinical Ophthalmology
498:
428:), or by significant amount of equal refractive error in both eyes
280:
is recommended for all children around the ages of four to five.
3948:
3510:
827:
Jefferis JM, Connor AJ, Clarke MP (November 2015). "Amblyopia".
708:
4953:
4349:
3752:
3481:
3437:
2935:"Dichoptic training enables the adult amblyopic brain to learn"
2933:
Li J, Thompson B, Deng D, Chan LY, Yu M, Hess RF (April 2013).
2539:
Stewart CE, Fielder AR, Stephens DA, Moseley MJ (August 2002).
2343:
Zhou Y, Huang C, Xu P, Tao L, Qiu Z, Li X, Lu ZL (March 2006).
597:
in 1981 for their work in showing the extent of the damage to
493:
of the better eye. Penalization usually consists of applying
3190:"Plasticity of the visual cortex and treatment of amblyopia"
2273:"App auf Rezept: Barmer bezahlt internetbasierte Behandlung"
1742:"Commonly missed diagnoses in the childhood eye examination"
1219:"Improving vision in adult amblyopia by perceptual learning"
3419:
109:
103:
97:
91:
385:. Perception of depth, from monocular cues such as size,
79:
60:
A child wearing an adhesive eyepatch to correct amblyopia
181:
being irregularly shaped such that focusing is difficult
2740:
2738:
1276:
Levi, Dennis M.; Song, Shuang; Pelli, Denis G. (2007).
2019:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 16.
1536:
Kanonidou E, Gottlob I, Proudlock FA (January 2014).
118:
76:
3281:
100:
88:
85:
4920:
4867:
4832:
4792:
4704:
4655:
4620:
4561:
4529:
4497:
4476:
4417:
4362:
4258:
4099:
4059:
4015:
3956:
3947:
3797:
3774:
3765:
3690:
3652:
3619:
3582:
3503:
3494:
3355:
3285:
1217:Polat U, Ma-Naim T, Belkin M, Sagi D (April 2004).
240:
226:
206:
194:
172:
164:
152:
136:
94:
82:
64:
42:
37:
27:Failure of the brain to process input from one eye
4442:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
3135:Chapter Treatment of Amblyopia pp. 167β180,
1589:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
1542:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
1364:. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co.
631:all people between three and five years of age.
2016:Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology: A Practical Guide
2392:Astle AT, Webb BS, McGraw PV (November 2011).
1994:Handbook of Pediatric Strabismus and Amblyopia
1868:"Occlusion for stimulus deprivation amblyopia"
1431:Handbook of Pediatric Strabismus and Amblyopia
1377:"Updates on managements of pediatric cataract"
3449:
3124:Chapter What is Amblyopia? pp. 123β145,
1925:"The pattern of visual deficits in amblyopia"
1360:Tyler CW (2004). Tasman W, Jaeger EA (eds.).
8:
4516:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
3231:Hamm LM, Black J, Dai S, Thompson B (2014).
2745:Hess RF, Thompson B, Baker DH (March 2014).
2200:Vaughan & Asbury's general ophthalmology
2198:Cunningham ET, Riordan-Eva P (17 May 2011).
1110:"Chapter 2: Visual Development in Childhood"
478:, especially when reading a text with small
373:People with amblyopia also have problems of
363:. Also, central vision in amblyopes is more
283:Early detection improves treatment success.
3844:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
1872:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1429:Wright KW, Spiegel PH, Thompson LS (2006).
1424:
1422:
1173:Journal of the Optical Society of America A
106:
4950:
4714:
4503:
4494:
4372:
4359:
4346:
3953:
3771:
3762:
3749:
3500:
3491:
3478:
3456:
3442:
3434:
3282:
3233:"Global processing in amblyopia: a review"
2690:"Magnetic Pulses To Brain Help 'Lazy Eye'"
1785:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
898:Maconachie GD, Gottlob I (December 2015).
777:
775:
773:
51:
34:
3258:
3248:
3213:
3084:
3030:
2958:
2909:
2765:
2613:
2564:
2515:
2466:
2417:
2360:
2319:
2248:
2156:
1985:
1983:
1940:
1899:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1563:
1553:
1402:
1392:
1293:
1252:
1242:
1054:
997:
995:
967:
945:
943:
923:
893:
891:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
367:than central vision in normal observers.
