20:
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660:"douleia occurs only in the sense of 'slavery, servility', and always in a negative sense – the slavery to physical corruption (Rom. 8.21), slavery to the law (Gal. 5.1), slavery to the fear of death (Heb. 2.15)" as well as the devil (cf. Heb 2.14–15 the power of him who holds the power of death—that is, the devil— 15 and free those who all their lives were held in slavery by their fear of death").
508:
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polemics. His views are intimately linked to his
Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety." Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the "Papists" for blurring the line, between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating
632:. It meant to him that Jesus as a human does not have a father and that as the Son of God he has no mother. The Holy Spirit, through whom Mary conceived, is not just any spirit, but it is God himself whose act must be understood spiritually and not physically. Mary is "full of grace" according to Barth, but this grace is not earned but totally given to her. Regarding Mary's
44:
463:
the honor given to the mother of God has been rooted so deeply into the hearts of men that no one wants to hear any opposition to this celebration... We also grant that she should be honored, since we, according to Saint Paul's words are indebted to show honor one to another for the sake of the One
558:
did not say anything about it. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death. "Throughout his career as a priest-professor-reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated
597:
I do not doubt that there has been some ignorance in their having reproved this mode of speech, — that the Virgin Mary is the Mother of God … I cannot dissemble that it is found to be a bad practice ordinarily to adopt this title in speaking of this Virgin: and, for my part, I cannot consider such
585:
and the title "Mother of God", in a qualified sense. However, he takes extreme exception to what he regards as the excessive veneration of the "Papists", honour which is due only to Jesus Christ. Calvin stated that Mary cannot be the advocate of the faithful, since she needs God's grace as much as
464:
who dwells in us, Jesus Christ. Therefore we have an obligation to honor Mary. But be careful to give her honor that is fitting. Unfortunately, I worry that we give her all too high an honor for she is accorded much more esteem than she should be given or than she accounted to herself.
498:
in one of his earlier sermons: "It seems to me impossible that we should obtain the reward of Heaven without the help of Mary. There is no sex or age, no rank or position, of anyone in the whole human race, which has no need to call for the help of the Holy Virgin."
923:
This trend has taken various directions over time, in that while some
Protestants have at times softened their attitude towards it, others have strengthened their opposition in the 21st century. For instance, during the May 2006 celebrations at
1411:
Michael J. Penfold. “Christ, of the
Substance of Mary” – A History of the Defence of the Doctrine. https://www.webtruth.org/the-person-of-christ/christ-of-the-substance-of-mary-a-history-of-the-defence-of-the-doctrine/#_ftnref38
545:
in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view. Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the
Immaculate Conception, which, at that time was undefined in the Church, maintaining however the
835:
We too know very well that God did not derive his divinity from Mary; but it does not follow that it is therefore wrong to say that God was born of Mary, that God is Mary’s Son, and that Mary is God’s mother.
656:
discusses the tradition of
Catholic dulia and Marian Veneration in Augustine and Aquinas, mentioning that the new testament's use of δουλεία (pronounced dulia) is always used negatively. He states:
19:
691:
This may be interpreted allegorically, for these women represent two covenants. One is from Mount Sinai, bearing children to be slaves (douleian | δουλείαν | acc sg fem); she is Hagar.
525:
Despite Luther's polemics against his Roman
Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the
675:
For you did not receive the spirit of slavery (douleias | δουλείας | gen sg fem) leading back to fear, but you received the Spirit of adoption. By him we cry out, “Abba! Father!”
474:
Thus the idea of respect and high honour was not rejected by the first
Protestants; but rather it was the matter of degrees of honor given to Mary, as the mother of Jesus, that
586:
any other human being. If the
Catholic Church praises her as Queen of Heaven, it is blasphemous and contradicts her own intention, because she is praised and not God.
471:
said, "I esteem immensely the Mother of God" and "The more the honor and love of Christ increases among men, so much the esteem and honor given to Mary should grow".
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and liberate those who throughout life were held in (douleias | δουλείας | gen sg fem) slavery (douleias | δουλείας | gen sg fem) by their fear of death.
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that the creation itself will be set free from its bondage (douleias | δουλείας | gen sg fem) to decay into the glorious freedom of the children of God.
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language as good, proper, or suitable… for to say, the Mother of God for the Virgin Mary, can only serve to harden the ignorant in their superstitions.
