Rapid eye movement sleep - Knowledge (XXG)

1145:, the liquid between cornea and iris, was stagnant if not stirred. Among the supportive evidence, he calculated that if aqueous humor was stagnant, oxygen from the iris had to reach the cornea by diffusion through aqueous humor, which was not sufficient. According to the theory, when the organism is awake, eye movement (or cool environmental temperature) enables the aqueous humor to circulate. When the organism is sleeping, REM provides the much needed stir to aqueous humor. This theory is consistent with the observation that fetuses, as well as eye-sealed newborn animals, spend much time in REM sleep, and that during a normal sleep, a person's REM sleep episodes become progressively longer deeper into the night. However, owls experience REM sleep, but do not move their head more than in non-REM sleep and it is well known that owls' eyes are nearly immobile. 1059:". As a result, those memories which are relevant (whose underlying neuronal substrate is strong enough to withstand such spontaneous, chaotic activation) are further strengthened, whilst weaker, transient, "noise" memory traces disintegrate. Memory consolidation during paradoxical sleep is specifically correlated with the periods of rapid eye movement, which do not occur continuously. One explanation for this correlation is that the PGO electrical waves, which precede the eye movements, also influence memory. REM sleep could provide a unique opportunity for "unlearning" to occur in the basic neural networks involved in homeostasis, which are protected from this "synaptic downscaling" effect during deep sleep. 481:

however, the eyes of the paradoxical sleeper move in tandem. These eye movements follow the ponto-geniculo-occipital waves originating in the brain stem. The eye movements themselves may relate to the sense of vision experienced in the dream, but a direct relationship remains to be clearly established. Congenitally blind people, who do not typically have visual imagery in their dreams, still move their eyes in REM sleep. An alternative explanation suggests that the functional purpose of REM sleep is for procedural memory processing, and the rapid eye movement is only a side effect of the brain processing the eye-related procedural memory.

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leads to death in experimental animals. In both humans and experimental animals, REM sleep loss leads to several behavioral and physiological abnormalities. Loss of REM sleep has been noticed during various natural and experimental infections. Survivability of the experimental animals decreases when REM sleep is totally attenuated during infection; this leads to the possibility that the quality and quantity of REM sleep is generally essential for normal body physiology. Further, the existence of a "REM rebound" effect suggests the possibility of a biological need for REM sleep.

854:—when depression appears to be related to an imbalance of certain neurotransmitters. Although sleep deprivation in general annoys most of the population, it has repeatedly been shown to alleviate depression, albeit temporarily. More than half the individuals who experience this relief report it to be rendered ineffective after sleeping the following night. Thus, researchers have devised methods such as altering the sleep schedule for a span of days following a REM deprivation period and combining sleep-schedule alterations with pharmacotherapy to prolong this effect. 747:, while lower levels of acetylcholine and norepinephrine in the neocortex encourage the uncontrolled spread of associational activity within neocortical areas. This is in contrast to waking consciousness, where higher levels of norepinephrine and acetylcholine inhibit recurrent connections in the neocortex. REM sleep through this process adds creativity by allowing "neocortical structures to reorganise associative hierarchies, in which information from the hippocampus would be reinterpreted in relation to previous semantic representations or nodes." 319:, bursts of electrical activity originating in the brain stem. (PGO waves have long been measured directly in cats but not in humans because of constraints on experimentation; however, comparable effects have been observed in humans during "phasic" events which occur during REM sleep, and the existence of similar PGO waves is thus inferred.) These waves occur in clusters about every 6 seconds for 1–2 minutes during the transition from deep to paradoxical sleep. They exhibit their highest amplitude upon moving into the 1012:, especially regarding complex processes (e.g., how to escape from an elaborate maze). In humans, the best evidence for REM's improvement of memory pertains to learning of procedures—new ways of moving the body (such as trampoline jumping), and new techniques of problem solving. REM deprivation seemed to impair declarative (i.e., factual) memory only in more complex cases, such as memories of longer stories. REM sleep apparently counteracts attempts to suppress certain thoughts. 882:) interfere with REM sleep by stimulating the monoamine neurotransmitters which must be suppressed for REM sleep to occur. Administered at therapeutic doses, these drugs may stop REM sleep entirely for weeks or months. Withdrawal causes a REM rebound. Sleep deprivation stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis much as antidepressants do, but whether this effect is driven by REM sleep in particular is unknown. 43: 756: 31: 218: 972:

in the organism which necessarily exceed the simple absence of a sleep phase. This method also stops working after about 3 days as the subjects (typically rats) lose their will to avoid the water. Another method involves computer monitoring of brain waves, complete with automatic mechanized shaking of the cage when the test animal drifts into REM sleep.