268:such that focusing is difficult, one eye
2984:"Tetris Video Game Helps Treat Lazy Eye"
1212:
1210:
900:"The challenges of amblyopia treatment"
749:
705:transcranial direct current stimulation
2202:(18th ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical.
2033:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2013:Schiefer U, Wilhelm H, Hart W (2007).
1923:McKee SP, Levi DM, Movshon JA (2003).
1130:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2800:Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
2754:Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics
2398:Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics
2302:West, S; Williams, C (30 June 2011).
1861:
1859:
1857:
1152:from the original on 8 September 2017
956:Clinical & Experimental Optometry
595:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
509:Refractive amblyopia may result from
7:
4324:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
3065:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
2890:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
2696:from the original on 8 January 2009.
2594:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
2545:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
1840:10.1001/archopht.1981.03930021013004
1116:. John Libbey Eurotext. p. 26.
299:pilots or police officers. The word
270:being more nearsighted or farsighted
185:being more nearsighted or farsighted
4447:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
4284:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
950:Webber AL, Wood J (November 2005).
416:(difference of a certain degree of
4319:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
2496:Deutsches Γrzteblatt International
2283:from the original on 29 March 2014
2131:Li T, Qureshi R, Taylor K (2019).
1031:"Linking assumptions in amblyopia"
969:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2005.tb05102.x
25:
4997:Visual disturbances and blindness
4047:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
1339:10.1016/j.survophthal.2004.12.005
1112:. In Fazzi E, Bianchi PE (eds.).
1096:may try to pull off eye patches).
793:from the original on 27 July 2016
700:transcranial magnetic stimulation
401:Amblyopia has three main causes:
4152:Central retinal artery occlusion
3077:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.11.001
3061:"Amblyopia and binocular vision"
2902:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.11.001
2886:"Amblyopia and binocular vision"
2606:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.11.001
2590:"Amblyopia and binocular vision"
2410:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00873.x
2180:Amblyopia NEI Health Information
1684:10.1097/00006324-199904000-00026
1515:10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.1481
1381:Journal of Current Ophthalmology
272:than the other (refractive), or
72:
4157:Branch retinal artery occlusion
3886:Terrien's marginal degeneration
1998:. New-York: Springer. pp.
1740:Simon JW, Kaw P (August 2001).
728:compliance with the treatment.
535:or lack of compliance or both.
4187:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
4147:Central retinal vein occlusion
3876:Pellucid marginal degeneration
2149:10.1002/14651858.CD006460.pub3
1884:10.1002/14651858.CD005136.pub4
1672:Optometry & Vision Science
1278:"Amblyopic reading is crowded"
1005:The 5-minute pediatric consult
657:German public health insurance
628:retinal birefringence scanning
458:, so can more easily adapt by
1:
4240:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
4131:Posterior vitreous detachment
3997:Persistent pupillary membrane
3188:Sengpiel F (September 2014).
2982:Nordqvist J (23 April 2013).
1719:10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00425-5
1142:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
377:such as limited stereoscopic
4727:Leber's congenital amaurosis
4638:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
4329:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
4314:Persistent fetal vasculature
4245:Leber's congenital amaurosis
3406:National Eye Institute (NEI)
3165:10.3109/09273972.2011.600421
3141:10.1007/978-1-4614-9059-3_10
3106:(Third ed.). Springer.
2721:10.1016/j.jaapos.2012.10.018
2459:10.1097/OPX.0b013e318257a187
2447:Optometry and Vision Science
2362:10.1016/j.visres.2005.07.031
2279:(in German). 28 March 2014.