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Gleanings of a few scattered ears, during the period of
Reformation in England and of the times immediately succeeding : A.D. 1533 to A.D. 1588
620:, was a leading 20th century theologian. Aware of the common dogmatic tradition of the early Church, Barth fully accepted the dogma of Mary as the
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For freedom Christ has set us free. Stand firm, therefore, and do not be subject again to a yoke of slavery (douleias | δουλείας | gen sg fem).
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624:. In his view, through Mary, Jesus belongs to the human race; through Jesus, Mary is Mother of God. Barth also agreed with the
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Dunn, James D. G. 2010. Did the First
Christians Worship Jesus? : the New Testament Evidence London: SPCK., see page 19
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Calvin expressed deep concern over its possible "superstitious" use of the title "Mother of God" from the teachings of the
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1213:, I, 2, 154). "Catholic mariology is a cancer, a sick theological development, and cancers should be cut out" (
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after birth, Barth argued that the Church adopted this position not because of Mary but in defence of its
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in Protestantism given the great diversity of Protestant beliefs, some summary statements are attempted.
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563:' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be
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Keegan, Matthew C. (2011, April 27). Book Review: The Virgin Mary in the Light of the Word of God.
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as well as some modern representatives. While it is difficult to generalize about the place of
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and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and the
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From the 17th to the 19th centuries various groups of Protestants began to use the term
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827:-era Church, including the formulation "Mother of God" as a function of Christ's
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640:. Barth considered the Roman Catholic veneration of Mary a terrible mistake and
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The One Mediator, The Saints and Mary, Lutherans and Roman Catholic in Dialogue
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7th Plenary of the Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission in Sandbjerg, Denmark
1086:(1992). H. George Anderson; J. Francis Stafford; Joseph A. Burgess (eds.).
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Walsingham in Literature and Culture from the Middle Ages to Modernity
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What does the United Methodist Church teach about the Virgin Mary?
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were concerned with, and therefore the practical implications for
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Calvin to the Foreigners' Church in London, 27 October 1552, in
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1090:. Vol. VII. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress. p. 235.
1255:"The Ecumenical Councils and Authority in and of the Church"
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Some early Protestant Reformers venerated and honored Mary.
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liturgy. The second verse of a well known Protestant hymn,
1001:. Dearborn, Michigan: Mark V Publiscations. p. 167.
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https://www.billmounce.com/greek-dictionary/douleia
936:held a Marian procession, nonconformist Protestant
1338:The Everything Jesus Book: His Life, His Teachings
1275:Martin Luther (2007). Theodore G. Tappert (ed.).
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16:Views in Protestantism of Mary, mother of Jesus
1444:
1264:, The Lutheran World Federation, 10 July 1993
756:) or "Bearer of God" for Mary emerged in the
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8:
1146:, Serm. de la proph. de Christ: op 35, 686.
26:painting in the vestry of a Methodist church
1360:by Dominic Janes, Gary Fredric Waller 2010
1032:"Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary"
511:A statue of Mary in the Lutheran church of
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1421:Sermon on Mary, The Pure Mother of God
1191:(London: Bell and Daldy, 1857), p. 285
7:
1200:Barth, Kirchliche Dogmatic I, 2, 219
1041:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1105:Lutherans and Catholics in Dialogue
969:History of Roman Catholic Mariology
550:throughout her life. Regarding the
494:reflected the Marian spirit of the
128:Presentation of Jesus at the Temple
1392:A Warm Protestant Welcome for Mary
1277:Selected Writings of Martin Luther
14:
1029:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
998:Festival Sermons of Martin Luther
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42:
1300:History of the Christian Church
1279:. Fortress Press. p. 291.
665:New Testament uses of "δουλεία"
2202:Saint Luke painting the Virgin
1623:Miracle at the Wedding at Cana
1618:Finding of Jesus in the Temple
1407:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
1386:Religion and Ethics Newsweekly
944:, idolatry, and "Mariolatry".
910:Marian veneration and devotion
729:, St. John's Anglican Church,
482:are still a matter of debate.
