1228:
1284:
908:. Individuals enter diapause and migrate deeper in the water column to overwinter below the thermocline. During diapause they survive on stored lipid reserves that are generated at the end of their time at the surface when nutrients are widely available. The seasonal end of diapause must be closely timed with the beginning of the spring phytoplankton bloom to enable acquisition of food to permit proper egg development and hatching. If the timing is disrupted, eggs that are hatched during diapause will have limited growth time and a lower likelihood of surviving overwintering, as thus is an example of
1300:($ 413 million). Pollock alone is the largest fishery in the US based on volume, but is also the second largest fishery in the world supporting 2–5% of the global fishery production. Not only do millions of people rely on fish for subsistence, but recreational fishing is one of the most popular activities in the US. Recreational fishing contributes about $ 202 million to the US economy. Changes in the abundance and distribution of copepods could drastically affect the economic livelihoods of millions of people connected to the fishing industry or who rely on fishing as a primary source of protein.
1473:
accurate ways to measure both mortality and respiration rates of overwintering zooplankton are being conducted in recent work, which are the two factors that primarily control the amount of lipid carbon that is sequestered at depth. For the zooplankton that survive overwintering, their upward migration during the spring returns a fraction of the lipid reserves to the surface as nonrespired carbon, with losses attributed to predation by deep-dwelling predators, disease, starvation, and other sources of mortality generally not accounted for. Similar to the
821:
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33:
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more nutrient-poor surface waters. Climate change alters the timing of the spring bloom by promoting an earlier or later ice melt. Warmer waters could lead to weaker stratification, meaning the density differences between the first and second layer of the ocean are increasing due to an increased flux of freshwater from ice melt. Typically, the amount of total annual primary productivity in the
1240:
whales. Copepods can account for about 70–90% of total zooplankton biomass, depending on region. Additionally, their eggs are a main source of food for commercially important fish stocks. The copepod eggs are buoyant and will rise to the sea surface, but are susceptible to predation by fish and other organisms. Copepods also provide the
1161:
1295:
in arctic and subarctic regions fish for cod, salmon, crab, groundfish, and pollock depend on this energy-rich zooplankton as food. In 2017, the highest value of commercial fish species for the US was salmon ($ 688 million), crabs ($ 610 million), shrimp ($ 531 million), scallops ($ 512 million), and
861:
found throughout the world's oceans. This is primarily due to zooplankton in their copepodite stages releasing an excessive amount of nitrogen and phosphorus from excretion back into the surface. Thus, the production, transport, and metabolism of lipid carbon during overwintering do not contribute to
856:
Although the sequestration of marine carbon is a primary outcome of the biological pump, the recycling of nutrients such as N and P in organic matter plays a comparatively important role in maintaining the processes that facilitate this carbon export without removing nutrients for primary production.
842:
contribute to a significant amount of this POC being attenuated as it sinks below the thermocline (near overwintering depths of ~1000 m). Furthermore, the remaining quantity of carbon in the North
Atlantic from the export of POC below the thermocline has been calculated (2–8 g C m y) to be comparable
1429:
The 2015 paper by Jónasdóttir et al., marked the first comprehensive accounting for the amount of carbon sequestration resulting from the movement of lipids by vertically migrating zooplankton during their overwintering diapuse. Although only elucidating the impact of one particular species, in this
1379:
Other climate change factors to consider that might influence these lipid-rich copepods are shifts of current systems, storm activity and sea-ice cover. In some regions of the arctic, specifically the Bering Sea, studies have forecasted a decrease in storms due to warming. This impacts the mixing of
1239:
spp. are not only important for moving carbon out of the photic zone and into the deep ocean, but these lipid-rich organisms play a critical role in the success of many marine species that depend on them as food. They comprise the majority of diets for fishes, seabirds and even large mammals such as
1342:
This data image shows the monthly average sea surface temperature for May 2015. Between 2013 and 2016, a large mass of unusually warm ocean water--nicknamed the blob--dominated the North
Pacific, indicated here by red, pink, and yellow colors signifying temperatures as much as three degrees Celsius
811:
through the export of POC to the deep ocean. Although zooplankton are known to play important roles in the biological pump through grazing and the repackaging of particulate matter, the active transport of seasonally-migrating zooplankton through the lipid pump has not been incorporated into global
1170:
Certain aspects of the lipid pump such as the diapause depth and duration of zooplankton can vary among regions that have different overwintering temperatures and resident community characteristics. There are other subarctic regions that have shown similar carbon export rates to those found in the
1016:
eggs are spawned by females at depth and rise to the surface. Larvae (nauplii) first develop from these eggs, and complete their maturation into an early juvenile (copepodite) within one season, after which they undergo their first overwintering. Copepodite have three stages before maturing to the
1472:
The global estimates of the biological pump have yet to include the elements of the lipid pump which could represent 50–100% of C export that is not accounted for. This is likely due to many observational challenges pertaining to the analysis of these seasonal migrations. As described above, more
1325:
of the ocean in the summertime. Stratification leaves nutrient-rich water on the bottom and nutrient-poor water on the top due to an increase in freshwater from the ice. However, in the wintertime, this region of the world experiences an increase in storms that bring nutrient-rich waters into the
924:
combine to limit the pelagic primary production. Consequently, the food supply fades toward fall, and overwintering diapause initiates. These copepods migrate to deeper waters with accumulated lipid reserves for overwintering. The overwintering diapause stages remain in deeper waters with limited
919:
In the Arctic and
Antarctic environments, the productive season is typically short and certain copepods species vertically migrate during overwintering diapause. During the productive seasons of spring and summer, younger developmental stages of these copepods usually thrive in food-rich, warmer,
1485:
during seasonal migrations which further explains why the lipid pump has yet to become incorporated into estimates of the global carbon export flux. These observations can be challenging to make given the remote locations they are conducted in and the harsh, deep sampling conditions, but these
1420:
spp. metabolic processes during diapause is required. The importance of diapause timing with spring plankton blooms is well-established, suggesting that there is potential for additional population impacts as a result of climate change, which would further reverberate throughout the ecosystem.