602:, those affected physically act out their dreams, or conversely "dream out their acts", under an alternative theory on the relationship between muscle impulses during REM and associated mental imagery (which would also apply to people without the condition, except that commands to their muscles are suppressed). This is different from conventional 891: 911: 145:. REM and non-REM sleep alternate within one sleep cycle, which lasts about 90 minutes in adult humans. As sleep cycles continue, they shift towards a higher proportion of REM sleep. The transition to REM sleep brings marked physical changes, beginning with electrical bursts called "ponto-geniculo-occipital waves" ( 792:

REM sleep typically occupies 20–25% of total sleep in adult humans: about 90–120 minutes of a night's sleep. The first REM episode occurs about 70 minutes after falling asleep. Cycles of about 90 minutes each follow, with each cycle including a larger proportion of REM sleep. (The increased REM sleep

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During a night of sleep, humans usually experience about four or five periods of REM sleep; they are shorter (~15 min) at the beginning of the night and longer (~25 min) toward the end. Many animals and some people tend to wake, or experience a period of very light sleep, for a short time immediately

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by providing the neural stimulation that newborns need to form mature neural connections. Sleep deprivation studies have shown that deprivation early in life can result in behavioral problems, permanent sleep disruption, and decreased brain mass. The strongest evidence for the ontogenetic hypothesis

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In the weeks after a human baby is born, as its nervous system matures, neural patterns in sleep begin to show a rhythm of REM and non-REM sleep. (In faster-developing mammals, this process occurs in utero.) Infants spend more time in REM sleep than adults. The proportion of REM sleep then decreases

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to describe this cyclical inverse relationship. Kayuza Sakai and Michel Jouvet advanced a similar model in 1981. Whereas acetylcholine manifests in the cortex equally during wakefulness and REM, it appears in higher concentrations in the brain stem during REM. The withdrawal of orexin and GABA may

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of REM sleep was put forward by Frederick Snyder in 1966. It is based upon the observation that REM sleep in several mammals (the rat, the hedgehog, the rabbit, and the rhesus monkey) is followed by a brief awakening. This does not occur for either cats or humans, although humans are more likely to

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Sleep researcher Jerome Siegel has observed that extreme REM deprivation does not significantly interfere with memory. One case study of an individual who had little or no REM sleep due to a shrapnel injury to the brainstem did not find the individual's memory to be impaired. Antidepressants, which

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Sleep deprivation experiments on non-human animals can be set up differently than those on humans. The "flower pot" method involves placing a laboratory animal above water on a platform so small that it falls off upon losing muscle tone. The naturally rude awakening which results may elicit changes

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on healthy young adult male and females for 31 days: a drug-free baseline week, 19 days on either paroxetine or fluvoxamine with morning and evening doses, and 5 days of absolute discontinuation. Results showed that SSRI treatment decreased the average amount of dream recall frequency in comparison

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to regulate temperature during NREMS—but not during REMS. With the loss of muscle tone, animals lose the ability to regulate temperature through body movement. (However, even cats with pontine lesions preventing muscle atonia during REM did not regulate their temperature by shivering.) Neurons that

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in 1975–1977, control over REM sleep involves pathways of "REM-on" and "REM-off" neurons in the brain stem. REM-on neurons are primarily cholinergic (i.e., involve acetylcholine); REM-off neurons activate serotonin and noradrenaline, which among other functions suppress the REM-on neurons. McCarley

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Rapid eye movement sleep can be subclassified into tonic and phasic modes. Tonic REM is characterized by theta rhythms in the brain; phasic REM is characterized by PGO waves and actual "rapid" eye movements. Processing of external stimuli is heavily inhibited during phasic REM, and recent evidence

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to baseline measurements as a result of serotonergic REM suppression. Fluvoxamine increased the length of dream reporting, bizarreness of dreams as well as the intensity of REM sleep. These effects were the greatest during acute discontinuation compared to treatment and baseline days. However, the

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Hobson and McCarley proposed that the PGO waves characteristic of "phasic" REM might supply the visual cortex and forebrain with electrical excitement which amplifies the hallucinatory aspects of dreaming. However, people woken up during sleep do not report significantly more bizarre dreams during

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in "rapid eye movement" sleep are in fact less rapid than those normally exhibited by waking humans. They are also shorter in duration and more likely to loop back to their starting point. About seven such loops take place over one minute of REM sleep. In slow-wave sleep, the eyes can drift apart;

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Some researchers argue that the perpetuation of a complex brain process such as REM sleep indicates that it serves an important function for the survival of mammalian and avian species. It fulfills important physiological needs vital for survival to the extent that prolonged REM sleep deprivation

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Some dreaming can take place during non-REM sleep. "Light sleepers" can experience dreaming during stage 2 non-REM sleep, whereas "deep sleepers", upon awakening in the same stage, are more likely to report "thinking" but not "dreaming". Certain scientific efforts to assess the uniquely bizarre

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of their brains and bodies allows them to tolerate longer suspension of thermoregulation. The period (full cycle of REM and non-REM) lasts for about 90 minutes in humans, 22 minutes in cats, and 12 minutes in rats. In utero, mammals spend more than half (50–80%) of a 24-hour day in REM sleep.

679:. Because of non-REM dreaming, some sleep researchers have strenuously contested the importance of connecting dreaming to the REM sleep phase. The prospect that well-known neurological aspects of REM do not themselves cause dreaming suggests the need to re-examine the neurobiology of dreaming 1019:

of sleep and memory, the two major phases of sleep correspond to different types of memory. "Night half" studies have tested this hypothesis with memory tasks either begun before sleep and assessed in the middle of the night, or begun in the middle of the night and assessed in the morning.