529:pediatric refractive surgery
523:refractive correction using
3526:Meibomian gland dysfunction
3130:10.1007/978-1-4614-9059-3_8
551:, such as is the case with
5013:
4250:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
4224:Central serous retinopathy
4042:Focal choroidal excavation
3915:Corneal neovascularization
3732:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
2137:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
1797:10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.07.024
1394:10.1016/j.joco.2018.11.005
527:is to be considered. Also
491:pharmacologic penalization
442:
311:, meaning "blunt", and α½€Ο
262:poor alignment of the eyes
177:Poor alignment of the eyes
4962:
4949:
4717:
4633:Convergence insufficiency
4506:
4375:
4358:
4345:
4274:Primary juvenile glaucoma
4119:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
3761:
3748:
3534:
3490:
3477:
3468:Diseases of the human eye
3215:10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.063
3023:10.1007/s13311-013-0200-y
2960:10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.059
2855:10.1016/j.brs.2013.04.002
2659:10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.052
2508:10.3238/arztebl.2015.0338
2241:10.1136/bmj.324.7353.1549
2185:11 September 2005 at the
1828:Archives of Ophthalmology
1746:American Family Physician
1641:10.1080/09273970500536227
1503:Archives of Ophthalmology
1472:10.1080/09273970500536243
1047:10.1017/S0952523813000023
1029:Levi DM (November 2013).
543:Deprivation and occlusion
489:over the dominant eye or
332:, and low sensitivity to
59:
50:
4143:Ocular ischemic syndrome
3250:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00583
2988:Medical News Today (MNT)
2812:10.1177/1545968313491006
916:10.1016/j.bj.2015.06.001
599:ocular dominance columns
266:being irregularly shaped
4643:One and a half syndrome
4397:Foster Kennedy syndrome
3429:College of Optometrists
3416:National Health Service
3237:Frontiers in Psychology
3059:Birch EE (March 2013).
2884:Birch EE (March 2013).
2588:Birch EE (March 2013).
2059:10.1001/jama.2017.11260
1327:Survey of Ophthalmology
1244:10.1073/pnas.0401200101
1193:10.1364/JOSAA.23.000986
783:"Facts About Amblyopia"
667:is unclear as of 2011.
520:primary care physicians
4882:Argyll Robertson pupil
3682:Periorbital cellulitis
3102:Daw, Nigel W. (2014).
1968:. Optometrists Network
1966:"All About Strabismus"
1433:. New York, New York:
1083:National Eye Institute
1079:"Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)"
787:National Eye Institute
738:Functional visual loss
208:Differential diagnosis
4855:Scintillating scotoma
4521:KearnsβSayre syndrome
4464:Toxic and nutritional
4437:posterior (PION)
3920:KayserβFleischer ring
2441:Levi DM (June 2012).
2308:BMJ Clinical Evidence
2110:10.3310/signal-000849
1555:10.1167/iovs.13-13257
621:Stereotests like the
443:Further information:
264:(strabismic), an eye
4628:Conjugate gaze palsy
4499:Paralytic strabismus
4432:anterior (AION)
4214:Retinitis pigmentosa
4209:Macular degeneration
3982:Intermediate uveitis
3898:Keratoconjunctivitis
2557:10.1136/bjo.86.8.915
1964:Cooper J, Cooper R.
1764:on 12 September 2005
1601:10.1167/iovs.09-4236
1002:Schwartz MW (2002).
349:contrast sensitivity
274:clouding of the lens
189:clouding of the lens
4933:Childhood blindness
4912:Parinaud's syndrome
4482:Extraocular muscles
4270:Ocular hypertension
4234:Epiretinal membrane
4219:Retinal haemorrhage
4074:Congenital cataract
3206:2014CBio...24.R936S
2951:2013CBio...23.R308L
2651:2008CBio...18.1067T
1235:2004PNAS..101.6692P
1185:2006JOSAA..23..986H
1035:Visual Neuroscience
677:perceptual learning
553:congenital cataract
518:commonly missed by
433:congenital cataract
361:binocular summation
357:stereoscopic acuity
315:, meaning "sight".
4459:Leber's hereditary
4126:Retinal detachment
4079:Childhood cataract
3891:Post-LASIK ectasia
3672:Orbital cellulitis
3621:Lacrimal apparatus
3356:External resources
3104:Visual Development
1990:Wright WK (2006).
904:Biomedical Journal
789:. September 2013.