1:
815:accepts the teachings of the
768:in 431. It is a statement of
764:-era universal Church at the
760:and was later adopted by the
714:Issues in Protestant theology
1403:Mary, Luther and Lutheranism
1397:U.S. News & World Report
940:held banners that condemned
806:Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones
581:John Calvin accepted Mary's
1053:Marienlexikon Gesamtausgabe
577:John Calvin's views on Mary
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1326:http://www.wordjourney.com
1162:Harmony of the Evangelists
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490:The pre-Lutheran reformer
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1669:Bilocation to Saint James
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1103:, 47, pp. 45f; see also,
813:Lutheran World Federation
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731:Ashfield, New South Wales
2263:Protestant views on Mary
1721:Protoevangelium of James
995:Basely, Joel R. (2005).
964:Roman Catholic Mariology
954:Anglican Marian theology
881:Not to be confused with
435:representatives such as
425:Protestant views on Mary
2112:Golden Madonna of Essen
1701:Woman of the Apocalypse
1183:George Cornelius Gorham
1989:Alma Redemptoris Mater
1938:Our Lady of Navigators
1302:by Philip Schaff 1960
926:Our Lady of Walsingham
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780:and also a devotional
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1603:Presentation of Jesus
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1460:Mary, mother of Jesus
1038:Catholic Encyclopedia
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513:Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune
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445:Mary, mother of Jesus
304:Immaculate Conception
150:Finding in the Temple
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1340:by Jon Kennedy 2006
1322:WordJourney Magazine
784:used extensively in
758:Church of Alexandria
476:Protestant Reformers
272:History of Mariology
66:Presentation of Mary
2156:Madonna del Rosario
2060:Maria mater gratiae
2036:Sub tuum praesidium
1994:Ave Regina caelorum
1948:Our Lady of Victory
1943:Our Lady of Sorrows
1586:Virginal motherhood
1560:Perpetual virginity
1425:, Huldrych Zwingli.
821:ecumenical councils
776:) in opposition to
618:Reformed Protestant
583:perpetual virginity
548:sinlessness of Mary
527:ecumenical councils
431:positions of major
340:Perpetual virginity
191:Marian perspectives
2197:Life of the Virgin
1913:Life-giving Spring
1903:Help of Christians
1613:Return to Nazareth
1555:Marriage to Joseph
1123:Commentary on John
916:, but actually be
861:. You can help by
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1598:Nativity of Jesus
1505:Brothers of Jesus
1324:, Retrieved from
1286:978-0-8006-6226-4
1158:"On Luke 1:46–50"
1051:Remigius Bäumer,
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696:Galatians 5:1
693:
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607:Main article:
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459:said of Mary:
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39:
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37:of articles on
15:
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2:
2280:
2269:
2268:Point of view
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2241:Saints Portal
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2150:Agiosoritissa
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2132:
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2108:
2107:Black Madonna
2105:
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2024:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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1926:
1923:
1922:of all graces
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1366:0-7546-6924-6
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1347:
1346:1-59337-712-6
1343:
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1328:
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1316:
1313:
1310:pages 295-305
1309:
1308:0-8028-8049-5
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1221:, I, 2, 157).
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1175:
1164:. Vol. 1
1163:
1159:
1156:John Calvin.
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:John Calvin,
1139:
1136:
1125:. Vol. 1
1124:
1120:
1117:John Calvin.
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
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1008:0-9652403-1-2
1004:
1000:
999:
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988:
981:
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962:
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959:Mary in Islam
957:
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951:
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919:
915:
911:
908:practices of
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
873:
864:
860:
857:This section
855:
851:
846:
845:
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809:
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783:
782:title of Mary
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
751:
747:
746:
738:Mother of God
737:
732:
728:
725:depiction of
724:
723:Stained glass
720:
713:
706:
704:Hebrews 2:15
703:
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623:
622:Mother of God
619:
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584:
578:
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557:
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536:
535:Mother of God
532:
528:
522:
514:
509:
503:Martin Luther
502:
500:
497:
493:
492:John Wycliffe
486:John Wycliffe
485:
483:
481:
477:
472:
470:
465:
460:
458:
457:Martin Luther
450:
448:
446:
442:
438:
437:Martin Luther
434:
430:
426:
415:
410:
408:
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401:
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326:
323:
322:
319:
317:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
302:
301:
300:
299:
296:Marian dogmas
294:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
270:
268:
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262:
259:
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53:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
25:
21:
2239:
2227:
2154:
2134:Stabat Mater
2116:
2004:Regina caeli
1999:Salve Regina
1898:Coredemptrix
1893:Christotokos
1853:month of May
1778:
1662:: later life
1643:Resurrection
1581:Annunciation
1550:Presentation
1533:: early life
1420:
1395:
1357:
1353:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1299:
1295:
1276:
1270:
1261:
1249:
1235:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1177:
1166:. Retrieved
1161:
1151:
1143:
1138:
1127:. Retrieved
1122:
1112:
1107:VIII, p. 29.