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Consequently, hot or cold environmental temperatures can reduce the proportion of REM sleep, as well as amount of total sleep. In other words, if at the end of a phase of deep sleep, the organism's thermal indicators fall outside of a certain range, it will not enter paradoxical sleep lest

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are reported far more often in REM sleep. (In fact these could be considered a hybrid state combining essential elements of REM sleep and waking consciousness.) The mental events which occur during REM most commonly have dream hallmarks including narrative structure, convincingness (e.g.,

814:, which refers to an increase in the time spent in REM stage over normal levels. These findings are consistent with the idea that REM sleep is biologically necessary. However, the "rebound" REM sleep usually does not last fully as long as the estimated length of the missed REM periods. 587:, thereby raising the threshold which a stimulus must overcome to excite them. Muscle inhibition may result from unavailability of monoamine neurotransmitters (restraining the abundance of acetylcholine in the brainstem) and perhaps from mechanisms used in waking muscle inhibition. The 347:

systems showed more activation than other areas. The areas activated during REM sleep are approximately inverse to those activated during non-REM sleep and display greater activity than in quiet waking. The "anterior paralimbic REM activation area" (APRA) includes areas linked with

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wake from REM sleep than from NREM sleep. Snyder hypothesized that REM sleep activates an animal periodically, to scan the environment for possible predators. This hypothesis does not explain the muscle paralysis of REM sleep; however, a logical analysis might suggest that the

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Observations of jumping spiders in their nocturnal resting position also suggest a REM sleep-like state characterized by bouts of twitching and retinal movements and hints of muscle atonia (legs curling up as a result of pressure loss caused by muscle atonia in the prosoma).

352:, memory, fear and sex, and may thus relate to the experience of dreaming during REMS. More recent PET research has indicated that the distribution of brain activity during REM sleep varies in correspondence with the type of activity seen in the prior period of wakefulness. 1105:. Tsoukalas argues that the neurophysiology and phenomenology of this reaction shows striking similarities to REM sleep; for example, both reactions exhibit brainstem control, cholinergic neurotransmission, paralysis, hippocampal theta rhythm, and thermoregulatory changes. 841:

may get disrupted. Higher norepinepherine is a possible cause of these results. Whether and how long-term REM deprivation has psychological effects remains a matter of controversy. Several reports have indicated that REM deprivation increases aggression and

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phasic REMS, compared to tonic REMS. Another possible relationship between the two phenomena could be that the higher threshold for sensory interruption during REM sleep allows the brain to travel further along unrealistic and peculiar trains of thought.

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or NCT) causes enlargement, with accompanying vaginal blood flow and transudation (i.e. lubrication). During a normal night of sleep, the penis and clitoris may be erect for a total time of from one hour to as long as three and a half hours during REM.

893: 892: 1129:. In support of this theory, research finds that in goal-oriented dreams, eye gaze is directed towards the dream action, determined from correlations in the eye and body movements of REM sleep behavior disorder patients who enact their dreams. 731:

forms associative elements into new combinations that are useful or meet some requirement. This occurs in REM sleep rather than in NREM sleep. Rather than being due to memory processes, this has been attributed to changes during REM sleep in

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do not seem to have PGO waves or the localized brain activation seen in mammalian REM. However, they do exhibit sleep cycles with phases of REM-like electrical activity measurable by EEG. A recent study found periodic eye movements in the

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in most frequencies, a fact which has been cited in relation to the chaotic experience of dreaming. However, the posterior areas are more coherent with each other; as are the right and left hemispheres of the brain, especially during

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Luppi PH, Gervasoni D, Verret L, Goutagny R, Peyron C, Salvert D, Léger L, Fort P (2008). "Gamma-aminobutyric acid and the regulation of paradoxical, or rapid eye movement, sleeps". In Monti J, Pandi-Perumal SR, Sinton CM (eds.).

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is also active during REM sleep and may participate in generating the PGO waves, and experimental suppression of the amygdala results in less REM sleep. The amygdala may also regulate cardiac function in lieu of the less active

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proposed in 1983 that by virtue of its inherent spontaneous activity, the function of REM sleep "is to remove certain undesirable modes of interaction in networks of cells in the cerebral cortex"—a process they characterize as

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Selective REMS deprivation causes a significant increase in the number of attempts to go into REM stage while asleep. On recovery nights, an individual will usually move to stage 3 and REM sleep more quickly and experience a

188:. Many experiments have involved awakening test subjects whenever they begin to enter the REM phase, thereby producing a state known as REM deprivation. Subjects allowed to sleep normally again usually experience a modest 4068:

Mirmiran M, Scholtens J, van de Poll NE, Uylings HB, van der Gugten J, Boer GJ (April 1983). "Effects of experimental suppression of active (REM) sleep during early development upon adult brain and behavior in the rat".

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neurons in the waking and REM sleeping brain are more depolarized (fire more readily) than in the NREM deep sleeping brain. Human theta wave activity predominates during REM sleep in both the hippocampus and the cortex.

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Riemann D, König A, Hohagen F, Kiemen A, Voderholzer U, Backhaus J, et al. (1999). "How to preserve the antidepressive effect of sleep deprivation: A comparison of sleep phase advance and sleep phase delay".

424:, which mimics the effect of acetylcholine on neurons, has a similar influence. In waking humans, the same injections produce paradoxical sleep only if the monoamine neurotransmitters have already been depleted. 846:

in laboratory test animals. Rats deprived of paradoxical sleep die in 4–6 weeks (twice the time before death in case of total sleep deprivation). Mean body temperature falls continually during this period.

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reflex. This reflex, also known as animal hypnosis or death feigning, functions as the last line of defense against an attacking predator and consists of the total immobilization of the animal so that it

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diminish. Overall, the brain exerts less control over breathing; electrical stimulation of respiration-linked brain areas does not influence the lungs, as it does during non-REM sleep and in waking.

