1145:, the liquid between cornea and iris, was stagnant if not stirred. Among the supportive evidence, he calculated that if aqueous humor was stagnant, oxygen from the iris had to reach the cornea by diffusion through aqueous humor, which was not sufficient. According to the theory, when the organism is awake, eye movement (or cool environmental temperature) enables the aqueous humor to circulate. When the organism is sleeping, REM provides the much needed stir to aqueous humor. This theory is consistent with the observation that fetuses, as well as eye-sealed newborn animals, spend much time in REM sleep, and that during a normal sleep, a person's REM sleep episodes become progressively longer deeper into the night. However, owls experience REM sleep, but do not move their head more than in non-REM sleep and it is well known that owls' eyes are nearly immobile.
1059:". As a result, those memories which are relevant (whose underlying neuronal substrate is strong enough to withstand such spontaneous, chaotic activation) are further strengthened, whilst weaker, transient, "noise" memory traces disintegrate. Memory consolidation during paradoxical sleep is specifically correlated with the periods of rapid eye movement, which do not occur continuously. One explanation for this correlation is that the PGO electrical waves, which precede the eye movements, also influence memory. REM sleep could provide a unique opportunity for "unlearning" to occur in the basic neural networks involved in homeostasis, which are protected from this "synaptic downscaling" effect during deep sleep.
481:
however, the eyes of the paradoxical sleeper move in tandem. These eye movements follow the ponto-geniculo-occipital waves originating in the brain stem. The eye movements themselves may relate to the sense of vision experienced in the dream, but a direct relationship remains to be clearly established. Congenitally blind people, who do not typically have visual imagery in their dreams, still move their eyes in REM sleep. An alternative explanation suggests that the functional purpose of REM sleep is for procedural memory processing, and the rapid eye movement is only a side effect of the brain processing the eye-related procedural memory.
981:
leads to death in experimental animals. In both humans and experimental animals, REM sleep loss leads to several behavioral and physiological abnormalities. Loss of REM sleep has been noticed during various natural and experimental infections. Survivability of the experimental animals decreases when REM sleep is totally attenuated during infection; this leads to the possibility that the quality and quantity of REM sleep is generally essential for normal body physiology. Further, the existence of a "REM rebound" effect suggests the possibility of a biological need for REM sleep.
854:—when depression appears to be related to an imbalance of certain neurotransmitters. Although sleep deprivation in general annoys most of the population, it has repeatedly been shown to alleviate depression, albeit temporarily. More than half the individuals who experience this relief report it to be rendered ineffective after sleeping the following night. Thus, researchers have devised methods such as altering the sleep schedule for a span of days following a REM deprivation period and combining sleep-schedule alterations with pharmacotherapy to prolong this effect.
747:, while lower levels of acetylcholine and norepinephrine in the neocortex encourage the uncontrolled spread of associational activity within neocortical areas. This is in contrast to waking consciousness, where higher levels of norepinephrine and acetylcholine inhibit recurrent connections in the neocortex. REM sleep through this process adds creativity by allowing "neocortical structures to reorganise associative hierarchies, in which information from the hippocampus would be reinterpreted in relation to previous semantic representations or nodes."
319:, bursts of electrical activity originating in the brain stem. (PGO waves have long been measured directly in cats but not in humans because of constraints on experimentation; however, comparable effects have been observed in humans during "phasic" events which occur during REM sleep, and the existence of similar PGO waves is thus inferred.) These waves occur in clusters about every 6 seconds for 1–2 minutes during the transition from deep to paradoxical sleep. They exhibit their highest amplitude upon moving into the
1012:, especially regarding complex processes (e.g., how to escape from an elaborate maze). In humans, the best evidence for REM's improvement of memory pertains to learning of procedures—new ways of moving the body (such as trampoline jumping), and new techniques of problem solving. REM deprivation seemed to impair declarative (i.e., factual) memory only in more complex cases, such as memories of longer stories. REM sleep apparently counteracts attempts to suppress certain thoughts.
882:) interfere with REM sleep by stimulating the monoamine neurotransmitters which must be suppressed for REM sleep to occur. Administered at therapeutic doses, these drugs may stop REM sleep entirely for weeks or months. Withdrawal causes a REM rebound. Sleep deprivation stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis much as antidepressants do, but whether this effect is driven by REM sleep in particular is unknown.
43:
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in the organism which necessarily exceed the simple absence of a sleep phase. This method also stops working after about 3 days as the subjects (typically rats) lose their will to avoid the water. Another method involves computer monitoring of brain waves, complete with automatic mechanized shaking of the cage when the test animal drifts into REM sleep.
602:, those affected physically act out their dreams, or conversely "dream out their acts", under an alternative theory on the relationship between muscle impulses during REM and associated mental imagery (which would also apply to people without the condition, except that commands to their muscles are suppressed). This is different from conventional
891:
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145:. REM and non-REM sleep alternate within one sleep cycle, which lasts about 90 minutes in adult humans. As sleep cycles continue, they shift towards a higher proportion of REM sleep. The transition to REM sleep brings marked physical changes, beginning with electrical bursts called "ponto-geniculo-occipital waves" (
792:
REM sleep typically occupies 20–25% of total sleep in adult humans: about 90–120 minutes of a night's sleep. The first REM episode occurs about 70 minutes after falling asleep. Cycles of about 90 minutes each follow, with each cycle including a larger proportion of REM sleep. (The increased REM sleep
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During a night of sleep, humans usually experience about four or five periods of REM sleep; they are shorter (~15 min) at the beginning of the night and longer (~25 min) toward the end. Many animals and some people tend to wake, or experience a period of very light sleep, for a short time immediately
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by providing the neural stimulation that newborns need to form mature neural connections. Sleep deprivation studies have shown that deprivation early in life can result in behavioral problems, permanent sleep disruption, and decreased brain mass. The strongest evidence for the ontogenetic hypothesis
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In the weeks after a human baby is born, as its nervous system matures, neural patterns in sleep begin to show a rhythm of REM and non-REM sleep. (In faster-developing mammals, this process occurs in utero.) Infants spend more time in REM sleep than adults. The proportion of REM sleep then decreases
467:
to describe this cyclical inverse relationship. Kayuza Sakai and Michel Jouvet advanced a similar model in 1981. Whereas acetylcholine manifests in the cortex equally during wakefulness and REM, it appears in higher concentrations in the brain stem during REM. The withdrawal of orexin and GABA may
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of REM sleep was put forward by
Frederick Snyder in 1966. It is based upon the observation that REM sleep in several mammals (the rat, the hedgehog, the rabbit, and the rhesus monkey) is followed by a brief awakening. This does not occur for either cats or humans, although humans are more likely to
1043:
Sleep researcher Jerome Siegel has observed that extreme REM deprivation does not significantly interfere with memory. One case study of an individual who had little or no REM sleep due to a shrapnel injury to the brainstem did not find the individual's memory to be impaired. Antidepressants, which
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Sleep deprivation experiments on non-human animals can be set up differently than those on humans. The "flower pot" method involves placing a laboratory animal above water on a platform so small that it falls off upon losing muscle tone. The naturally rude awakening which results may elicit changes
703:
on healthy young adult male and females for 31 days: a drug-free baseline week, 19 days on either paroxetine or fluvoxamine with morning and evening doses, and 5 days of absolute discontinuation. Results showed that SSRI treatment decreased the average amount of dream recall frequency in comparison
555:
to regulate temperature during NREMS—but not during REMS. With the loss of muscle tone, animals lose the ability to regulate temperature through body movement. (However, even cats with pontine lesions preventing muscle atonia during REM did not regulate their temperature by shivering.) Neurons that
462:
in 1975–1977, control over REM sleep involves pathways of "REM-on" and "REM-off" neurons in the brain stem. REM-on neurons are primarily cholinergic (i.e., involve acetylcholine); REM-off neurons activate serotonin and noradrenaline, which among other functions suppress the REM-on neurons. McCarley
800:
Rapid eye movement sleep can be subclassified into tonic and phasic modes. Tonic REM is characterized by theta rhythms in the brain; phasic REM is characterized by PGO waves and actual "rapid" eye movements. Processing of external stimuli is heavily inhibited during phasic REM, and recent evidence
704:
to baseline measurements as a result of serotonergic REM suppression. Fluvoxamine increased the length of dream reporting, bizarreness of dreams as well as the intensity of REM sleep. These effects were the greatest during acute discontinuation compared to treatment and baseline days. However, the
670:
Hobson and McCarley proposed that the PGO waves characteristic of "phasic" REM might supply the visual cortex and forebrain with electrical excitement which amplifies the hallucinatory aspects of dreaming. However, people woken up during sleep do not report significantly more bizarre dreams during
480:
in "rapid eye movement" sleep are in fact less rapid than those normally exhibited by waking humans. They are also shorter in duration and more likely to loop back to their starting point. About seven such loops take place over one minute of REM sleep. In slow-wave sleep, the eyes can drift apart;
980:
Some researchers argue that the perpetuation of a complex brain process such as REM sleep indicates that it serves an important function for the survival of mammalian and avian species. It fulfills important physiological needs vital for survival to the extent that prolonged REM sleep deprivation
674:
Some dreaming can take place during non-REM sleep. "Light sleepers" can experience dreaming during stage 2 non-REM sleep, whereas "deep sleepers", upon awakening in the same stage, are more likely to report "thinking" but not "dreaming". Certain scientific efforts to assess the uniquely bizarre
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of their brains and bodies allows them to tolerate longer suspension of thermoregulation. The period (full cycle of REM and non-REM) lasts for about 90 minutes in humans, 22 minutes in cats, and 12 minutes in rats. In utero, mammals spend more than half (50–80%) of a 24-hour day in REM sleep.
