148:(ACOG) launched The Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Program with the intention to reduce rates of unintended pregnancy by promoting LARCs, often referred to as a "LARC-first" model. Rates of LARC use in the United States rose steadily in that time frame, from 3.7% in 2007 to 10% in 2019. LARC methods are most popular amongst people in their late teens and early twenties. LARC use varies globally, with different regions reporting different use rates. An estimated 161 million people of reproductive age use an IUD and an additional 25 million use an implant; this is 19.4% of the estimated global population of women of reproductive age.
291:
groups deemed at high-risk of unintended pregnancy. This program decreased unplanned adolescent pregnancies in
Colorado by about half. There was a similar decline of unplanned pregnancies in unmarried women under 25 who have not finished high school. Use of LARC methods by children of child-bearing age in the state increased to 20% during the 2009–2014 period. A 2017 study found that CPFI "reduced the teen birth rate in counties with clinics receiving funding by 6.4 percent over five years. These effects were concentrated in the second through fifth years of the program and in counties with relatively high poverty rates."
282:
methods, which are often purchased on a monthly basis (for for hormonal birth control methods like pills, patches, or rings.) When accounting for upfront costs, failure rates, and side effects, researchers estimate that the most cost effective means of contraception are the Copper IUD, vasectomy, and the levonorgestrel IUD (such as a Mirena). One researcher estimates that use of the levonorgestrel IUD can be up to 31% cheaper than using non-LARC methods such as birth control pills, patch, ring, or injectables. Regardless, the initial
426:
contraceptive counseling. Researchers have found that patients experience over-enthusiasm about a particular method as coercive. ACOG practitioners have since come forward with an attempt at re-balancing recommendations to center patient needs and desires in contraceptive counseling. The organization has also formally denounced coercive contraceptive practices, including those that incentivize use of contraception, incentivize use of a particular type of contraception, or make it harder to discontinue use of contraception.
203:
conditions, where patients may not fully adhere to medication regimens. LARC methods require little to no user action after insertion; therefore, LARC perfect use failure rates are the same as their typical use failure rates. LARC failure rates are comparable to those of sterilization. LARCs and sterilization differ in their reversibility.
397:
as one of the top public health priorities for reducing teen pregnancy and unintended pregnancy in the United States. One study of female family planning providers showed that they were significantly more likely to use LARCs than the general population (41.7% compared to 12.0%) suggesting that the
206:
The implant has a 0.05% failure rate in the first year of use, the levonorgestrel (hormonal) IUD has a 0.1% failure rate in the first year of use, and the copper IUD has a 0.8% failure rate in first year of use. These rates are comparable to those of permanent sterilization procedures, leading to
290:
The
Colorado Family Planning Initiative (CPFI), a six-year $ 23 million privately funded program to expand access to LARCs, This program specifically provided no-cost LARCs to low-income women across the state of Colorado, with the intention of preventing unintended pregnancies within specific
254:
are increased pain and heavy bleeding during menstruation, and spotting between menstruation. Impacts on menstruation may decrease over the lifespan of the IUD, but spotting between menstruation may become more frequent over time. For some users, these side effects lead them to discontinue use.
1451:
Anthony, Mary S.; Zhou, Xiaolei; Schoendorf, Juliane; Reed, Susan D.; Getahun, Darios; Armstrong, Mary Anne; Gatz, Jennifer; Peipert, Jeffrey F.; Raine-Bennett, Tina; Fassett, Michael J.; Saltus, Catherine W.; Ritchey, Mary E.; Ichikawa, Laura; Shi, Jiaxiao M.; Alabaster, Amy (December 2022).
