454:, taking many notables of the Abbasid court captive. As pro-Shi'a sympathizers flocked to Bahrayn, the Abbasid government, divided by factional rivalries and incapacitated by lack of funds, failed to respond effectively to the Qarmatian threat. The destruction of the Hajj caravan was a testament to the incompetence of the Abbasid government to ensure one of its most fundamental duties. Riots broke out in the streets of Baghdad against Ibn al-Furat, who now lost any support he might have had. Mu'nis was recalled to Baghdad in June, and the military commanders insisted on the deposition of Ibn al-Furat. On 16 July the vizier was deposed and executed, along with his son al-Muhassin. The event marked the final ascendance of the military over the civilian bureaucracy, with dire consequences for the future.
625:. The army lists reportedly contained the names of 42,000 men, to which the sizeable personal retinues of Mu'nis and the other senior commanders, and the Bedouin commanded by Abu'l-Hayja, must be added. However, the Abbasid troops were of low quality and represented the result of an emergency mass mobilization rather than a trained military force. According to Kennedy, the actual number of effective, regular troops available to the Abbasid government at the time was probably well below 10,000 men, and that only in emergencies. As a result, instead of confronting the Qarmatians in the field, Mu'nis resorted to breaching the canals, flooding the fields, and tearing down the bridges leading to Baghdad to halt the Qarmatian advance. Finding their way blocked, on 7 January 928, at the
718:, as the awaited Mahdi. He was proclaimed as such publicly in 931, with full power being ceded into his hands by the Qarmatian leaders. As the Mahdi was expected to annul the existing religious law of Muhammad and announce a new and final revelation, the unprecedented desecration of Mecca was likely tied with the millennialist expectations associated with their new messiah among the Qarmatians. In the event, the bizarre and autocratic behaviour of the supposed Mahdi, who was worshipped as a living god and had several leading Qarmatians executed, aroused resistance, and he was murdered soon after.
465:, and when they were refused, they entered Kufa and pillaged it for seven days. Even the city's iron gates were dismantled and taken back to Bahrayn. In the next Hajj season, in January 926, a strong military escort ensured the safety of the pilgrims, but the authorities nevertheless paid a hefty sum to the Qarmatians to be allowed through. During the following Hajj, the caravan had to be called off entirely as the Abbasid government lacked the funds to provide the escort, and panic spread in Mecca as its inhabitants deserted the city in anticipation of a Qarmatian attack that never came.
139:
418:, who favoured military action. Upon news of the attack, Ibn al-Furat sent troops to Basra, but they arrived after the Qarmatians had left. This would be a common theme in the Abbasid military response to the Qarmatian raids: the Qarmatian raiding parties were small, but highly mobile, ensuring that any Abbasid military response would come late. At the same time, the Qarmatian base in Bahrayn was safe from Abbasid retaliation.
541:
247:, preferred to avoid combat and instead obstruct the Qarmatian advance by destroying the bridges and canals near the Abbasid capital. The resulting flooding brought the Qarmatian advance to a halt at the outskirts of the city on 7 January 928. The Qarmatians then withdrew again across the Euphrates and marched up the river into
528:, which would cost the treasury far less and provide better-suited troops. At the same time the vizier tried to persuade Ibn Abi'l-Saj to return to his home province, but the latter refused, just as he refused to lead his men into the field before the promised money arrived. In the meantime the Sajid troops made their base at
726:
in 930, he seemed poised to repeat his invasion of Iraq, but after a sack of Kufa in 931, he returned with his men back to
Bahrayn to deal with the false Mahdi. Over the following years, the Qarmatians of Bahrayn entered into negotiations with the Abbasid government, resulting in the conclusion of a
409:
on the night of 11 August 923. The city was thoroughly plundered over the next 17 days, until the
Qarmatians left, unmolested, and with an enormous train of booty and slaves. The start of hostilities was likely connected to the deposition of Ali ibn Isa from the vizierate, and his replacement by his
285:
figure expected by the
Qarmatians, and he was murdered. The event demoralized the Qarmatians, who after that sought peaceful relations with the Abbasids. Nevertheless, the invasion of 927–928 severely deteriorated the financial and political situation in the Abbasid Caliphate, which descended into a
721:
Abu Tahir was able to retain power over
Bahrayn, and the Qarmatian leadership denounced the entire episode as an error and reverted to its previous adherence to Islamic law. Nevertheless, the affair of the false Mahdi tarnished the prestige of Abu Tahir and shattered the morale of the Qarmatians,
740:
in
February 929, but even though the caliph was restored within days, the following years were a period of coups and counter-coups that culminated in the overthrow and death of al-Muqtadir by Mu'nis in 932. Rather than stabilizing the situation, this merely highlighted the role that the military
561:
The invading
Qarmatian force was small—medieval sources put it at between 1,500 and 2,300 men—so Ibn Abi'l-Saj decided to attack them. Despite enjoying considerable numerical superiority, in a battle near Kufa on 7 December 927, the Sajid troops were defeated and Ibn Abi'l-Saj himself captured.