1091:
spp. may deviate in size but their basic physical structure remains constant across different overwintering stages and between different copepod species. The only significant taxonomic difference is the number of segments on the tail across developmental stage CIII and older (CIV, CV). With an
1438:
spp. suggest the possible importance of the lipid pump in global carbon cycling by contributing an estimated 50–100% of carbon sequestration to the biological pump. Subsequent research has underscored this significance as estimates that attempt to more accurately account for the mortality and
1463:
spp. in some ocean basins. In addition to potential ecosystem impacts due to the large number of species that rely on copepods as a major constituent of their diets, there may be implications for oceanic carbon sequestration from consequent changes in the magnitude of the lipid pump due to
862:
a net consumption or removal of essential nutrients in the surface ocean, which is unlike many components of the biological pump. This process creates what is known as a "lipid shunt" in the biological pump, as the carbon sequestration of the lipid pump is decoupled from nutrient removal.
748:(POC) in this region. A significant fraction of this transported carbon would not return to the surface due to respiration and mortality. Research is ongoing to more precisely estimate the amount that remains at depth. The export rate of the lipid pump may vary from 1–9.3 g C m y across
1179:
are the most dominant zooplankton species found in the Arctic Ocean at similar latitudes, and they contribute to a 3.1 g C m y flux of lipid carbon below 100 m during overwintering. A slightly higher maximum flux in lipid carbon (2–4.3 g C m y) below 150 m was observed in the subarctic
1416:, and will likely have negative effects on whales and other components of the food web that are inextricably tied to copepods. The impact of diapause and variation in seasonal productivity was not explicitly included as increasing model complexity and more accurate accounting for
1136:. While high NAO index values indicate a net flow of Atlantic water to the northeast and into the Norwegian Sea, low NAO index values indicate a reduced Atlantic water inflow into the Nordic Seas. In the Northwestern Atlantic, positive trends in the abundances of
1945:
Sanders, Richard; Henson, Stephanie A.; Koski, Marja; De La Rocha, Christina L.; Painter, Stuart C.; Poulton, Alex J.; Riley, Jennifer; Salihoglu, Baris; Visser, Andre; Yool, Andrew; Bellerby, Richard (2014). "The
Biological Carbon Pump in the North Atlantic".
1380:
the water column that brings nutrient-rich water upwards. Copepods consume primary producers that require nutrients to survive. Limiting the amount of nutrients in the water column could decrease the abundance of these primary producers and subsequently reduce
1316:
spp. reside, melting ice caps and timing of the spring phytoplankton bloom could have implications for copepod density, distribution and timing of return from overwintering. A phytoplankton bloom occurs in the spring in arctic and subarctic environments when
1041:
in an oil sac, which can account for up to 60% of an individual's dry weight. Calanus spp. accumulate these lipids while feeding closer to the ocean surface during the spring and summer months, aligning with phytoplankton blooms. Early in the growing season,
1092:
outcome of isomorphism, dry weight (d ) and prosome length (p ) can be scaled as they are related as d = cp, where c is a coefficient. Observations identify the relationship between dry weight and prosome length with a coefficient between 3.3 and 3.5 for
857:
One key difference between the lipid pump and biological pump is that the ratios of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus relative to carbon are minimal or zero in lipids, whereas the exported POC in the biological pump retains the standard
1086:
spp. (i.e., dry weight, prosome length, lipid content, and carbon content) are always changing, varying between different regions, temporally, and across life stages. Based on isomorphism, or the similarity in form or structure of organisms,
717:
back to the surface environment, and thus are not removed from the surface mixed layer of the ocean. This means that the carbon transported by the lipid pump does not limit the availability of essential nutrients in the ocean surface.
2749:
Hunt Jr, George L.; Stabeno, Phyllis; Walters, Gary; Sinclair, Elizabeth; Brodeur, Richard D.; Napp, Jeffery M.; Bond, Nicholas A. (2002-12-01). "Climate change and control of the southeastern Bering Sea pelagic ecosystem".
847:
in the North
Atlantic (1–4 g C m y) through the lipid pump. Therefore, the lipid pump may contribute 50–100% of C sequestration to the biological pump as net transport that has not been included in its current estimates.
2441:
Kobari, Toru; Steinberg, Deborah K.; Ueda, Ai; Tsuda, Atsushi; Silver, Mary W.; Kitamura, Minoru (2008). "Impacts of ontogenetically migrating copepods on downward carbon flux in the western subarctic
Pacific Ocean".
1214:. The rates or magnitude of these processes may slightly vary due to characteristic differences between these subpolar regions, which have largely been under-studied relative to their contributions to the lipid pump.
726:
to continue. In the
Biological Pump, nutrient removal is always coupled to carbon sequestration; primary production is limited as carbon and nutrients are transported to depth together in the form of organic matter.