281:
All LARCs are designed to last for at least three years, with some options (Paraguard Copper IUD) lasting for at least ten years. Although they have higher up-front costs (out-of-pocket costs can range between $ 500 and $ 1300), that cost purchases coverage for longer than other contraceptive
202:
LARCs have higher rates of efficacy than do other forms of contraception. This difference is likely due to the difference between "perfect use" and "typical use". Perfect use indicates complete adherence to medication schedules and guidelines. Typical use describes effectiveness in real-world
410:(ACOG) state that LARC methods are considered to be the first-line option for birth control in the United States, and are recommended for the majority of women. According to the CDC Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, LARC methods are recommended for the majority of women who
267:
IUD use carries some additional risks. Both hormonal and non-hormonal IUDs may lead to developing non-cancerous ovarian cysts. It is also possible that an IUD may be expelled (fall out) from the uterus. The IUD may also perforate (tear) the uterine wall. This is extremely rare and a medical
1509:
Reed, Susan D; Zhou, Xiaolei; Ichikawa, Laura; Gatz, Jennifer L; Peipert, Jeffrey F; Armstrong, Mary Anne; Raine-Bennett, Tina; Getahun, Darios; Fassett, Michael J; Postlethwaite, Debbie A; Shi, Jiaxiao M; Asiimwe, Alex; Pisa, Federica; Schoendorf, Juliane; Saltus, Catherine W (June 2022).
425:
In the years since ACOG made these recommendations, many researchers have evaluated the impact of the LARC-first model. Because it prioritized the importance of effectiveness of method in contraceptive counseling, patient preferences and priorities were not given adequate attention within
2379:
384:
guidelines, which promoted LARC provision in the United
Kingdom, accurate and detailed counseling for women about these methods, and training of healthcare professionals to provide these methods. Giving advice on these methods of contraception has been included in the 2009
215:
LARCs can also be used to treat other conditions, primarily by regulating or stopping the bleeding portion of a user's menstrual cycle. LARCs may be used to treat endometriosis and heavy menstrual bleeding. They can also be useful in treating painful menstruation.
286:
is still too high for many patients, and is one of the biggest barriers to LARC use. Studies conducted in
California and St. Louis have shown that rates of LARC usage are dramatically higher when the costs of the methods are either covered or removed.
157:
219:
Additionally, a copper IUD can be used as emergency contraception if inserted within five days of unprotected sex. This timeframe may be extended if the date of ovulation is known; the copper IUD must be inserted within 5 days of ovulation.
392:
The use of long-acting reversible contraceptives in the United States has increased nearly fivefold from 1.5% in 2002 to 7.2% in 2011–2013. Increasing access to long-acting reversible contraceptives was listed by the
258:
The most common side effect of the contraceptive implant is irregular bleeding, which includes both reduced and increased levels of bleeding. Other side effects include mood changes and mild insulin resistance.
133:
LARCs are often recommended to people seeking convenient and cost effective contraception. In one study, LARC users saved thousands of dollars over a five-year period compared to those who buy
130:. They are the most effective reversible methods of contraception because their efficacy is not reliant on patient compliance. The failure rates of IUDs and implants is less than 1% per year.
381:
247:
oral contraceptives. Hormonal IUDs most frequently cause irregular menstrual bleeding. Other side effects include acne, breast tenderness, headaches, nausea, and mood changes.
407:
145:
1941:
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2021:
985:
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592:
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228:
Side effects and risks for LARCs vary by type of LARC, with hormonal IUDs, non-hormonal IUDs, and implants all entailing different side effects and risks.
394:
2588:
1711:
Secura, Gina M.; Madden, Tessa; McNicholas, Colleen; Mullersman, Jennifer; Buckel, Christina M.; Zhao, Qiuhong; Peipert, Jeffrey F. (2 October 2014).
380:
The United
Kingdom Department of Health has actively promoted LARC use since 2008, particularly for young people; following on from the October 2005
167:
IUDs, also sometimes referred to as IUS (intrauterine system) or IUC (intrauterine contraception), can come in hormonal or nonhormonal varieties.
2608:
1557:
1070:
Winner, Brooke; Peipert, Jeffrey F.; Zhao, Qiuhong; Buckel, Christina; Madden, Tessa; Allsworth, Jenifer E.; Secura, Gina M. (24 May 2012).
2753:
2461:
141:. LARCs can generally be safely and effectively used by people of any body weight, adolescents, and people who have not yet had children.
1963:
2431:
2400:
1828:
986:"World Family Planning 2022: Meeting the changing needs for family planning: Contraceptive use by age and method | DESA Publications"
2829:
2565:
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240:
2029:
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1995:
2580:
2393:
419:
386:
95:
2099:"Differences in Contraceptive Use Between Family Planning Providers and the U.S. Population: Results of a Nationwide Survey"
2570:
1199:
236:
171:
2286:"Provider Bias in Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) Promotion and Removal: Perceptions of Young Adult Women"
2374:
422:(AAP) in a policy statement and technical report published in October 2014 recommended LARC methods for adolescents.
