42:
246:, is a disorder of sight in which the brain fails to fully process input from one eye and over time favors the other eye. It results in decreased vision in an eye that typically appears normal in other aspects. Amblyopia is the most common cause of decreased vision in a single eye among children and younger adults.
1084:
Putting special eye drops in the stronger eye. A once-a-day drop of the drug atropine can temporarily blur near vision, which forces the brain to use the other eye. For some kids, this treatment works as well as an eye patch, and some parents find it easier to use (for example, because young children
636:
in the good eye, or both. Atropine appears to result in similar outcomes to patching. If there is overpatching or overpenalizing the good eye when treating amblyopia, "reverse amblyopia" can result. Eye patching is usually done on a part-time schedule of about 4β6 hours a day. Treatment is continued
619:
may be able to identify, already in very young children, amblyopia that is associated with strabismus, microstrabismus, or reduced fixation accuracy. Diagnosis and treatment of amblyopia as early as possible is necessary to keep the vision loss to a minimum. Screening for amblyopia is recommended in
602:
Amblyopia is diagnosed by identifying low visual acuity in one or both eyes, out of proportion to the structural abnormality of the eye and excluding other visual disorders as causes for the lowered visual acuity. It can be defined as an interocular difference of two lines or more in acuity (e.g. on
691:
may temporarily improve contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution in the affected eye of adults with amblyopia. This approach is still under development, and the results await verification by other researchers. Comparable results may be achieved using different types of brain stimulation, such as
573:
Amblyopia is a developmental problem in the brain, not any intrinsic, organic neurological problem in the eyeball (although organic problems can lead to amblyopia which can continue to exist after the organic problem has resolved by medical intervention). The part of the brain receiving images from
506:
between the two eyes. The eye which provides the brain with a clearer image typically becomes the dominant eye. The image in the other eye is blurred, which results in abnormal development of one half of the visual system. Refractive amblyopia is usually less severe than strabismic amblyopia and is
438:
Strabismus, sometimes also incorrectly called lazy eye, is a condition in which the eyes are misaligned. Strabismus usually results in normal vision in the preferred sighting (or "fellow") eye (the eye that the person prefers to use), but may cause abnormal vision in the deviating or strabismic eye
511:
because of its less dramatic appearance and lack of obvious physical manifestation, such as with strabismus. Given that the refractive correction of anisometropia by means of spectacles typically leads to different image magnification for the two eyes, which may in turn prevent binocular vision, a
640:
Deprivation amblyopia is treated by removing the opacity as soon as possible followed by patching or penalizing the good eye to encourage the use of the amblyopic eye. The earlier the treatment is initiated, the easier and faster the treatment is and the less psychologically damaging. Also, the
287:
Amblyopia begins by the age of five. In adults, the disorder is estimated to affect 1β5% of the population. While treatment improves vision, it does not typically restore it to normal in the affected eye. Amblyopia was first described in the 1600s. The condition may make people ineligible to be
716:
A 2014 Cochrane review sought to determine the effectiveness of occlusion treatment on patients with sensory deprivation amblyopia, but no trials were found eligible to be included in the review. However, good outcomes from occlusion treatment for sensory deprivation amblyopia likely rely on
490:. This helps to prevent the bullying and teasing associated with wearing a patch, although sometimes application of the eye drops is challenging. The ocular alignment itself may be treated with surgical or nonsurgical methods, depending on the type and severity of the strabismus.
708:
that is modified such that each eye sees separate components of the game may also help to treat this condition in adults. Furthermore, the effects of this kind of therapy may be further enhanced by noninvasive brain stimulation as shown by a recent study using anodal
607:) when the eye optics are maximally corrected. In young children, visual acuity is difficult to measure and can be estimated by observing the reactions of the patient when one eye is covered, including observing the patient's ability to follow objects with one eye.
648:
providers, Barmer, has changed its policy to cover, as of 1 April 2014, the cost of software for amblyopic children whose condition did not improve through patching. The app offers dedicated eye exercises that the patient performs while wearing an eyepatch.
703:
A 2013 study concluded that converging evidence indicates decorrelated binocular experience plays a pivotal role in the genesis of amblyopia and the associated residual deficits. Another study of 2013 suggests that playing a version of the popular game
451:
from one of the eyes, eliminating the double vision. This plastic response of the brain interrupts the brain's normal development, resulting in the amblyopia. Recent evidence points to a cause of infantile strabismus lying with the input to the
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haziness. These opacities prevent adequate visual input from reaching the eye, and disrupt development. If not treated in a timely fashion, amblyopia may persist even after the cause of the opacity is removed. Sometimes, drooping of the
527:
Frequently, amblyopia is associated with a combination of anisometropia and strabismus. In some cases, the vision between the eyes can differ to the point where one eye has twice average vision while the other eye is completely blind.
312:
Many people with amblyopia, especially those who only have a mild form, are not aware they have the condition until tested at older ages, since the vision in their stronger eye is normal. People with amblyopia typically have poor
628:
Treatment of strabismic or anisometropic amblyopia consists of correcting the optical deficit (wearing the necessary spectacle prescription) and often forcing use of the amblyopic eye, by patching the good eye, or instilling
2786:
Spiegel DP, Byblow WD, Hess RF, Thompson B (October 2013). "Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation transiently improves contrast sensitivity and normalizes visual cortex activation in individuals with amblyopia".
2033:
Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, et al. (September 2017). "Vision
Screening in Children Aged 6 Months to 5 Years: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement".