679:. Because of non-REM dreaming, some sleep researchers have strenuously contested the importance of connecting dreaming to the REM sleep phase. The prospect that well-known neurological aspects of REM do not themselves cause dreaming suggests the need to re-examine the neurobiology of dreaming
1019:
of sleep and memory, the two major phases of sleep correspond to different types of memory. "Night half" studies have tested this hypothesis with memory tasks either begun before sleep and assessed in the middle of the night, or begun in the middle of the night and assessed in the morning.
559:
Consequently, hot or cold environmental temperatures can reduce the proportion of REM sleep, as well as amount of total sleep. In other words, if at the end of a phase of deep sleep, the organism's thermal indicators fall outside of a certain range, it will not enter paradoxical sleep lest
662:
are reported far more often in REM sleep. (In fact these could be considered a hybrid state combining essential elements of REM sleep and waking consciousness.) The mental events which occur during REM most commonly have dream hallmarks including narrative structure, convincingness (e.g.,
814:, which refers to an increase in the time spent in REM stage over normal levels. These findings are consistent with the idea that REM sleep is biologically necessary. However, the "rebound" REM sleep usually does not last fully as long as the estimated length of the missed REM periods.
587:, thereby raising the threshold which a stimulus must overcome to excite them. Muscle inhibition may result from unavailability of monoamine neurotransmitters (restraining the abundance of acetylcholine in the brainstem) and perhaps from mechanisms used in waking muscle inhibition. The
347:
systems showed more activation than other areas. The areas activated during REM sleep are approximately inverse to those activated during non-REM sleep and display greater activity than in quiet waking. The "anterior paralimbic REM activation area" (APRA) includes areas linked with
1165:
wake from REM sleep than from NREM sleep. Snyder hypothesized that REM sleep activates an animal periodically, to scan the environment for possible predators. This hypothesis does not explain the muscle paralysis of REM sleep; however, a logical analysis might suggest that the
967:
Observations of jumping spiders in their nocturnal resting position also suggest a REM sleep-like state characterized by bouts of twitching and retinal movements and hints of muscle atonia (legs curling up as a result of pressure loss caused by muscle atonia in the prosoma).
352:, memory, fear and sex, and may thus relate to the experience of dreaming during REMS. More recent PET research has indicated that the distribution of brain activity during REM sleep varies in correspondence with the type of activity seen in the prior period of wakefulness.
1105:. Tsoukalas argues that the neurophysiology and phenomenology of this reaction shows striking similarities to REM sleep; for example, both reactions exhibit brainstem control, cholinergic neurotransmission, paralysis, hippocampal theta rhythm, and thermoregulatory changes.
841:
may get disrupted. Higher norepinepherine is a possible cause of these results. Whether and how long-term REM deprivation has psychological effects remains a matter of controversy. Several reports have indicated that REM deprivation increases aggression and
671:
phasic REMS, compared to tonic REMS. Another possible relationship between the two phenomena could be that the higher threshold for sensory interruption during REM sleep allows the brain to travel further along unrealistic and peculiar trains of thought.
539:
or NCT) causes enlargement, with accompanying vaginal blood flow and transudation (i.e. lubrication). During a normal night of sleep, the penis and clitoris may be erect for a total time of from one hour to as long as three and a half hours during REM.
893:
892:
1129:. In support of this theory, research finds that in goal-oriented dreams, eye gaze is directed towards the dream action, determined from correlations in the eye and body movements of REM sleep behavior disorder patients who enact their dreams.
731:
forms associative elements into new combinations that are useful or meet some requirement. This occurs in REM sleep rather than in NREM sleep. Rather than being due to memory processes, this has been attributed to changes during REM sleep in
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do not seem to have PGO waves or the localized brain activation seen in mammalian REM. However, they do exhibit sleep cycles with phases of REM-like electrical activity measurable by EEG. A recent study found periodic eye movements in the
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in most frequencies, a fact which has been cited in relation to the chaotic experience of dreaming. However, the posterior areas are more coherent with each other; as are the right and left hemispheres of the brain, especially during
917:
895:
2131:
Luppi PH, Gervasoni D, Verret L, Goutagny R, Peyron C, Salvert D, LĂ©ger L, Fort P (2008). "Gamma-aminobutyric acid and the regulation of paradoxical, or rapid eye movement, sleeps". In Monti J, Pandi-Perumal SR, Sinton CM (eds.).
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is also active during REM sleep and may participate in generating the PGO waves, and experimental suppression of the amygdala results in less REM sleep. The amygdala may also regulate cardiac function in lieu of the less active
1054:
proposed in 1983 that by virtue of its inherent spontaneous activity, the function of REM sleep "is to remove certain undesirable modes of interaction in networks of cells in the cerebral cortex"—a process they characterize as
809:
Selective REMS deprivation causes a significant increase in the number of attempts to go into REM stage while asleep. On recovery nights, an individual will usually move to stage 3 and REM sleep more quickly and experience a
188:. Many experiments have involved awakening test subjects whenever they begin to enter the REM phase, thereby producing a state known as REM deprivation. Subjects allowed to sleep normally again usually experience a modest
4068:
Mirmiran M, Scholtens J, van de Poll NE, Uylings HB, van der Gugten J, Boer GJ (April 1983). "Effects of experimental suppression of active (REM) sleep during early development upon adult brain and behavior in the rat".
275:
neurons in the waking and REM sleeping brain are more depolarized (fire more readily) than in the NREM deep sleeping brain. Human theta wave activity predominates during REM sleep in both the hippocampus and the cortex.
915:
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Riemann D, König A, Hohagen F, Kiemen A, Voderholzer U, Backhaus J, et al. (1999). "How to preserve the antidepressive effect of sleep deprivation: A comparison of sleep phase advance and sleep phase delay".