2775:
2740:
1662:
Secura, Gina M.; Allsworth, Jenifer E.; Madden, Tessa; Mullersman, Jennifer L.; Peipert, Jeffrey F. (August 2010).
551:
435:
2653:
2598:
1773:"The Colorado Initiative to Reduce Unintended Pregnancy: Contraceptive Access and Impact on Reproductive Health"
2506:
2375:
Long-acting reversible contraception: the effective and appropriate use of long-acting reversible contraception
2180:"Celebration meets caution: LARC's boons, potential busts, and the benefits of a reproductive justice approach"
1582:
Trussell, James; Lalla, Anjana M.; Doan, Quan V.; Reyes, Eileen; Pinto, Lionel; Gricar, Joseph (January 2009).
1512:"Intrauterine device-related uterine perforation incidence and risk (APEX-IUD): a large multisite cohort study"
1249:
2229:"Women or LARC First? Reproductive Autonomy And the Promotion of Long‐Acting Reversible Contraceptive Methods"
2668:
2748:
2540:
2531:
2495:
1631:
Postlethwaite, Debbie; Trussell, James; Zoolakis, Anthony; Shabear, Ruth; Petitti, Diana (November 2007).
1426:
889:"Global trends in use of long-acting reversible and permanent methods of contraception: Seeking a balance"
283:
2630:
2593:
2487:
1305:
244:
185:
127:
1894:"Who is using long-acting reversible contraceptive methods? Findings from nine low-fertility countries"
930:"Who Is Using Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive Methods? Findings from Nine Low-Fertility Countries"
888:
2285:
1772:
2658:
415:
123:
506:"Strategies to prevent unintended pregnancy: Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception"
2783:
2758:
2560:
2472:
2808:
2763:
2683:
2436:
2179:
1855:"How Much Can Expanding Access to Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives Reduce Teen Birth Rates?"
1663:
1632:
1583:
138:
2380:
Increasing Use of
Contraceptive Implants and Intrauterine Devices To Reduce Unintended Pregnancy
1380:
1150:
Brown, Julie; Farquhar, Cindy (10 March 2014). Cochrane
Gynaecology and Fertility Group (ed.).
2788:
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778:
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674:
666:
627:
619:
568:
527:
486:
1664:"The Contraceptive CHOICE Project: reducing barriers to long-acting reversible contraception"
122:
for an extended period without requiring user action. They include hormonal and non-hormonal
2313:
2297:
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957:
941:
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843:
770:
726:
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658:
609:
601:
588:"Long-acting reversible contraception in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
560:
517:
476:
468:
2003:
New GMS Contract
Quality and Outcome Framework – Implementation Dataset and Business Rules
1829:"Colorado's success with increasing access to long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)"
1379:
Mansour, Diana; Korver, Tjeerd; Marintcheva-Petrova, Maya; Fraser, Ian S. (January 2008).
178:
2083:
2195:
2114:
1805:
1648:
1599:
1347:
832:"Use of contraception among reproductive-aged women in the United States, 2014 and 2016"
646:
546:
2688:
2514:
2318:
2261:
2204:
1918:
1893:
1745:
1688:
1608:
1486:
1454:"Demographic, Reproductive, and Medical Risk Factors for Intrauterine Device Expulsion"
1453:
1356:
1331:
1176:
1151:
962:
929:
864:
731:
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481:
456:
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804:
714:
472:
119:
115:
1071:
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2616:
2476:
1854:
1167:
188:
are sold under the brand names
Naxplanon, Implanon, Norplant, Jadelle, and others.
1469:
662:
564:
2721:
2708:
2156:
2055:"Trends in Long-acting Reversible Contraception Use Among U.S. Women Aged 15-44"
1712:
1511:
774:
1679:
1118:
928:
Eeckhaut, Mieke C. W.; Sweeney, Megan M.; Gipson, Jessica D. (September 2014).
