453:, commander of the forces defending the White Fathers, who was disrupting the slave trade. By 1891 the slavers had control of the entire western shore of the lake apart from Mpala and the Mrumbi plain. Joubert's position was ambiguous. The Belgians had appointed Tippu Tip as their lieutenant in the region, but Joubert refused to recognize the authority of the slaver. During a lull in January 1891, Father I. Moinet visited Ujiji where he found Rumaliza flying a German flag and saying he was waiting for the Germans to arrive so he could hand over to them. In a letter to Joubert in April 1891, Rumaliza asked if he was employed by the missionaries or by the government of the Congo. Joubert was evasive in his reply, pointing out that Rumaliza sometimes flew the German flag, sometimes the flag of Zanzibar and sometimes that of Britain.
250:
393:
542:. On 9 January 1894 Belgian reinforcements arrived under Lothaire, and the same day a shell blew up Rumaliza's ammunition store and burned down the fort containing it. Most of the occupants were killed while attempting to escape. Within three days the other forts, cut off from water supplies, surrendered. More than two thousand prisoners were taken, although Rumaliza himself managed to escape. Rumaliza took refuge in the German territory of Tanganyika.
308:(IAA) offered their support if Tippu Tip would help them achieve control of the territories in which he had established strong points although it was notionally committed to eliminating the Arab slave trade. Tippu used trade goods advanced to the company to form an alliance with Rumaliza, who had many men but was short of money and could not obtain loans. The new company operated between Ujiji and
535:
By 24 December 1893 Dhanis had obtained reinforcements and was ready to advance again. Rumaliza had also received assistance. Dhanis sent one column under
Gillain to prevent Rumaliza from retreating, and another under De Wouters to advance on Rumaliza's fort near Bena Kalunga. A group of fresh forces
519:
on 22 April 1893, finding both towns abandoned. He found a huge supply store at
Kasongo including ivory, ammunition, food and luxuries such as gold and crystal tableware. For the next six months Dhanis remained inactive, while Rumaliza's forces were swelled by Swahili fighters who had escaped after
523:
In 1893 Tippu Tip advised
Rumaliza to retire from the trade, but Rumaliza first had to look after his people at Lake Tanganyika. Rumaliza raised a strong force, which clashed with Dhanis' column on 15 October 1893 causing the death of two European leaders and fifty of their soldiers. On 19 October
495:
opposite
Zanzibar. The total number of Swahili fighters in this huge region numbered around one hundred thousand, but each chief acted independently. Although experienced in warfare, they were poorly armed with simple rifles. The Belgians had just six hundred troops divided between the camps at
432:
in 1883, but would not allow establishment of a station at Ujiji. In 1886, he tried to conquer
Burundi but was defeated by the king Mwezi Gisabo in Uzige situated in the actual city Bujumbura. In May 1890 a group of Arabs came close to attacking the White Fathers mission at
437:
on the west shore of Lake
Tanganyika, and only withdrew after a storm destroyed a number of their supply boats. Before leaving they confirmed that Rumaliza had given orders to them not to harm the missionaries. In September 1890 the White Fathers
468:
237:
region in the late 1850s trading in slaves, ivory, and copper. Relying on force as needed to defeat uncooperative local chiefs, he steadily expanded his trading empire. In 1875, he established his capital as
478:
The Congo Free State became stronger and less tolerant of Arab strongmen, determined to stamp them out. By 1892 Rumaliza dominated
Tanganyika from his base at Ujiji on the old slave route that led from
158:
are documented as trading in slaves from the East
African coast as early the second century AD. The Arabs established a series of trading posts along the coast which geographers referred to as the
504:, but were much better armed and had six cannons and a machine gun. A Belgian expedition under Captain Jacques came to the relief of Joubert in 1892, and then established a position at
442:
and
Francois Coulbois visited Ujiji, where they found Rumaliza and Tippu Tip. The two slavers were friendly, and Rumaliza was anxious that the missionaries gave a good report of him to
246:
in western
Tanzania, and is said to have acquired his name from the nearby village or suburb called Rumaliza or Lumaliza. Rumaliza formed a trading alliance with Tippu Tip.