460:suppressing images
319:Signs and symptoms
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4887:Marcus Gunn pupil
4863:
4862:
4784:Visual impairment
4651:
4650:
4557:
4556:
4544:Fourth-nerve (IV)
4472:
4471:
4409:Optic disc drusen
4341:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4055:
4054:
3943:
3942:
3849:Corneal dystrophy
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3615:
3614:
3401:
3400:
3200:(18): R936βR940.
3011:Neurotherapeutics
2843:Brain Stimulation
2767:10.1111/opo.12123
2026:978-3-540-32708-0
1929:Journal of Vision
1444:978-0-387-27924-4
1282:Journal of Vision
1123:978-2-7420-1482-8
1015:978-0-7817-3539-1
881:978-0-323-07699-9
870:Ferri FF (2010).
841:10.1136/bmj.h5811
409:(misaligned eyes)
248:
247:
196:Diagnostic method
32:Medical condition
18:Lazy eye syndrome
16:(Redirected from
5004:
4951:
4715:
4706:Vision disorders
4665:Refractive error
4607:Brown's syndrome
4563:Other strabismus
4549:Sixth-nerve (VI)
4539:Oculomotor (III)
4511:Ophthalmoparesis
4504:
4495:
4486:Binocular vision
4419:Optic neuropathy
4385:optic papillitis
4373:
4360:
4347:
4236:(Macular pucker)
3954:
3935:Band keratopathy
3772:
3763:
3750:
3677:Orbital lymphoma
3564:Blepharophimosis
3554:Blepharochalasis
3501:
3492:
3479:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3435:
3283:
3272:
3262:
3252:
3227:
3217:
3184:
3117:
3098:
3088:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2990:. Archived from
2979:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2769:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2709:Journal of AAPOS
2704:
2698:
2697:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2364:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2277:aerztezeitung.de
2269:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2195:
2189:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1863:
1852:
1851:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1760:. Archived from
1737:
1731:
1730:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1624:
1613:
1612:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1557:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1396:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1297:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1026:
1020:
1019:
999:
990:
989:
971:
947:
938:
937:
927:
895:
886:
885:
867:
861:
860:
824:
803:
802:
800:
798:
779:
707:and theta burst
393:remains normal.
379:depth perception
375:binocular vision
159:Decreased vision
125:
121:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
55:
35:
21:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4976:
4958:
4937:
4916:
4859:
4828:
4788:
4742:Color blindness
4708:
4700:
4647:
4621:Other binocular
4616:
4553:
4525:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4468:
4413:
4366:
4354:
4333:
4289:Ocular hypotony
4254:
4114:Chorioretinitis
4095:
4051:
4035:Chorioretinitis
4011:
3992:Rubeosis iridis
3970:
3939:
3910:Corneal opacity
3866:Corneal ectasia
3793:
3757:
3736:
3722:Pseudopterygium
3686:
3648:
3611:
3578:
3574:Ankyloblepharon
3530:
3486:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3351:
3350:
3294:
3280:
3275:
3230:
3194:Current Biology
3187:
3150:
3114:
3101:
3058:
3054:
3052:Further reading
3049:
3048:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2994:on 29 May 2013.
2981:
2980:
2976:
2939:Current Biology
2932:
2931:
2927:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2645:(14): 1067β71.
2639:Current Biology
2636:
2635:
2631:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2349:Vision Research
2342:
2341:
2337:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2187:Wayback Machine
2178:
2174:
2143:(8): CD006460.
2130:
2129:
2125:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2027:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1878:(3): CD005136.
1865:
1864:
1855:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1791:(12): 2028β34.
1782:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1124:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1041:(5β6): 277β87.