614:
are not reliable exclusion tests for amblyopia. A person who passes the Lang stereotest test is unlikely to have strabismic amblyopia, but could nonetheless have refractive or deprivational amblyopia. Binocular
2269:
344:, as well as spatial distortion, abnormal spatial interactions, and impaired contour detection. In addition, individuals with amblyopia have binocular abnormalities such as impaired stereoacuity (
276:
may be all the treatment needed for some children. If this is not sufficient, treatments which encourage or force the child to use the weaker eye are used. This is done by either using a
265:
of an eye (deprivational). After the underlying cause is addressed, vision is not restored right away, as the mechanism also involves the brain. Amblyopia can be difficult to detect, so
557:) or some other problem causes the upper eyelid to physically occlude a child's vision, which may cause amblyopia quickly. Occlusion amblyopia may be a complication of a
4435:
2261:
3832:
1772:
Astle WF, Rahmat J, Ingram AD, Huang PT (December 2007). "Laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy for anisometropic amblyopia in children: outcomes at 1 year".
459:
Those with strabismic amblyopia tend to show ocular motion deficits when reading, even when they use the nonamblyopic eye. In particular, they tend to make more
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the affected eye is not stimulated properly and does not develop to its full visual potential. This has been confirmed by direct brain examination.
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710:
693:
1576:
Kanonidou E, Proudlock FA, Gottlob I (July 2010). "Reading strategies in mild to moderate strabismic amblyopia: an eye movement investigation".
4452:
4447:
4272:
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Amblyopia occurs in 2β5% of the population in
Western countries. In the UK, 90% of visual health appointments in the child concern amblyopia.
2013:
1431:
1110:
1002:
868:
583:
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Clavagnier S, Thompson B, Hess RF (November 2013). "Long lasting effects of daily theta burst rTMS sessions in the human amblyopic cortex".
1815:
Angell LK, Robb RM, Berson FG (December 1981). "Visual prognosis in patients with ruptures in
Descemet's membrane due to forceps injuries".
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2682:
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that blocks some or all of the eye. Other possible causes of deprivation and occlusion amblyopia include obstruction in the vitreous and
439:
due to the difference between the images projecting to the brain from the two eyes. Adult-onset strabismus usually causes double vision (
4425:
2019:
1116:
4420:
4307:
3874:
3100:
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Thompson B, Mansouri B, Koski L, Hess RF (July 2008). "Brain plasticity in the adult: modulation of function in amblyopia with rTMS".
2196:
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Tychsen L (August 2012). "The cause of infantile strabismus lies upstairs in the cerebral cortex, not downstairs in the brainstem".
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106:
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These deficits are usually specific to the amblyopic eye. Subclinical deficits of the "better" eye have also been demonstrated.
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drops to temporarily paralyze the accommodation reflex, leading to the blurring of vision in the good eye. It also dilates the
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616:
474:
Strabismic amblyopia is treated by clarifying the visual image with glasses, or encouraging use of the amblyopic eye with an
284:
in the stronger eye. Without treatment, amblyopia typically persists. Treatment in adulthood is usually much less effective.
4228:
4119:
3985:
861:
Ferri's differential diagnosis: a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders
2696:
Hess RF, Thompson B (February 2013). "New insights into amblyopia: binocular therapy and noninvasive brain stimulation".
1694:
Weakley DR (January 2001). "The association between nonstrabismic anisometropia, amblyopia, and subnormal binocularity".
637:
as long as vision improves. It is not worthwhile continuing to patch for more than 6 months if no improvement continues.
4626:
4317:
4302:
1103:
Visual
Impairments and Developmental Disorders: From diagnosis to rehabilitation Mariani Foundation Paediatric Neurology
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The cause of amblyopia can be any condition that interferes with focusing during early childhood. This can occur from
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3755:
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587:
4631:
4385:
4185:
3705:
3698:
3417:
3404:
2481:"The prevalence of amblyopia in Germany: data from the prospective, population-based Gutenberg Health Study"
2334:"Perceptual learning improves contrast sensitivity and visual acuity in adults with anisometropic amblyopia"
4900:
4870:
4805:
4800:
4527:
3805:
3670:
3430:
1160:
Hess RF, Mansouri B, Dakin SC, Allen HA (May 2006). "Integration of local motion is normal in amblyopia".
726:
508:
332:
Amblyopia is characterized by several functional abnormalities in spatial vision, including reductions in
317:, since it requires both eyes. They further may have, on the affected eye, poor pattern recognition, poor
196:
3400:
4843:
4519:
2214:"Amblyopia treatment outcomes after screening before or at age 3 years: follow up from randomised trial"
1659:
Rutstein RF, Corliss D (April 1999). "Relationship between
Anisometropia, Amblyopia, and Binocularity".
645:
502:(unequal refractive error between the two eyes). Anisometropia exists when there is a difference in the
370:
and usually have difficulty seeing the three-dimensional images in hidden stereoscopic displays such as
1527:"The effect of font size on reading performance in strabismic amblyopia: an eye movement investigation"
2383:"Can perceptual learning be used to treat amblyopia beyond the critical period of visual development?"
1364:
Mohammadpour, M; Shaabani, A; Sahraian, A; Momenaei, B; Tayebi, F; Bayat, R; Mirshahi, R (June 2019).
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Elflein HM, Fresenius S, Lamparter J, Pitz S, Pfeiffer N, Binder H, Wild P, Mirshahi A (May 2015).
1988:
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541:
421:
349:
345:
2996:"Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances recovery of stereopsis in adults with amblyopia"
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Antonio-Santos, Aileen; Vedula, S. Swaroop; Hatt, Sarah R.; Powell, Christine (23 March 2020).