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Pace-Schott EF, Gersh T, Silvestri R, Stickgold R, Salzman C, Hobson JA (June 2001). "SSRI treatment suppresses dream recall frequency but increases subjective dream intensity in normal subjects".

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According to "scanning hypothesis", the directional properties of REM sleep are related to a shift of gaze in dream imagery. Against this hypothesis is that such eye movements occur in those born

1028:. Artificial enhancement of the non-REM sleep improves the next-day recall of memorized pairs of words. Tucker et al. demonstrated that a daytime nap containing solely non-REM sleep enhances 1008:. In rats, REM sleep increases following intensive learning, especially several hours after, and sometimes for multiple nights. Experimental REM sleep deprivation has sometimes inhibited 3524: 777:, which influences sleepiness and physiological factors based on timekeepers within the body. Sleep can be distributed throughout the day or clustered during one part of the rhythm: in 3198:

Aeschbach D (July 2011). "REM-sleep regulation: circadian, homeostatic, and non-REM sleep-dependent determinants.". In Mallick BN, Pandi-Perumal SR, McCarley RW, Morrison AR (eds.).

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The amount of REM sleep and cycling varies among animals; predators experience more REM sleep than prey. Larger animals also tend to stay in REM for longer, possibly because higher

773:, an organism alternates between deep sleep (slow, large, synchronized brain waves) and paradoxical sleep (faster, desynchronized waves). Sleep happens in the context of the larger 797:

significantly in childhood. Older people tend to sleep less overall, but sleep in REM for about the same absolute time (and therefore spend a greater proportion of sleep in REM).

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Rattenborg NC, Lesku JA, Martinez-Gonzalez D (2011). "Evolutionary perspectives on the function of REM sleep.". In Mallick BN, Pandi-Perumal SR, McCarley RW, Morrison AR (eds.).

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while waking. Other psychiatric disorders including depression have been linked to disproportionate REM sleep. Patients with suspected sleep disorders are typically evaluated by

940:. The primary criteria used to identify REM are the change in electrical activity, measured by EEG, and loss of muscle tone, interspersed with bouts of twitching in phasic REM. 3160:

Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Plat L (August 2000). "Age-related changes in slow wave sleep and REM sleep and relationship with growth hormone and cortisol levels in healthy men".

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McKenna JT, Chen L, McCarley RW (July 2011). "Neuronal models of REM-sleep control: evolving concepts.". In Mallick BN, Pandi-Perumal SR, McCarley RW, Morrison AR (eds.).

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experiential resemblance to waking life), and incorporation of instinctual themes. Sometimes, they include elements of the dreamer's recent experience taken directly from

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and Hobson suggested that the REM-on neurons actually stimulate REM-off neurons, thereby serving as the mechanism for the cycling between REM and non-REM sleep. They used

591:, located between pons and spine, seems to have the capacity for organism-wide muscle inhibition. Some localized twitching and reflexes can still occur. Pupils contract. 894: 4646:

Liang CL, Marks GA (January 2014). "GABAA receptors are located in cholinergic terminals in the nucleus pontis oralis of the rat: implications for REM sleep control".

531:(ED) while awake, but has NPT episodes during REM, it would suggest that the ED is from a psychological rather than a physiological cause. In females, erection of the 914: 3313:

Endo T, Roth C, Landolt HP, Werth E, Aeschbach D, Achermann P, Borbély AA (April 1998). "Selective REM sleep deprivation in humans: effects on sleep and sleep EEG".

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Mallick BN, Madan V, Jha S (2008). "Rapid eye movement sleep regulation by modulation of the noradrenergic system.". In Monti J, Pandi-Perumal SR, Sinton CM (eds.).

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Walker MP, Liston C, Hobson JA, Stickgold R (November 2002). "Cognitive flexibility across the sleep-wake cycle: REM-sleep enhancement of anagram problem solving".

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typically activate in response to cold temperatures—triggers for neural thermoregulation—simply do not fire during REM sleep, as they do in NREM sleep and waking.

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Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA (17 January 2008). "Acetylcholine modulates sleep and wakefulness: a synaptic perspective". In Monti J, Pandi-Perumal SR, Sinton CM (eds.).

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Brain energy use in REM sleep, as measured by oxygen and glucose metabolism, equals or exceeds energy use in waking. The rate in non-REM sleep is 11–40% lower.

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Tribl GG, Wetter TC, Schredl M (April 2013). "Dreaming under antidepressants: a systematic review on evidence in depressive patients and healthy volunteers".

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Brown RE, McCarley RW (2008). "Neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of wakefulness and REM sleep systems". In Monti J, Pandi-Perumal SR, Sinton CM (eds.).

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Gackenbach J (January 2013). "Interhemispheric EEG coherence in REM sleep and meditation: The lucid dreaming connection.". In Antrobus JS, Bertini M (eds.).

1141:, an eye specialist and former adjunct professor at Columbia University, proposed that REM sleep was associated with oxygen supply to the cornea, and that 1076: 420:, which effectively increases available acetylcholine, have been found to induce paradoxical sleep in humans and other animals already in slow-wave sleep. 5506: 3368: 708:

intensity of dreaming increased and the proclivity to enter REM sleep was decreased during SSRI treatment compared to baseline and discontinuation days.

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Ioannis Tsoukalas of Stockholm University has hypothesized that REM sleep is an evolutionary transformation of a well-known defensive mechanism, the

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after a bout of REM. The relative amount of REM sleep varies considerably with age. A newborn baby spends more than 80% of total sleep time in REM.