1104:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1073:Bäumer, 190.
1069:
1060:
1052:
1047:
1036:
1024:
1012:. Retrieved
997:
990:
922:
889:
887:
867:
863:adding to it
858:
834:
810:
778:Nestorianism
743:
741:
680:Romans 8:21
672:Romans 8:15
659:
651:
630:Virgin Birth
612:
596:
588:
580:
543:Pope Pius IX
524:
515:, Strasbourg
489:
473:
467:
462:
454:
427:include the
424:
423:
315:
215:
171:Resurrection
105:Virgin birth
71:Annunciation
2164:Derzhavnaya
1826:Apparitions
1633:Crucifixion
1405:, from the
1368:pages 12–13
1240:Bill Mounce
1064:Bäumer, 191
733:, Australia
638:Christology
571:John Calvin
441:John Calvin
429:theological
356:Apparitions
166:Crucifixion
115:Holy Family
2257:Categories
2181:Hodegetria
2102:Assumption
2055:Magnificat
1860:Feast days
1815:Veneration
1779:Protestant
1713:Apocryphal
1691:Coronation
1686:Assumption
1638:Deposition
1593:Visitation
1168:2008-05-19
1129:2008-05-19
982:References
890:Mariolatry
840:Mariolatry
819:and other
774:hypostasis
654:James Dunn
648:James Dunn
642:idolatrous
614:Karl Barth
603:Karl Barth
433:Protestant
366:Feast days
329:Assumption
239:Ecumenical
216:Protestant
82:Visitation
58:Chronology
2011:Ave Maria
1984:Antiphons
1963:Theotokos
1918:Mediatrix
1865:Patronage
1848:Devotions
1843:Christmas
1744:Christian
1735:Mariology
1696:Queenship
1674:Dormition
1660:Tradition
1650:Pentecost
1531:Tradition
1500:Elizabeth
1478:(husband)
1014:March 24,
934:Catholics
930:Anglicans
883:Mariology
825:patristic
762:patristic
745:Theotokos
634:virginity
531:Theotokos
480:Mariology
316:Theotokos
267:Mariology
182:Pentecost
2229:Category
2065:Memorare
2026:Akathist
1784:Lutheran
1774:Orthodox
1757:Catholic
1752:Anglican
1496:(mother)
1490:(father)
948:See also
938:hecklers
918:idolatry
902:Oriental
894:Catholic
870:May 2016
802:Anglican
798:Lutheran
754:Θεοτόκος
644:heresy.
565:idolatry
226:Lutheran
221:Anglican
200:Catholic
110:Nativity
87:Marriage
35:a series
33:Part of
2190:Related
1979:Angelus
1972:Prayers
1933:Panagia
1928:New Eve
1870:Shrines
1802:Islamic
1762:history
1571:In the
1488:Joachim
1394:, from
823:of the
628:of the
469:Zwingli
381:Shrines
249:Islamic
2169:Eleusa
2070:Rosary
2048:Loreto
2043:Litany
1885:Titles
1476:Joseph
1468:Family
1423:, 1520
1388:report
1364:
1348:page 7
1344:
1306:
1283:
1005:
942:Masses
561:saints
386:Titles
288:Saints
92:Joseph
2124:Pietà
2021:Hymns
1795:Other
1767:papal
1573:Bible
1545:Birth
1484:(son)
1482:Jesus
1258:(PDF)
1144:Works
750:Greek
626:Dogma
556:Bible
376:Music
371:Hymns
2143:East
2094:West
1831:list
1679:Tomb
1523:Life
1494:Anne
1362:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1304:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1016:2015
1003:ISBN
932:and
904:and
800:and
748:(in
439:and
155:Cana
2085:Art
914:God
865:.
541:by
533:or
361:Art
2259::
1384:,
1260:,
1185:,
1160:.
1121:.
1035:.
920:.
900:,
896:,
796:,
792:,
788:,
752::
593::
567:.
1924:)
1920:(
1452:e
1445:t
1438:v
1289:.
1171:.
1132:.
1018:.
885:.
872:)
868:(
413:e
406:t
399:v
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