95:. In a 2012 paper, Joel Hirschhorn and colleagues showed that there was a consistent tendency for the "tall" alleles at genome-wide significant loci to be at higher frequencies in northern Europeans than in southern Europeans. They interpreted this observation to indicate that the difference in average height between northern and southern Europeans is at least partly genetic (as opposed to environmental) and that it was driven by selection. This result has been replicated by subsequent studies, however the environmental factor driving the selection remains unclear. A study of recent polygenic adaptation in the English has shown that selection on height has had small effects on allele frequencies (<1%) across most of the genome, and found evidence for polygenic adaptation in a wide variety of other traits as well including selection for increased infant birth size and increased female hip and waist size.
65:, purging variation from a region of linkage around the selected site. More recent models have focused on partial sweeps, and on soft sweeps - i.e., sweeps that start from standing variation or comprise multiple sweeping variants at the same locus. All of these models focus on adaptation through genetic changes at a single locus and they generally assume large changes in allele frequencies.
72:. However, traditional models in quantitative genetics usually abstract away the contributions of individual loci by focusing instead on means and variances of genetic scores. In contrast, population genetics models and data analysis have generally emphasized models of adaptation through
370:
Turchin, Michael C.; Chiang, Charleston W. K.; Palmer, Cameron D.; Sankararaman, Sriram; Reich, David; Genetic
Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium; Hirschhorn, Joel N. (2012-09-01).
327:
Burke, Molly K.; Dunham, Joseph P.; Shahrestani, Parvin; Thornton, Kevin R.; Rose, Michael R.; Long, Anthony D. (2010). "Genome-wide analysis of a long-term evolution experiment with
Drosophila".
547:
Robinson, Matthew R.; Hemani, Gibran; Medina-Gomez, Carolina; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Esko, Tonu; Shakhbazov, Konstantin; Powell, Joseph E.; Vinkhuyzen, Anna; Berndt, Sonja I. (2015-11-01).
490:
Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Roodenberg, Songül
Alpaslan; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fernandes, Daniel (2015-12-24).
46:. However, if the phenotypic optimum changes, then the population can adapt by small directional shifts in allele frequencies spread across all the variants that affect the
38:, i.e., affected by standing genetic variation at hundreds or thousands of loci. Under normal conditions, the genetic variation underlying such traits is governed by
88:, when plants or animals undergo rapid responses to selective pressures. However, in most cases the actual genetic loci involved are not yet known (but see e.g.,).
91:
At present the best-understood examples of polygenic adaptation are in humans, and particularly for height, a trait that can be interpreted using data from
607:
Field, Yair; Boyle, Evan A.; Telis, Natalie; Gao, Ziyue; Gaulton, Kyle J.; Golan, David; Yengo, Loic; Rocheleau, Ghislain; Froguel, Philippe (2016-11-11).
76:
at individual loci. The modern formulation of polygenic adaptation in population genetics was developed in a pair of 2010 review articles.
54:), however it is difficult to detect from genomic data because the changes in allele frequencies at individual loci are very small.
670:
62:
92:
372:
69:
39:
51:
85:
352:
675:
646:
628:
586:
568:
529:
511:
472:
454:
413:
395:
344:
309:
291:
252:
234:
195:
154:
136:
636:
620:
576:
560:
519:
503:
462:
444:
403:
387:
373:"Evidence of widespread selection on standing variation in Europe at height-associated SNPs"
336:
299:
283:
242:
226:
185:
144:
128:
47:
28:
24:
61:. In classic selective sweep models, a single new mutation sweeps through a population to
215:"Soft sweeps: molecular population genetics of adaptation from standing genetic variation"
73:
58:
35:
641:
608:
581:
548:
524:
491:
467:
432:
408:
304:
271:
247:
214:
149:
116:
117:"The genetics of human adaptation: hard sweeps, soft sweeps, and polygenic adaptation"
664:
356:
449:
549:"Population genetic differentiation of height and body mass index across Europe"
230:
190:
173:
132:
20:
632:
572:
515:
458:
399:
295:
238:
140:
42:, in which natural selection acts to hold the population close to an optimal
624:
43:
650:
590:
533:
476:
417:
348:
313:
256:
158:
199:
84:
Polygenic adaptation is presumed to be the dominant mode of adaptation in
50:. Polygenic adaptation can occur relatively quickly (as described in the
507:
340:
115:
Pritchard, Jonathan K.; Pickrell, Joseph K.; Coop, Graham (2010-02-23).
68:
The concept of polygenic adaptation is related to classical models from
564:
391:
287:
57:
Polygenic adaptation represents an alternative to adaptation by
492:"Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians"
609:"Detection of human adaptation during the past 2000 years"
270:
Pritchard, Jonathan K.; Di Rienzo, Anna (October 2010).
213:
Hermisson, Joachim; Pennings, Pleuni S. (2005-04-01).
433:"A population genetic signal of polygenic adaptation"
34:Many traits in humans and other species are highly
174:"The hitch-hiking effect of a favourable gene"
8:
431:Berg, Jeremy J.; Coop, Graham (2014-08-01).