424:, which mimics the effect of acetylcholine on neurons, has a similar influence. In waking humans, the same injections produce paradoxical sleep only if the monoamine neurotransmitters have already been depleted.
846:
in laboratory test animals. Rats deprived of paradoxical sleep die in 4–6 weeks (twice the time before death in case of total sleep deprivation). Mean body temperature falls continually during this period.
1100:
reflex. This reflex, also known as animal hypnosis or death feigning, functions as the last line of defense against an attacking predator and consists of the total immobilization of the animal so that it
513:
diminish. Overall, the brain exerts less control over breathing; electrical stimulation of respiration-linked brain areas does not influence the lungs, as it does during non-REM sleep and in waking.
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Pace-Schott EF, Gersh T, Silvestri R, Stickgold R, Salzman C, Hobson JA (June 2001). "SSRI treatment suppresses dream recall frequency but increases subjective dream intensity in normal subjects".
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According to "scanning hypothesis", the directional properties of REM sleep are related to a shift of gaze in dream imagery. Against this hypothesis is that such eye movements occur in those born
1028:. Artificial enhancement of the non-REM sleep improves the next-day recall of memorized pairs of words. Tucker et al. demonstrated that a daytime nap containing solely non-REM sleep enhances
1008:. In rats, REM sleep increases following intensive learning, especially several hours after, and sometimes for multiple nights. Experimental REM sleep deprivation has sometimes inhibited
3524:
777:, which influences sleepiness and physiological factors based on timekeepers within the body. Sleep can be distributed throughout the day or clustered during one part of the rhythm: in
3198:
Aeschbach D (July 2011). "REM-sleep regulation: circadian, homeostatic, and non-REM sleep-dependent determinants.". In
Mallick BN, Pandi-Perumal SR, McCarley RW, Morrison AR (eds.).
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The amount of REM sleep and cycling varies among animals; predators experience more REM sleep than prey. Larger animals also tend to stay in REM for longer, possibly because higher
773:, an organism alternates between deep sleep (slow, large, synchronized brain waves) and paradoxical sleep (faster, desynchronized waves). Sleep happens in the context of the larger
797:
significantly in childhood. Older people tend to sleep less overall, but sleep in REM for about the same absolute time (and therefore spend a greater proportion of sleep in REM).
3689:
Rattenborg NC, Lesku JA, Martinez-Gonzalez D (2011). "Evolutionary perspectives on the function of REM sleep.". In
Mallick BN, Pandi-Perumal SR, McCarley RW, Morrison AR (eds.).
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while waking. Other psychiatric disorders including depression have been linked to disproportionate REM sleep. Patients with suspected sleep disorders are typically evaluated by
940:. The primary criteria used to identify REM are the change in electrical activity, measured by EEG, and loss of muscle tone, interspersed with bouts of twitching in phasic REM.
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Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Plat L (August 2000). "Age-related changes in slow wave sleep and REM sleep and relationship with growth hormone and cortisol levels in healthy men".
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McKenna JT, Chen L, McCarley RW (July 2011). "Neuronal models of REM-sleep control: evolving concepts.". In
Mallick BN, Pandi-Perumal SR, McCarley RW, Morrison AR (eds.).
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experiential resemblance to waking life), and incorporation of instinctual themes. Sometimes, they include elements of the dreamer's recent experience taken directly from
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and Hobson suggested that the REM-on neurons actually stimulate REM-off neurons, thereby serving as the mechanism for the cycling between REM and non-REM sleep. They used
591:, located between pons and spine, seems to have the capacity for organism-wide muscle inhibition. Some localized twitching and reflexes can still occur. Pupils contract.
894:
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Liang CL, Marks GA (January 2014). "GABAA receptors are located in cholinergic terminals in the nucleus pontis oralis of the rat: implications for REM sleep control".
531:(ED) while awake, but has NPT episodes during REM, it would suggest that the ED is from a psychological rather than a physiological cause. In females, erection of the
914:
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Endo T, Roth C, Landolt HP, Werth E, Aeschbach D, Achermann P, Borbély AA (April 1998). "Selective REM sleep deprivation in humans: effects on sleep and sleep EEG".
2019:
Mallick BN, Madan V, Jha S (2008). "Rapid eye movement sleep regulation by modulation of the noradrenergic system.". In Monti J, Pandi-Perumal SR, Sinton CM (eds.).
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Walker MP, Liston C, Hobson JA, Stickgold R (November 2002). "Cognitive flexibility across the sleep-wake cycle: REM-sleep enhancement of anagram problem solving".
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typically activate in response to cold temperatures—triggers for neural thermoregulation—simply do not fire during REM sleep, as they do in NREM sleep and waking.
2235:
Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA (17 January 2008). "Acetylcholine modulates sleep and wakefulness: a synaptic perspective". In Monti J, Pandi-Perumal SR, Sinton CM (eds.).
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Brain energy use in REM sleep, as measured by oxygen and glucose metabolism, equals or exceeds energy use in waking. The rate in non-REM sleep is 11–40% lower.
2812:
Tribl GG, Wetter TC, Schredl M (April 2013). "Dreaming under antidepressants: a systematic review on evidence in depressive patients and healthy volunteers".
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Brown RE, McCarley RW (2008). "Neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of wakefulness and REM sleep systems". In Monti J, Pandi-Perumal SR, Sinton CM (eds.).
1715:
Gackenbach J (January 2013). "Interhemispheric EEG coherence in REM sleep and meditation: The lucid dreaming connection.". In
Antrobus JS, Bertini M (eds.).
1141:, an eye specialist and former adjunct professor at Columbia University, proposed that REM sleep was associated with oxygen supply to the cornea, and that
1076:
420:, which effectively increases available acetylcholine, have been found to induce paradoxical sleep in humans and other animals already in slow-wave sleep.
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intensity of dreaming increased and the proclivity to enter REM sleep was decreased during SSRI treatment compared to baseline and discontinuation days.
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1096:
Ioannis
Tsoukalas of Stockholm University has hypothesized that REM sleep is an evolutionary transformation of a well-known defensive mechanism, the
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after a bout of REM. The relative amount of REM sleep varies considerably with age. A newborn baby spends more than 80% of total sleep time in REM.
833:
may increase. There are also positive consequences of REM deprivation. Some symptoms of depression are found to be suppressed by REM deprivation;
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cause the absence of the other excitatory neurotransmitters; researchers in recent years increasingly include GABA regulation in their models.
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Grassi
Zucconi G, Cipriani S, Balgkouranidou I, Scattoni R (April 2006). "'One night' sleep deprivation stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis".
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Markov D, Goldman M, Doghramji K (2012). "Normal Sleep and
Circadian Rhythms: Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Sleep and Wakefulness".
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nature of dreams experienced while asleep were forced to conclude that waking thought could be just as bizarre, especially in conditions of
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deregulation allow temperature to drift further from the desirable value. This mechanism can be 'fooled' by artificially warming the brain.
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3704:
Shein-Idelson M, Ondracek JM, Liaw HP, Reiter S, Laurent G (April 2016). "Slow waves, sharp waves, ripples, and REM in sleeping dragons".
4237:"Linking melanism to brain development: expression of a melanism-related gene in barn owl feather follicles covaries with sleep ontogeny"
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Barot N, Kushida C (July 2011). "Significance of deprivation studies". In
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Hobson JA, McCarley RW (December 1977). "The brain as a dream state generator: an activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process".
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Sanford LD, Ross RJ (July 2011). "Amygdalar regulation of REM sleep.". In
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695:(SSRIs) have an important effect on REM sleep neurobiology and dreaming. A study at Harvard Medical School in 2000 tested the effects of
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Hobson JA, Pace-Schott EF, Stickgold R (December 2000). "Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states".
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later in the night is connected with the circadian rhythm and occurs even in people who did not sleep in the first part of the night.)