905:
847:
605:
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2481:
2140:
1396:
758:
251:
2309:
2301:
2252:
2164:
1878:
1796:
1788:
1736:
1535:
1477:
1404:
1095:
953:
914:
855:
831:
805:"NSFG - Listing L - Key Statistics from the National Survey of Family Growth"
782:
722:
670:
623:
587:
572:
2520:
2491:
522:
505:
156:
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2213:
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1814:
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1543:
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1412:
1365:
1185:
1130:
1103:
971:
873:
790:
740:
678:
631:
531:
490:
2370:
UK National Health
Service Long-acting Reversible Contraception Guidelines
1728:
1087:
16:
Birth control that provides effective contraception for an extended period
2441:
1870:
411:
2385:
2284:
Higgins, Jenny A.; Kramer, Renee D.; Ryder, Kristin M. (November 2016).
2141:"From uptake to access: a decade of learning from the ACOG LARC program"
2097:
Stern LF, Simons HR, Kohn JE, Debevec EJ, Morfesis JM, Patel AA (2015).
1633:"A comparison of contraceptive procurement pre- and post-benefit change"
1011:
759:"From uptake to access: a decade of learning from the ACOG LARC program"
586:
Diedrich, Justin T.; Klein, David A.; Peipert, Jeffrey F. (April 2017).
207:
conclusions that LARCs should be offered as "first-line contraception."
1969:. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Archived from
1713:"Provision of No-Cost, Long-Acting Contraception and Teenage Pregnancy"
614:
2638:
134:
2244:
1909:
1385:
The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care
945:
697:
Stoddard, Amy; McNicholas, Colleen; Peipert, Jeffrey F. (May 2011).
1012:"Overview | Long-acting reversible contraception | Guidance | NICE"
1964:"CG30 Long-acting reversible contraception: quick reference guide"
174:
are sold under the brand names Mirena, Skyla, Liletta, and others.
155:
2227:
Gomez, Anu Manchikanti; Fuentes, Liza; Allina, Amy (April 2014).
2086:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 20 September 2011.
887:
Joshi, Ritu; Khadilkar, Suvarna; Patel, Madhuri (October 2015).
504:
Blumenthal, P. D.; Voedisch, A.; Gemzell-Danielsson, K. (2010).
2389:
1332:"Side effects from the copper IUD: do they decrease over time?"
2139:
Horvath, Sarah; Bumpus, Mica; Luchowski, Alicia (April 2020).
2028:. NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement. Archived from
757:
Horvath, Sarah; Bumpus, Mica; Luchowski, Alicia (April 2020).
2382:
from the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
699:"Efficacy and Safety of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception"
457:"Efficacy and Safety of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception"
398:
general population has less information or access to LARCs.
1584:"Cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States"
1558:"Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): Access for Women in the U.S."
1117:
Buck, Emily; McNally, Lauren; Jenkins, Suzanne M. (2024),
645:
Baker, Courtney C.; Creinin, Mitchell D. (November 2022).
545:
Baker, Courtney C.; Creinin, Mitchell D. (November 2022).
1381:"The effects of Implanon® on menstrual bleeding patterns"
1942:"Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception"
1330:
Hubacher, David; Chen, Pai-Lien; Park, Sola (May 2009).
1281:"LARC (Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive): Overview"
1250:"Copper IUDs for Emergency Contraception - USMEC | CDC"
1225:"LARC (Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive): Overview"
1072:"Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception"
1043:"LARC (Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive): Overview"
181:
are sold under the brand names copper-T and Paraguard.
830:
Kavanaugh, Megan L.; Pliskin, Emma (September 2020).
455:
Stoddard, A.; McNicholas, C.; Peipert, J. F. (2011).
382:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
164:
LARC methods include IUDs and the subdermal implant.
893:
International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
35:
Various (includes hormonal and non-hormonal options)
2801:
2772:
2737:
2730:
2707:
2667:
2629:
2607:
2579:
2539:
2530:
2505:
2460:
2424:
1853:Lindo, Jason M.; Packham, Analisa (1 August 2017).
408:
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
94:
89:
81:
73:
68:
60:
52:
47:
39:
31:
26:
21:
239:to other forms of hormonal contraception, such as
1771:Romer, Sarah E.; Kennedy, Kathy I. (June 2022).
1200:"Heavy menstrual bleeding - Symptoms and causes"
1152:"Endometriosis: an overview of Cochrane Reviews"
146:American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists
1125:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2233:Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health
934:Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health
2401:
2145:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1668:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
763:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
593:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
8:
22:Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC)
2342:"Patient-Centered Contraceptive Counseling"
2022:"Contraception – Management QOF indicators"
1892:Eeckhaut MC, Sweeney MM, Gipson JD (2014).