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may increase. There are also positive consequences of REM deprivation. Some symptoms of depression are found to be suppressed by REM deprivation;

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cause the absence of the other excitatory neurotransmitters; researchers in recent years increasingly include GABA regulation in their models.

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Grassi Zucconi G, Cipriani S, Balgkouranidou I, Scattoni R (April 2006). "'One night' sleep deprivation stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis".

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Markov D, Goldman M, Doghramji K (2012). "Normal Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Sleep and Wakefulness".

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nature of dreams experienced while asleep were forced to conclude that waking thought could be just as bizarre, especially in conditions of

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deregulation allow temperature to drift further from the desirable value. This mechanism can be 'fooled' by artificially warming the brain.

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Shein-Idelson M, Ondracek JM, Liaw HP, Reiter S, Laurent G (April 2016). "Slow waves, sharp waves, ripples, and REM in sleeping dragons".

4237:"Linking melanism to brain development: expression of a melanism-related gene in barn owl feather follicles covaries with sleep ontogeny" 3218:

Barot N, Kushida C (July 2011). "Significance of deprivation studies". In Mallick BN, Pandi-Perumal SR, McCarley RW, Morrison AR (eds.).

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Hobson JA, McCarley RW (December 1977). "The brain as a dream state generator: an activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process".

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Sanford LD, Ross RJ (July 2011). "Amygdalar regulation of REM sleep.". In Mallick BN, Pandi-Perumal SR, McCarley RW, Morrison AR (eds.).

695:(SSRIs) have an important effect on REM sleep neurobiology and dreaming. A study at Harvard Medical School in 2000 tested the effects of 5157: 5016: 1791:

Hobson JA, Pace-Schott EF, Stickgold R (December 2000). "Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states".

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later in the night is connected with the circadian rhythm and occurs even in people who did not sleep in the first part of the night.)

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and are a cause of the "rapid eye movements" in paradoxical sleep. Other muscles may also contract under the influence of these waves.

4783: 4469: 4450: 4155:"Do the eyes scan dream images during rapid eye movement sleep? Evidence from the rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder model" 2694: 2586:

Lapierre O, Montplaisir J (July 1992). "Polysomnographic features of REM sleep behavior disorder: development of a scoring method".

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Moreland RB, Nehra A (1999). "Pathosphysiology of erectile dysfunction; a molecular basis, role of NPT in maintaining potency". In

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Matarazzo L, Foret A, Mascetti L, Muto V, Shaffii A, Maquet P, Morrison AR, Mallick BN, McCarley RW, Pandi-Perumal SR (July 2011).

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Szymusiak R, Alam MN, McGinty D (1999). "Thermoregulatory Control of the NonREM-REM Sleep Cycle". In Mallick BN, Inoué S (eds.).

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Body temperature is not well regulated during REM sleep, and thus organisms become more sensitive to temperatures outside their

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Reinsel R, Antrobus J, Wollman M (January 2013). "Bizarreness in Dreams and Waking Fantasy". In Antrobus JS, Bertini M (eds.).

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Nofzinger EA, Mintun MA, Wiseman M, Kupfer DJ, Moore RY (October 1997). "Forebrain activation in REM sleep: an FDG PET study".

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which do not occur in any other modes of sleeping or waking. The body abruptly loses muscle tone, a state known as REM atonia.

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Ellman SJ, Spielman AJ, Luck D, Steiner SS, Halperin R (1991). "REM Deprivation: A Review". In Ellman SJ, Antrobus JS (eds.).

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Unlike the abrupt transitions in electrical patterns, the chemical changes in the brain show continuous periodic oscillation.

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REM sleep prevails most after birth, and diminishes with age. According to the "ontogenetic hypothesis", REM (also known in

683:. Some researchers (Dement, Hobson, Jouvet, for example) tend to resist the idea of disconnecting dreaming from REM sleep. 5773: 5581: 5443: 3892:

Marshall L, Helgadóttir H, Mölle M, Born J (November 2006). "Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory".

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Wirz-Justice A, Van den Hoofdakker RH (August 1999). "Sleep deprivation in depression: what do we know, where do we go?".

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people can give some kind of dream report under these circumstances. Sleepers awakened from REM tend to give longer, more

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Lee CW, Cuijpers P (June 2013). "A meta-analysis of the contribution of eye movements in processing emotional memories".

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exists to prevent the animal from fully waking up unnecessarily, and allowing it to return easily to deeper sleep.

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quickly become irregular when the body moves into REM sleep. In general, respiratory reflexes such as response to

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defined rapid eye movement and linked it to dreams. REM sleep was further described by researchers, including

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REM sleep is physiologically different from the other phases of sleep, which are collectively referred to as

5761: 5542: 5351: 1173: 650:. Waking up sleepers during a REM phase is a common experimental method for obtaining dream reports; 80% of 436: 3627:

Lesku JA, Meyer LC, Fuller A, Maloney SK, Dell'Omo G, Vyssotski AL, Rattenborg NC (2011). Balaban E (ed.).

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animals, at night. The organism returns to homeostatic regulation almost immediately after REM sleep ends.

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descriptions of the dreams they were experiencing, and to estimate the duration of their dreams as longer.

271:; patterns of EEG activity similar to these rhythms are also observed during wakefulness. The cortical and 5857: 5406: 5241: 4776: 1859:

Ermis U, Krakow K, Voss U (September 2010). "Arousal thresholds during human tonic and phasic REM sleep".