2584:
Hunt, George L. Jr; Coyle, Kenneth O.; Eisner, Lisa B.; Farley, Edward V.; Heintz, Ron A.; Mueter, Franz; Napp, Jeffrey M.; Overland, James E.; Ressler, Patrick H.; Salo, Sigrid; Stabeno, Phyllis J. (2011-07-01).
1477:, the dynamics of the lipid shunt causes uncertainty in observational methods of the lipid pump when comparing its efficiency to that of the biological pump. Additionally, large zooplankton usually avoid
1387:
Changes in the water masses and temperature could have a direct effect on the zooplankton's vertical migration. The distribution of the zooplankton in the water column is controlled by the currents. The
1248:
excrete waste, that waste falls to the sea floor and organisms on the sea floor compete for the pellets as food. The role of copepods in the food web is crucially intertwined amongst other organisms.
1899:
Jensen, Maj Holst; Nielsen, Torkel Gissel; Dahllöf, Ingela (2008-04-28). "Effects of pyrene on grazing and reproduction of
Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus glacialis from Disko Bay, West Greenland".
885:
and a daytime descent to deeper waters. A relatively unique variation of this form is the twilight DVM, where the ascent happens during dusk and the descent around midnight (i.e., midnight sinking).
1351:
species specifically, the start of reproduction is linked to the start of the spring bloom. Thus, changes in the timing of the spring bloom would directly influence the reproductive capabilities of
1451:
to adapt to the seasonal variability in food availability in ocean basins. Changes in the timing or length of high food periods are likely to negatively impact the distribution and abundance of
1363:
effects by lowering the abundance of larger species and increasing the amount of lipid-rich copepods and even paving way for other species to consume them. Under warming ocean conditions,
783:. As a new and previously unquantified component of oceanic carbon sequestration, further research on the lipid pump can improve the accuracy and overall understanding of carbon fluxes in
1396:
spp. are in diapause could result in a reduction in the abundance of the copepods in the
Norwegian Sea. Since the lipid pump is controlled through the movement of copepods, particularly
1046:
spp. biogenergetics are allocated to reproduction, feeding and growth, but eventually shift to the production of lipids to provide energy during diapause. These lipids take the form of
2283:"Investigations on the ecology of Calanus spp. in the Labrador Sea. I. Relationship between the phytoplankton bloom and reproduction and development of Calanus finmarchicus in spring"
730:
The contribution of the lipid pump to the sequestering of carbon in the deeper waters of the ocean can be substantial: the carbon transported below 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) by
1227:
1359:. However, the food chain could also be altered from the top-down through habitat disturbance and the removal of marine mammals and fish. Large-scale commercial fisheries exert
1412:
of the eastern shelf of North
America forecasts lower abundance of copepods. The decrease in favorable environmental conditions is expected to decrease the size and density of
795:
Through the seasonal vertical migration of zooplankton, the lipid pump creates a net difference between lipids transported to the deep during the fall (when zooplankton enter
1321:
melts, allowing an increase in light to penetrate deeper into the water column, thus supporting photosynthesis. An input of freshwater from the sea ice melting increases the
877:
oceans, and previously understood to be the most significant contributor to the active export of carbon as a result of zooplankton migration. The most common form is the
1263:
a day. Each copepod measures about 2–4 millimetres long which is about the size of a grain of rice and they weigh, on average, between 1.0274 and 1.0452 g cm. A loss in
1443:
spp. have suggested similar, although regionally variable, magnitudes of carbon export from the lipid pump. Overwintering diapause is an ecological strategy to enable
1259:
rely on copepods as their primary prey in order to meet their nutritional needs. To meet the right whale's energetic requirements they need about 500 kg of
1400:
spp., impacts of climate change that affect copepod abundance or seasonal migration will directly impact the lipid pump and carbon export to the deep ocean.
1343:(five degrees Fahrenheit) higher than average. Data are from the NASA Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (MUR SST) Analysis product."
925:
physical and physiological activity and ascend back to the near-surface waters and complete the life cycle at the onset of the following productive season.
1408:
A study that utilized climate modeling to simulate the effects of predicted increases in water temperature and salinity as a result of climate change on
120:
1267:
has the potential to affect the right whale's migration, reproduction, and/or ability to successfully nurse their young (only for lactating females).
405:
78:
2411:
Kobari, Toru; Shinada, Akiyoshi; Tsuda, Atsushi (2003). "Functional roles of interzonal migrating mesozooplankton in the western subarctic Pacific".
920:
near-surface waters, and they rapidly develop and grow. During late summer and fall, grazing pressure, nutrient limitation, and annual variations of
578:
2343:"Long-term variability in overwintering copepod populations in the Lofoten Basin: The role of the North Atlantic oscillation and trophic effects"
105:
641:
459:
583:
1070:
to prevent premature return to the surface waters. Stored lipids are metabolized at these depths, accounting for approximately 25% of the
916:
spp. in ocean basins with shorter growth seasons will be increasingly sensitive to the timing of the spring bloom, such as polar regions.
1486:
adaptations in the data collection are needed to better integrate global estimates of the carbon export flux provided by the lipid pump.
1074:. A 6–8 month-long overwintering period can drain a substantial fraction (44–93%) of the stored lipids despite the decreased metabolism.
48:
1330:
associated with a spring bloom is approximately 10–65%, however warmer waters could impact the amount of primary production occurring.
