475:, chiefly through the establishment of the first officially sanctioned Marian feast, and Constas argues that through his role as Atticus' secretary Proclus provided literary assistance for his bishop in these endeavours. Proclus' famous Homily 1 delivered in Constantinople in 430 "defined the rhetoric and rationale for the cult of the Virgin Mary throughout the Byzantine period", "attained de facto canonical status" after it was attached to the proceedings of the Ephesine Council, and was the basis of centuries of theological re-imagining and reflection. According to Constas, the sermon together with its associated Marian Feast "mark an important juncture in the development of the cult of the Virgin in Constantinople." The text interweaves resplendent praises of Mary with celebration of female virginity, directly confronting
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290:, in which his contribution was warmly acknowledged. In the aftermath of these tumultuous events, the clergy of Constantinople were once again thrown into factionalism concerning who was to ascend the archepiscopal throne. Proclus was now the leading candidate but because he was already a bishop, formal application of canon law prevented his transfer from one diocese to another. His opponents in government used this against him because popular support, not least among powerful women, was considered a threat in a time when religious disputes were at fever pitch. Instead, a quiet, aged priest called
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Proclus associates the calling together of the congregation before him via land and sea with the agency of Mary. Shoemaker identifies word for word correspondence between
Proclus' Homily 1 and a Marian hymn contained within the Georgian Chantbook of Jerusalem, compiled prior to the mid 6th century. He argues on the basis of theological content that the hymn was already extant by 430 and that Proclus was quoting it, which indicates pre-existing Marian piety between Jerusalem and Constantinople upon which the bishop drew for his rhetorical purposes.
346:, which he sent to the Eastern bishops, asking them to sign it and to join in condemning the doctrines of the Armenians. They approved of the letters, but from admiration of Theodore hesitated to condemn the doctrines attributed to him. Proclus replied that while he desired the extracts subjoined to his Tome to be condemned, he had not attributed them to Theodore or any individual, not desiring the condemnation of any person. A
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255:, Theotokos was by this point deeply associated with the liturgical life of the capital. Although he was initially reticent to get involved in the emerging dispute, when a monastic deacon named Basil submitted a formal accusation of heresy to the Emperor against the Archbishop, Proclus withdrew from communion with Nestorius. In 430, on the occasion of a Feast Day of the
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who laid the foundation for the rhetorical praise of the sacred womb. Proclus' Mariology is an extension of his
Christology, whereby the mystery of virginal motherhood safeguards the mystery of the incarnation, rendering Mary and her qualities worthy of effulgent praise. His repertoire, drawing upon
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from
Theodosius procured by Proclus, declaring his wish that all should live in peace and that no imputation should be made against anyone who died in communion with the church, appeased the storm. The whole affair showed conspicuously the moderation and tact of Proclus, and resulted in a period of
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on which rests the glory of God. She is a harbour, a sea, a palace, a bridal chamber, she is more spacious than heaven, a valley blossoming with fruit to feed the world and her womb is wider than the heavens. These images are drawn together in a context of active veneration; in his homily of 430,
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letters announcing his appointment, both of whom approved of it. His archepiscopacy was dominated by the aftermath of the
Council of Ephesus, and his consecration was rejected by the portion of Eastern bishops who had seceded from communion with John of Antioch after his reunion with Cyril.
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Proclus' sermon did much to progress the case against
Nestorius, and he would continue to launch homiletic attacks on the Archbishop. The controversy quickly spread beyond the capital and engulfed the Christian world. Although he did not attend the Council of Ephesus at which Nestorius was
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in
Constantinople at a young age. He studied rhetoric and classical authors under private tutors, and came under the influence of Alexandrian intellectuals who had emigrated to the city. He is traditionally held to have been the friend and disciple of Saint
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423:, vibrant imagery, rhythmic delivery, colorful metaphors and logical argumentation. He also continued the trend of his predecessors in expanding both the construction of churches, shrines and monasteries suitable to house growing numbers of
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existing traditions through expansion, became foundational to
Byzantine Mariology, drawing liberally on Old Testament stories, some of which were corrolaries of Christological typologies. Among others images, the Virgin is the spiritual
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for his bishop, who was less eloquent and intellectually well-rounded than his protege. During the course of pastoral and diplomatic visits to the
Imperial residences, Proclus forged his lasting relationships with the Imperial family.
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of 434, the
Imperial government had firmly come down on the side of the anti-Nestorians and were keen to avoid further electoral disturbances. To that end, Proclus was immediately enthroned by the permission of the Emperor
443:." He taught a union of opposites, a union of natures where they remain unconfused, divinity clothed with humanity. While maintaining the two natures he stressed the personal unity of Jesus. For Proclus the
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came into use. The occasion is said to have been a time when violent earthquakes lasted for four months at
Constantinople, so that the people were obliged to leave the city and encamp in the fields.