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2009:
1935:
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1507:
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998:
992:
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448:
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Deprivational: by deprivation of vision early in life by vision-obstructing disorders such as
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322:
184:
126:
2003:
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2141:
2133:
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1980:
1925:
1884:
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1703:
1668:
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1377:
1323:
1278:
1237:
1227:
1177:
1039:
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952:
908:
900:
825:
565:. Deprivation amblyopia accounts for less than 3% of all individuals affected by amblyopia.
537:
503:
367:
363:
147:
62:
2093:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 5 December 2019.
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4694:
4658:
4277:
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3710:
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2087:"A patch or eye drops are similarly effective for the treatment of "lazy eye" in children"
591:
554:
444:
266:
189:
3413:
1981:
1828:
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2578:
2554:
2529:
2505:
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2456:
2432:"Prentice award lecture 2011: removing the brakes on plasticity in the amblyopic brain"
2431:
2407:
2382:
2309:
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2146:
2121:
1889:
1856:
1392:
1365:
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957:
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888:
771:
653:
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575:
371:
341:
3312:
2980:
2238:
2213:
1707:
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Holmes JM, Repka MX, Kraker RT, Clarke MP (March 2006). "The treatment of amblyopia".
1327:
1242:
1207:
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Depending on the chosen criterion for diagnosis, 1β4% of the children have amblyopia.
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4880:
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4287:
4217:
4126:
4013:
3990:
3918:
3827:
3632:
3537:
3140:
Stewart CE, Moseley MJ, Fielder AR (September 2011). "Amblyopia therapy: an update".
3065:
2890:
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2106:
2063:
1954:
1672:
1503:
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845:
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258:
173:
131:
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Coats DK and Paysse EA. Overview of amblyopia UpToDate. Last updated: 25 Sep 2014
1872:
1801:
520:
is a treatment option, in particular if conventional approaches have failed due to
513:
443:), since the two eyes are not fixed on the same object. Children's brains are more
3369:
687:
A 2009 study, widely reported in the popular press, has suggested that repetitive
536:
Deprivation amblyopia (amblyopia ex anopsia) results when the ocular media become
3323:
3153:
3129:
2709:
2447:
2350:
2333:
668:. Tentative evidence shows that perceptual training may be beneficial in adults.
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4895:
4838:
4833:
4790:
4768:
4679:
4670:
4590:
4568:
4380:
4352:
4150:
4018:
3859:
3680:
3557:
3509:
3456:
3353:
3118:
664:
Treatment of individuals age 9 through to adulthood is possible through applied
521:
414:
273:
254:
209:
205:
169:
2994:
Spiegel DP, Li J, Hess RF, Byblow WD, Deng D, Yu M, Thompson B (October 2013).
1785:
1382:
1212:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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4752:
4740:
4684:
4645:
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3715:
3580:
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3178:
3011:
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2923:
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2647:
2496:
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1629:
1460:
1035:
997:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 110.
611:
558:
433:
395:
314:
250:
165:
3334:
3238:
2800:
1880:
1292:
904:
641:
chance of achieving 20/20 vision is greater if treatment is initiated early.
4916:
4890:
4764:
4698:
4583:
4578:
4563:
4559:
4097:
3795:
3772:
3585:
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3527:
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3364:
2047:
1750:
1232:
1181:
468:
201:
135:
41:
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2908:
2851:
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2764:
2717:
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2612:
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2514:
2465:
2416:
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2318:
2247:
2155:
2055:
1939:
1898:
1793:
1746:
1715:
1680:
1637:
1597:
1562:
1511:
1468:
1401:
1335:
1314:
Simons K (2005). "Amblyopia characterization, treatment, and prophylaxis".
1300:
1251:
1189:
1053:
966:
922:
837:
594:". The maximum "critical period" in humans is from birth to two years old.
590:
produced in kittens by sufficient visual deprivation during the so-called "
2098:
1836:
1543:
1526:
941:"Amblyopia: prevalence, natural history, functional effects and treatment"
4955:
4720:
4254:
4057:
3688:
2545:
1589:
633:
483:
479:
475:
440:
379:
353:
281:
277:
262:
223:
177:
3380:
2530:"Design of the Monitored Occlusion Treatment of Amblyopia Study (MOTAS)"
2122:"Conventional occlusion versus pharmacologic penalization for amblyopia"
4782:
4725:
4267:
4074:
4005:
3975:
3965:
3572:
2212:
Williams C, Northstone K, Harrad RA, Sparrow JM, Harvey I (June 2002).
1447:
Levi DM (March 2006). "Visual processing in amblyopia: human studies".
630:
562:
463:
per line than persons with normal stereo vision, and to have a reduced
460:
219:
3280:
2755:
2736:"Binocular vision in amblyopia: structure, suppression and plasticity"
2264:[Prescription app: Barmer pays for internet-based treatment].
1553:
829:
4885:
3787:
3764:
3484:
3414:
Look After Your Eyes - patient information on
Amblyopia or 'lazy eye'
3292:
863:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. p. Chapter A.
705:
550:
545:
406:
1283:
1266:
1097:
Bianchi PE, Ricciardelli G, Bianchi A, Arbanini A, Fazzi E (2016).
4857:
1930:
1913:
1351:
Binocular Vision In, Duane's
Foundations of Clinical Ophthalmology
487:
417:), or by significant amount of equal refractive error in both eyes
269:
is recommended for all children around the ages of four to five.
3937:
3499:
816:
Jefferis JM, Connor AJ, Clarke MP (November 2015). "Amblyopia".
697:
4942:
4338:
3741:
3470:
3426:
2924:"Dichoptic training enables the adult amblyopic brain to learn"
2922:
Li J, Thompson B, Deng D, Chan LY, Yu M, Hess RF (April 2013).
2528:
Stewart CE, Fielder AR, Stephens DA, Moseley MJ (August 2002).