1312:
is estimated to impact the marine environment in a variety of ways. In the arctic and subarctic environments where a vast majority of
1096:. Although this relationship is not supported extensively by empirical evidence, it has been used for model frameworks to observe
2587:"Climate impacts on eastern Bering Sea foodwebs: a synthesis of new data and an assessment of the Oscillating Control Hypothesis"
2982:
2517:"Endangered Species Act (ESA) Section 4(b)(2) Report Critical Habitat for the North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis)"
1459:
Changes in ocean temperature and salinity due to anthropogenic climate change are also predicted to decrease concentrations of
838:
out of the surface waters was found to be 29 ± 10 g C m y. However, studies have shown that processes such as consumption and
2977:
2542:"Determining the mass density of marine copepods and their eggs with a critical focus on some of the previously used methods"
772:, the organisms associated with the lipid pump may be affected, thus influencing the survival of many commercially important
752:
and subpolar regions containing seasonally-migrating zooplankton. The role of zooplankton, and particularly copepods, in the
2209:"Projecting the effects of climate change on Calanus finmarchicus distribution within the U.S. Northeast Continental Shelf"
1283:
1360:
1356:
2103:"Zooplankton vertical migration and the active transport of dissolved organic and inorganic nitrogen in the Sargasso Sea"
1367:
is to be expected. Egg production and hatching success may also be affected with increasing sea surface temperatures and
508:
1025:, some may return to the surface to build up lipid stores before entering another overwintering and reproductive cycle.
513:
498:
178:
1801:"Overlapping size ranges of Calanus spp. off the Canadian Arctic and Atlantic Coasts: impact on species' abundances"
1256:
1125:
745:
568:
466:
172:
166:
1677:
Visser, Andre W.; Grønning, Josephine; Jónasdóttir, Sigrún Huld (2017). "Calanus hyperboreus and the lipid pump".
799:) and what returns to the surface during the spring, resulting in the sequestration of lipid carbon at depth. The
573:
193:
634:
2482:"Potential contribution that the copepod Neocalanus tonsus makes to downward carbon flux in the Southern Ocean"
695:
548:
476:
471:
454:
299:
160:
58:
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Schumacher, J.D.; Bond, N.; Brodeur, Richard; Livingston, Patricia; Napp, J.M.; Stabeno, P.J. (2003-01-01),
1152:
abundance was substantially diminished when temporal autocorrelation and detrending analyses were involved.
1141:
870:
558:
73:
1849:
Kristiansen, Inga; Gaard, Eilif; Hátún, Hjálmar; Jónasdóttir, Sigrún; Ferreira, A. Sofia A. (2016-05-01).
1478:
378:
154:
115:
83:
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and positive NAO forcing with a lag of one or two years. However, the influence of the NAO in explaining
1851:"Persistent shift of Calanus spp. in the southwestern Norwegian Sea since 2003, linked to ocean climate"
978:
627:
614:
563:
294:
1983:"Evolution of the nitrogen cycle and its influence on the biological sequestration of CO2 in the ocean"
2914:
Siegel, D. A.; Buesseler, K. O.; Doney, S. C.; Sailley, S. F.; Behrenfeld, M. J.; Boyd, P. W. (2014).
820:
2927:
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2220:
2156:
2114:
2051:
1994:
1955:
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1322:
1071:
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719:
490:
392:
148:
53:
2632:
1581:
Jónasdóttir, Sigrún Huld; Visser, André W.; Richardson, Katherine; Heath, Michael R. (2015-09-29).
1368:
988:
942:
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via the lipid pump is therefore decoupled from nutrient removal, allowing carbon uptake by oceanic
439:
255:
110:
2916:"Global assessment of ocean carbon export by combining satellite observations and food-web models"
1000:(hibernation) strategy, and its life-history will be described in more detail as a representative
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2841:
2783:
2724:
2390:
2083:
2018:
1710:
1051:
901:
777:
723:
518:
286:
270:
265:
188:
1338:
967:. Studies attempting to quantify the lipid pump have primarily focused on the cousin species of
2145:"Zooplankton respiration and the export of carbon at depth in the Amundsen Gulf (Arctic Ocean)"
2888:
2880:
2833:
2775:
2716:
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2312:
2254:
2236:
2174:
2075:
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2010:
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1822:
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1702:
1614:
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749:
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228:
63:
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2459:
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2228:
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2122:
2059:
2002:
1963:
1908:
1862:
1812:
1760:
1694:
1604:
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839:
415:
309:
304:
1171:
temperate North Atlantic (1–4 g C m y) via seasonally-migrating zooplankton. For instance,
892:(hibernation) occurs on an annual time-scale and enables zooplankton species, particularly
32:
2039:"High-latitude controls of thermocline nutrients and low latitude biological productivity"
1495:
1062:
migrate downward, with to depths varying from 600 to 3000m, but with the requirement that
1022:
800:
706:
543:
410:
343:
331:
260:
134:
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2931:
2821:
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2702:
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2358:
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2224:
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1998:
1959:
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1364:
1309:
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358:
241:
236:
97:
2771:
2516:
2424:
2282:
2126:
1583:"Seasonal copepod lipid pump promotes carbon sequestration in the deep North Atlantic"
1392:
spp. use the water column for their vertical migration. Changes to the currents while
1128:(NAO) index, defined as the normalized difference in sea surface pressure between the
2971:
2728:
2663:
2394:
1482:
1181:
1133:
905:
808:
780:
757:
667:
2957:
2845:
2787:
2087:
1714:
686:
deficient compounds essential for cellular structures. This lipid carbon enters the
2900:
2022:
1245:
1241:
882:
878:
741:
336:
250:
204:
142:
24:
1912:
2806:"Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean"
1967:
1474:
1244:
community with food via sinking fecal pellets, meaning that as fish and smaller
1211:
1129:
1117:
1067:
897:
831:
675:
671:
400:
373:
368:
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209:
68:
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2232:
2558:
2541:
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2101:
Steinberg, Deborah K.; Goldthwait, Sarah A.; Hansell, Dennis A. (2002-08-01).