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and are a cause of the "rapid eye movements" in paradoxical sleep. Other muscles may also contract under the influence of these waves.
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4155:"Do the eyes scan dream images during rapid eye movement sleep? Evidence from the rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder model"
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Lapierre O, Montplaisir J (July 1992). "Polysomnographic features of REM sleep behavior disorder: development of a scoring method".
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Moreland RB, Nehra A (1999). "Pathosphysiology of erectile dysfunction; a molecular basis, role of NPT in maintaining potency". In
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Matarazzo L, Foret A, Mascetti L, Muto V, Shaffii A, Maquet P, Morrison AR, Mallick BN, McCarley RW, Pandi-Perumal SR (July 2011).
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Szymusiak R, Alam MN, McGinty D (1999). "Thermoregulatory Control of the NonREM-REM Sleep Cycle". In Mallick BN, Inoué S (eds.).
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Body temperature is not well regulated during REM sleep, and thus organisms become more sensitive to temperatures outside their
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Reinsel R, Antrobus J, Wollman M (January 2013). "Bizarreness in Dreams and Waking Fantasy". In Antrobus JS, Bertini M (eds.).
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Nofzinger EA, Mintun MA, Wiseman M, Kupfer DJ, Moore RY (October 1997). "Forebrain activation in REM sleep: an FDG PET study".
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which do not occur in any other modes of sleeping or waking. The body abruptly loses muscle tone, a state known as REM atonia.
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3944:
3353:
Ellman SJ, Spielman AJ, Luck D, Steiner SS, Halperin R (1991). "REM Deprivation: A Review". In Ellman SJ, Antrobus JS (eds.).
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Unlike the abrupt transitions in electrical patterns, the chemical changes in the brain show continuous periodic oscillation.
1615:
417:
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REM sleep prevails most after birth, and diminishes with age. According to the "ontogenetic hypothesis", REM (also known in
683:. Some researchers (Dement, Hobson, Jouvet, for example) tend to resist the idea of disconnecting dreaming from REM sleep.
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Marshall L, Helgadóttir H, Mölle M, Born J (November 2006). "Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory".
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Wirz-Justice A, Van den Hoofdakker RH (August 1999). "Sleep deprivation in depression: what do we know, where do we go?".
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people can give some kind of dream report under these circumstances. Sleepers awakened from REM tend to give longer, more
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Lee CW, Cuijpers P (June 2013). "A meta-analysis of the contribution of eye movements in processing emotional memories".
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exists to prevent the animal from fully waking up unnecessarily, and allowing it to return easily to deeper sleep.
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quickly become irregular when the body moves into REM sleep. In general, respiratory reflexes such as response to
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2086:"Role of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in arousal and circadian regulation of the sleep–wake cycle."
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defined rapid eye movement and linked it to dreams. REM sleep was further described by researchers, including
133:
REM sleep is physiologically different from the other phases of sleep, which are collectively referred to as
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5542:
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650:. Waking up sleepers during a REM phase is a common experimental method for obtaining dream reports; 80% of
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Lesku JA, Meyer LC, Fuller A, Maloney SK, Dell'Omo G, Vyssotski AL, Rattenborg NC (2011). Balaban E (ed.).
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animals, at night. The organism returns to homeostatic regulation almost immediately after REM sleep ends.
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descriptions of the dreams they were experiencing, and to estimate the duration of their dreams as longer.
271:; patterns of EEG activity similar to these rhythms are also observed during wakefulness. The cortical and
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Ermis U, Krakow K, Voss U (September 2010). "Arousal thresholds during human tonic and phasic REM sleep".
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Although it manifests differently in different animals, REM sleep or something like it occurs in all land
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241:
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46:
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Mishima K, Shimizu T, Hishikawa Y (1999). "REM Sleep Across Age and Sex". In Mallick BN, Inoué S (eds.).
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4685:"Endogenous cholinergic input to the pontine REM sleep generator is not required for REM sleep to occur"
1211:
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REMs are non-conjugated (i.e., the two eyes do not point in the same direction at a time) and so lack a
763:(electroencephalogram of sleep) showing sleep cycles characterized by increasing paradoxical (REM) sleep
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38:(electroencephalogram of sleep) showing sleep cycles characterized by increasing paradoxical (REM) sleep
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LaBerge S (January 2013). "Physiological Studies of Lucid Dreaming". In Antrobus JS, Bertini M (eds.).
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While the precise function of REM sleep is not well understood, several theories have been proposed.
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130:. Experiences of REM sleep are not transferred to permanent memory due to absence of norepinephrine.
107:, because of physiological similarities to waking states including rapid, low-voltage desynchronized
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1666:"Decreased electrophysiological activity represents the conscious state of emptiness in meditation"
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Lesions of the pons to prevent atonia have induced functional "REM behavior disorder" in animals.
575:. When the body shifts into REM sleep, motor neurons throughout the body undergo a process called
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Furthermore, eye movements are also theorized to play a role in certain psychotherapies such as
1195:; while some argue that REM lacks any purpose, and simply results from random brain activation.
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comes from experiments on REM deprivation, and from the development of the visual system in the
439:(GABA), seem to promote wakefulness, diminish during deep sleep, and inhibit paradoxical sleep.
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3945:"A daytime nap containing solely non-REM sleep enhances declarative but not procedural memory"
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1176:, has suggested that REM in modern humans compensates for the reduced need for wakeful food
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1047:
1005:
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743:. High levels of acetylcholine in the hippocampus suppress feedback from hippocampus to the
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116:
65:
248:(brainwaves) that resemble the pattern seen during wakefulness, which differ from the slow
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571:, an almost complete paralysis of the body, is accomplished through the inhibition of
5877:
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5516:
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477:
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185:
153:. REM sleep occurs 4 times in a 7-hour sleep. Organisms in REM sleep suspend central
142:
134:
119:
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4045:
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3613:
3506:
3463:
3419:
3146:
2615:
1983:
1820:
1634:
1584:
850:
It has been suggested that acute REM sleep deprivation can improve certain types of
646:
Rapid eye movement sleep (REM) has since its discovery been closely associated with
283:
manifests differently than during wakefulness. Frontal and posterior areas are less
5734:
5511:
5496:
4905:
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236:. Although the body is paralyzed, the brain acts as if it is somewhat awake, with
111:. Electrical and chemical activity regulating this phase seem to originate in the
3653:
1335:
1308:
1245:
1183:
Other theories are that REM sleep warms the brain, stimulates and stabilizes the
716:
After waking from REM sleep, the mind seems "hyperassociative"—more receptive to
5793:
5669:
5609:
5561:
5556:
5547:
5386:
5336:
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4731:
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3827:
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suppress REM sleep, show no evidence of impairing memory and may improve it.
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of a mouse that shows REM sleep being characterized by prominent theta-rhythm
5862:
5813:
5808:
5674:
5636:
5373:
5279:
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5143:
5122:
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4933:
4872:
4304:
4253:
3781:
3725:
3548:
3043:
2213:
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1114:
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After the deprivation is complete, mild psychological disturbances, such as
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3411:
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781:animals, during the day, and in
727:Sleep aids the process by which
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1585:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.10.010
452:activation-synthesis hypothesis
95:The REM phase is also known as
4701:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0274-14.2014
4660:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.10.019
4621:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.06.037
4579:. Cambridge University Press.
4502:. Cambridge University Press.
4483:. Cambridge University Press.
3222:. Cambridge University Press.
3111:Hasselmo ME (September 1999).
2914:"About sleep's role in memory"
2912:Rasch B, Born J (April 2013).
2239:. Cambridge University Press.
1340:. Cambridge University Press.
724:and creative problem solving.
418:acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
1:
5774:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
5582:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
5444:Advanced sleep phase disorder
3491:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00125-0
3252:. CRC Press. pp. 49–57.