2332:
Zhou Y, Huang C, Xu P, Tao L, Qiu Z, Li X, Lu ZL (March 2006).
586:
in 1981 for their work in showing the extent of the damage to
482:
of the better eye. Penalization usually consists of applying
3179:"Plasticity of the visual cortex and treatment of amblyopia"
2262:"App auf Rezept: Barmer bezahlt internetbasierte Behandlung"
1731:"Commonly missed diagnoses in the childhood eye examination"
1208:"Improving vision in adult amblyopia by perceptual learning"
3408:
98:
92:
86:
80:
374:. Perception of depth, from monocular cues such as size,
68:
49:
A child wearing an adhesive eyepatch to correct amblyopia
170:
being irregularly shaped such that focusing is difficult
2729:
2727:
1265:
Levi, Dennis M.; Song, Shuang; Pelli, Denis G. (2007).
2008:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 16.
1525:
Kanonidou E, Gottlob I, Proudlock FA (January 2014).
107:
65:
3270:
89:
77:
74:
4909:
4856:
4821:
4781:
4693:
4644:
4609:
4550:
4518:
4486:
4465:
4406:
4351:
4247:
4088:
4048:
4004:
3945:
3936:
3786:
3763:
3754:
3679:
3641:
3608:
3571:
3492:
3483:
3344:
3274:
1206:Polat U, Ma-Naim T, Belkin M, Sagi D (April 2004).
229:
215:
195:
183:
161:
153:
141:
125:
83:
71:
53:
31:
26:
16:Failure of the brain to process input from one eye
4431:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
3124:Chapter Treatment of Amblyopia pp. 167β180,
1578:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
1531:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
1353:. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co.
620:all people between three and five years of age.
2005:Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology: A Practical Guide
2381:Astle AT, Webb BS, McGraw PV (November 2011).
1983:Handbook of Pediatric Strabismus and Amblyopia
1857:"Occlusion for stimulus deprivation amblyopia"
1420:Handbook of Pediatric Strabismus and Amblyopia
1366:"Updates on managements of pediatric cataract"
3438:
3113:Chapter What is Amblyopia? pp. 123β145,
1914:"The pattern of visual deficits in amblyopia"
1349:Tyler CW (2004). Tasman W, Jaeger EA (eds.).
8:
4505:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
3220:Hamm LM, Black J, Dai S, Thompson B (2014).
2734:Hess RF, Thompson B, Baker DH (March 2014).
2189:Vaughan & Asbury's general ophthalmology
2187:Cunningham ET, Riordan-Eva P (17 May 2011).
1099:"Chapter 2: Visual Development in Childhood"
467:, especially when reading a text with small
362:People with amblyopia also have problems of
352:. Also, central vision in amblyopes is more
272:Early detection improves treatment success.
3833:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
1861:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1418:Wright KW, Spiegel PH, Thompson LS (2006).
1413:
1411:
1162:Journal of the Optical Society of America A
95:
4939:
4703:
4492:
4483:
4361:
4348:
4335:
3942:
3760:
3751:
3738:
3489:
3480:
3467:
3445:
3431:
3423:
3271:
3222:"Global processing in amblyopia: a review"
2679:"Magnetic Pulses To Brain Help 'Lazy Eye'"
1774:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
887:Maconachie GD, Gottlob I (December 2015).
766:
764:
762:
40:
23:
3247:
3237:
3202:
3073:
3019:
2947:
2898:
2754:
2602:
2553:
2504:
2455:
2406:
2349:
2308:
2237:
2145:
1974:
1972:
1929:
1888:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1552:
1542:
1391:
1381:
1282:
1241:
1231:
1043:
986:
984:
956:
934:
932:
912:
882:
880:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
356:than central vision in normal observers.
257:such that focusing is difficult, one eye
2973:"Tetris Video Game Helps Treat Lazy Eye"
1201:
1199:
889:"The challenges of amblyopia treatment"
738:
694:transcranial direct current stimulation
2191:(18th ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical.
2022:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2002:Schiefer U, Wilhelm H, Hart W (2007).
1912:McKee SP, Levi DM, Movshon JA (2003).
1119:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2789:Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
2743:Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics
2387:Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics
2291:West, S; Williams, C (30 June 2011).
1850:
1848:
1846:
1141:from the original on 8 September 2017
945:Clinical & Experimental Optometry
584:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
498:Refractive amblyopia may result from
7:
4313:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
3054:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
2879:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
2685:from the original on 8 January 2009.
2583:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
2534:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
1829:10.1001/archopht.1981.03930021013004
1105:. John Libbey Eurotext. p. 26.
288:pilots or police officers. The word
259:being more nearsighted or farsighted
174:being more nearsighted or farsighted
4436:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
4273:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
939:Webber AL, Wood J (November 2005).
405:(difference of a certain degree of
4308:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
2485:Deutsches Γrzteblatt International
2272:from the original on 29 March 2014
2120:Li T, Qureshi R, Taylor K (2019).
1020:"Linking assumptions in amblyopia"
958:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2005.tb05102.x
14:
4986:Visual disturbances and blindness
4036:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
1328:10.1016/j.survophthal.2004.12.005
1101:. In Fazzi E, Bianchi PE (eds.).
1085:may try to pull off eye patches).
782:from the original on 27 July 2016
689:transcranial magnetic stimulation
390:Amblyopia has three main causes:
4141:Central retinal artery occlusion
3066:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.11.001
3050:"Amblyopia and binocular vision"
2891:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.11.001
2875:"Amblyopia and binocular vision"
2595:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.11.001
2579:"Amblyopia and binocular vision"
2399:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00873.x
2169:Amblyopia NEI Health Information
1673:10.1097/00006324-199904000-00026
1504:10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.1481
1370:Journal of Current Ophthalmology
261:than the other (refractive), or
61:
4146:Branch retinal artery occlusion
3875:Terrien's marginal degeneration
1987:. New-York: Springer. pp.