593:
After their victory at Kufa, the
Qarmatians began their advance north, targeting Baghdad itself. As the Qarmatians advanced, panic broke out in Baghdad, where many feared that the city would fall and the Abbasid Caliphate perish, as rumours spread that Abu Tahir had already divided the caliphal
676:
As
Kennedy remarks, the Abbasid government's policy of concentrating its troops in the capital meant that cities across the Caliphate were left to their own devices, forced to hastily improvise defences and raise militias to fend off the attackers. Finally, in the summer of 928, the Qarmatians
735:
In the
Abbasid Caliphate, the disastrous Qarmatian invasion of Iraq, which left the once fertile Sawad devastated, exacerbated the political infighting in Baghdad. Once the immediate danger had passed, the court secured Ali ibn Isa's dismissal in May 928, and the intrigues and power struggles
636:
Yalqbaq with 6,000 men, most of whom appear to have been Sajid troops. Abu Tahir suspected their intentions and managed to cross the river at night, to alert his camp and prepare its defence. The
Abbasid attack failed, and Ibn Abi'l-Saj was executed in the aftermath.
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could play in court politics. In the following decades, a number of military strongmen and regional warlords fought one another for control of Baghdad and the now virtually powerless caliphs and the revenues of Iraq, until the final takeover of Baghdad by the
481:, were unable to shore up the state's finances. Matters were made worse by persistent rumours that elements in the Abbasid government were secretly in league with the Qarmatians, a charge that was liberally levelled at political opponents at the time.
553:
All of Ali ibn Isa's plans would take time to implement, however, and that was running out. In October/November 927, the Qarmatians under Abu Tahir launched their invasion of Iraq, moving to attack Kufa. Mu'nis was recalled from a campaign against the
508:
remarks, this was a "foolish idea": the Sajid troops, mostly highland troops, were unaccustomed to fighting in the desert plains of Iraq, while Ibn Abi'l-Saj's loyalty to Baghdad was questionable and contingent on being paid the promised sums.
421:
Despite the alarming sack of Basra, Ibn al-Furat was more concerned with securing his own position than making military preparations; indeed, to remove his most powerful rival from Baghdad, he sent the commander-in-chief,
613:
behind on the west bank. During the night, the Abbasids managed to burn down the bridge again, stranding the Qarmatians east of the river, but the latter nevertheless continued their march on the Abbasid capital.
727:
peace treaty in 939, and eventually the return of the Black Stone to Mecca in 951. These events marked, in the words of Hugh Kennedy, "the assimilation of the Qarmati state into the Muslim political order".
209:, during the previous years. Coming amidst a general political malaise in the Abbasid government, which appeared helpless to counter the Qarmatians, these attacks exacerbated the political tensions in
251:, plundering the region and securing ransom from its cities. Unopposed, the Qarmatians withdrew to their homes in the summer of 928. Their presence had led to uprisings by sympathizers, the so-called
710:. This event may have been connected to internal developments in the Qarmatian state: on his return from Iraq, Abu Tahir recognized one of the captives brought with them, a young Persian named
558:, large stores of weapons and supplies set up at Kufa, and Ibn Abi'l-Saj ordered to make for the city. The fast-moving Qarmatians reached Kufa first, however, capturing the stored supplies.