528:
pursued him to the north of Lake Tanganyika, destroying his fortified positions along the route. At the lake they joined with the anti-slavery expedition led by Captain
331:, which superseded the IAA, and was made Governor of the eastern areas that were covered by his trading network. In 1890 Rumaliza provided large amounts of ivory to the
515:
launched a campaign against the slave dealers in 1892, and Rumaliza was one of the main targets. Dhanis advanced up the river. He reached Nyangwe on 4 March 1893 and
249:
392:
312:
and in areas to the south of this line, controlled by Abdullah ibn Suleiman as lieutenant of Tippu Tip and Rumaliza. Between 1885 and 1892, after the death of
1284:
281:
auxiliaries occupied five posts on the northeast coast of Lake Tanganyika between 1884 and 1894. He launched a series of raids into the mountains and up the
277:
in 1840. Tippu Tip and Ruwaliza established themselves there in 1881. From 1883 Rumaliza was the leader of the Swahili community at Ujiji. Rumaliza and his
416:
missionaries had established posts in the northwest of Tanganyika that formed an obstacle to Arab incursions into the Maniema region, protected by Captain
335:
for transport. Taria Topan died in late 1891. Tippu Tip obtained part of the estate as payment for outstanding debts. Rumaliza sued for a share in the
1128:
190:. The Swahili and Arab traders obtained slaves in the interior of East Africa and sold them in the great markets like Zanzibar on the coast. The
446:, who was expected at Ujiji. Rumaliza apologized for the hostility his men had shown to the missionaries, saying he was unable to control them.
1243:
1216:
1189:
1136:
1104:
1077:
1047:
1020:
992:
945:
918:
524:
1893 Rumaliza attacked a position one day's march from Kasongo. Dhanis concentrated his forces and defeated Rumaliza. A column under Captain
1153:
738:
Osumaka Likaka (2009). Naming Colonialism: History and Collective Memory in the Congo, 1870–1960. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 104.
1324:
1309:
1304:
305:
1289:
230:
316:, Rumaliza consolidated his power over the Masanze, Ubvari, Umona and Ubembi people. He wanted to open new trade routes towards
1314:
1269:
343:
which had consolidated control in modern-day Tanzania. He was awarded some of Tippu's property held in the German colony.
297:
1329:
1208:
Fighting the Slave Hunters in Central Africa: A Record of Twenty-Six Years of Travel and Adventure Round the Great Lakes
383:
362:
areas, regions distant and far away from one another, associated Rumaliza and his parties with the kidnapping of women,
1319:
529:
1279:
1063:
536:
coming to Rumaliza's aid from Tanganyika was headed off, and Dhanis's forces closed in on Rumaliza's two fortified
1294:
1274:
1235:
Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries
450:
417:
116:
in the last part of the nineteenth century. He was a member of the Arabian Barwani tribe. With the help of
1299:
332:
183:
124:. At one time he dominated the trade of Tanganyika, before being defeated by Belgian forces under Baron
254:
1177:
1008:
347:
340:
313:
301:
278:
216:
1161:
1239:
1212:
1185:
1132:
1120:
1100:
1094:
1073:
1067:
1043:
1037:
1016:
988:
941:
935:
914:
908:
439:
387:
258:
155:
1233:
1206:
982:
538:
397:
328:
191:
175:
141:
962:
525:
405:
274:
234:
179:
170:("coastal") culture developed among the Bantu peoples of the region and some converted to
93:
194:
peaked in the nineteenth century in response to growing local and international demand.
512:
471:
462:
166:
125:
109:
1263:
484:
421:
413:
336:
137:
508:
where Rumaliza's troops were defeated by a relief column while besieging the post.
480:
309:
282:
187:
43:
151:
113:
443:
363:
1069:
Histoire générale du Congo: De l'héritage ancien à la République Démocratique
850:
848:
359:
293:
286:
226:
221:
117:
269:
A market where salt could be exchanged for other goods was established at
492:
212:
49:
516:
505:
501:
488:
429:
425:
355:
351:
317:
239:
147:
937:
Burundi, l'histoire retrouvée: 25 ans de métier d'historien en Afrique
497:
367:
243:
88:
467:
984:
Des bâtisseurs aux contempteurs du Congo Belge: L'odyssée coloniale
434:
401:
371:
321:
270:
262:
215:, in around 1855. He was educated at Zanzibar during the reign of
208:
171:
121:
105:
39:
910:
The Congo State: Or, the Growth of Civilisation in Central Africa
229:
from Zanzibar increasingly pushed inland towards the modern-day
182:
roots, it includes many words of Arabic origin. For many years,
160:
1182:
The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery: A-K; Vol. II, L-Z
1013:
The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery: A-K; Vol. II, L-Z
763:
761:
474:
in the Congo. His better-armed forces were to defeat Rumaliza
374:, piercing of noses and ears, burning villages and killings.