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Although it manifests differently in different animals, REM sleep or something like it occurs in all land

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Mishima K, Shimizu T, Hishikawa Y (1999). "REM Sleep Across Age and Sex". In Mallick BN, Inoué S (eds.).

5679: 5411: 4685:"Endogenous cholinergic input to the pontine REM sleep generator is not required for REM sleep to occur" 1211: 1125:

REMs are non-conjugated (i.e., the two eyes do not point in the same direction at a time) and so lack a

763:(electroencephalogram of sleep) showing sleep cycles characterized by increasing paradoxical (REM) sleep 599: 38:(electroencephalogram of sleep) showing sleep cycles characterized by increasing paradoxical (REM) sleep 2742:

LaBerge S (January 2013). "Physiological Studies of Lucid Dreaming". In Antrobus JS, Bertini M (eds.).

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While the precise function of REM sleep is not well understood, several theories have been proposed.

528: 364: 360: 130:. Experiences of REM sleep are not transferred to permanent memory due to absence of norepinephrine. 107:, because of physiological similarities to waking states including rapid, low-voltage desynchronized 5828: 5818: 5284: 5184: 3757:"Regularly occurring bouts of retinal movements suggest an REM sleep-like state in jumping spiders" 1666:"Decreased electrophysiological activity represents the conscious state of emptiness in meditation" 1571:

Horne J (February 2013). "Why REM sleep? Clues beyond the laboratory in a more challenging world".

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Lesions of the pons to prevent atonia have induced functional "REM behavior disorder" in animals.

575:. When the body shifts into REM sleep, motor neurons throughout the body undergo a process called 5838: 5591: 5491: 5356: 4900: 4671: 4041: 3975: 3925: 3874: 3737: 3609: 3502: 3459: 3415: 3142: 2994: 2881: 2611: 2063: 1979: 1884: 1816: 1646: 1596: 1222: 1154: 1029: 1025: 580: 544: 245: 173: 166: 108: 1198:

Furthermore, eye movements are also theorized to play a role in certain psychotherapies such as

1195:; while some argue that REM lacks any purpose, and simply results from random brain activation. 1080:

comes from experiments on REM deprivation, and from the development of the visual system in the

439:(GABA), seem to promote wakefulness, diminish during deep sleep, and inhibit paradoxical sleep. 5848: 4910: 4769: 4714: 4663: 4634: 4580: 4563: 4534: 4503: 4484: 4465: 4446: 4419: 4366: 4341: 4318: 4268: 4217: 4176: 4086: 4033: 3967: 3945:"A daytime nap containing solely non-REM sleep enhances declarative but not procedural memory" 3917: 3866: 3831: 3796: 3729: 3668: 3601: 3562: 3494: 3451: 3407: 3330: 3278: 3253: 3223: 3177: 3134: 3093: 3058: 2986: 2943: 2873: 2829: 2747: 2722: 2690: 2656: 2638: 2603: 2568: 2517: 2494: 2443: 2368: 2294: 2240: 2217: 2179: 2137: 2055: 1971: 1936: 1876: 1808: 1756: 1720: 1697: 1638: 1588: 1548: 1494: 1458: 1422: 1369: 1341: 1314: 1287: 1251: 1033: 997: 588: 510: 344: 308: 2038:

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Rapid eye movement sleep (REM) has since its discovery been closely associated with

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Other theories are that REM sleep warms the brain, stimulates and stabilizes the

716:

After waking from REM sleep, the mind seems "hyperassociative"—more receptive to

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pattern of NREM deep sleep. An important element of this contrast is the 3–10

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of a mouse that shows REM sleep being characterized by prominent theta-rhythm

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After the deprivation is complete, mild psychological disturbances, such as

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or NPT) normally accompany REM sleep in rats and humans. If a male has

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activity, show equal activity in REM sleep as in wakefulness. The

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during REM deep sleep reveals fast, low amplitude, desynchronized