3130:10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01365-0
3090:10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00134-9
1968:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00807-x
537:nocturnal clitoral tumescence
141:) during REM sleep can cause
5454:Delayed sleep phase disorder
5382:Excessive daytime sleepiness
4287:Steinbach MJ (August 2004).
4194:Maurice DM (February 1998).
4083:10.1016/0165-3806(83)90184-0
3863:10.1016/0149-7634(86)90002-3
3654:10.1371/journal.pone.0023203
3369:"Types of Sleep Deprivation"
3117:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
2040:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1905:Siegel JM (September 2009).
1747:Pace-Schott EF (July 2011).
1250:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
868:monoamine oxidase inhibitors
616:excessive daytime sleepiness
333:positron emission tomography
331:Research in the 1990s using
202:positron emission tomography
5587:Nocturnal penile tumescence
5459:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
4689:The Journal of Neuroscience
4531:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.11.001
4131:Vitelli R (25 March 2013).
3523:Siegel JM (November 2001).
2800:Consciousness and Cognition
2176:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.005
1907:"The neurobiology of sleep"
922:Rapid eye movement of a dog
525:nocturnal penile tumescence
5910:
5449:Cyclic alternating pattern
2930:10.1152/physrev.00032.2012
2826:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.05.001
2786:10.1016/j.jsmc.2012.06.015
2481:10.1152/physrev.00032.2011
1082:lateral geniculate nucleus
928:Sleep in non-human animals
925:
870:) and stimulants (such as
583:decreases by another 2–10
493:during paradoxical sleep.
5665:Behavioral sleep medicine
5474:Shift work sleep disorder
5422:Sleep state misperception
4365:. Springer. p. 290.
4200:Experimental Eye Research
3964:10.1016/j.nlm.2006.03.005
2858:Journal of Sleep Research
2415:10.13140/RG.2.1.2103.9606
1861:Journal of Sleep Research
1805:10.1017/s0140525x00003976
1749:"REM sleep and dreaming."
1408:10.1007/s00018-007-6533-0
620:hypnagogic hallucinations
579:: their already-negative
5222:Rapid eye movement (REM)
5158:Interpretation of Dreams
4939:Rapid eye movement sleep
4405:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00286
3275:Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
2555:10.1093/sleep/31.11.1492
2514:Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
1999:Rapid eye movement sleep
1841:Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
1683:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00099
1366:Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
1217:Pedunculopontine nucleus
1092:Defensive immobilization
465:Lotka–Volterra equations
446:Models of REM regulation
369:superior parietal cortex
54:Rapid eye movement sleep
5543:Exploding head syndrome
5352:Obstructive sleep apnea
4392:Frontiers in Psychology
4305:10.1136/bjo.2004.042291
4254:10.1186/1742-9994-10-42
3782:10.1073/pnas.2204754119
3726:10.1126/science.aaf3621
3586:Brain Research Bulletin
3549:10.1126/science.1063049
3044:10.1073/pnas.0900271106
2475:(3): 1087–1187 (1127).
2289:Parmeggiani PL (2011).
2214:10.1176/ajp.134.12.1335
1670:Frontiers in Psychology
1174:Loughborough University
1133:Oxygen supply to cornea
1017:dual-process hypothesis
902:sleeping, with REM and
437:gamma-Aminobutyric acid
64:) is a unique phase of
5858:Sleeping while on duty
5407:Idiopathic hypersomnia
4734:, Goldstein I (eds.).
4213:10.1006/exer.1997.0444
3828:10.1093/sleep/24.6.645
3392:Depression and Anxiety
3174:10.1001/jama.284.7.861
2814:Sleep Medicine Reviews
2774:Sleep Medicine Clinics
1923:10.1055/s-0029-1237118
958:central bearded dragon
923:
907:
764:
388:Chemicals in the brain
357:superior frontal gyrus
242:Electroencephalography
229:
198:electroencephalography
196:, chemical injection,
50:
39:
5680:Neuroscience of sleep
5412:Night eating syndrome
5397:Kleine–Levin syndrome
4560:10.1176/ajp.123.2.121
3479:Biological Psychiatry
3448:10.1007/s004060050092
2918:Physiological Reviews
2631:Fiziologiia Cheloveka
2600:10.1212/wnl.42.7.1371
2469:Physiological Reviews
2335:Nature Communications
1911:Seminars in Neurology
1573:Biological Psychology
1389:Deboer T (May 2007).
1212:Neuroscience of sleep
1038:sequential hypothesis
921:
898:
770:ultradian sleep cycle
758:
600:REM behavior disorder
224:record of REM Sleep.
220:
149:) originating in the
84:, accompanied by low
45:
33:
5834:Sleep and creativity
5022:Embodied imagination
5009:Dream interpretation
4241:Frontiers in Zoology
4172:10.1093/brain/awq110
1010:memory consolidation
529:erectile dysfunction
497:, cardiac pressure,
365:intraparietal sulcus
361:medial frontal areas
5829:Sleep and breathing
5285:Sensorimotor rhythm
4695:(43): 14198–14209.
4165:(Pt 6): 1737–1746.
4022:1983Natur.304..111C
3989:on January 10, 2017
3914:10.1038/nature05278
3906:2006Natur.444..610M
3773:2022PNAS..11904754R
3767:(33): e2204754119.
3718:2016Sci...352..590S
3645:2011PLoSO...623203L
3541:2001Sci...294.1058S
3035:2009PNAS..10610130C
3029:(25): 10130–10134.
2983:10.1038/nature02223
2975:2004Natur.427..352W
2347:2015NatCo...6.7884A
1310:Physiology in Sleep
1162:sentinel hypothesis
1155:monoamine receptors
1036:. According to the
805:Deprivation effects
677:sensory deprivation
172:In 1953, Professor
139:sensory deprivation
5839:Sleep and learning
5592:Nocturnal emission
5492:Nightmare disorder
5357:Periodic breathing
4901:Nightmare disorder
4594:Koulack D (1991).
3373:Macalester College
3321:(4): R1186–R1194.
2355:10.1038/ncomms8884
1843:. pp. 91–106.
1223:Sleep and learning
1030:declarative memory
1026:declarative memory
976:Possible functions
924:
908:
837:may increase, and
765:
581:membrane potential
545:thermoneutral zone
404:neurotransmitters
279:During REM sleep,
263:and 40–60 Hz
246:neural oscillation
230:
174:Nathaniel Kleitman
51:
40:
5871:
5870:
5849:Sleep deprivation
5688:
5687:
5167:
5166:
5131:
5130:
4952:
4951:
4598:. New York: SUNY.
4586:978-0-521-00869-3
4509:978-0-521-86441-1
4490:978-0-521-11680-0
4372:978-0-306-47425-5
4347:978-0-471-52556-1
4289:"Owls' eyes move"
4058:Marks et al. 1994
4016:(5922): 111–114.
3900:(7119): 610–613.
3712:(6285): 590–595.
3355:The Mind in Sleep
3284:978-0-8247-0322-6
3259:978-0-8247-0322-6
3229:978-1-139-50378-5
2969:(6972): 352–355.
2753:978-0-203-77254-6
2728:978-0-203-77254-6
2657:"Polysomnography"
2549:(11): 1492–1497.
2523:978-0-8247-0322-6
2300:978-1-84816-572-4
2246:978-1-139-46789-6
2143:978-0-521-86441-1
1762:978-1-139-50378-5
1726:978-0-203-77254-6
1554:978-1-4757-4669-3
1500:978-0-7167-8595-8
1464:978-1-139-50378-5
1401:(10): 1227–1235.