1729:Simon JW, Kaw P (August 2001).
717:compliance with the treatment.
524:or lack of compliance or both.
4176:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
4136:Central retinal vein occlusion
3865:Pellucid marginal degeneration
2138:10.1002/14651858.CD006460.pub3
1873:10.1002/14651858.CD005136.pub4
1661:Optometry & Vision Science
1267:"Amblyopic reading is crowded"
994:The 5-minute pediatric consult
646:German public health insurance
617:retinal birefringence scanning
447:, so can more easily adapt by
1:
4229:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
4120:Posterior vitreous detachment
3986:Persistent pupillary membrane
3177:Sengpiel F (September 2014).
2971:Nordqvist J (23 April 2013).
1708:10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00425-5
1131:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
366:such as limited stereoscopic
4716:Leber's congenital amaurosis
4627:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
4318:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
4303:Persistent fetal vasculature
4234:Leber's congenital amaurosis
3395:National Eye Institute (NEI)
3154:10.3109/09273972.2011.600421
3130:10.1007/978-1-4614-9059-3_10
3095:(Third ed.). Springer.
2710:10.1016/j.jaapos.2012.10.018
2448:10.1097/OPX.0b013e318257a187
2436:Optometry and Vision Science
2351:10.1016/j.visres.2005.07.031
2268:(in German). 28 March 2014.
518:pediatric refractive surgery
512:refractive correction using
3515:Meibomian gland dysfunction
3119:10.1007/978-1-4614-9059-3_8
540:, such as is the case with
5002:
4239:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
4213:Central serous retinopathy
4031:Focal choroidal excavation
3904:Corneal neovascularization
3721:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
2126:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
1786:10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.07.024
1383:10.1016/j.joco.2018.11.005
516:is to be considered. Also
480:pharmacologic penalization
431:
300:, meaning "blunt", and α½€Ο
251:poor alignment of the eyes
166:Poor alignment of the eyes
4951:
4938:
4706:
4622:Convergence insufficiency
4495:
4364:
4347:
4334:
4263:Primary juvenile glaucoma
4108:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
3750:
3737:
3523:
3479:
3466:
3457:Diseases of the human eye
3204:10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.063
3012:10.1007/s13311-013-0200-y
2949:10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.059
2844:10.1016/j.brs.2013.04.002
2648:10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.052
2497:10.3238/arztebl.2015.0338
2230:10.1136/bmj.324.7353.1549
2174:11 September 2005 at the
1817:Archives of Ophthalmology
1735:American Family Physician
1630:10.1080/09273970500536227
1492:Archives of Ophthalmology
1461:10.1080/09273970500536243
1036:10.1017/S0952523813000023
1018:Levi DM (November 2013).
532:Deprivation and occlusion
478:over the dominant eye or
321:, and low sensitivity to
48:
39:
4132:Ocular ischemic syndrome
3239:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00583
2977:Medical News Today (MNT)
2801:10.1177/1545968313491006
905:10.1016/j.bj.2015.06.001
588:ocular dominance columns
255:being irregularly shaped
4632:One and a half syndrome
4386:Foster Kennedy syndrome
3418:College of Optometrists
3405:National Health Service
3226:Frontiers in Psychology
3048:Birch EE (March 2013).
2873:Birch EE (March 2013).
2577:Birch EE (March 2013).
2048:10.1001/jama.2017.11260
1316:Survey of Ophthalmology
1233:10.1073/pnas.0401200101
1182:10.1364/JOSAA.23.000986
772:"Facts About Amblyopia"
656:is unclear as of 2011.
509:primary care physicians
4871:Argyll Robertson pupil
3671:Periorbital cellulitis
3091:Daw, Nigel W. (2014).
1957:. Optometrists Network
1955:"All About Strabismus"
1422:. New York, New York:
1072:National Eye Institute
1068:"Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)"
776:National Eye Institute
727:Functional visual loss
197:Differential diagnosis
4844:Scintillating scotoma
4510:KearnsβSayre syndrome
4453:Toxic and nutritional
4426:posterior (PION)
3909:KayserβFleischer ring
2430:Levi DM (June 2012).
2297:BMJ Clinical Evidence
2099:10.3310/signal-000849
1544:10.1167/iovs.13-13257
610:Stereotests like the
432:Further information:
253:(strabismic), an eye
4617:Conjugate gaze palsy
4488:Paralytic strabismus
4421:anterior (AION)
4203:Retinitis pigmentosa
4198:Macular degeneration
3971:Intermediate uveitis
3887:Keratoconjunctivitis
2546:10.1136/bjo.86.8.915
1953:Cooper J, Cooper R.
1753:on 12 September 2005
1590:10.1167/iovs.09-4236
991:Schwartz MW (2002).
338:contrast sensitivity
263:clouding of the lens
178:clouding of the lens
4922:Childhood blindness
4901:Parinaud's syndrome
4471:Extraocular muscles
4259:Ocular hypertension
4223:Epiretinal membrane
4208:Retinal haemorrhage
4063:Congenital cataract
3195:2014CBio...24.R936S
2940:2013CBio...23.R308L
2640:2008CBio...18.1067T
1224:2004PNAS..101.6692P
1174:2006JOSAA..23..986H
1024:Visual Neuroscience
666:perceptual learning
542:congenital cataract
507:commonly missed by
422:congenital cataract
350:binocular summation
346:stereoscopic acuity
304:, meaning "sight".