594:
palaces among his followers. The Abbasid government mobilized even its palace troops, which rarely left the capital, to meet the threat. Ali ibn Isa was obliged to turn to the queen mother,
632:
While the Qarmatian army was still east of the Euphrates, the Abbasids planned to attack their camp on the west bank, and free Ibn Abi'l-Saj. For this purpose, Mu'nis detailed his
645:
The Qarmatian army managed to cross the Euphrates, but despite being thwarted in their attack on Baghdad, Abu Tahir did not give up. His men followed the river to the north into
722:
many of whom abandoned Bahrayn to seek service in the armies of various regional warlords. At the same time, the event evidently checked Abu Tahir's ambitions: after conquering
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In the meantime, the Abbasid government made frantic efforts to gather money for recruiting more soldiers, but the two short-lived viziers who followed Ibn al-Furat,
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227:, led a force of no more than 2,300 men to invade Iraq. In December, the Qarmatians captured Kufa and routed the much larger army of the semi-autonomous emir of
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430:, in virtual exile. At the same time, Ibn al-Furat's son, al-Muhassin, engaged in a campaign of torture against officials, in order to extract money from them.
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500:, with his troops, to confront the Qarmatian menace. As the treasury was empty, the revenues of the eastern provinces still under Abbasid control (the
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of Kufa, but these were suppressed by the Abbasid authorities. The survivors of these uprisings joined the Qarmatians in their retreat to Bahrayn.
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of Kufa revealed themselves and rose in revolt, from the Bedouin tribes of Rifa'a, Dhuhl, and Abs, to the nephew of the early Isma'ili missionary
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towards Baghdad, where a widespread panic broke out. An army of over 40,000 men was assembled to meet the threat, but the Abbasid commanders,
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Under Abu Sa'id's rule, the Qarmatians of Bahrayn remained uninvolved in the unsuccessful Isma'ili uprisings of the 900s against the
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destroyed. Some men in boats managed to cross the river and repair it, allowing the rest of the army to cross, but leaving their
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577:, who seized control of Kufa and declared the end of the Abbasid dynasty and the imminent arrival of the Islamic messiah, the
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and northwestern Persia), along with Ibn Abi'l-Saj's own domains, were allocated for the upkeep of his army. As the historian
2881:
338:". Whether out of genuine conviction or political expediency, Abu Sa'id sided with the latter faction. Allied with the local
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vicious circle of military coups and internecine warfare among warlords, culminating in 946 with the takeover of Iraq by the
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The Hajj caravan of the next year was attacked on its way to Mecca, and despite an escort of 6,000 men had to turn back to
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Under the leadership of the barely 16-year-old Abu Tahir, the Qarmatians began raids against the Abbasid Caliphate with a
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Crisis and Continuity at the Abbasid Court: Formal and Informal Politics in the Caliphate of al-Muqtadir (295-320/908-32)
393:, was at first the pre-eminent, but his reign was brief; he was replaced by the more ambitious and warlike youngest son,
1740:
389:. Abu Sa'id was assassinated in 913/4, and succeeded, at least nominally, by all of his sons collectively. The oldest,
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in 912, they also retained peace with the Abbasids, secured through donations of money and weapons sent by the Abbasid
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merchants, Abu Sa'id was able to capture the region's capital, and in 900 cemented its independence by defeating an
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in the same year, but internal troubles halted their advance. A young Persian who had been taken prisoner in Iraq,
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Finally, in April 927, Ali ibn Isa was recalled to the vizierate at the insistence of Mu'nis, to lead a sort of '
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resumed, this time between Mu'nis and Harub ibn Gharib. The disputes resulted in the brief deposition of Caliph
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by Abu Tahir, and power passed to him. His erratic behaviour, however, quickly made clear that he was not the
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516:' to deal with the crisis. Ali ibn Isa favoured an alternative solution, namely recruiting troops from the
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retreated to their homes in Bahrayn, with Abu Tahir leaving behind a poem in which he promised to return.
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pursued by the Qarmatians, taking heavy losses. The Qarmatians demanded the surrender of Basra and of
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The couple of thousand of Qarmatians faced a much larger army, under the command of Mu'nis and the
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322:. In 899, the Isma'ili movement split between a branch that followed the leadership of the future
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The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
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In desperation, in 926 the vizier al-Khasibi called upon the semi-autonomous, hereditary
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of Aqarquf, within sight of the towers of Baghdad, the Qarmatian advance was halted.