1375:978-0-8247-0322-6
1347:978-1-139-50378-5
1320:978-0-323-15416-1
1293:978-0-521-86441-1
1257:978-1-4377-2674-9
1034:procedural memory
1015:According to the
998:procedural memory
919:
896:
589:medulla oblongata
577:hyperpolarization
503:arterial pressure
450:According to the
429:neurotransmitters
309:pontine tegmentum
307:, especially the
103:) and sometimes
97:paradoxical sleep
16:(Redirected from
5901:
5889:Sleep physiology
5844:Sleep and memory
5784:Circadian rhythm
5531:Benign phenomena
5433:Circadian rhythm
5310:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5171:
5090:Dream incubation
5032:Dream dictionary
4963:
4808:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4763:
4739:
4722:
4712:
4679:
4642:
4632:
4599:
4590:
4571:
4542:
4513:
4494:
4475:
4456:
4428:
4427:
4417:
4407:
4386:Ruby PM (2011).
4383:
4377:
4376:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4316:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4266:
4256:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4215:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4174:
4150:
4141:
4140:
4137:Psychology Today
4128:
4122:
4121:
4118:10.1037/a0030790
4101:
4095:
4094:
4077:(2–3): 277–286.
4065:
4059:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4030:10.1038/304111a0
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3988:
3982:. Archived from
3949:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3784:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3656:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3569:. Archived from
3560:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3375:. Archived from
3365:
3359:
3358:
3350:
3339:
3338:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3245:
3234:
3233:
3215:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3132:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3046:
3014:
3003:
3002:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2909:
2890:
2889:
2853:
2838:
2837:
2809:
2803:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2769:
2758:
2757:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2714:
2701:
2700:
2685:Solms M (1997).
2682:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2594:(7): 1371–1374.
2583:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2432:
2419:
2418:
2403:Zhang J (2016).
2400:
2394:
2393:
2386:Zhang J (2005).
2383:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2286:
2251:
2250:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2159:
2148:
2147:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2016:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1962:(1–2): 192–201.
1951:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1856:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1825:
1824:
1788:
1767:
1766:
1744:
1731:
1730:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1685:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1540:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1488:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1446:
1431:
1430:
1420:
1410:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1279:
1262:
1261:
1244:Hall JE (2010).
1241:
1167:muscle paralysis
1139:David M. Maurice
1098:tonic immobility
1077:developing brain
1048:Graeme Mitchison
1006:emotional memory
996:: specifically,
920:
897:
886:In other animals
775:circadian rhythm
718:semantic priming
687:Effects of SSRIs
222:Polysomnographic
192:. Techniques of
178:Eugene Aserinsky
176:and his student
163:thermoregulation
117:neurotransmitter
21:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5894:Neurophysiology
5874:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5762:Procrastination
5715:Four-poster bed
5684:
5648:
5642:Polysomnography
5620:Sleep induction
5596:
5567:Sleep paralysis
5526:
5478:
5437:
5434:
5426:
5368:
5327:Mouth breathing
5305:Sleep disorders
5299:
5236:
5227:Quiescent sleep
5207:
5205:sleep disorders
5198:
5168:
5163:
5127:
5105:Sleep induction
5099:
5066:
5038:
5003:
4958:
4948:
4915:
4867:
4863:Pre-lucid dream
4849:
4845:Dream character
4835:False awakening
4830:Recurring dream
4799:
4790:
4747:
4742:
4725:
4682:
4645:
4602:
4593:
4587:
4574:
4545:
4516:
4510:
4497:
4491:
4478:
4472:
4459:
4453:
4440:
4436:
4434:Further reading
4431:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4152:
4151:
4144:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3687:
3680:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3404:10.1002/da.1044
3389:
3388:
3384:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3351:
3342:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3247:
3246:
3237:
3230:
3217:
3216:
3207:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3016:
3015:
3006:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2911:
2910:
2893:
2855:
2854:
2841:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2793:
2771:
2770:
2761:
2754:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2716:
2715:
2704:
2697:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2434:
2433:
2422:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2288:
2287:
2254:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2208:(12): 1335–48.
2199:
2198:
2191:
2161:
2160:
2151:
2144:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2052:10.1038/nrn2716
2046:(11): 803–813.
2037:
2036:
2029:
2018:
2017:
2006:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1858:
1857:
1848:
1838:
1837:
1828:
1790:
1789:
1770:
1763:
1746:
1745:
1734:
1727:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1542:
1541:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1448:
1447:
1434:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1307:Orem J (2012).
1306:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1265:
1258:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1208:
1185:neural circuits
1151:
1135:
1111:
1094:
1065:
1063:Neural ontogeny
1022:Slow-wave sleep
990:
978:
945:thermal inertia
936:—as well as in
930:
910:
904:slow-wave sleep
890:
888:
876:methylphenidate
856:Antidepressants
844:sexual behavior
839:eating behavior
807:
753:
741:neuromodulation
714:
689:
665:episodic memory
644:
639:
624:sleep paralysis
566:
487:
474:
456:Robert McCarley
448:
394:slow-wave sleep
390:
329:
313:locus coeruleus
301:
250:δ (delta) waves
215:
210:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5907:
5905:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5876:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5789:Comfort object
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5660:Sleep medicine
5656:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5617:
5612:
5606:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5209:
5208:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5174:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5062:Sleep medicine
5059:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5027:Guided imagery
5024:
5013:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4971:
4969:
4960:
4959:interpretation
4954:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4859:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4814:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4753:
4746:
4745:External links
4743:
4741:
4740:
4723:
4680:
4648:Brain Research
4643:
4609:Brain Research
4600:
4591:
4585:
4572:
4554:(2): 121–142.
4543:
4514:
4508:
4495:
4489:
4476:
4470:
4457:
4451:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4378:
4371:
4353:
4346:
4328:
4279:
4227:
4206:(2): 139–145.
4186:
4142:
4123:
4112:(4): 253–283.
4096:
4071:Brain Research
4060:
4051:
4000:
3958:(2): 241–247.
3935:
3884:
3841:
3822:(6): 645–653.
3806:
3747:
3696:
3678:
3619:
3592:(4): 375–381.
3576:
3573:on 2010-09-13.
3512:
3485:(4): 445–453.
3469:
3442:(5): 231–237.
3425:
3382:
3379:on 2013-07-05.
3360:
3340:
3305:
3290:
3283:
3265:
3258:
3235:
3228:
3205:
3187:
3168:(7): 861–868.
3152:
3123:(9): 351–359.
3103:
3084:(3): 317–324.
3068:
3004:
2953:
2924:(2): 681–766.
2891:
2864:(2): 129–142.
2839:
2820:(2): 133–142.
2804:
2791:
2759:
2752:
2734:
2727:
2702:
2695:
2674:
2648:
2637:(4): 124–134.
2621:
2578:
2529:
2522:
2504:
2455:
2448:
2420:
2395:
2378:
2341:(1038): 7884.
2321:
2306:
2299:
2252:
2245:
2227:
2189:
2164:Sleep Medicine
2149:
2142:
2120:
2105:
2102:on 2011-12-13.
2073:
2027:
2004:
1989:
1956:Brain Research
1946:
1917:(4): 277–296.