1028:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1001:
1000:
993:
949:
948:
941:
897:
896:
889:
882:
869:
868:
864:
826:
825:
806:
796:
794:
781:
780:
751:
746:
734:
696:
685:
673:
637:
623:Lang stereotest
611:
603:critical period
582:
580:Pathophysiology
545:
507:
447:
441:
418:nearsightedness
412:Refractive: by
405:Strabismic: by
399:
391:motion parallax
383:autostereograms
359:) and abnormal
321:
168:Before age five
132:
123:
119:
75:
71:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5010:
5008:
5000:
4999:
4989:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4972:Onchocerciasis
4969:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4824:Quadrantanopia
4821:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4798:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4769:Oguchi disease
4761:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4661:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4612:Duane syndrome
4609:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4582:
4577:
4567:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4492:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4423:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4380:Optic neuritis
4376:
4370:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4309:Phthisis bulbi
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4192:Coats' disease
4189:
4184:
4182:of prematurity
4179:
4174:
4169:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4105:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4091:Ectopia lentis
4088:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4065:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3949:Vascular tunic
3945:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3832:Photokeratitis
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3769:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3705:Conjunctivitis
3702:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3639:Dacryocystitis
3636:
3631:
3629:Dacryoadenitis
3625:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3498:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3422:
3409:
3408:Resource Guide
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3383:
3372:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3337:
3326:
3311:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:Classification
3279:
3278:External links
3276:
3274:
3273:
3228:
3185:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3133:
3119:
3118:
3113:978-1461490586
3112:
3099:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3046:
2997:
2974:
2925:
2876:
2833:
2789:
2734:
2699:
2680:
2629:
2580:
2531:
2502:(19): 338β44.
2482:
2433:
2384:
2335:
2294:
2264:
2235:(7353): 1549.
2215:
2209:978-0071634205
2208:
2190:
2172:
2123:
2089:
2080:
2053:(9): 836β844.
2036:
2025:
2005:
1979:
1956:
1935:(5): 380β405.
1915:
1853:
1834:(12): 2137β9.
1818:
1775:
1732:
1697:
1662:
1614:
1579:
1528:
1493:
1450:
1443:
1418:
1387:(2): 118β126.
1367:
1352:
1317:
1295:10.1167/7.2.21
1288:(2): 21.1β17.
1268:
1229:(17): 6692β7.
1206:
1163:
1146:etymonline.com
1133:
1122:
1100:
1070:
1021:
1014:
991:
939:
887:
880:
862:
804:
748:
747:
745:
742:
741:
740:
733:
730:
695:
692:
684:
681:
672:
669:
665:vision therapy
636:
633:
610:
607:
591:Torsten Wiesel
587:David H. Hubel
581:
578:
544:
541:
525:contact lenses
506:
503:
440:
437:
436:
435:
429:
422:farsightedness
410:
398:
395:
353:vernier acuity
351:function, and
320:
317:
278:vision testing
253:, also called
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
228:
224:
223:
210:
204:
203:
201:Vision testing
198:
192:
191:
174:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
156:
150:
149:
140:
134:
133:
131:
130:
68:
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5009:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4892:Adie syndrome
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4747:Achromatopsia
4745:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4687:Anisometropia
4685:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4490:Accommodation
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:Optic atrophy
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:Keratomycosis
4302:
4300:
4299:Globe rupture
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:Macular edema
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4138:Retinoschisis
4136:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:Choroideremia
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4002:Iridodialysis
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:Arcus senilis
3928:
3926:
3925:Haab's striae
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3839:Corneal ulcer
3837:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:acanthamoebic
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3767:Fibrous tunic
3764:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3644:Xerophthalmia
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3549:Lagophthalmos
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3447:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3412:Lazy Eye Site
3410:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2945:(8): R308-9.
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2760:(2): 146β62.
2759:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2453:(6): 827β38.
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:(6): 564β73.
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2355:(5): 739β50.
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:NIHR Evidence
2099:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1942:10.1167/3.5.5
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:(1): 163β71.
1712:
1708:
1707:Ophthalmology
1701:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:(4): 229β33.
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:(7): 3502β8.
1594:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:(8): 1060β1.
1508:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1333:(2): 123β66.
1332:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:(5): 986β92.
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1085:. 2 July 2019
1084:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1006:
998:
996:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
965:
962:(6): 365β75.