1096:
The Cambridge History of Africa. Volume 6: From 1870 to 1905
854:
827:
164:. Through prolonged contact with the Arabs, a distinctive
1125:
Hommes et destins: dictionnaire biographique d'outre-mer
722:
720:
718:
633:
631:
629:
627:
590:
588:
424:. Rumaliza tolerated the foundation of the missions at
748:
746:
744:
211:, on the Indian Ocean coast in the south of modern
76:
68:
58:
28:
21:
969:(in French). Vol. II. Inst. roy. colon. belge
400:at its creation in 1885. Rumaliza's stronghold at
154:dates back thousands of years. Inhabitants of the
491:, east to Lake Tanganyika and then via Tabora to
1039:Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa
219:(r. 1856–70). He became a leader in the Islamic
449:However, Rumaliza was determined to eliminate
292:The HM Company, a trading organization led by
242:. Rumaliza spent some time with Tippu Tip at
8:
1066:; Obenga, Théophile; Salmon, Pierre (1998).
815:
803:
767:
296:, appeared in 1883. It was backed by Sultan
1099:. Cambridge University Press. p. 562.
913:. Cambridge University Press. p. 179.
404:is in "unclaimed territory" to the east of
1205:Swann, Alfred J.; Bennett, Norman (2012).
33:Muhammad bin Khalfan bin Khamis al-Barwani
18:
1158:Dictionary of African Christian Biography
855:Ndaywel è Nziem, Obenga & Salmon 1998
828:Ndaywel è Nziem, Obenga & Salmon 1998
779:
709:
685:
673:
466:
391:
248:
890:
878:
791:
560:
726:
697:
661:
637:
618:
594:
108:trader of slaves and ivory, active in
649:
7:
866:
839:
752:
606:
579:
567:
378:Conflict with Christian missionaries
100:) (born c. 1855), commonly known as
1285:19th-century African businesspeople
1072:. De Boeck Supérieur. p. 296.
907:Boulger, Demetrius Charles (1898).
97:
87:Muhammad bin Khalfan bin Khamis al-
940:. KARTHALA Editions. p. 134.
339:court as a newly-loyal subject of
14:
1129:Académie des sciences d'outre-mer
327:In 1886 Tippu Tip recognized the
306:International African Association
203:Early life and trading activities
372:cutting off legs, arms and hands
231:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1093:Oliver, Roland Anthony (1985).
1042:. Cambridge University Press.
934:Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (1993).
98:محمد بن خلفان بن خميس البرواني
1:
298:Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar
225:brotherhood. The Arab trader
1036:Martin, B. G. (2003-02-13).
981:Ergo, André-Bernard (2005),
384:Belgian Anti-Slavery Society
366:(to be captured and sold as
186:was considered part of the
1346:
1325:19th-century slave traders
967:Biographie Coloniale Belge
460:
381:
364:cutting off men's genitals
135:
1310:19th-century Omani people
1211:. Routledge. p. 31.
1184:. ABC-CLIO. p. 138.
1152:Shorter, Aylward (2003).
1015:. ABC-CLIO. p. 623.
963:"JOUBERT (Leopold Louis)"
511:The Belgian forces under
1305:19th-century Arab people
1154:"Joubert, Leopold Louis"
1064:Ndaywel è Nziem, Isidore
1007:Insoll, Timothy (1997).
987:, Editions L'Harmattan,
816:Swann & Bennett 2012
804:Swann & Bennett 2012
768:Swann & Bennett 2012
1290:Congo Free State people
80:Slave and ivory trading
1315:19th-century explorers
961:Coosemans, M. (1951).
475:
409:
266:
253:The famous meeting of
1270:African slave traders
1176:Simba, Malik (1997).
470:
451:Léopold Louis Joubert
418:Léopold Louis Joubert
395:
333:African Lakes Company
252:
207:Rumaliza was born at
136:Further information:
1232:Wink, Andre (2002).
346:Stories told in the
255:Henry Morton Stanley
120:he became Sultan of
16:African slave trader
1330:Explorers of Africa
1320:Arab slave traders
520:defeat by Dhanis.