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According to the 805:Deprivation effects 677:sensory deprivation 172:In 1953, Professor 139:sensory deprivation 5839:Sleep and learning 5592:Nocturnal emission 5492:Nightmare disorder 5357:Periodic breathing 4901:Nightmare disorder 4594:Koulack D (1991). 3373:Macalester College 3321:(4): R1186–R1194. 2355:10.1038/ncomms8884 1843:. pp. 91–106. 1223:Sleep and learning 1030:declarative memory 1026:declarative memory 976:Possible functions 924: 908: 837:may increase, and 765: 581:membrane potential 545:thermoneutral zone 404:neurotransmitters 279:During REM sleep, 263:and 40–60 Hz 246:neural oscillation 230: 174:Nathaniel Kleitman 51: 40: 18:REM phase of sleep 5871: 5870: 5849:Sleep deprivation 5688: 5687: 5167: 5166: 5131: 5130: 4952: 4951: 4598:. New York: SUNY. 4586:978-0-521-00869-3 4509:978-0-521-86441-1 4490:978-0-521-11680-0 4372:978-0-306-47425-5 4347:978-0-471-52556-1 4289:"Owls' eyes move" 4058:Marks et al. 1994 4016:(5922): 111–114. 3900:(7119): 610–613. 3712:(6285): 590–595. 3355:The Mind in Sleep 3284:978-0-8247-0322-6 3259:978-0-8247-0322-6 3229:978-1-139-50378-5 2969:(6972): 352–355. 2753:978-0-203-77254-6 2728:978-0-203-77254-6 2657:"Polysomnography" 2549:(11): 1492–1497. 2523:978-0-8247-0322-6 2300:978-1-84816-572-4 2246:978-1-139-46789-6 2143:978-0-521-86441-1 1762:978-1-139-50378-5 1726:978-0-203-77254-6 1554:978-1-4757-4669-3 1500:978-0-7167-8595-8 1464:978-1-139-50378-5 1401:(10): 1227–1235. 1375:978-0-8247-0322-6 1347:978-1-139-50378-5 1320:978-0-323-15416-1 1293:978-0-521-86441-1 1257:978-1-4377-2674-9 1034:procedural memory 1015:According to the 998:procedural memory 919: 896: 589:medulla oblongata 577:hyperpolarization 503:arterial pressure 450:According to the 429:neurotransmitters 309:pontine tegmentum 307:, especially the 103:) and sometimes 97:paradoxical sleep 16:(Redirected from 5901: 5889:Sleep physiology 5844:Sleep and memory 5784:Circadian rhythm 5531:Benign phenomena 5433:Circadian rhythm 5310: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5171: 5090:Dream incubation 5032:Dream dictionary 4963: 4808: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4763: 4739: 4722: 4712: 4679: 4642: 4632: 4599: 4590: 4571: 4542: 4513: 4494: 4475: 4456: 4428: 4427: 4417: 4407: 4386:Ruby PM (2011). 4383: 4377: 4376: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4316: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4266: 4256: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4215: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4174: 4150: 4141: 4140: 4137:Psychology Today 4128: 4122: 4121: 4118:10.1037/a0030790 4101: 4095: 4094: 4077:(2–3): 277–286. 4065: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4030:10.1038/304111a0 4005: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3988: 3982:. 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Maurice 1098:tonic immobility 1077:developing brain 1048:Graeme Mitchison 1006:emotional memory 996:: specifically, 920: 897: 886:In other animals 775:circadian rhythm 718:semantic priming 687:Effects of SSRIs 222:Polysomnographic 192:. Techniques of 178:Eugene Aserinsky 176:and his student 163:thermoregulation 117:neurotransmitter 21: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5894:Neurophysiology 5874: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5762:Procrastination 5715:Four-poster bed 5684: 5648: 5642:Polysomnography 5620:Sleep induction 5596: 5567:Sleep paralysis 5526: 5478: 5437: 5434: 5426: 5368: 5327:Mouth breathing 5305:Sleep disorders 5299: 5236: 5227:Quiescent sleep 5207: 5205:sleep disorders 5198: 5168: 5163: 5127: 5105:Sleep induction 5099: 5066: 5038: 5003: 4958: 4948: 4915: 4867: 4863:Pre-lucid dream 4849: 4845:Dream character 4835:False awakening 4830:Recurring dream 4799: 4790: 4747: 4742: 4725: 4682: 4645: 4602: 4593: 4587: 4574: 4545: 4516: 4510: 4497: 4491: 4478: 4472: 4459: 4453: 4440: 4436: 4434:Further reading 4431: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4152: 4151: 4144: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4053: 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566: 487: 474: 456:Robert McCarley 448: 394:slow-wave sleep 390: 329: 313:locus coeruleus 301: 250:δ (delta) waves 215: 210: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5907: 5905: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5876: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5789:Comfort object 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5660:Sleep medicine 5656: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5617: 5612: 5606: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5360: 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4723: 4680: 4648:Brain Research 4643: 4609:Brain Research 4600: 4591: 4585: 4572: 4554:(2): 121–142. 4543: 4514: 4508: 4495: 4489: 4476: 4470: 4457: 4451: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4378: 4371: 4353: 4346: 4328: 4279: 4227: 4206:(2): 139–145. 4186: 4142: 4123: 4112:(4): 253–283. 4096: 4071:Brain Research 4060: 4051: 4000: 3958:(2): 241–247. 3935: 3884: 3841: 3822:(6): 645–653. 3806: 3747: 3696: 3678: 3619: 3592:(4): 375–381. 3576: 3573:on 2010-09-13. 3512: 3485:(4): 445–453. 3469: 3442:(5): 231–237. 3425: 3382: 3379:on 2013-07-05. 3360: 3340: 3305: 3290: 3283: 3265: 3258: 3235: 3228: 3205: 3187: 3168:(7): 861–868. 3152: 3123:(9): 351–359. 3103: 3084:(3): 317–324. 3068: 3004: 2953: 2924:(2): 681–766. 2891: 2864:(2): 129–142. 2839: 2820:(2): 133–142. 2804: 2791: 2759: 2752: 2734: 2727: 2702: 2695: 2674: 2648: 2637:(4): 124–134. 2621: 2578: 2529: 2522: 2504: 2455: 2448: 2420: 2395: 2378: 2341:(1038): 7884. 2321: 2306: 2299: 2252: 2245: 2227: 2189: 2164:Sleep Medicine 2149: 2142: 2120: 2105: 2102:on 2011-12-13. 2073: 2027: 2004: 1989: 1956:Brain Research 1946: 1917:(4): 277–296. 