961:
957:
953:
946:
944:
940:
935:
931:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
892:
888:
883:
877:
873:
866:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
805:
792:
788:
784:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
750:
743:
739:
736:
735:
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663:Evidence for
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616:Snellen chart
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512:
511:anisometropia
504:
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477:
476:reading speed
473:
468:
466:
465:visual cortex
461:
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415:
414:anisometropia
411:
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368:
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345:visual acuity
341:
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330:visual acuity
327:
326:stereo vision
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296:
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244:~2% of adults
243:
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143:Ophthalmology
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67:
65:Pronunciation
63:
58:
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30:
19:
4782: /
4778: /
4757:Monochromacy
4721:
4689: /
4585:Heterophoria
4573: /
4272: /
4268: /
4172:hypertensive
4145: /
3966:Ciliary body
3881:Keratoglobus
3789:Episcleritis
3667:Enophthalmos
3662:Exophthalmos
3607:Trichomegaly
3602:Distichiasis
3504:Inflammation
3385:
3374:
3363:
3339:
3328:
3313:
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3017:(4): 831β9.
3014:
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3000:
2992:the original
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1918:
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1762:the original
1752:(4): 623β8.
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1145:
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1087:. Retrieved
1082:
1073:
1038:
1034:
1024:
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959:
955:
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795:. Retrieved
786:
726:
713:
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689:
686:
683:Epidemiology
674:
662:
654:
650:
638:
620:
612:
583:
546:
537:
508:
484:
469:
456:neuroplastic
448:
400:
372:
369:
342:
322:
312:
308:
300:
297:
282:
259:
254:
250:
249:
221:eye diseases
29:
4907:Cycloplegia
4850:Photophobia
4845:Hemeralopia
4802:Hemianopsia
4780:Vision loss
4691:Aniseikonia
4682:Astigmatism
4602:Cyclotropia
4580:Hypertropia
4392:Papilledema
4364:Optic nerve
4197:Sickle cell
4177:Purtscher's
4162:Retinopathy
4030:Choroiditis
3871:Keratoconus
3692:Conjunctiva
3569:Xanthelasma
3521:Blepharitis
3365:MedlinePlus
3159:(3): 91β8.
2304:"Amblyopia"
1466:(1): 11β9.
655:One of the
533:aniseikonia
426:astigmatism
387:perspective
291:or putting
217:optic nerve
215:disorders,
165:Usual onset
43:Other names
4956:Infections
4877:Anisocoria
4840:Asthenopia
4833:subjective
4817:homonymous
4812:bitemporal
4764:Nyctalopia
4752:Dichromacy
4696:Presbyopia
4657:Refraction
4478:Strabismus
4368:Optic disc
3727:Pinguecula
3592:Trichiasis
3387:Patient UK
3341:DiseasesDB
3239:(review).
3196:(review).
3153:Strabismus
3067:(review).
2892:(Review).
1629:Strabismus
1565:2381/38991
1460:Strabismus
1089:31 January
744:References
570:hemangioma
505:Refractive
445:Strabismus
439:Strabismus
407:strabismus
219:disorder,
183:, one eye
4928:Nystagmus
4902:Mydriasis
4776:Blindness
4722:Amblyopia
4710:Blindness
4670:Hyperopia
4595:Exophoria
4590:Esophoria
4575:Exotropia
4571:Esotropia
4109:Retinitis
3807:Keratitis
3784:Scleritis
3717:Pterygium
3597:Madarosis
3544:Ectropion
3539:Entropion
3516:Chalazion
3414:from the
3392:Amblyopia
3376:eMedicine
3071:: 67β84.
2896:: 67β84.
2600:: 67β84.
2118:243130859
2075:205084845
1892:1469-493X
1768:28 August
1304:1534-7362
857:220101666
835:: h5811.