4448:Leber's hereditary
4115:Retinal detachment
4068:Childhood cataract
3880:Post-LASIK ectasia
3661:Orbital cellulitis
3610:Lacrimal apparatus
3345:External resources
3093:Visual Development
1979:Wright WK (2006).
893:Biomedical Journal
778:. September 2013.
449:suppressing images
308:Signs and symptoms
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4876:Marcus Gunn pupil
4852:
4851:
4773:Visual impairment
4640:
4639:
4546:
4545:
4533:Fourth-nerve (IV)
4461:
4460:
4398:Optic disc drusen
4330:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4044:
4043:
3932:
3931:
3838:Corneal dystrophy
3733:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3604:
3603:
3390:
3389:
3189:(18): R936βR940.
3000:Neurotherapeutics
2832:Brain Stimulation
2756:10.1111/opo.12123
2015:978-3-540-32708-0
1918:Journal of Vision
1433:978-0-387-27924-4
1271:Journal of Vision
1112:978-2-7420-1482-8
1004:978-0-7817-3539-1
870:978-0-323-07699-9
859:Ferri FF (2010).
830:10.1136/bmj.h5811
398:(misaligned eyes)
237:
236:
185:Diagnostic method
21:Medical condition
4993:
4940:
4704:
4695:Vision disorders
4654:Refractive error
4596:Brown's syndrome
4552:Other strabismus
4538:Sixth-nerve (VI)
4528:Oculomotor (III)
4500:Ophthalmoparesis
4493:
4484:
4475:Binocular vision
4408:Optic neuropathy
4374:optic papillitis
4362:
4349:
4336:
4225:(Macular pucker)
3943:
3924:Band keratopathy
3761:
3752:
3739:
3666:Orbital lymphoma
3553:Blepharophimosis
3543:Blepharochalasis
3490:
3481:
3468:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3424:
3272:
3261:
3251:
3241:
3216:
3206:
3173:
3106:
3087:
3077:
3034:
3033:
3023:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2979:. Archived from
2968:
2962:
2961:
2951:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2758:
2740:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2698:Journal of AAPOS
2693:
2687:
2686:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2557:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2353:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2266:aerztezeitung.de
2258:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2184:
2178:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2030:
2024:
2023:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1852:
1841:
1840:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1749:. Archived from
1726:
1720:
1719:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1613:
1602:
1601:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1546:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1385:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1286:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1235:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1015:
1009:
1008:
988:
979:
978:
960:
936:
927:
926:
916:
884:
875:
874:
856:
850:
849:
813:
792:
791:
789:
787:
768:
696:and theta burst
382:remains normal.
368:depth perception
364:binocular vision
148:Decreased vision
114:
110:
105:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
44:
24:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4965:
4947:
4926:
4905:
4848:
4817:
4777:
4731:Color blindness
4697:
4689:
4636:
4610:Other binocular
4605:
4542:
4514:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4457:
4402:
4355:
4343:
4322:
4278:Ocular hypotony
4243:
4103:Chorioretinitis
4084:
4040:
4024:Chorioretinitis
4000:
3981:Rubeosis iridis
3959:
3928:
3899:Corneal opacity
3855:Corneal ectasia
3782:
3746:
3725:
3711:Pseudopterygium
3675:
3637:
3600:
3567:
3563:Ankyloblepharon
3519:
3475:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3340:
3339:
3283:
3269:
3264:
3219:
3183:Current Biology
3176:
3139:
3103:
3090:
3047:
3043:
3041:Further reading
3038:
3037:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2983:on 29 May 2013.
2970:
2969:
2965:
2928:Current Biology
2921:
2920:
2916:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2634:(14): 1067β71.
2628:Current Biology
2625:
2624:
2620:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2338:Vision Research
2331:
2330:
2326:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2176:Wayback Machine
2167:
2163:
2132:(8): CD006460.
2119:
2118:
2114:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2016:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1867:(3): CD005136.
1854:
1853:
1844:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1780:(12): 2028β34.
1771:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1113:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1030:(5β6): 277β87.
1017:
1016:
1012:
1005:
990:
989:
982:
938:
937:
930:
886:
885:
878:
871:
858:
857:
853:
815:
814:
795:
785:
783:
770:
769:
740:
735:
723:
685:
674:
662:
626:
612:Lang stereotest
600:
592:critical period
571:
569:Pathophysiology
534:
496:
436:
430:
407:nearsightedness
401:Refractive: by
394:Strabismic: by
388:
380:motion parallax
372:autostereograms
348:) and abnormal
310:
157:Before age five
121:
112:
108:
64:
60:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4999:
4997:
4989:
4988:
4978:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4961:Onchocerciasis
4958:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4813:Quadrantanopia
4810:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4758:Oguchi disease
4750:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4650:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4601:Duane syndrome
4598:
4593:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4571:
4566:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4481:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4369:Optic neuritis
4365:
4359:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4298:Phthisis bulbi
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4181:Coats' disease
4178:
4173:
4171:of prematurity
4168:
4163:
4158:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4080:Ectopia lentis
4077:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4054:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3938:Vascular tunic
3934:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3821:Photokeratitis
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3758:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3694:Conjunctivitis
3691:
3685:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3628:Dacryocystitis
3625:
3620:
3618:Dacryoadenitis
3614:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3487:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3411:
3398:
3397:Resource Guide
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3372:
3361:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3326:
3315:
3300:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:Classification
3268:
3267:External links
3265:
3263:
3262:
3217:
3174:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3122:
3108:
3107:
3102:978-1461490586
3101:
3088:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3035:
2986:
2963:
2914:
2865:
2822:
2778:
2723:
2688:
2669:
2618:
2569:
2520:
2491:(19): 338β44.