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in January 930, during the Hajj. They massacred the Hajj pilgrims, desecrated the
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The invasion was the culmination of a series of destructive raids against the
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The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State
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235:, who was captured. The Qarmatians then began to advance north along the
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673:, extracting ransoms from the cities and plundering the countryside.
194:, that began in autumn of 927 and continued until the summer of 928.
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581:. The rebels were soon dispersed by Abbasid troops from Wasit under
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1444:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Raids on the Hajj caravans and the fall of Ibn al-Furat
1538:"The Reign of al-Muqtadir (295–320/908–32): A History"
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373:, or in the establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate in
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Qarmatian march on Baghdad and the Abbasid response
532:, from where they oppressed the local population.
469:Abbasid preparations and the recall of Ali ibn Isa
1468:The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids
262:In the aftermath of the invasion, the Qarmatians
686:Sack of Mecca and the end of Qarmatian expansion
585:, but their remnants joined Abu Tahir's forces.
1464:Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden
223:In October/November 927, the Qarmatian leader,
213:, leading to the downfall and execution of the
34:
2889:
1616:
731:Decline and collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate
314:had established a strong following among the
8:
1441:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines
605:on 14 December, finding the bridge over the
330:, and those who rejected his claims to the
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1572:"The Fatimids and the Qarmatīs of Bahrayn"
31:
698:by throwing in corpses and plundered the
549:Fall of Kufa and defeat of the Sajid army
358:army sent to recover control of Bahrayn.
3088:Rebellions against the Abbasid Caliphate
826:
653:resisted their attacks, but they sacked
601:In the meantime, the Qarmatians reached
1470:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck.
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649:, plundering as they went. The town of
1580:Mediaeval Isma'ili History and Thought
27:927 raid against the Abbasid Caliphate
3068:10th century in the Abbasid Caliphate
690:Abu Tahir made good on his threat by
641:Qarmatian raid into Upper Mesopotamia
544:Map of Iraq in the 9th–10th centuries
7:
3063:Wars involving the Abbasid Caliphate
1518:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
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299:Origins of the Qarmatians of Bahrayn
18:Qarmatian invasion of Iraq (927–928)
702:, taking its relics, including the
2847:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
1816:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
1494:. London and New York: Routledge.
565:Hidden Isma'ili sympathizers (the
25:
1544:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 13–47.
446:caravan making its way back from
59:October/November 927 – summer 928
3058:Battles involving the Qarmatians
1746:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
165:Unknown number of rebel fighters
137:
178:was a large-scale raid by the
1:
2552:Palace and central government
706:, with them to their capital
438:In March 924, the Qarmatians
40:Part of the wars between the
2950:Abu'l-Qasim Sa'id al-Jannabi
2012:Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat
1756:Abbasid–Carolingian alliance
391:Abu'l-Qasim Sa'id al-Jannabi
377:. Apart from a raid against
269:in January 930 and captured
3104:
1584:Cambridge University Press
1321:, pp. 97–98, 129–132.
303:In the 880s and 890s, the
190:'s metropolitan region of
176:Qarmatian invasion of Iraq
35:Qarmatian invasion of Iraq
2822:
2811:
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2017:Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah
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514:national unity government
387:Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah
157:
122:
92:
51:
39:
2612:Financial administration
2384:Abbasid caliphs of Cairo
909:, pp. 121, 147–148.
868:, pp. 176, 225–226.
817:, pp. 116–117, 121.
407:surprise attack on Basra
277:, was recognized as the
2542:Government and military
401:Qarmatian sack of Basra
2037:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi
712:Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani
692:attacking Mecca itself
545:
350:, as well as with the
275:Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani
245:Abu'l-Hayja al-Hamdani
163:1,500–2,300 Qarmatians
148:Abu'l-Hayja al-Hamdani
123:Commanders and leaders
3001:2nd Invasion of Egypt
2996:1st Invasion of Egypt
2981:924 Hajj caravan raid
2346:Mustansiriya Madrasah
1751:Round city of Baghdad
543:
365:Abbasid Caliphate in
3083:History of Ismailism
3073:10th century in Iraq
2955:Abu Tahir al-Jannabi
2945:Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi
2842:Science and learning
1741:Conquest of Ifriqiya
880:, pp. 176, 225.