640:
580:
523:
466:
448:
407:
303:
246:
189:
148:
104:
172:Smith, J. M.; Haigh, J. (1974-02-01).
602:
600:
7:
110:
108:
272:"Adaptation - not by sweeps alone"
14:
80:Examples of polygenic adaptation
23:adapts through small changes in
93:genome-wide association studies
19:describes a process in which a
1:
450:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004412
27:at hundreds or thousands of
231:10.1534/genetics.104.036947
692:
191:10.1017/S0016672300014634
133:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.055
276:Nature Reviews. Genetics
625:10.1126/science.aag0776
671:Population statistics
70:quantitative genetics
40:stabilizing selection
86:artificial selection
17:Polygenic adaptation
508:10.1038/nature16152
341:10.1038/nature09352
178:Genetical Research
52:breeder's equation
25:allele frequencies
619:(6313): 760–764.
559:(11): 1357–1362.
502:(7583): 499–503.
335:(7315): 587–590.
683:
655:
654:
644:
604:
595:
594:
584:
544:
538:
537:
527:
487:
481:
480:
470:
452:
428:
422:
421:
411:
386:(9): 1015–1019.
377:
367:
361:
360:
324:
318:
317:
307:
267:
261:
260:
250:
225:(4): 2335–2352.
210:
204:
203:
193:
169:
163:
162:
152:
112:
59:selective sweeps
691:
690:
686:
685:
684:
682:
681:
680:
661:
660:
659:
658:
606:
605:
598:
565:10.1038/ng.3401
553:Nature Genetics
546:
545:
541:
489:
488:
484:
443:(8): e1004412.
430:
429:
425:
392:10.1038/ng.2368
380:Nature Genetics
375:
369:
368:
364:
326:
325:
321:
288:10.1038/nrg2880
282:(10): 665–667.
269:
268:
264:
212:
211:
207:
171:
170:
166:
127:(4): R208–215.
121:Current Biology
114:
113:
106:
101:
82:
12:
11:
5:
689:
687:
679:
678:
673:
663:
662:
657:
656:
596:
539:
482:
423:
362:
319:
262:
205:
164:
103:
102:
100:
97:
81:
78:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
688:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
666:
652:
648:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
603:
601:
597:
592:
588:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:
540:
535:
531:
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
486:
483:
478:
474:
469:
464:
460:
456:
451:
446:
442:
438:
437:PLOS Genetics
434:
427:
424:
419:
415:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
374:
366:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
323:
320:
315:
311:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
266:
263:
258:
254:
249:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
209:
206:
201:
197:
192:
187:
183:
179:
175:
168:
165:
160:
156:
151:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
111:
109:
105:
98:
96:
94:
89:
87:
79:
77:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
30:
26:
22:
18:
616:
612:
556:
552:
542:
499:
495:
485:
440:
436:
426:
383:
379:
365:
332:
328:
322:
279:
275:
265:
222:
218:
208:
184:(1): 23–35.
181:
177:
167:
124:
120:
90:
83:
67:
56:
33:
16:
15:
665:Categories
99:References
21:population
633:1095-9203
573:1546-1718
516:1476-4687
459:1553-7404
400:1546-1718
357:205222217
296:1471-0064
239:0016-6731
141:1879-0445
44:phenotype
36:polygenic
676:Genetics
651:27738015
591:26366552
534:26595274
477:25102153
418:22902787
349:20844486
314:20838407
257:15716498
219:Genetics
159:20178769
63:fixation
642:5182071
613:Science
582:4984852
525:4918750
468:4125079
409:3480734
305:4652788
248:1449620
200:4407212
150:2994553
649:
639:
631:
589:
579:
571:
532:
522:
514:
496:Nature
475:
465:
457:
416:
406:
398:
355:
347:
329:Nature
312:
302:
294:
255:
245:
237:
198:
157:
147:
139:
74:sweeps
376:(PDF)
353:S2CID
48:trait
647:PMID
629:ISSN
587:PMID
569:ISSN
530:PMID
512:ISSN
473:PMID
455:ISSN
414:PMID
396:ISSN
345:PMID
310:PMID
292:ISSN
253:PMID
235:ISSN
196:PMID
155:PMID
137:ISSN
29:loci
637:PMC
621:doi
617:354
577:PMC
561:doi
520:PMC
504:doi
500:528
463:PMC
445:doi
404:PMC
388:doi
337:doi
333:467
300:PMC
284:doi
243:PMC
227:doi
223:169
186:doi
145:PMC
129:doi
667::
645:.
635:.
627:.
615:.
611:.
599:^
585:.
575:.
567:.
557:47
555:.
551:.
528:.
518:.
510:.
498:.
494:.
471:.
461:.
453:.
441:10
439:.
435:.
412:.
402:.
394:.
384:44
382:.
378:.
351:.
343:.
331:.
308:.
298:.
290:.
280:11
278:.
274:.
251:.
241:.
233:.
221:.
217:.
194:.
182:23
180:.
176:.
153:.
143:.
135:.
125:20
123:.
119:.
107:^
31:.
653:.
623::
593:.
563::
536:.
506::
479:.
447::
420:.
390::
359:.
339::
316:.
286::
259:.
229::
202:.
188::
161:.
131::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.