252:side effects of non-hormonal or copper IUDs
2734:
2536:
2442:Preventing sexually-transmitted infections
2408:
2394:
2386:
1859:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
395:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
298:
2317:
2260:
2203:
1917:
1804:
1744:
1687:
1607:
1485:
1355:
1175:
961:
904:
863:
730:
613:
521:
480:
2005:. Primary Care Commissioning. 1 May 2009
301:
1156:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
447:
237:Hormonal IUDs have similar side effects
2134:
2132:
647:"Long-Acting Reversible Contraception"
547:"Long-Acting Reversible Contraception"
18:
1766:
1764:
1427:"Copper IUD (ParaGard) - Mayo Clinic"
1306:"Hormonal IUD (Mirena) - Mayo Clinic"
1275:
1273:
1271:
1065:
1063:
1037:
1035:
1033:
416:whether they have had any pregnancies
108:Long-acting reversible contraceptives
7:
2447:Over-the-counter oral contraceptives
1944:. Nursing Times.net. 21 October 2008
752:
750:
692:
690:
688:
2432:Comparison of birth control methods
2196:10.1016/j.contraception.2014.01.027
2115:10.1016/j.contraception.2015.02.005
1649:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.07.006
1600:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.08.003
1348:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.11.012
406:Guidelines released in 2009 by the
2809:Male contraceptives in development
389:"good practice" for primary care.
14:
2290:American Journal of Public Health
1777:American Journal of Public Health
412:have had their first menstruation
2178:Higgins, Jenny A. (April 2014).
2026:NHS Clinical Knowledge Summaries
715:10.2165/11591290-000000000-00000
473:10.2165/11591290-000000000-00000
2452:Oral contraceptive formulations
1717:New England Journal of Medicine
1076:New England Journal of Medicine
179:intrauterine device with copper
1168:10.1002/14651858.CD009590.pub2
420:American Academy of Pediatrics
402:LARC-First models and backlash
387:Quality and Outcomes Framework
126:(IUDs) and subdermal hormonal
1:
1528:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00015-0
172:Hormonal intrauterine devices
1470:10.1097/AOG.0000000000005000
663:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004967
565:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004967
90:Advantages and disadvantages
48:Pregnancy rates (first year)
2759:Fertility awareness methods
2157:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.11.1269
1458:Obstetrics & Gynecology
775:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.11.1269
651:Obstetrics & Gynecology
552:Obstetrics & Gynecology
2846:
2084:"Public Health Priorities"
2053:Branum A, Jones J (2015).
1898:Perspect Sex Reprod Health
1680:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.04.017
906:10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.04.024
848:10.1016/j.xfre.2020.06.006
606:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.12.024
436:Contraceptive vaginal ring
2754:Calendar (rhythm) methods
1397:10.1080/13625180801959931
510:Human Reproduction Update
2830:Methods of birth control
2302:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303393
1789:10.2105/AJPH.2022.306891
2669:Emergency Contraception
1996:"Sexual Health Ruleset"
1119:"Menstrual Suppression"
990:desapublications.un.org
118:that provide effective
2589:Multi-month injections
2532:Hormonal contraception
2496:Levonorgestrel implant
2462:Long-acting reversible
224:Side effects and risks
161:
128:contraceptive implants
2717:Vaginal pH modulation
2694:Low-dose mifepristone
2594:Progestogen-only pill
2488:Contraceptive implant
1729:10.1056/NEJMoa1400506
1088:10.1056/NEJMoa1110855
600:(4): 364.e1–364.e12.
523:10.1093/humupd/dmq026
186:contraceptive implant
159:
2749:Breastfeeding method
2659:Contraceptive sponge
2543:estrogen–progestogen
2492:Etonogestrel implant
1976:on 20 September 2009
1871:10.1257/pol.20160039
1674:(2): 115.e1–115.e7.
1522:(10341): 2103–2112.
124:intrauterine devices
2784:Non-penetrative sex
2776:vaginal intercourse
2741:vaginal intercourse
2561:Contraceptive patch
2556:Extended cycle Pill
2473:Intrauterine device
2437:Male contraceptives
2151:(4): S866–S868.e1.