1327:
1186:
921:
683:
2884:
2860:
2837:
2779:
2720:
2665:
Climate change in the southeastern Bering Sea and some consequences for biota
2612:
2603:
2586:
2567:
2386:
2316:
2240:
2178:
2071:
2038:
2014:
1920:
1876:
1867:
1850:
1826:
1772:
1706:
1054:, and long-chain carbon molecules. At the end of the feeding/growing season,
963:
are abundantly distributed copepods, particularly in the polar and temperate
2915:
2687:"Trend and Variability in Global Upper-Ocean Stratification Since the 1960s"
2036:
Sarmiento, J. L.; Gruber, N.; Brzezinski, M. A.; Dunne, J. P. (2004-01-01).
1817:
1800:
1599:
1047:
761:
714:
2892:
2805:
2258:
2079:
1982:
1928:
1780:
1618:
1434:, both the magnitude of carbon flux and widespread global distribution of
1255:
has a direct impact on the endangered right whales of the North Atlantic.
1202:
are the primary contributors to the lipid pump, whereas, the subantarctic
2939:
2711:
2686:
2169:
2144:
1013:
997:
889:
796:
753:
710:
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874:
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736:
731:
431:
214:
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2342:
1799:
Parent, Genevieve J.; Plourde, Stephane; Turgeon, Julie (2011-11-01).
1698:
2948:
2829:
2006:
1012:
individual can go through multiple overwintering periods. Positively
659:
593:
1337:
1210:
contributing to a lipid carbon flux of 1.7–9.3 g C m y out of the
935:
784:
663:
588:
713:
like nitrogen and phosphorus that are consumed in excess must be
773:
744:
almost equals that transported below the same depth annually by
2207:
Grieve, Brian D.; Hare, Jon A.; Saba, Vincent S. (2017-07-24).
1160:
873:
is a well-studied phenomenon, widespread in the temperate and
709:, the lipid pump also results in a "lipid shunt", where other
2281:
Head, E. J. H.; Harris, L. R.; Campbell, R. W. (2000-02-28).
830:
The biological pump transports 1–4 g C m y of POC below the
764:
is copepods. With warming oceans and increasing melting of
2752:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
2540:
Knutsen, Tor; Melle, Webjorn; Calise, Lucio (2001-08-01).
2444:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
1021:
spp. are generally expected to experience mortality after
2861:"Marine viruses — major players in the global ecosystem"
1739:
Steinberg, Deborah K.; Landry, Michael R. (2017-01-03).
1165:
Global distribution of particulate organic carbon (POC).
2107:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
1008:
With a life cycle of two to six years on average, each
996:, the largest of these species, uses an overwintering
2037:
866:Overwintering diapause vs. Diel vertical migration
834:annually. The export flux of POC in the temperate
888:While DVM occurs on a daily basis, overwintering
803:encompasses many processes that sequester the CO
2804:Eppley, Richard W.; Peterson, Bruce J. (1979).
1587:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2341:Weidberg, Nicolas; Basedow, Sünnje L. (2019).
1274:Relationship of organisms in an arctic system.
1033:Lipids are stored by all copepodite and adult
662:from the ocean's surface to deeper waters via
635:
8:
1287:Pollock fishing vessels in an Alaskan port.
1120:, a primary long-term forcing that affects
642:
628:
15:
2947:
2710:
2602:
2557:
2376:
2366:
2306:
2248:
2168:
1866:
1816:
1608:
1598:
1439:respiration rates of other overwintering
2685:Yamaguchi, Ryohei; Suga, Toshio (2019).
1741:"Zooplankton and the Ocean Carbon Cycle"
1334:Reproduction and changes to the food web
1282:
1269:
1226:
1159:
819:
2691:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
2579:
2577:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2149:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
2143:Darnis, Gérald; Fortier, Louis (2012).
1512:
579:Territorialisation of carbon governance
23:
2799:
2797:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
881:DVM, a night-time ascent to the upper
2480:Bradford-Grieve, J. M. (2001-09-01).
2475:
2473:
2436:
2434:
2406:
2404:
2138:
2136:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
756:is crucial to the survival of higher
584:Total Carbon Column Observing Network
7:
1940:
1938:
1765:10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015924
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1251:Copepod abundance, specifically the
1184:and was primarily attributed to the
1190:genus of copepods. In these areas,
702:from the mortality of zooplankton.
1355:and alter the food chain from the
812:estimates of the biological pump.
760:organisms whose primary source of
14:
1231:Planktonic relationships to fish.
1029:Lipid accumulation and metabolism
825:Components of the biological pump
807:taken up in the surface ocean by
2754:. Ecology of the SE Bering Sea.
1291:Many commercial and subsistence
1082:The physical characteristics of
609:
608:
31:
2640:. Washington: Govt. Print. Off.
1745:Annual Review of Marine Science
2634:Fisheries of the United States
2591:ICES Journal of Marine Science
2287:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1855:ICES Journal of Marine Science
1104:Relationships between NAO and
791:Lipid pump vs. biological pump
544:Climate reconstruction proxies
1:
2772:10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00321-1
2425:10.1016/S0079-6611(03)00102-2
2127:10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00037-7
1913:10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.01.005
1050:, energy-rich compounds like
947:ranging from 4–7 millimeters.