1894:
1846:
1826:
1768:
1761:
1732:
1725:
1707:
1656:
1606:
1560:
1553:
1512:
1499:
1470:
1463:
1432:
1381:
1374:
1353:
1346:
1326:
1319:
1299:
1292:
1263:
1256:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1150:
1149:Other theories
1147:
1134:
1131:
1127:fixation point
1110:
1107:
1093:
1090:
1064:
1061:
1002:spatial memory
989:
986:
977:
974:
926:Main article:
887:
884:
827:hallucinations
806:
803:
752:
749:
713:
710:
688:
685:
643:
640:
638:
635:
565:
562:
553:breathe faster
507:breathing rate
499:cardiac output
486:
483:
473:
470:
447:
444:
406:norepinephrine
389:
386:
382:insular cortex
328:
325:
300:
297:
214:
211:
209:
206:
182:William Dement
143:hallucinations
128:norepinephrine
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5906:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5615:Sleep hygiene
5613:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:Sleep inertia
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5522:Sleep-talking
5520:
5518:
5517:Sleep driving
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5290:Sleep spindle
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5195:
5190:
5188:
5183:
5181:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5151:Oneirocritica
5148:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:Ancient books
5134:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5095:Dream sharing
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4990:Psychonautics
4988:
4986:
4985:Oneironautics
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4975:Spirit spouse
4973:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4955:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:Anxiety dream
4894:
4892:
4891:Night terrors
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4787:
4782:
4780:
4775:
4773:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4728:Carson III CC
4724:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4471:0-471-52556-1
4467:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4452:0-8058-0925-2
4448:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4283:
4280:
4277:; see Fig. S1
4274:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4064:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4004:
4001:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3639:(8): e23203.
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3306:
3301:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3277:. CRC Press.
3276:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2696:0-8058-1585-6
2692:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2516:. CRC Press.
2515:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2449:0-262-10080-0
2445:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2170:(4): 302–30.
2169:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:(2): 152–68.
1578:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1368:. CRC Press.
1367:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1143:aqueous humor
1140:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:Shift of gaze
1108:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1086:visual cortex
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:Francis Crick
1049:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
987:
985:
982:
975:
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969:
965:
963:
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954:
949:
946:
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939:
935:
929:
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885:
883:
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869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
771:
762:
757:
750:
748:
746:
742:
739:
738:noradrenergic
735:
730:
725:
723:
719:
711:
709:
707:
702:
698:
694:
686:
684:
682:
678:
672:
668:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
641:
636:
634:
631:
629:
628:polysomnogram
625:
621:
618:while awake,
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:motor neurons
570:
563:
561:
557:
554:
550:
546:
541:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
484:
482:
479:
478:eye movements
472:Eye movements
471:
469:
466:
461:
457:
453:
445:
443:
440:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:acetylcholine
395:
387:
385:
383:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
346:
342:
338:
334:
326:
324:
322:
321:visual cortex
318:
314:
310:
306:
298:
296:
293:
291:
286:
282:
277:
274:
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266:
262:
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243:
239:
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227:
223:
219:
212:
207:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:Michel Jouvet
183:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:non-REM sleep
131:
129:
125:
121:
120:acetylcholine
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
5735:Sleeping bag
5512:Sleepwalking
5497:Night terror
5221:
5214:sleep cycles
5156:
5149:
5142:
4938:
4911:Sleepdriving
4906:Sleepwalking
4886:Dreamcatcher
4825:Dream speech
4735:
4692:
4688:
4651:
4647:
4612:
4608:
4595:
4576:
4551:
4547:
4525:(2): 231–9.
4522:
4518:
4499:
4480:
4461:
4442:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4362:
4356:
4337:
4331:
4296:
4292:
4282:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4203:
4199:
4189:
4162:
4158:
4136:
4126:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4054:
4013:
4009:
4003:
3991:. Retrieved
3984:the original
3955:
3951:
3938:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3857:(4): 371–6.
3854:
3850:
3844:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3690:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3571:the original
3532:
3528:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3398:(1): 29–36.
3395:
3391:
3385:
3377:the original
3372:
3363:
3354:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3299:
3293:
3274:
3268:
3249:
3219:
3199:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3026:
3022:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2921:
2917:
2861:
2857:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2799:
2794:
2777:
2773:
2743:
2737:
2718:
2686:
2665:. Retrieved
2661:Medline Plus
2660:
2651:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2513:
2507:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2439:
2405:
2398:
2388:
2381:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2315:
2309:
2290:
2236:
2230:
2205:
2201:
2167:
2163:
2133:
2114:
2108:
2097:the original
2092:
2043:
2039:
2020:
1998:
1992:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1914:
1910:
1867:(3): 400–6.
1864:
1860:
1840:
1796:
1792:
1752:
1716:
1710:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1626:
1622:
1609:
1576:
1572:
1544:
1504:. Retrieved
1484:
1473:
1454:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1365:
1336:
1329:
1313:. Elsevier.
1309:
1302:
1283:
1246:
1197:
1182:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1152:
1136:
1112:
1103:appears dead
1095:
1084:and primary
1073:active sleep
1072:
1066:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1016:
1014:
991:
983:
979:
970:
966:
950:
942:
931:
849:
823:irritability
816:
808:
799:
795:
791:
787:
768:
766:
726:
715:
705:
690:
680:
673:
669:
660:Lucid dreams
652:neurotypical
645:
632:
604:sleepwalking
594:Lack of REM
593:
568:
567:
558:
542:
515:
488:
476:Most of the
475:
460:Allan Hobson
454:proposed by
449:
441:
426:
392:Compared to
391:
354:
330:
302:
294:
290:lucid dreams
278:
257:theta rhythm
231:
194:neurosurgery
171:
132:
104:
100:
96:
94:
61:
57:
53:
52:
5819:Second wind
5794:Dream diary
5670:Sleep study
5610:Sleep diary
5562:Hypnopompia
5557:Sleep onset
5548:Hypnic jerk
5387:Hypersomnia
5337:Catathrenia
5332:Sleep apnea
5242:Brain waves
5212:Stages of
5085:Dream diary
4980:Dream guide
4967:Oneiromancy
4957:Therapy and
4944:Hypnopompia
4855:Lucid dream
4840:Interobject
4615:: 131–140.
4299:(8): 1103.
2780:: 417–426.
1629:: 401–410.
1075:) aids the
872:amphetamine
858:(including
812:REM rebound
734:cholinergic
701:fluvoxamine
491:homeostasis
265:gamma waves
261:hippocampus
234:wakefulness
190:REM rebound
167:circulation
159:respiration
155:homeostasis
109:brain waves
86:muscle tone
72:(including
5878:Categories
5853:Sleep debt
5799:Microsleep
5779:Chronotype
5693:Daily life
5577:Somnolence
5553:Hypnagogia
5484:Parasomnia
5402:Narcolepsy
5314:Anatomical
5295:Theta wave
5265:Gamma wave
5260:Delta wave
5250:Alpha wave
4999:Dream yoga
4995:Yoga nidra
4929:Hypnagogia
4797:oneirology
2667:2 November
1506:2010-01-09
1485:Psychology
1229:References
1057:unlearning
864:tricyclics
852:depression
835:aggression
729:creativity
712:Creativity
706:subjective
697:paroxetine
637:Psychology
608:Narcolepsy
585:millivolts
569:REM atonia
495:Heart rate
427:Two other
345:paralimbic
305:brain stem
299:Brain stem
208:Physiology
151:brain stem
113:brain stem
5863:Sleepover
5814:Power nap
5809:Nightwear
5675:Melatonin
5637:Somnology
5602:Treatment
5435:disorders
5374:Dyssomnia
5280:PGO waves
5275:Mu rhythm
5270:K-complex
5255:Beta wave
5232:Slow-wave
5144:On Dreams
5123:Oneirogen
5080:Dream art
5072:Dreamwork
4934:PGO waves
4873:Nightmare
4804:Phenomena
4654:: 58–64.
4247:(1): 42.
3930:205211103
2588:Neurology
2068:205505278
1601:206109082
1123:binocular
1032:—but not
951:Sleeping
900:Ostriches
779:nocturnal
761:hypnogram
745:neocortex
656:narrative
612:cataplexy
517:Erections
422:Carbachol
414:histamine
410:serotonin
402:monoamine
337:forebrain
327:Forebrain
147:PGO waves
124:monoamine
92:vividly.