841:, pp. 285, 287.
395:Abu Tahir al-Jannabi
312:Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi
225:Abu Tahir al-Jannabi
129:Abu Tahir al-Jannabi
2817:Culture and society
1920:Kharijite Rebellion
1422:, pp. 193–197.
1398:, pp. 288–289.
1386:, pp. 149–150.
1345:, pp. 231–235.
1297:, pp. 230–231.
1285:, pp. 229–230.
1261:, pp. 162–163.
1249:, pp. 228–229.
1225:, pp. 163–164.
1176:, pp. 227–228.
1164:, pp. 160–162.
1100:, pp. 161–162.
987:, pp. 226–227.
498:Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj
475:Abdallah al-Khaqani
426:, with his army to
233:Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj
134:Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj
2857:Islamic philosophy
2153:Musharrif al-Dawla
2022:Qarmatian invasion
2007:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
1888:Anarchy at Samarra
1844:the Abbasid empire
1712:Abbasid Revolution
1586:. pp. 21–73.
575:Abu Muhammad Abdan
546:
424:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
241:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
201:caravans, and the
144:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
3078:Invasions of Iraq
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3029:
2960:al-Hasan al-A'sam
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2532:
2531:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2368:
2367:
2300:(1157–1258)
2290:
2289:
2190:(1055–1157)
2176:
2175:
2168:al-Malik al-Rahim
2095:Baghdad Manifesto
2050:
2049:
1835:
1834:
1669:Umayyad Caliphate
1632:Abbasid Caliphate
1593:978-0-521-00310-0
1568:Madelung, Wilferd
1559:978-90-04-25271-4
1525:978-0-582-40525-7
1477:978-3-406-35497-7
1451:978-0-521-61636-2
1410:, pp. 39–41.
1188:, pp. 38–39.
1112:, pp. 37–38.
1018:, pp. 34–35.
975:, pp. 33–34.
963:, pp. 35–36.
829:, pp. 24–29.
805:, pp. 37–38.
647:Upper Mesopotamia
328:Abdallah al-Mahdi
249:Upper Mesopotamia
188:Abbasid Caliphate
172:
171:
113:Abbasid Caliphate
88:
87:
84:Qarmatian victory
46:Abbasid Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
3095:
2986:Invasion of Iraq
2898:
2891:
2884:
2875:
2813:
2790:Jews and Judaism
2694:
2687:Religion and law
2683:
2549:
2538:
2406:
2388:Mamluk Sultanate
2306:
2301:
2196:
2191:
2070:
2065:
2064:(946–1055)
1854:
1849:
1842:Fragmentation of
1794:Sack of Heraclea
1702:
1697:
1655:
1644:
1637:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1602:
1597:
1563:
1529:
1505:
1481:
1455:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1134:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1072:
1066:
1053:
1047:
1034:
1028:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
937:
931:
925:
919:
910:
904:
898:
892:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
777:
771:
716:Qasr Ibn Hubayra
583:Harun ibn Gharib
556:Byzantine Empire
479:Ahmad al-Khasibi
334:, known as the "
152:Harun ibn Gharib
141:
53:
52:
32:
21:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3010:
2964:
2933:
2912:
2902:
2872:
2863:
2852:House of Wisdom
2818:
2799:
2768:
2688:
2669:
2633:
2607:
2543:
2528:
2411:
2392:
2377:
2364:
2358:Sack of Baghdad
2302:
2299:
2286:
2235:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2172:
2148:Sultan al-Dawla
2138:Sharaf al-Dawla
2133:Samsam al-Dawla
2118:Mu'izz al-Dawla
2106:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2046:
1970:
1944:Abbasid revival
1939:
1871:Sack of Amorium
1850:
1848:(833–946)
1847:
1846:
1843:
1831:
1784:Harun al-Rashid
1762:
1729:Battle of Talas
1698:
1696:(750–833)
1695:
1694:
1685:
1662:
1649:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1594:
1576:Daftary, Farhad
1566:
1560:
1532:
1526:
1508:
1502:
1484:
1478:
1458:
1452:
1436:Daftary, Farhad
1434:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1137:
1129:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1075:
1067:
1056:
1048:
1037:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1002:
991:
983:
979:
971:
967:
959:
955:
947:
940:
932:
928:
920:
913:
905:
901:
893:
884:
876:
872:
864:
860:
852:
845:
837:
833:
825:
821:
813:
809:
801:
797:
789:
780:
772:
755:
751:
733:
688:
683:
643:
591:
551:
538:
471:
436:
403:
301:
296:
164:
150:
146:
142:
115:
105:
76:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3101:
3099:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3053:920s conflicts