871:Diel Vertical Migration (DVM)
843:to the seasonal migration of
816:Comparison between net fluxes
705:Compared to the more general
2920:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
2546:Journal of Plankton Research
2486:Journal of Plankton Research
1968:10.1016/j.pocean.2014.05.005
1805:Journal of Plankton Research
1140:spp. correspond with higher
1124:spp. and its habitat is the
514:Carbonate compensation depth
179:Particulate inorganic carbon
2865:Nature Reviews Microbiology
2521:repository.library.noaa.gov
1981:Falkowski, Paul G. (1997).
1464:overwintering zooplankton.
1257:North Atlantic right whales
1017:adult stages. While female
2999:
2859:Suttle, Curtis A. (2007).
2464:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.04.016
2347:Limnology and Oceanography
2233:10.1038/s41598-017-06524-1
1679:Limnology and Oceanography
1126:North Atlantic Oscillation
1116:In the North Atlantic and
746:particulate organic carbon
569:Carbon capture and storage
173:Particulate organic carbon
167:Dissolved inorganic carbon
910:match-mismatch hypothesis
698:of lipid reserves and as
574:Carbon cycle re-balancing
2413:Progress in Oceanography
1948:Progress in Oceanography
1384:spp. abundance as well.
1142:sea surface temperatures
1078:Physical characteristics
674:. Lipids are a class of
549:Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
509:Carbonate–silicate cycle
477:Carbon dioxide clathrate
472:Clathrate gun hypothesis
300:Net ecosystem production
161:Dissolved organic carbon
2559:10.1093/plankt/23.8.859
2498:10.1093/plankt/23.9.963
1600:10.1073/pnas.1512110112
559:Deep Carbon Observatory
19:Part of a series on the
2983:Carbon dioxide removal
2604:10.1093/icesjms/fsr036
1868:10.1093/icesjms/fsv222
1344:
1304:Climate change impacts
1288:
1275:
1232:
1206:consists primarily of
1167:
948:
827:
785:global oceanic systems
379:Continental shelf pump
155:Total inorganic carbon
121:Satellite measurements
2978:Chemical oceanography
1818:10.1093/plankt/fbr072
1341:
1286:
1273:
1230:
1163:
1100:spp. carbon content.
939:
823:
670:vertically migratory
564:Global Carbon Project
295:Ecosystem respiration
2940:10.1002/2013GB004743
2712:10.1029/2019JC015439
2450:(14–15): 1648–1660.
2170:10.1029/2011JC007374
1501:Oceanic carbon cycle
1481:instruments such as
1223:Role in the food web
1156:Regional differences
1072:basal metabolic rate
902:primary productivity
720:Carbon sequestration
393:Carbon sequestration
149:Total organic carbon
2932:2014GBioC..28..181S
2877:10.1038/nrmicro1750
2822:1979Natur.282..677E
2764:2002DSRII..49.5821H
2703:2019JGRC..124.8933Y
2456:2008DSRII..55.1648K
2359:2019LimOc..64.2044W
2299:2000MEPS..193...53H
2225:2017NatSR...7.6264G
2161:2012JGRC..117.4013D
2119:2002DSRI...49.1445S
2064:10.1038/nature02127
2056:2004Natur.427...56S
1999:1997Natur.387..272F
1960:2014PrOce.129..200S
1757:2017ARMS....9..413S
1691:2017LimOc..62.1155V
1593:(39): 12122–12126.
1369:ocean acidification
1052:omega-3 fatty acids
943:Calanus hyperboreus
440:Atmospheric methane
406:Soil carbon storage
256:Reverse Krebs cycle
111:Ocean acidification
2308:10.3354/meps193053
2213:Scientific Reports
1901:Aquatic Toxicology
1345:
1289:
1276:
1235:The zooplanktonic
1233:
1218:Ecological impacts
1168:
949:
898:seasonal variation
896:spp., to adapt to
828:
724:primary production
519:Great Calcite Belt
467:Aerobic production
287:Carbon respiration
229:Metabolic pathways
189:Primary production
2816:(5740): 677–680.
2758:(26): 5821–5853.
2697:(12): 8933–8948.
2368:10.1002/lno.11168
1993:(6630): 272–275.
1811:(11): 1654–1665.
1699:10.1002/lno.10492
1468:Future directions
1066:settle below the
974:Calanus glacialis
652:
651:
450:Methane emissions
106:In the atmosphere
2990:
2962:
2961:
2951:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2830:10.1038/282677a0
2801:
2792:
2791:
2746:
2733:
2732:
2714:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:, pp. 17–40
2659:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2628:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2597:(6): 1230–1243.
2581:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2513:
2502:
2501:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2419:(3–4): 279–298.
2408:
2399:
2398:
2380:
2370:
2353:(5): 2044–2058.
2338:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2278:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2204:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2113:(8): 1445–1461.
2098:
2092:
2091:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2007:10.1038/387272a0
1978:
1972:
1971:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1896:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1861:(5): 1319–1329.
1846:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1736:
1719:
1718:
1685:(3): 1155–1165.
1674:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1602:
1578:
1425:Key implications
1404:Climate modeling
1279:Economic impacts
1253:C. finmarchicus,
840:remineralization
666:associated with
644:
637:
630:
617:
612:
611:
416:pelagic sediment
310:Soil respiration
305:Photorespiration
35:
16:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2871:(10): 801–812.