2471:
2422:
2373:
2324:
2283:
2253:
2224:(7353): 1549.
2204:
2198:978-0071634205
2197:
2179:
2161:
2112:
2078:
2069:
2042:(9): 836β844.
2025:
2014:
1994:
1968:
1945:
1924:(5): 380β405.
1904:
1842:
1823:(12): 2137β9.
1807:
1764:
1721:
1686:
1651:
1603:
1568:
1517:
1482:
1439:
1432:
1407:
1376:(2): 118β126.
1356:
1341:
1306:
1284:10.1167/7.2.21
1277:(2): 21.1β17.
1257:
1218:(17): 6692β7.
1195:
1152:
1135:etymonline.com
1122:
1111:
1089:
1059:
1010:
1003:
980:
928:
876:
869:
851:
793:
737:
736:
734:
731:
730:
729:
722:
719:
684:
681:
673:
670:
661:
658:
654:vision therapy
625:
622:
599:
596:
580:Torsten Wiesel
576:David H. Hubel
570:
567:
533:
530:
514:contact lenses
495:
492:
429:
426:
425:
424:
418:
411:farsightedness
399:
387:
384:
342:vernier acuity
340:function, and
309:
306:
267:vision testing
242:, also called
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
217:
213:
212:
199:
193:
192:
190:Vision testing
187:
181:
180:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
145:
139:
138:
129:
123:
122:
120:
119:
57:
55:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4998:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4937:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:Adie syndrome
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4736:Achromatopsia
4734:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4676:Anisometropia
4674:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4479:Accommodation
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:Optic atrophy
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:Keratomycosis
4291:
4289:
4288:Globe rupture
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4218:Macular edema
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:Retinoschisis
4125:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4014:Choroideremia
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:Iridodialysis
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Arcus senilis
3917:
3915:
3914:Haab's striae
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Corneal ulcer
3826:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:acanthamoebic
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:Fibrous tunic
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3633:Xerophthalmia
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:Lagophthalmos
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3401:Lazy Eye Site
3399:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2934:(8): R308-9.
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2749:(2): 146β62.
2748:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:(6): 827β38.
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2393:(6): 564β73.
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2344:(5): 739β50.
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:NIHR Evidence
2088:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1931:10.1167/3.5.5
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:(1): 163β71.
1701:
1697:
1696:Ophthalmology
1690:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:(4): 229β33.
1666:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:(7): 3502β8.
1583:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:(8): 1060β1.
1497:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1322:(2): 123β66.
1321:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:(5): 986β92.
1167:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1074:. 2 July 2019
1073:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1000:
996:
995:
987:
985:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
954:
951:(6): 365β75.
950:
946:
942:
935:
933:
929:
924:
920:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
881:
877:
872:
866:
862:
855:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
794:
781:
777:
773:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
739:
732:
728:
725:
724:
720:
718:
714:
712:
707:
701:
699:
695:
690:
682:
680:
677:
671:
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652:Evidence for
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605:Snellen chart
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500:anisometropia
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465:reading speed
462:
457:
455:
454:visual cortex
450:
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403:anisometropia
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334:visual acuity
330:
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319:visual acuity
316:
315:stereo vision
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233:~2% of adults
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132:Ophthalmology
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54:Pronunciation
52:
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19:
4771: /
4767: /
4746:Monochromacy
4710:
4678: /
4574:Heterophoria
4562: /
4261: /
4257: /
4161:hypertensive
4134: /
3955:Ciliary body
3870:Keratoglobus
3778:Episcleritis
3656:Enophthalmos
3651:Exophthalmos
3596:Trichomegaly
3591:Distichiasis
3493:Inflammation
3374:
3363:
3352:
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3302:
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3006:(4): 831β9.
3003:
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2989:
2981:the original
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2838:(6): 860β7.
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1751:the original
1741:(4): 623β8.
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1076:. Retrieved
1071:
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1027:
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948:
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896:
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775:
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678:
675:
672:Epidemiology
663:
651:
643:
639:
627:
609:
601:
572:
535:
526:
497:
473:
458:
445:neuroplastic
437:
389:
361:
358:
331:
311:
301:
297:
289:
286:
271:
248:
243:
239:
238:
210:eye diseases
18:
4896:Cycloplegia
4839:Photophobia
4834:Hemeralopia
4791:Hemianopsia
4769:Vision loss
4680:Aniseikonia
4671:Astigmatism
4591:Cyclotropia
4569:Hypertropia
4381:Papilledema
4353:Optic nerve
4186:Sickle cell
4166:Purtscher's
4151:Retinopathy
4019:Choroiditis
3860:Keratoconus
3681:Conjunctiva
3558:Xanthelasma
3510:Blepharitis
3354:MedlinePlus
3148:(3): 91β8.
2293:"Amblyopia"
1455:(1): 11β9.
644:One of the
522:aniseikonia
415:astigmatism
376:perspective
280:or putting
206:optic nerve
204:disorders,
154:Usual onset
32:Other names
4945:Infections
4866:Anisocoria
4829:Asthenopia
4822:subjective
4806:homonymous
4801:bitemporal
4753:Nyctalopia
4741:Dichromacy
4685:Presbyopia
4646:Refraction
4467:Strabismus
4357:Optic disc
3716:Pinguecula
3581:Trichiasis
3376:Patient UK
3330:DiseasesDB
3228:(review).
3185:(review).
3142:Strabismus
3056:(review).
2881:(Review).