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being lost; 7 letters, along with several addressed to him by other persons; and a few fragments of other letters and sermons. Of the 8 homilies on Christology attibuted to him, 7 are authentic.
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in 426. His enthronement was prevented when the residents of the city refused to receive him and elected their own bishop in contravention of canon law, so Proclus remained at Constantinople as
243:, as Archbishop (sed. 428–431). In late 428, as part of his vicious and unpopular persecution of heretical groups, Nestorius and his retinue began to preach against the propriety of calling
431:, but also the jurisdictional reach of the See of Constantinople. Proclus became famous as a popular preacher, gaining a reputation as successor in homiletic prowess to John Chrysostom.
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that was probably instituted under Atticus for the Nativity Cycle, Proclus was invited by Nestorius to deliver a homily from the pulpit before a mixed crowd. He preached his celebrated
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Proclus was a champion of the traditional title Theotokos, defending its usage with intertwined Christological and Mariological explication, and also upheld the doctrine of the
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subsequently deposed, and of which he learned second-hand, Proclus was the recipient of a letter from the conciliar president and leader of the anti-Nestorian party,
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Proclus' homilies present clear affirmations of the unity and duality of the natures of Christ in terminology Constas describes as "anticipating the language of
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him. However, Constas shows that this link between the two men was retroactively created in the Medieval period. Instead, Proclus was a disciple of and personal
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in Zechariah. According to Proclus, Mary is "the only bridge between God and men" and all women are blessed through her renewal of the female sex.
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peace for the Churches of the East after the Imperial Commission secured a forced union through exiling Nestorius and his closest supporters.
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419:, Proclus was learned in the various streams of thought that characterised late antiquity. A strong rhetorician, he made robust use of the
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494:-Mary parallel that had been current in Christian theology since the second century. One of the primary texts he cites to support this is
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His sermons also bristle with Marian theology through innovative allegorical interpretation of Old Testament texts such as the prophetic
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Proclus died most probably in July, 446. He appears to have been wise, moderate, and conciliatory, desirous, while strictly adhering to
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and the bishops gathered at Constantinople. His first care was the funeral of his predecessor, and he then sent to both Patriarchs
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flourish that has been called the most famous Marian sermon in history, and which was later inserted into the beginning of the
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Proclus of Constantinople and the cult of the Virgin in late antiquity : homilies 1-5, texts and translations
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The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates his feast day on November 20. The Catholic Church lists him on October 24.
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Proclus of Constantinople and the Cult of the Virgin in Late Antiquity: Homilies 1-5, Texts and Translations.
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He was a candidate to succeed Atticus upon the latter's death in 425, but the populace favoured the elderly
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The First Christian Hymnal: The Songs of the Ancient Jerusalem Church: Parallel Georgian-English Texts
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from 434 until his death. Renowned for his homiletic abilities, Proclus played a central role in the
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The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.
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himself, to win over those who differed from him by persuasion rather than force.
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was elected (sed. 431–434), who oversaw the union of the Cyrillian party with the
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Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century
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back to Constantinople in 438, where he interred them with great honour in the
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732:"St. Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople", Orthodox Church in America
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Theotokos : a theological encyclopedia of the Blessed Virgin Mary
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Arguably his chief contribution to Theology belongs to the area of
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His contributions to the theology of the developing cult of the
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Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.
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511:, the New Eve who cancels the disobedience of the first, the
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ablaze but not consumed by divinity, and the throne of the
791:. Brigham Young University. pp. xi–xvii, xxviii–xxix.
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as Archbishop which they regarded as having been unjust.
555:(some of doubtful authenticity). Five were published by
447:-made-flesh dying sacrificially was essential to secure
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Having been educated in the cosmopolitan capital of the
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http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5487
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and his strong support of the conciliar dogma on the
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by which God descends and man ascends, the Fleece of
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126:: Πρόκλος; c. 390 – 24 July 446) was the
937:Proclus, St. patriarch of Constantinople
1104:Bishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs of
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385:, Proclus selected as their new bishop
142:place him among the early and foremost
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490:. Likewise, he taught the traditional
559:, of which 3 are preserved only in a
527:drenched with the dew of heaven, the
266:on the Virgin Mary, a masterpiece of
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1039:Titles of the Great Christian Church
949:(3rd ed.). London: John Murray.
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193:Archbishop Atticus of Constantinople
551:The works of Proclus consist of 20
935:Daniel, F. H. Blackburne (1911). "
113:24 October (Roman Catholic Church)
14:
908:"Calendar of Saints - 24 October"
897:Orthodox Synaxarion (November 20)
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991:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
985:Bacchus, Francis Joseph (1911).
924:
389:, who was about to be appointed
330:consulted Proclus upon certain
183:(397–405), who is said to have
885:xiv. 704; AA. SS. Act. x. 639.