2858:
2857:
2853:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2748:
2747:
2736:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2645:
2637:
2630:
2629:
2620:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2505:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2340:
2339:
2324:
2280:
2279:
2266:
2206:
2205:
2186:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2050:(6969): 56–60.
2035:
2034:
2030:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1898:
1897:
1884:
1848:
1847:
1834:
1798:
1797:
1788:
1738:
1737:
1722:
1676:
1675:
1626:
1580:
1579:
1514:
1509:
1496:Biological pump
1492:
1470:
1432:C. finmarchicus
1427:
1410:C. finmarchicus
1406:
1377:
1353:C. finmarchicus
1349:C. finmarchicus
1336:
1306:
1281:
1265:C. finmarchicus
1261:C. finmarchicus
1225:
1220:
1158:
1010:C. hyperboreous
994:C. hyperboreous
970:C. finmarchicus
934:
868:
859:Redfield ratios
854:
845:C. finmarchicus
818:
806:
801:biological pump
793:
707:biological pump
648:
607:
600:
599:
598:
538:
530:
529:
528:
493:
483:
482:
481:
434:
424:
423:
422:
411:Marine sediment
395:
385:
384:
383:
344:Solubility pump
332:Biological pump
326:
316:
315:
314:
289:
279:
278:
277:
261:Carbon fixation
246:
231:
221:
220:
219:
200:
184:
137:
135:Forms of carbon
127:
126:
125:
100:
90:
89:
88:
43:
12:
11:
5:
2996:
2994:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2926:(3): 181–196.
2906:
2851:
2793:
2734:
2677:
2643:
2618:
2573:
2552:(8): 859–873.
2532:
2503:
2492:(9): 963–975.
2469:
2430:
2400:
2322:
2264:
2184:
2132:
2093:
2028:
1973:
1934:
1882:
1832:
1786:
1751:(1): 413–444.
1720:
1624:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1483:sediment traps
1469:
1466:
1426:
1423:
1414:C. finmarchius
1405:
1402:
1376:
1375:Physical ocean
1373:
1365:prey switching
1335:
1332:
1323:stratification
1310:climate change
1308:Anthropogenic
1305:
1302:
1280:
1277:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1204:Southern Ocean
1177:C. hyperboreus
1157:
1154:
1094:C. hyperboreus
989:C. hyperboreus
965:North Atlantic
933:
927:
867:
864:
853:
850:
836:North Atlantic
817:
814:
804:
792:
789:
781:marine mammals
770:climate change
700:organic matter
692:carbon dioxide
650:
649:
647:
646:
639:
632:
624:
621:
620:
619:
618:
602:
601:
597:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
554:Deep biosphere
551:
546:
540:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
527:
526:
524:Redfield ratio
521:
516:
511:
506:
504:Nutrient cycle
501:
495:
494:
491:Biogeochemical
489:
488:
485:
484:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
463:
462:
457:
447:
445:Methanogenesis
442:
436:
435:
430:
429:
426:
425:
421:
420:
419:
418:
408:
403:
397:
396:
391:
390:
387:
386:
382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
359:Microbial loop
356:
351:
346:
341:
340:
339:
328:
327:
322:
321:
318:
317:
313:
312:
307:
302:
297:
291:
290:
285:
284:
281:
280:
276:
275:
274:
273:
268:
258:
253:
247:
245:
244:
242:Chemosynthesis
239:
237:Photosynthesis
233:
232:
227:
226:
223:
222:
218:
217:
212:
207:
201:
199:
198:
197:
196:
185:
183:
182:
176:
170:
164:
158:
152:
146:
139:
138:
133:
132:
129:
128:
124:
123:
118:
113:
108:
102:
101:
98:Carbon dioxide
96:
95:
92:
91:
87:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
45:
44:
41:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2995:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2631:NOAA (2017).
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:(2): 99–107.
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1246:invertebrates
1243:
1238:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1212:euphotic zone
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:N. flemingeri
1189:
1188:
1183:
1182:North Pacific
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:Icelandic Low
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
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1111:
1107:
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1099:
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1090:
1085:
1080:
1079:
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1026:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:
985:
984:
983:helgolandicus
981:
976:
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971:
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962:
958:
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953:
946:
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865:
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851:
849:
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837:
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826:
822:
815:
813:
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809:phytoplankton
802:
798:
790:
788:
786:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:trophic level
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:
734:of the genus
733:
728:
725:
721:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:overwintering
665:
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645:
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623:
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499:Marine cycles
497:
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136:
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119:
117:
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109:
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103:
99:
94:
93:
85:
82:
80:
79:Boreal forest
77:
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67:
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62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
46:
39:
38:
34:
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29:
26:
22:
18:
17:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2813:
2809:
2755:
2751:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2670:, retrieved
2664:
2633:
2594:
2590:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2524:. Retrieved
2520:
2489:
2485:
2447:
2443:
2416:
2412:
2350:
2346:
2290:
2286:
2216:
2212:
2152:
2148:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2047:
2043:
2031:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1951:
1947:
1904:
1900:
1858:
1854:
1808:
1804:
1748:
1744:
1682:
1678:
1590:
1586:
1471:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1313:
1307:
1290:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1250:
1236:
1234:
1207:
1200:N. plumchrus
1199:
1196:N. cristatus
1195:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1173:C. glacialis
1172:
1169:
1164:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1064:Calanus spp.