1618:Strabismus
1554:2381/38991
1449:Strabismus
1078:31 January
733:References
559:hemangioma
494:Refractive
434:Strabismus
428:Strabismus
396:strabismus
208:disorder,
172:, one eye
4917:Nystagmus
4891:Mydriasis
4765:Blindness
4711:Amblyopia
4699:Blindness
4659:Hyperopia
4584:Exophoria
4579:Esophoria
4564:Exotropia
4560:Esotropia
4098:Retinitis
3796:Keratitis
3773:Scleritis
3706:Pterygium
3586:Madarosis
3533:Ectropion
3528:Entropion
3505:Chalazion
3403:from the
3381:Amblyopia
3365:eMedicine
3060:: 67β84.
2885:: 67β84.
2589:: 67β84.
2107:243130859
2064:205084845
1881:1469-493X
1757:28 August
1293:1534-7362
846:220101666
824:: h5811.
660:Older age
624:Treatment
598:Diagnosis
469:font size
290:amblyopia
240:Amblyopia
230:Frequency
216:Treatment
202:Brainstem
136:optometry
127:Specialty
27:Amblyopia
4980:Category
4956:Trachoma
4721:Diplopia
4416:Ischemic
4341:Pathways
4255:Glaucoma
4156:diabetic
4058:Cataract
3996:Synechia
3848:Meesmann
3816:Exposure
3801:herpetic
3699:allergic
3689:Chemosis
3623:Epiphora
3258:24987383
3213:25247373
3170:38988992
3162:21870912
3084:23201436
3030:23857313
2958:23618662
2909:23201436
2860:36592293
2852:23664756
2817:38437179
2809:23774122
2773:22584125
2765:24588532
2718:23352385
2683:Archived
2664:14808576
2656:18635353
2613:23201436
2564:12140215
2515:26043421
2466:22581119
2417:21981034
2360:16153674
2319:21714945
2276:29 March
2270:Archived
2248:12089090
2172:Archived
2156:31461545
2056:28873168
2020:Archived
1940:12875634
1899:32203629
1794:18053899
1747:11529261
1716:11150283
1681:10333185
1646:31165871
1638:16513568
1598:20207968
1563:24370829
1512:22893080
1477:29190763
1469:16513566
1424:Springer
1402:31317088
1336:15749306
1301:18217836
1252:15096608
1190:16642175
1139:Archived
1117:Archived
1054:23879956
975:39141527
967:16329744
923:27013450
838:26563241
780:Archived
721:See also
683:Research
634:atropine
582:won the
484:atropine
476:eyepatch
461:saccades
441:diplopia
323:contrast
292:is from
282:atropine
244:lazy eye
224:eyepatch
143:Symptoms
35:Lazy eye
4796:binasal
4783:Anopsia
4726:Scotoma
4520:palsies
4283:Red eye
4268:Floater
4075:Aphakia
4006:Choroid
3976:Hyphema
3966:Uveitis
3573:Eyelash
3370:oph/316
3324:D000550
3249:4060804
3232:: 583.
3191:Bibcode
3075:3577063
3021:3805870
2936:Bibcode
2900:3577063
2681:. NPR.
2636:Bibcode
2604:3577063
2555:1771248
2506:4458790
2457:3369432
2408:3428831
2368:1290214
2310:3275294
2147:6713317
1961:9 March
1890:7089638
1837:7305711
1802:1886316
1393:6611931
1220:Bibcode
1170:Bibcode
1045:5533593
914:6138377
786:27 July
692:anodal
631:topical
563:aphakia
546:corneal
354:crowded
296:αΌΞΌΞ²Ξ»ΟΟ
274:Glasses
220:Glasses
4886:Miosis
4664:Myopia
4443:Kjer's
4191:photic
4090:Retina
3843:Fuchs'
3811:fungal
3788:Cornea
3765:Sclera
3548:Ptosis
3485:Eyelid
3473:Adnexa
3359:001014
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3246:
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3160:
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911:
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706:Tetris
555:ptosis
551:eyelid
538:opaque
378:, and
327:motion
298:amblys
168:, eye
162:Causes
118:
115:-pee-Ι
111:-blee-
4910:Other
4858:Pupil
4248:Other
3892:sicca
3744:Globe
3643:Orbit
3313:368.0
3298:H53.0
3166:S2CID
2856:S2CID
2813:S2CID
2769:S2CID
2739:(PDF)
2660:S2CID
2364:S2CID
2103:S2CID
2060:S2CID
1991:β137.
1798:S2CID
1642:S2CID
1473:S2CID
1145:5 May
971:S2CID
842:S2CID
504:power
488:pupil
413:, or
386:Cause
294:Greek
278:patch
4050:Lens
3950:Iris
3500:Stye
3319:MeSH
3308:9-CM
3254:PMID
3209:PMID
3158:PMID
3097:ISBN
3080:PMID
3026:PMID
2954:PMID
2905:PMID
2848:PMID
2805:PMID
2761:PMID
2714:PMID
2652:PMID
2609:PMID
2560:PMID
2511:PMID
2462:PMID
2413:PMID
2356:PMID
2315:PMID
2301:2011
2278:2014
2244:PMID
2193:ISBN
2152:PMID
2052:PMID
2036:JAMA
2010:ISBN
1963:2008
1936:PMID
1895:PMID
1877:ISSN
1833:PMID
1790:PMID
1759:2005
1743:PMID
1712:PMID
1677:PMID
1634:PMID
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1559:PMID
1508:PMID
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1332:PMID
1297:PMID
1289:ISSN
1248:PMID
1186:PMID
1147:2017
1107:ISBN
1080:2020
1050:PMID
999:ISBN
963:PMID
919:PMID
865:ISBN
834:PMID
788:2016
711:tDCS
698:rTMS
578:and
325:and
3416:by
3335:503
3304:ICD
3289:ICD
3244:PMC
3234:doi
3199:doi
3150:doi
3126:doi
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3016:PMC
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