476:
410:
341:German East Africa
267:
1280:People from Lindi
1245:978-0-391-04173-8
1218:978-1-136-25681-3
1191:978-0-87436-885-7
1138:978-2-900098-03-5
1106:978-0-521-22803-9
1079:978-2-8011-1174-1
1049:978-0-521-53451-2
1022:978-0-87436-885-7
994:978-2-7475-8502-6
947:978-2-86537-449-6
920:978-1-108-05069-2
388:Charles Lavigerie
285:valley as far as
259:David Livingstone
156:Arabian Peninsula
128:in January 1894.
84:
83:
53:
1337:
1295:African warlords
1275:Congo Free State
1255:
1253:
1252:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1178:"Central Africa"
1172:
1170:
1169:
1160:. Archived from
1148:
1146:
1145:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1003:
1002:
1001:
977:
975:
974:
957:
955:
954:
930:
928:
927:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
756:
750:
739:
736:
730:
724:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
671:
665:
659:
653:
647:
641:
635:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
583:
577:
571:
565:
530:Alphonse Jacques
398:Congo Free State
329:Congo Free State
320:to the west and
233:and reached the
192:Arab slave trade
176:Swahili language
142:Arab slave trade
99:
46:
19:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1231:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1175:
1167:
1165:
1151:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1062:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1035:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1006:
999:
997:
995:
980:
972:
970:
960:
952:
950:
948:
933:
925:
923:
921:
906:
897:
889:
885:
877:
873:
865:
861:
853:
846:
838:
834:
826:
822:
814:
810:
802:
798:
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:
759:
751:
742:
737:
733:
725:
716:
708:
704:
696:
692:
684:
680:
672:
668:
660:
656:
648:
644:
636:
625:
617:
613:
605:
601:
593:
586:
578:
574:
566:
562:
548:
526:Hubert Lothaire
465:
459:
406:Lake Tanganyika
390:
380:
275:Lake Tanganyika
217:Majid bin Sa'id
205:
200:
174:. Although the
144:
134:
72:Sultan of Ujiji
64:
54:
47:
37:
35:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1244:
1229:
1217:
1202:
1190:
1173:
1149:
1137:
1117:
1105:
1090:
1078:
1060:
1048:
1033:
1021:
1004:
993:
978:
958:
946:
931:
919:
903:
896:
895:
893:, p. 180.
883:
881:, p. 179.
871:
859:
857:, p. 297.
844:
832:
830:, p. 296.
820:
808:
796:
784:
782:, p. 518.
780:Coosemans 1951
772:
757:
740:
731:
729:, p. 569.
714:
712:, p. 620.
702:
700:, p. 562.
690:
688:, p. 134.
678:
676:, p. 172.
666:
664:, p. 170.
654:
652:, p. 138.
642:
640:, p. 563.
623:
621:, p. 169.
611:
599:
597:, p. 523.
584:
572:
559:
547:
544:
513:Francis Dhanis
472:Francis Dhanis
463:Congo Arab war
458:
457:War and defeat
455:
440:Léonce Bridoux
379:
376:
358:, Maniema and
324:to the north.
204:
201:
199:
196:
133:
130:
126:Francis Dhanis
82:
81:
78:
77:Known for
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
62:
60:
56:
55:
38:
32:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1342:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1164:on 2013-05-24
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
996:
990:
986:
985:
979:
968:
964:
959:
949:
943:
939:
938:
932:
922:
916:
912:
911:
905:
904:
902:
901:
892:
887:
884:
880:
875:
872:
869:, p. 42.
868:
863:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
842:, p. 41.
841:
836:
833:
829:
824:
821:
818:, p. 33.
817:
812:
809:
806:, p. 32.
805:
800:
797:
793:
788:
785:
781:
776:
773:
770:, p. 31.
769:
764:
762:
758:
755:, p. 43.
754:
749:
747:
745:
741:
735:
732:
728:
723:
721:
719:
715:
711:
710:Rumaliza 1975
706:
703:
699:
694:
691:
687:
686:Chrétien 1993
682:
679:
675:
674:Chrétien 1993
670:
667:
663:
658:
655:
651:
646:
643:
639:
634:
632:
630:
628:
624:
620:
615:
612:
609:, p. 29.
608:
603:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
582:, p. 28.
581:
576:
573:
570:, p. 30.