1063:
1059:
1055:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1005:
1001:
993:
987:
982:
979:
968:
960:
956:
955:
951:
950:
941:
940:The copepod
929:
918:
913:
906:ocean basins
904:in specific
893:
887:
869:
855:
844:
829:
824:
794:
742:Arctic Ocean
735:
729:
704:
694:produced by
655:
653:
348:
337:Martin curve
324:Carbon pumps
251:Calvin cycle
205:Black carbon
143:Total carbon
84:Geochemistry
25:Carbon cycle
2378:10037/15827
2219:(1): 6264.
1954:: 200–218.
1475:lysis shunt
1130:Azores High
1118:Nordic Seas
1112:populations
1068:thermocline
852:Lipid shunt
832:thermocline
696:respiration
676:hydrocarbon
672:zooplankton
658:sequesters
401:Carbon sink
364:Viral shunt
354:Marine snow
210:Blue carbon
64:Deep carbon
59:Atmospheric
49:Terrestrial
2972:Categories
2672:2021-11-14
2526:2021-11-14
1507:References
1328:Bering Sea
1187:Neocalanus
1048:wax esters
922:irradiance
778:endangered
688:deep ocean
684:phosphorus
656:lipid pump
374:Whale pump
369:Jelly pump
349:Lipid pump
74:Permafrost
42:By regions
2949:1912/6668
2885:1740-1526
2838:1476-4687
2780:0967-0645
2729:213693676
2721:2169-9291
2613:1054-3139
2568:0142-7873
2395:146002715
2387:1939-5590
2317:0171-8630
2293:: 53–73.
2241:2045-2322
2179:2156-2202
2072:0028-0836
2015:1476-4687
1921:0166-445X
1877:1054-3139
1827:0142-7873
1773:1941-1405
1707:1939-5590
1357:bottom-up
1293:fisheries
1208:N. tonsus
879:nocturnal
762:nutrition
750:temperate
711:nutrients
2958:43799803
2893:17853907
2846:42385900
2788:55222333
2259:28740241
2088:52798128
2080:14702082
1929:18291539
1781:27814033
1715:51989153
1619:26338976
1490:See also
1361:top-down
1347:For the
1132:and the
1023:spawning
998:diapause
890:diapause
875:tropical
797:diapause
766:ice caps
754:food web
732:copepods
715:excreted
680:nitrogen
615:Category
2928:Bibcode
2901:4658457
2818:Bibcode
2760:Bibcode
2699:Bibcode
2452:Bibcode
2355:Bibcode
2295:Bibcode
2250:5524788
2221:Bibcode
2157:Bibcode
2115:Bibcode
2052:Bibcode
2023:4326172
1995:Bibcode
1956:Bibcode
1753:Bibcode
1687:Bibcode
1610:4593097
1479:mooring
1461:Calanus
1453:Calanus
1445:Calanus
1441:Calanus
1436:Calanus
1418:Calanus
1398:Calanus
1394:Calanus
1390:Calanus
1382:Calanus
1319:sea ice
1314:Calanus
1298:pollock
1242:benthic
1237:Calanus
1146:Calanus
1138:Calanus
1122:Calanus
1106:Calanus
1098:Calanus
1089:Calanus
1084:Calanus
1056:Calanus
1044:Calanus
1035:Calanus
1019:Calanus
1014:buoyant
1002:Calanus
980:Calanus
957:Calanus
952:Ecology
930:Calanus
914:Calanus
894:Calanus
883:pelagic
768:due to
740:in the
737:Calanus
460:Wetland
432:Methane
215:Kerogen
116:Removal
2956:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2844:
2836:
2810:Nature
2786:
2778:
2727:
2719:
2611:
2566:
2393:
2385:
2315:
2257:
2247:
2239:
2177:
2155:(C4).
2086:
2078:
2070:
2044:Nature
2021:
2013:
1987:Nature
1927:
1919:
1875:
1825:
1779:
1771:
1713:
1705:
1617:
1607:
1430:case,
1198:, and
678:rich,
664:lipids
660:carbon
613:
594:CO2SYS
455:Arctic
194:marine
54:Marine
2954:S2CID
2897:S2CID
2842:S2CID
2784:S2CID
2725:S2CID
2638:(PDF)
2391:S2CID
2084:S2CID
2019:S2CID
1711:S2CID
589:C4MIP
537:Other
181:(PIC)
175:(POC)
169:(DIC)
163:(DOC)
157:(TIC)
151:(TOC)
2889:PMID
2881:ISSN
2834:ISSN
2776:ISSN
2717:ISSN
2609:ISSN
2564:ISSN
2383:ISSN
2313:ISSN
2255:PMID
2237:ISSN
2175:ISSN
2076:PMID
2068:ISSN
2011:ISSN
1925:PMID
1917:ISSN
1873:ISSN
1823:ISSN
1777:PMID
1769:ISSN
1703:ISSN
1615:PMID
1175:and
977:and
932:spp.
776:and
774:fish
682:and
654:The
145:(TC)
69:Soil
2944:hdl
2936:doi
2873:doi
2826:doi
2814:282
2768:doi
2707:doi
2695:124
2599:doi
2554:doi
2494:doi
2460:doi
2421:doi
2373:hdl
2363:doi
2303:doi
2291:193
2245:PMC
2229:doi
2165:doi
2153:117
2123:doi
2060:doi
2048:427
2003:doi
1991:387
1964:doi
1952:129
1909:doi
1863:doi
1813:doi
1761:doi
1695:doi
1605:PMC
1595:doi
1591:112
1455:spp
1447:spp
1148:spp
1108:spp
1058:spp
1037:spp
1004:spp
959:spp
900:in
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