3050:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2589:Robe of honour
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2512:Jund Qinnasrin
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2492:Jund al-Urdunn
2489:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2240:Seljuk sultans
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2193:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2158:Jalal al-Dawla
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2128:'Adud al-Dawla
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2067:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2042:Nasir al-Dawla
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1915:Zanj Rebellion
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1862:
1860:
1858:Samarra period
1851:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1818:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1708:
1706:
1699:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1564:
1558:
1530:
1524:
1506:
1500:
1482:
1476:
1456:
1450:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1374:, p. 236.
1364:
1362:, p. 151.
1347:
1335:
1333:, p. 231.
1323:
1311:
1309:, p. 150.
1299:
1287:
1275:
1273:, p. 229.
1263:
1251:
1239:
1237:, p. 162.
1227:
1215:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1135:
1133:, p. 228.
1114:
1102:
1090:
1073:
1071:, p. 149.
1054:
1052:, p. 192.
1035:
1020:
1008:
1006:, p. 227.
989:
977:
965:
953:
938:
936:, p. 191.
926:
924:, p. 148.
911:
899:
897:, p. 226.
882:
870:
858:
856:, p. 287.
843:
831:
819:
807:
795:
793:, p. 163.
778:
752:
750:
747:
732:
729:
687:
684:
682:
679:
661:, and reached
642:
639:
590:
587:
550:
547:
537:
534:
470:
467:
435:
432:
402:
399:
342:tribes of the
324:Fatimid caliph
300:
297:
295:
292:
170:
169:
166:
160:
159:
155:
154:
131:
125:
124:
120:
119:
110:
95:
94:
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
67:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3100:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3023:
3022:Al-Ahsa Oasis
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:Sack of Mecca
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Sack of Basra
2974:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2929:Hamdan Qarmat
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2814:
2810:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2762:Shi'a Century
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Sunni Revival
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2680:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:Abna al-dawla
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Amir al-umara
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Jund Filastin
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2407:
2403:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2293:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Malik-Shah II
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:al-Mustarshid
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Baha al-Dawla
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:Sack of Mecca
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:al-Mutawakkil
1881:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:Establishment
1703:
1700:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:Kennedy, Hugh
1531:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1510:Kennedy, Hugh
1507:
1503:
1501:0-415-25093-5
1497:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1486:Kennedy, Hugh
1483:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1213:, p. 39.
1212:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1152:, p. 38.
1151:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1088:, p. 36.
1087:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1033:, p. 35.
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
990:
986:
981:
978:
974:
969:
966:
962:
957:
954:
951:, p. 34.
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
930:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
903:
900:
896:
891:
889:
887:
883:
879:
874:
871:
867:
862:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
835:
832:
828:
827:Madelung 1996
823:
820:
816:
811:
808:
804:
799:
796:
792:
787:
785:
783:
779:
776:, p. 37.
775:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
754:
748:
746:
744:
743:Buyid dynasty
739:
730:
728:
725:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
685:
680:
678:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
640:
638:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
615:
612:
611:baggage train
608:
604:
599:
597:
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
559:
557:
548:
542:
535:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
468:
466:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
433:
431:
429:
425:
419:
417:
413:
408:
400:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
306:
298:
293:
291:
289:
288:Buyid dynasty
284:
283:millennialist
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:sack of Basra
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
167:
162:
161:
156:
153:
149:
145:
140:
135:
132:
130:
127:
126:
121:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
100:
97:
96:
91:
83:
80:
79:
74:
70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
54:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2985:
2827:Architecture
2785:Christianity
2747:Twelve Imams
2497:Jund Dimashq
2374:
2353:al-Musta'sim
2341:al-Mustansir
2321:al-Mustanjid
2297:Final period
2296:
2282:Ahmad Sanjar
2257:Malik-Shah I
2216:al-Mustazhir
2182:
2123:Izz al-Dawla
2056:
2021:
1841:
1806:Fourth Fitna
1692:Early period
1691:
1659:
1579:
1541:
1514:
1490:
1467:
1463:
1440:
1420:Kennedy 2004
1415:
1408:Kennedy 2013
1403:
1396:Kennedy 2004
1391:
1384:Daftary 2007
1379:
1367:
1360:Daftary 2007
1338:
1326:
1319:Daftary 2007
1314:
1307:Daftary 2007
1302:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1259:Kennedy 2001
1254:
1242:
1235:Kennedy 2001
1230:
1223:Kennedy 2001
1218:
1211:Kennedy 2013
1186:Kennedy 2013
1181:
1169:
1162:Kennedy 2001
1157:
1150:Kennedy 2013
1110:Kennedy 2013
1105:
1098:Kennedy 2001
1093:
1086:Kennedy 2013
1069:Daftary 2007
1050:Kennedy 2004
1031:Kennedy 2013
1016:Kennedy 2013
1011:
980:
973:Kennedy 2013
968:
961:Kennedy 2013
956:
949:Kennedy 2013
934:Kennedy 2004
929:
922:Daftary 2007
907:Daftary 2007
902:
873:
861:
854:Kennedy 2004
839:Kennedy 2004
834:
822:
815:Daftary 2007
810:
798:
791:Kennedy 2001
774:Kennedy 2013
734:
720:
689:
675:
644:
631:
616:
600:
592:
564:
560:
552:
511:
506:Hugh Kennedy
483:
472:
456:
437:
420:
416:Ibn al-Furat
404:
360:
352:Persian Gulf
302:
261:
222:
218:Ibn al-Furat
196:
186:against the
175:
173:
93:Belligerents
29:
2795:Khurramites
2742:Shi'a Islam
2706:Mu'tazilism
2163:Abu Kalijar
2111:Buyid emirs
2002:al-Mustakfi
1982:al-Muqtadir
1961:al-Mu'tadid
1956:al-Muwaffaq
1951:al-Mu'tamid
1898:al-Musta'in
1893:al-Muntasir
1866:al-Mu'tasim
1821:Mu'tazilism
1674:Third Fitna
1460:Halm, Heinz
738:al-Muqtadir
714:, taken at
704:Black Stone
696:Zamzam Well
634:chamberlain
623:Abu'l-Hayja
490:Adharbayjan
310:missionary
229:Adharbayjan
168:over 40,000
69:Mesopotamia
3037:Categories
2924:Isma'ilism
2917:Background
2911:(899–1077)
2832:Literature
2757:Qarmatians
2752:Isma'ilism
2660:Commanders
2519:Tabaristan
2386:under the
2326:al-Mustadi
2316:al-Muqtafi
2277:Muhammad I
2252:Alp Arslan
2231:al-Muqtafi
2211:al-Muqtadi
1997:al-Muttaqi
1966:al-Muktafi
1908:al-Muhtadi
1903:al-Mu'tazz
1717:Abu Muslim
1681:Hashimiyya
1660:Background
1636:(750–1258)
749:References
667:Ras al-Ayn
621:chieftain
520:tribes of
397:, in 923.