569:
564:
561:
558:
557:
553:
552:
545:
543:
541:
540:
533:
531:
527:
521:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
494:
490:
486:
485:Lualaba River
482:
481:Stanley Falls
473:
469:
464:
456:
454:
452:
447:
445:
441:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:White Fathers
412:The Catholic
407:
403:
399:
394:
389:
385:
377:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
337:Dar es Salaam
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:Stanley Falls
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
264:
260:
256:
251:
247:
245:
241:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
210:
202:
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:
163:
162:
157:
153:
149:
146:The trade in
143:
139:
138:Swahili Coast
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
95:
91:
90:
79:
75:
71:
67:
61:
57:
51:
45:
41:
31:
27:
20:
1300:1850s births
1249:. Retrieved
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1181:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:the original
1157:
1142:. Retrieved
1124:
1110:. Retrieved
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1068:
1053:. Retrieved
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1012:
998:, retrieved
983:
971:. Retrieved
966:
951:. Retrieved
936:
924:. Retrieved
909:
899:
898:
891:Boulger 1898
886:
879:Boulger 1898
874:
862:
835:
823:
811:
799:
792:Shorter 2003
787:
775:
734:
705:
693:
681:
669:
657:
645:
614:
602:
575:
563:
555:
554:
550:
549:
537:
534:
522:
510:
477:
448:
428:in 1880 and
422:Papal Zouave
411:
345:
326:
291:
283:Rusizi River
268:
220:
206:
188:Omani Empire
165:
159:
145:
101:
86:
85:
48:(modern-day
44:Omani Empire
727:Oliver 1985
698:Oliver 1985
662:Martin 2003
638:Oliver 1985
619:Martin 2003
595:Insoll 1997
506:Albertville
420:, a former
396:Map of the
314:Mwenge Heri
302:Taria Topan
279:Magwangwara
152:East Africa
114:East Africa
1264:Categories
1251:2013-04-13
1224:2013-04-12
1197:2013-04-13
1168:2013-04-10
1144:2013-04-14
1121:"Rumaliza"
1112:2013-04-12
1085:2013-04-13
1055:2013-04-13
1028:2013-04-13
1000:2013-04-12
973:2013-04-11
953:2013-04-13
926:2013-04-13
650:Simba 1997
546:References
461:See also:
444:Emin Pasha
382:See also:
132:Background
69:Occupation
63:After 1894
1238:. BRILL.
1009:"Swahili"
867:Ergo 2005
840:Ergo 2005
753:Ergo 2005
607:Wink 2002
580:Wink 2002
568:Wink 2002
556:Citations
370:slaves),
360:Kisangani
294:Tippu Tip
287:Lake Kivu
227:Tippu Tip
222:Qadiriyya
198:Biography
118:Tippu Tip
104:, was an
1131:. 1975.
493:Bagamoyo
213:Tanzania
184:Zanzibar
102:Rumaliza
50:Tanzania
23:Rumaliza
900:Sources
517:Kasongo
502:Lusambo
489:Nyangwe
483:up the
430:Kibanga
426:Mulwewa
356:Tshuapa
352:Aruwimi
318:Maniema
265:in 1871
240:Kasongo
167:Swahili
110:Central
89:Barwani
36:c. 1855
1242:
1215:
1188:
1135:
1103:
1076:
1046:
1019:
991:
944:
917:
498:Basoko
368:eunuch
304:. The
244:Tabora
148:slaves
94:Arabic
551:Notes
539:bomas
435:Mpala
402:Ujiji
322:Ituri
271:Ujiji
263:Ujiji
209:Lindi
180:Bantu
172:Islam
150:from
122:Ujiji
40:Lindi
1240:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1101:ISBN
1074:ISBN
1044:ISBN
1017:ISBN
989:ISBN
942:ISBN
915:ISBN
500:and
386:and
348:Uele
300:and
257:and
235:Luba
178:has
161:zanj
140:and
112:and
106:Arab
59:Died
29:Born
487:to
273:on
261:at
1266::
1180:.
1156:.
1127:.
1123:.
1011:.
965:.
847:^
760:^
743:^
717:^
626:^
587:^
532:.
354:,
350:,
289:.
96::
42:,
1254:.
1227:.
1200:.
1171:.
1147:.
1115:.
1088:.
1058:.
1031:.
976:.
956:.
929:.
794:.
408:.
92:(
52:)
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