58:REM sleep
36:hypnogram
34:A sample
18:REM phase
5730:Mattress
5705:Bunk bed
5625:Hypnosis
5417:Nocturia
5392:Insomnia
5118:Hypnosis
4732:Kirby RS
4719:25339734
4676:46317814
4668:24141149
4639:23835499
4539:23266601
4424:22121353
4323:15258042
4273:23886007
4181:20478849
4106:Dreaming
4046:41500914
3993:June 29,
3980:17606945
3972:16647282
3922:17086200
3879:45300482
3836:11560177
3801:35939710
3734:27126045
3673:21887239
3633:PLOS ONE
3614:20823755
3606:16624668
3567:11691984
3507:15428567
3499:10459393
3464:22514281
3456:10591988
3420:25000558
3412:11568980
3182:10938176
3147:14725160
3139:10461198
3098:12421655
3063:19506253
2991:14737168
2948:23589831
2878:11422727
2834:22800769
2643:21950094
2616:25312217
2573:19226735
2499:22811426
2438:(1999).
2436:Jouvet M
2373:26262924
2184:17468046
2060:19794431
1984:22764238
1941:19742406
1881:20477954
1821:14104546
1813:11515143
1702:24596562
1643:26441373
1593:23174692
1481:(2004).
1427:17364139
1206:See also
1202:(EMDR).
1178:foraging
1069:neonates
994:memories
962:amniotes
953:reptiles
831:appetite
722:anagrams
648:dreaming
642:Dreaming
533:clitoris
377:amygdala
285:coherent
273:thalamic
238:cerebral
5757:Bedtime
5752:Bedroom
5747:Bedding
5742:Bed bug
5725:Hammock
5630:Lullaby
5464:Jet lag
5364:Snoring
5322:Bruxism
5113:Lullaby
4881:Epiales
4820:Oneiros
4756:LSDBase
4710:6608391
4630:3839793
4568:5329927
4415:3220269
4398:: 286.
4314:1772283
4264:3734112
4222:9533840
4091:6850353
4038:6866101
4018:Bibcode
3902:Bibcode
3871:3543754
3792:9388130
3769:Bibcode
3742:6604923
3714:Bibcode
3706:Science
3664:3160860
3641:Bibcode
3558:8760621
3537:Bibcode
3529:Science
3335:9575987
3054:2700890
3031:Bibcode
2999:4405704
2971:Bibcode
2939:3768102
2886:1612343
2608:1620348
2564:2579970
2490:3621793
2364:4866865
2343:Bibcode
1976:9372219
1932:8809119
1889:1749779
1693:3925830
1651:7276590
1479:Myers D
1418:2771137
1119:fetuses
1117:and in
934:mammals
880:cocaine
819:anxiety
783:diurnal
767:In the
759:Sample
598:causes
519:of the
511:hypoxia
350:emotion
267:in the
259:in the
70:mammals
5824:Siesta
5710:Daybed
5538:Dreams
4793:Dreams
4717:
4707:
4674:
4666:
4637:
4627:
4583:
4566:
4537:
4506:
4487:
4468:
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4412:
4369:
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4321:
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4271:
4261:
4220:
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4089:
4044:
4036:
4010:Nature
3978:
3970:
3928:
3920:
3894:Nature
3877:
3869:
3834:
3799:
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3410:
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3226:
3180:
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3137:
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3061:
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2963:Nature
2946:
2936:
2884:
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2832:
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2725:
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2606:
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2361:
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2243:
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2140:
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2058:
1982:
1974:
1939:
1929:
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1879:
1819:
1811:
1759:
1723:
1700:
1690:
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1649:
1641:
1599:
1591:
1551:
1497:
1461:
1425:
1415:
1372:
1344:
1317:
1290:
1254:
1189:waking
1004:, and
988:Memory
906:phases
866:, and
751:Timing
681:per se
596:atonia
564:Muscle
549:shiver
505:, and
433:orexin
373:mental
367:, and
341:limbic
339:, the
269:cortex
76:) and
74:humans
5884:Dream
5767:Story
5720:Futon
5653:Other
5201:Sleep
4921:Sleep
4812:Dream
4672:S2CID
4159:Brain
4042:S2CID
3987:(PDF)
3976:S2CID
3948:(PDF)
3926:S2CID
3875:S2CID
3816:Sleep
3738:S2CID
3610:S2CID
3503:S2CID
3460:S2CID
3416:S2CID
3143:S2CID
2995:S2CID
2882:S2CID
2612:S2CID
2543:Sleep
2222:21570
2100:(PDF)
2089:(PDF)
2064:S2CID
1980:S2CID
1885:S2CID
1817:S2CID
1647:S2CID
1619:(PDF)
1597:S2CID
1219:(PPN)
1115:blind
938:birds
521:penis
90:dream
78:birds
66:sleep
5203:and
4795:and
4715:PMID
4664:PMID
4652:1543
4635:PMID
4613:1527
4581:ISBN
4564:PMID
4535:PMID
4504:ISBN
4485:ISBN
4466:ISBN
4447:ISBN
4420:PMID
4367:ISBN
4342:ISBN
4319:PMID
4269:PMID
4218:PMID
4177:PMID
4087:PMID
4034:PMID
3995:2011
3968:PMID
3918:PMID
3867:PMID
3832:PMID
3797:PMID
3730:PMID
3669:PMID
3602:PMID
3563:PMID
3495:PMID
3452:PMID
3408:PMID
3331:PMID
3279:ISBN
3254:ISBN
3224:ISBN
3178:PMID
3162:JAMA
3135:PMID
3094:PMID
3059:PMID
2987:PMID
2944:PMID
2874:PMID
2830:PMID
2748:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2691:ISBN
2669:2011
2639:PMID
2604:PMID
2569:PMID
2518:ISBN
2495:PMID
2444:ISBN
2369:PMID
2295:ISBN
2241:ISBN
2218:PMID
2180:PMID
2138:ISBN
2056:PMID
1972:PMID
1937:PMID
1877:PMID
1809:PMID
1757:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1698:PMID
1639:PMID
1589:PMID
1549:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1459:ISBN
1423:PMID
1370:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1252:ISBN
1160:The
1137:Dr.
1050:and
878:and
736:and
699:and
614:and
551:and
458:and
435:and
412:and
355:The
343:and
311:and
184:and
165:and
82:eyes
62:REMS
5804:Nap
5700:Bed
4705:PMC
4697:doi
4656:doi
4625:PMC
4617:doi
4556:doi
4552:123
4527:doi
4410:PMC
4400:doi
4309:PMC
4301:doi
4259:PMC
4249:doi
4208:doi
4167:doi
4163:133
4114:doi
4079:doi
4075:283
4026:doi
4014:304
3960:doi
3910:doi
3898:444
3859:doi
3824:doi
3787:PMC
3777:doi
3765:119
3722:doi
3710:352
3659:PMC
3649:doi
3594:doi
3553:PMC
3545:doi
3533:294
3487:doi
3444:doi
3440:249
3400:doi
3323:doi
3319:274
3170:doi
3166:284
3125:doi
3086:doi
3049:PMC
3039:doi
3027:106
2979:doi
2967:427
2934:PMC
2926:doi
2866:doi
2822:doi
2802:21.
2782:doi
2596:doi
2559:PMC
2551:doi
2485:PMC
2477:doi
2411:doi
2359:PMC
2351:doi
2210:doi
2206:134
2172:doi
2048:doi
1964:doi
1960:770
1927:PMC
1919:doi
1869:doi
1801:doi
1688:PMC
1678:doi
1631:doi
1581:doi
1491:268
1413:PMC
1403:doi
1193:CNS
1071:as
226:EEG
68:in
60:or
47:EEG
5880::
5851:/
5555:/
4997:/
4730:,
4713:.
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3141:.
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3007:^
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2922:93
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