713:Schwartz, Eduard. 1914. et al.
570:Proclus was cited by Cardinal
358:of Saint John Chrysostom from
111:20 November (Eastern Churches)
1:
943:; Piercy, William C. (eds.).
364:Church of the Twelve apostles
55:
2616:5th-century Christian saints
2496:Patriarchs of Constantinople
1967:Patriarchs of Constantinople
1380:Patriarchs of Constantinople
1055:Archbishop of Constantinople
895:St Proclus of Constantinople
750:Michael., O'Carroll (2000).
373:In 439, at the request of a
435:Christology and Soteriology
396:In the time of Proclus the
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2606:Saints from Roman Anatolia
2601:Saints from Constantinople
1274:(Roman period, 330–451 AD)
1010:Constas, Nicholas (2003).
873:, vii. xxvi., and passim;
644:Constas, Nicholas (2003).
515:who carried the spiritual
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156:Eastern Catholic Churches
81:Eastern Catholic Churches
41:Proclus portrayed in the
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29:Proclus of Constantinople
223:of the dependent See of
2575:Christianity portal
303:Great and Holy Thursday
160:Eastern Orthodox Church
146:. He is venerated as a
85:Eastern Orthodox Church
2502:period, since 1923 AD)
871:Ecclesiastical History
785:Shoemaker, Stephen J.
336:Theodore of Mopsuestia
326:In 436 the bishops of
136:Nestorian controversy.
44:Menologion of Basil II
1973:period, 1453–1923 AD)
994:Catholic Encyclopedia
846:, iv. xliii. lxxviii.
344:Tome to the Armenians
1386:period, 451–1453 AD)
1002:Prologue from Ochrid
507:in which dwells the
417:Eastern Roman Empire
253:Gregory of Nazianzus
16:Christian Archbishop
2302:Callinicus IV (III)
1006:Nikolai Velimirović
988:"St. Proclus"
843:Spicilegium Romanum
715:, pp. 187–195.
488:perpetual virginity
312:Cyril of Alexandria
288:Cyril of Alexandria
2621:Bishops of Cyzicus
1123:period, 38–330 AD)
473:Council of Ephesus
469:Archbishop Atticus
391:praetorian prefect
280:Council of Ephesus
164:Oriental Orthodoxy
144:Marian theologians
89:Oriental Orthodoxy
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338:asking for their
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2427:Meletius III
2392:Agathangelus
2382:Anthimus III
2292:Neophytus VI
2270:Jeremias III
2255:Athanasius V
2235:Neophytus IV
2215:Gerasimus II
2210:Dionysius IV
2155:Parthenius I
2110:Neophytus II
2100:Theophanes I
2080:Pachomius II
2060:Dionysius II
2055:Joannicius I
2045:Theoleptus I
1995:Sophronius I
1980:Gennadius II
1938:Euthymius II
1928:Callistus II
1863:Athanasius I
1843:Germanus III
1823:Methodius II
1763:Theodosius I
1733:Theodotus II
1703:Nicholas III
1658:Sisinnius II
1568:Nicephorus I
1523:Callinicus I
1360:
1296:Macedonius I
1215:Philadelphus
1145:Polycarpus I
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2539:Athenagoras
2509:Gregory VII
2487:Meletius IV
2462:Dionysius V
2452:Joachim III
2432:Anthimus VI
2422:Germanus IV
2412:Anthimus IV
2387:Chrysanthus
2377:Eugenius II
2367:Jeremias IV
2322:Meletius II
2307:Seraphim II
2245:Neophytus V
2240:Gabriel III
2135:Anthimus II
2075:Jeremias II
2040:Pachomius I
2020:Maximus III
2010:Dionysius I
1953:Gregory III
1903:Callistus I
1883:Gerasimus I
1818:Germanus II
1803:Theodore II
1753:Michael III
1738:Neophytus I
1728:Nicholas IV
1653:Nicholas II
1633:Theophylact
1618:Εuthymius I
1588:Methodius I
1573:Theodotus I
1463:Cyriacus II
1398:Gennadius I
1346:Sisinnius I
1255:Metrophanes
1180:Athenodorus
1165:Eleutherius
1114:Bishops of
941:Wace, Henry
919:Attribution
856:Daniel 1911
831:Daniel 1911
802:Daniel 1911
694:Daniel 1911
509:second Adam
217:consecrated
140:Virgin Mary
68:24 July 446
2596:446 deaths
2590:Categories
2524:Photius II
2482:Germanus V
2457:Joachim IV
2442:Joachim II
2417:Anthimus V
2407:Gregory VI
2337:Gabriel IV
2287:Seraphim I
2282:Paisius II
2265:Cosmas III
2185:Gabriel II
2130:Gregory IV
2125:Timothy II
2115:Raphael II
2105:Meletius I
2090:Matthew II
2065:Joasaph II
2050:Jeremias I
2030:Maximus IV
1985:Isidore II
1908:Philotheus
1858:Gregory II
1808:Maximus II
1798:Michael IV
1773:Nicetas II
1718:Michael II
1698:Eustratius
1668:Eustathius
1663:Sergius II
1648:Αntony III
1638:Polyeuctus
1623:Stephen II
1613:Nicholas I
1543:Anastasius
1538:Germanus I
1508:Theodore I
1438:Anthimus I
1433:Epiphanius
1356:Maximianus
1311:Demophilus
1230:Eugenius I
1220:Cyriacus I
1205:Olympianus
1048:Maximianus
883:Mém. eccl.