769:(4): S866–S868.e1.
272:Society and culture
139:birth control pills
2684:Ulipristal acetate
2672:(Post-intercourse)
2566:Monthly injections
1833:cdphe.colorado.gov
1563:. 9 September 2020
1431:www.mayoclinic.org
1310:www.mayoclinic.org
992:. 23 December 2022
284:out of pocket cost
162:
2817:
2816:
2797:
2796:
2625:
2624:
2296:(11): 1932–1937.
1783:(S5): S532–S536.
1723:(14): 1316–1323.
1082:(21): 1998–2007.
811:. 6 November 2019
378:
377:
245:progesterone only
114:) are methods of
105:
104:
2837:
2735:
2581:Progestogen-only
2537:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2387:
2357:
2356:
2354:
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2338:
2332:
2331:
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2074:
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2041:
2039:
2037:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2000:
1992:
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1985:
1983:
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1968:
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1953:
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1932:
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1818:
1808:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1464:(6): 1017–1030.
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1285:Cleveland Clinic
1277:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1229:Cleveland Clinic
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1047:Cleveland Clinic
1039:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
982:
976:
975:
965:
925:
919:
918:
908:
884:
878:
877:
867:
827:
821:
820:
818:
816:
801:
795:
794:
754:
745:
744:
734:
694:
683:
682:
642:
636:
635:
617:
583:
577:
576:
542:
536:
535:
525:
501:
495:
494:
484:
452:
414:, regardless of
299:
277:Cost and benefit
250:The most common
19:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2793:
2774:
2768:
2739:
2726:
2703:
2671:
2663:
2644:Internal condom
2639:External condom
2631:Barrier Methods
2621:
2603:
2575:
2542:
2526:
2501:
2463:
2456:
2420:
2414:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2245:10.1363/46e1614
2226:
2225:
2221:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2062:NCHS Data Brief
2057:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2035:
2033:
2020:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1910:10.1363/46e1914
1891:
1890:
1886:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1391:(sup1): 13–28.
1378:
1377:
1373:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1256:. 27 March 2023
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1010:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
984:
983:
979:
946:10.1363/46e1914
927:
926:
922:
886:
885:
881:
836:F&S Reports
829:
828:
824:
814:
812:
803:
802:
798:
756:
755:
748:
696:
695:
686:
644:
643:
639:
585:
584:
580:
544:
543:
539:
503:
502:
498:
454:
453:
449:
444:
432:
404:
297:
279:
274:
265:
234:
226:
213:
211:Additional Uses
200:
195:
154:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2843:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:Levonorgestrel
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2515:Tubal ligation
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2485:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2425:Related topics
2422:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2364:External links
2362:
2359:
2358:
2333:
2276:
2239:(3): 171–175.
2219:
2190:(4): 237–241.
2170:
2128:
2089:
2075:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2032:on 9 July 2012
1987:
1955:
1933:
1884:
1865:(3): 348–376.
1845:
1820:
1760:
1703:
1654:
1643:(5): 360–365.
1623:
1574:
1549:
1501:
1443:
1418:
1371:
1342:(5): 356–362.
1322:
1297:
1267:
1241:
1216:
1191:
1142:
1109:
1059:
1029:
1003:
977:
940:(3): 149–155.
920:
879:
822:
796:
746:
709:(8): 969–980.
684:
657:(5): 883–897.
637:
578:
559:(5): 883–897.
537:
516:(1): 121–137.
496:
467:(8): 969–980.
446:
445:
443:
440:
439:
438:
431:
428:
403:
400:
376:
375:
372:
368:
367:
364:
360:
359:
356:
352:
351:
348:
344:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
328:
327:
324:
320:
319:
316:
312:
311:
308:
304:
303:
296:
293:
278:
275:
273:
270:
264:
261:
233:
230:
225:
222:
212:
209:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
189:
182:
175:
153:
150:
103:
102:
99:
92:
91:
87:
86:
83:
82:User reminders
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2842:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2699:Yuzpe regimen
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2507:Sterilization
2504:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:contraception
2459:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2417:Birth control
2411:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2184:Contraception
2181:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2103:Contraception
2100:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:Summarised at
2004:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1904:(3): 149–55.