348:Banu Uqayl
344:Banu Kilab
336:Qarmatians
318:tribes of
294:Background
180:Qarmatians
99:Qarmatians
42:Qarmatians
3006:Overthrow
2907:state of
2905:Qarmatian
2837:Musicians
2730:Shafi'ism
2725:Hanbalism
2584:Officials
2507:Jund Hims
2410:Geography
2375:Aftermath
2267:Berkyaruq
2226:al-Rashid
1930:Saffarids
1878:al-Wathiq
1811:al-Ma'mun
1789:Barmakids
1736:al-Mansur
1724:al-Saffah
1372:Halm 1991
1343:Halm 1991
1331:Halm 1991
1295:Halm 1991
1283:Halm 1991
1271:Halm 1991
1247:Halm 1991
1174:Halm 1991
1131:Halm 1991
1004:Halm 1991
985:Halm 1991
895:Halm 1991
878:Halm 1991
866:Halm 1991
803:Halm 1991
681:Aftermath
655:al-Daliya
607:Euphrates
569:) in the
463:Khuzistan
440:destroyed
255:, in the
237:Euphrates
2720:Hanafism
2638:Military
2472:Khurasan
2445:Ifriqiya
2420:Arminiya
2336:al-Zahir
2331:al-Nasir
2262:Mahmud I
2206:al-Qa'im
2102:al-Qa'im
2090:al-Qadir
1987:al-Qahir
1975:Collapse
1935:Tulunids
1925:Tahirids
1774:al-Mahdi
1570:(1996).
1536:(2013).
1512:(2004).
1488:(2001).
1462:(1991).
1438:(2007).
745:in 945.
659:al-Rahba
619:Hamdanid
567:Baqliyya
536:Invasion
488:emir of
375:Ifriqiya
305:Isma'ili
253:Baqliyya
158:Strength
107:Baqliyya
64:Location
44:and the
2909:Bahrayn
2655:Battles
2650:Ghilman
2579:Mazalim
2425:Bahrayn
2309:Caliphs
2247:Tughril
2199:Caliphs
2085:al-Ta'i
2080:al-Muti
2073:Caliphs
1992:al-Radi
1801:al-Amin
1779:al-Hadi
1648:History
1634:topics
1578:(ed.).
1429:Sources
708:al-Ahsa
596:Shaghab
526:Shayban
518:Bedouin
494:Armenia
452:Baghdad
414:rival,
412:hawkish
356:Abbasid
340:Bedouin
332:imamate
320:Bahrayn
316:Bedouin
211:Baghdad
184:Bahrayn
103:Bahrayn
2969:Events
2938:People
2780:Dhimmi
2629:Kharaj
2603:Vizier
2598:Shurta
2487:Awasim
2462:Jazira
2186:period
2184:Seljuk
2060:period
2032:Bajkam
1767:Apogee
1590:
1556:
1522:
1498:
1474:
1448:
671:Sinjar
383:vizier
264:sacked
215:vizier
136:
117:Sajids
109:rebels
81:Result
3015:Other
2773:Other
2710:Mihna
2698:Islam
2624:Iqta'
2619:Diwan
2593:tiraz
2574:Harem
2569:Hajib
2564:Barid
2524:Yemen
2482:Syria
2477:Sindh
2467:Jibal
2455:Sawad
2440:Hejaz
2435:Egypt
2430:Barqa
2058:Buyid
1825:Mihna
1574:. In
1466:[
700:Kaaba
663:Raqqa
603:Anbar
579:Mahdi
571:Sawad
530:Wasit
502:Jibal
486:Sajid
448:Mecca
428:Raqqa
410:more
379:Basra
367:Syria
363:Sunni
308:Shi'a
279:Mahdi
267:Mecca
257:Sawad
2715:Fiqh
2708:and
2665:Wars
2591:and
2450:Iraq
1823:and
1588:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1520:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1446:ISBN
724:Oman
669:and
627:tell
524:and
522:Asad
492:and
477:and
459:Kufa
444:Hajj
442:the
371:Iraq
369:and
346:and
271:Oman
243:and
207:Kufa
205:and
199:Hajj
192:Iraq
174:The
73:Iraq
56:Date
3048:928
3043:927
1546:doi
651:Hit
450:to
220:.
182:of
101:of
3039::
1582:.
1552:.
1540:.
1350:^
1193:^
1138:^
1117:^
1076:^
1057:^
1038:^
1023:^
992:^
941:^
914:^
885:^
846:^
781:^
756:^
657:,
496:,
385:,
326:,
290:.
231:,
2897:e
2890:t
2883:v
1624:e
1617:t
1610:v
1596:.
1562:.
1548::
1528:.
1504:.
1480:.
1454:.
75:)
71:(
20:)
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