875:Theophanes
594:References
387:Thalassius
383:Cappadocia
375:deputation
368:deposition
318:the usual
292:Maximianus
272:rhetorical
268:exegetical
237:Antiochene
128:archbishop
59: 390
2544:Demetrius
2534:Maximus V
2519:Basil III
2437:Cyril VII
2357:Gregory V
2342:Procopius
2250:Cyprianus
2175:Paisius I
2170:Cyril III
2095:Gabriel I
2035:Joachim I
2025:Nephon II
2015:Raphael I
1990:Joasaph I
1943:Joseph II
1933:Matthew I
1923:Antony IV
1898:Isidore I
1878:John XIII
1828:Manuel II
1788:George II
1783:Dositheus
1723:Cosmas II
1688:John VIII
1678:Michael I
1608:Antony II
1603:Stephen I
1598:Photios I
1553:Nicetas I
1493:Thomas II
1473:Sergius I
1448:Eutychius
1423:Timothy I
1413:Euphemius
1393:Anatolius
1384:Byzantine
1371:Anatolius
1351:Nestorius
1326:Nectarius
1321:Gregory I
1316:Maximus I
1281:Alexander
1260:Alexander
1116:Byzantium
879:Tillemont
666:801325432
650:. Brill.
586:Feast day
580:Theotokos
576:Mariology
541:lampstand
481:Pulcheria
477:Nestorius
455:Mariology
449:salvation
441:Chalcedon
405:Orthodoxy
398:Trisagion
332:doctrines
320:synodical
296:Johannine
261:panegyric
257:Theotokos
249:Theotokos
241:Nestorius
213:Sisinnius
189:secretary
170:Biography
97:Canonized
2529:Benjamin
2372:Cyril VI
2260:Cyril IV
2140:Cyril II
2005:Symeon I
1913:Macarius
1893:John XIV
1873:Nephon I
1868:John XII
1848:Joseph I
1833:Arsenius
1813:Μanuel I
1778:Leontius
1768:Basil II
1758:Chariton
1693:Cosmas I
1593:Ignatios
1583:John VII
1578:Antony I
1563:Tarasius
1518:Paul III
1513:George I
1468:Thomas I
1453:John III
1408:Fravitta
1336:Arsacius
1306:Evagrius
1301:Eudoxius
1291:Eusebius
1240:Dometius
1225:Castinus
1210:Marcus I
1200:Pertinax
1190:Laurence
1160:Diogenes
1155:Sedecion
1150:Plutarch
1140:Onesimus
964:(1989).
867:Socrates
821:lxv. 651
772:47771920
533:Cherubim
465:devotion
411:Theology
379:Caesarea
348:rescript
185:ordained
2500:Turkish
2297:Cyril V
2200:Clement
2120:Cyril I
2000:Mark II
1971:Ottoman
1853:John XI
1708:John IX
1673:Alexius
1643:Βasil I
1628:Tryphon
1558:Paul IV
1533:John VI
1483:Paul II
1478:Pyrrhus
1458:John IV
1428:John II
1403:Acacius
1366:Flavian
1361:Proclus
1341:Atticus
1245:Rufinus
1195:Alypius
1135:Stachys
1065:Flavian
1004:by St.
933::
553:sermons
496:Ezekiel
328:Armenia
298:party.
278:of the
239:orator
225:Cyzicus
150:in the
120:Proclus
2563:Nicaea
2317:Samuel
1888:Isaias
1793:John X
1498:John V
1286:Paul I
1250:Probus
1185:Euzois
1130:Andrew
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865:cites
840:cites
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356:relics
264:sermon
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201:priest
197:deacon
176:reader
162:, and
158:, the
154:, the
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1918:Nilus
1528:Cyrus
1488:Peter
1443:Menas
1235:Titus
1170:Felix
1121:Roman
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565:Greek
547:Works
429:monks
377:from
148:saint
124:Greek
107:Feast
24:Saint
1748:Luke
972:ISBN
861:help
836:help
807:help
768:OCLC
758:ISBN
719:help
700:help
662:OCLC
652:ISBN
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463:and
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427:and
314:and
276:Acts
247:the
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219:him
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52:Born
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