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:Contraception
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:Contraception
1585:
1578:
1575:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1444:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:Contraception
1333:
1326:
1323:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
991:
987:
981:
978:
973:
969:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
921:
916:
912:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
880:
875:
871:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
826:
823:
810:
806:
800:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
753:
751:
747:
742:
738:
733:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
693:
691:
689:
685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:
589:
582:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:
548:
541:
538:
533:
529:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
500:
497:
492:
488:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
451:
448:
441:
437:
434:
433:
429:
427:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
401:
399:
396:
390:
388:
383:
373:
370:
369:
365:
363:United States
362:
361:
357:
354:
353:
349:
346:
345:
341:
338:
337:
333:
330:
329:
325:
322:
321:
317:
314:
313:
309:
306:
305:
300:
294:
292:
288:
285:
276:
271:
269:
262:
260:
256:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
231:
229:
223:
221:
217:
210:
208:
204:
198:Contraception
197:
192:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
170:
169:
168:
165:
158:
151:
149:
147:
144:In 2008, the
142:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
120:contraception
117:
116:birth control
113:
109:
100:
97:
93:
88:
84:
80:
76:
74:Reversibility
72:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2802:Experimental
2649:Cervical cap
2617:Ormeloxifene
2599:Vaginal ring
2571:Vaginal ring
2477:Hormonal IUD
2349:. Retrieved
2346:www.acog.org
2345:
2336:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2148:
2144:
2109:(6): 464–9.
2106:
2102:
2092:
2078:
2064:(188): 1–8.
2061:
2048:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:the original
2025:
2015:
2007:. Retrieved
2002:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1971:the original
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1936:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:
1823:
1780:
1776:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1560:
1552:
1519:
1515:
1504:
1461:
1457:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1430:
1421:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1309:
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1284:
1258:. Retrieved
1253:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1203:
1194:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1134:, retrieved
1122:
1112:
1079:
1075:
1050:. Retrieved
1046:
1020:. Retrieved
1015:
1006:
994:. Retrieved
989:
980:
937:
933:
923:
896:
892:
882:
842:(2): 83–93.
839:
835:
825:
813:. Retrieved
808:
799:
766:
762:
706:
702:
654:
650:
640:
597:
591:
581:
556:
550:
540:
513:
509:
499:
464:
460:
450:
424:
405:
391:
379:
289:
280:
266:
257:
249:
235:
232:Side effects
227:
218:
214:
205:
201:
177:Nonhormonal
166:
163:
143:
132:
111:
107:
106:
2722:Nonoxynol-9
2709:Spermicides
1594:(1): 5–14.
1254:www.cdc.gov
1204:Mayo Clinic
1022:24 November
1018:. July 2019
1016:nice.org.uk
809:www.cdc.gov
302:LARC usage
268:emergency.
193:Medical use
61:Typical use
53:Perfect use
2789:Abstinence
2764:Withdrawal
2731:Behavioral
2679:Copper IUD
2482:Copper IUD
1516:The Lancet
1123:StatPearls
615:1805/14931
442:References
184:Subdermal
160:Copper IUD
98:protection
27:Background
2738:Including
2654:Diaphragm
2551:Oral pill
2521:Vasectomy
2310:0090-0036
2253:1538-6341
2165:0002-9378
1879:1945-7731
1797:0090-0036
1737:0028-4793
1536:0140-6736
1478:0029-7844
1405:1362-5187
1096:0028-4793
954:1538-6341
915:0020-7292
856:2666-3341
783:0002-9378
723:0012-6667
671:0029-7844
624:0002-9378
573:0029-7844
371:Australia
295:Promotion
40:First use
2824:Category
2773:Avoiding
2541:Combined
2517:(female)
2351:23 April
2328:27631741
2271:24861029
2214:24582293
2123:25722074
2070:25714042
1928:25040454
1838:23 April
1815:35767790
1806:10461486
1755:25271604
1698:20541171
1618:19041435
1567:23 April
1544:35658995
1496:36357958
1436:15 April
1413:18330814
1366:19341847
1315:15 April
1290:15 April
1260:10 April
1234:10 April
1209:10 April
1186:24610050
1136:10 April
1131:37276279
1104:22621627
1052:23 April
972:25040454
874:34223223
791:31794720
741:21668037
679:36201766
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