671:Older age
635:Treatment
609:Diagnosis
480:font size
301:amblyopia
251:Amblyopia
241:Frequency
227:Treatment
213:Brainstem
147:optometry
138:Specialty
38:Amblyopia
4991:Category
4967:Trachoma
4732:Diplopia
4427:Ischemic
4352:Pathways
4266:Glaucoma
4167:diabetic
4069:Cataract
4007:Synechia
3859:Meesmann
3827:Exposure
3812:herpetic
3710:allergic
3700:Chemosis
3634:Epiphora
3269:24987383
3224:25247373
3181:38988992
3173:21870912
3095:23201436
3041:23857313
2969:23618662
2920:23201436
2871:36592293
2863:23664756
2828:38437179
2820:23774122
2784:22584125
2776:24588532
2729:23352385
2694:Archived
2675:14808576
2667:18635353
2624:23201436
2575:12140215
2526:26043421
2477:22581119
2428:21981034
2371:16153674
2330:21714945
2287:29 March
2281:Archived
2259:12089090
2183:Archived
2167:31461545
2067:28873168
2031:Archived
1951:12875634
1910:32203629
1805:18053899
1758:11529261
1727:11150283
1692:10333185
1657:31165871
1649:16513568
1609:20207968
1574:24370829
1523:22893080
1488:29190763
1480:16513566
1435:Springer
1413:31317088
1347:15749306
1312:18217836
1263:15096608
1201:16642175
1150:Archived
1128:Archived
1065:23879956
986:39141527
978:16329744
934:27013450
849:26563241
791:Archived
732:See also
694:Research
645:atropine
593:won the
495:atropine
487:eyepatch
472:saccades
452:diplopia
334:contrast
303:is from
293:atropine
255:lazy eye
235:eyepatch
154:Symptoms
46:Lazy eye
4807:binasal
4794:Anopsia
4737:Scotoma
4531:palsies
4294:Red eye
4279:Floater
4086:Aphakia
4017:Choroid
3987:Hyphema
3977:Uveitis
3584:Eyelash
3381:oph/316
3335:D000550
3260:4060804
3243:: 583.
3202:Bibcode
3086:3577063
3032:3805870
2947:Bibcode
2911:3577063
2692:. NPR.
2647:Bibcode
2615:3577063
2566:1771248
2517:4458790
2468:3369432
2419:3428831
2379:1290214
2321:3275294
2158:6713317
1972:9 March
1901:7089638
1848:7305711
1813:1886316
1404:6611931
1231:Bibcode
1181:Bibcode
1056:5533593
925:6138377
797:27 July
703:anodal
642:topical
574:aphakia
557:corneal
365:crowded
307:αΌΞΌΞ²Ξ»ΟΟ
285:Glasses
231:Glasses
4897:Miosis
4675:Myopia
4454:Kjer's
4202:photic
4101:Retina
3854:Fuchs'
3822:fungal
3799:Cornea
3776:Sclera
3559:Ptosis
3496:Eyelid
3484:Adnexa
3370:001014
3267:
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717:Tetris
566:ptosis
562:eyelid
549:opaque
389:, and
338:motion
309:amblys
179:, eye
173:Causes
129:
126:-pee-Ι
122:-blee-
4921:Other
4869:Pupil
4259:Other
3903:sicca
3755:Globe
3654:Orbit
3324:368.0
3309:H53.0
3177:S2CID
2867:S2CID
2824:S2CID
2780:S2CID
2750:(PDF)
2671:S2CID
2375:S2CID
2114:S2CID
2071:S2CID
2002:β137.
1809:S2CID
1653:S2CID
1484:S2CID
1156:5 May
982:S2CID
853:S2CID
515:power
499:pupil
424:, or
397:Cause
305:Greek
289:patch
4061:Lens
3961:Iris
3511:Stye
3330:MeSH
3319:9-CM
3265:PMID
3220:PMID
3169:PMID
3108:ISBN
3091:PMID
3037:PMID
2965:PMID
2916:PMID
2859:PMID
2816:PMID
2772:PMID
2725:PMID
2663:PMID
2620:PMID
2571:PMID
2522:PMID
2473:PMID
2424:PMID
2367:PMID
2326:PMID
2312:2011
2289:2014
2255:PMID
2204:ISBN
2163:PMID
2063:PMID
2047:JAMA
2021:ISBN
1974:2008
1947:PMID
1906:PMID
1888:ISSN
1844:PMID
1801:PMID
1770:2005
1754:PMID
1723:PMID
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1605:PMID
1570:PMID
1519:PMID
1476:PMID
1439:ISBN
1409:PMID
1343:PMID
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1300:ISSN
1259:PMID
1197:PMID
1158:2017
1118:ISBN
1091:2020
1061:PMID
1010:ISBN
974:PMID
930:PMID
876:ISBN
845:PMID
799:2016
722:tDCS
709:rTMS
589:and
336:and
3427:by
3346:503
3315:ICD
3300:ICD
3255:PMC
3245:doi
3210:doi
3161:doi
3137:doi
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