1894: 1846: 1826: 1768: 1761: 1732: 1725: 1707: 1656: 1606: 1560: 1553: 1512: 1499: 1470: 1463: 1432: 1381: 1374: 1353: 1346: 1326: 1319: 1299: 1292: 1263: 1256: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1214: 1207: 1204: 1150: 1149:Other theories 1147: 1134: 1131: 1127:fixation point 1110: 1107: 1093: 1090: 1064: 1061: 1002:spatial memory 989: 986: 977: 974: 926:Main article: 887: 884: 827:hallucinations 806: 803: 752: 749: 713: 710: 688: 685: 643: 640: 638: 635: 565: 562: 553:breathe faster 507:breathing rate 499:cardiac output 486: 483: 473: 470: 447: 444: 406:norepinephrine 389: 386: 382:insular cortex 328: 325: 300: 297: 214: 211: 209: 206: 182:William Dement 143:hallucinations 128:norepinephrine 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5906: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 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4452:0-8058-0925-2 4448: 4444: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4354: 4349: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4280: 4277:; see Fig. S1 4274: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4004: 4001: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3939: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 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CRC Press. 1367: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1330: 1327: 1322: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1303: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1285: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1143:aqueous humor 1140: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1109:Shift of gaze 1108: 1106: 1104: 1099: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1086:visual cortex 1083: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1052:Francis Crick 1049: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 987: 985: 982: 975: 973: 969: 965: 963: 959: 954: 949: 946: 941: 939: 935: 929: 905: 901: 885: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 848: 845: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 815: 813: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 771: 762: 757: 750: 748: 746: 742: 739: 738:noradrenergic 735: 730: 725: 723: 719: 711: 709: 707: 702: 698: 694: 686: 684: 682: 678: 672: 668: 666: 661: 657: 653: 649: 641: 636: 634: 631: 629: 628:polysomnogram 625: 621: 618:while awake, 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 573:motor neurons 570: 563: 561: 557: 554: 550: 546: 541: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 484: 482: 479: 478:eye movements 472:Eye movements 471: 469: 466: 461: 457: 453: 445: 443: 440: 438: 434: 430: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 398:acetylcholine 395: 387: 385: 383: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 351: 346: 342: 338: 334: 326: 324: 322: 321:visual cortex 318: 314: 310: 306: 298: 296: 293: 291: 286: 282: 277: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 227: 223: 219: 212: 207: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 186:Michel Jouvet 183: 179: 175: 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 135:non-REM sleep 131: 129: 125: 121: 120:acetylcholine 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 93: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 48: 44: 37: 32: 19: 5735:Sleeping bag 5512:Sleepwalking 5497:Night terror 5221: 5214:sleep cycles 5156: 5149: 5142: 4938: 4911:Sleepdriving 4906:Sleepwalking 4886:Dreamcatcher 4825:Dream speech 4735: 4692: 4688: 4651: 4647: 4612: 4608: 4595: 4576: 4551: 4547: 4525:(2): 231–9. 4522: 4518: 4499: 4480: 4461: 4442: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4362: 4356: 4337: 4331: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4162: 4158: 4136: 4126: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4054: 4013: 4009: 4003: 3991:. 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Elsevier. 1309: 1302: 1283: 1246: 1197: 1182: 1171: 1161: 1159: 1152: 1136: 1112: 1103:appears dead 1095: 1084:and primary 1073:active sleep 1072: 1066: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1016: 1014: 991: 983: 979: 970: 966: 950: 942: 931: 849: 823:irritability 816: 808: 799: 795: 791: 787: 768: 766: 726: 715: 705: 690: 680: 673: 669: 660:Lucid dreams 652:neurotypical 645: 632: 604:sleepwalking 594:Lack of REM 593: 568: 567: 558: 542: 515: 488: 476:Most of the 475: 460:Allan Hobson 454:proposed by 449: 441: 426: 392:Compared to 391: 354: 330: 302: 294: 290:lucid dreams 278: 257:theta rhythm 231: 194:neurosurgery 171: 132: 104: 100: 96: 94: 61: 57: 53: 52: 5819:Second wind 5794:Dream diary 5670:Sleep study 5610:Sleep diary 5562:Hypnopompia 5557:Sleep onset 5548:Hypnic jerk 5387:Hypersomnia 5337:Catathrenia 5332:Sleep apnea 5242:Brain waves 5212:Stages of 5085:Dream diary 4980:Dream guide 4967:Oneiromancy 4957:Therapy and 4944:Hypnopompia 4855:Lucid dream 4840:Interobject 4615:: 131–140. 4299:(8): 1103. 2780:: 417–426. 1629:: 401–410. 1075:) aids the 872:amphetamine 858:(including 812:REM rebound 734:cholinergic 701:fluvoxamine 491:homeostasis 265:gamma waves 261:hippocampus 234:wakefulness 190:REM rebound 167:circulation 159:respiration 155:homeostasis 109:brain waves 86:muscle tone 72:(including 5878:Categories 5853:Sleep debt 5799:Microsleep 5779:Chronotype 5693:Daily life 5577:Somnolence 5553:Hypnagogia 5484:Parasomnia 5402:Narcolepsy 5314:Anatomical 5295:Theta wave 5265:Gamma wave 5260:Delta wave 5250:Alpha wave 4999:Dream yoga 4995:Yoga nidra 4929:Hypnagogia 4797:oneirology 2667:2 November 1506:2010-01-09 1485:Psychology 1229:References 1057:unlearning 864:tricyclics 852:depression 835:aggression 729:creativity 712:Creativity 706:subjective 697:paroxetine 637:Psychology 608:Narcolepsy 585:millivolts 569:REM atonia 495:Heart rate 427:Two other 345:paralimbic 305:brain stem 299:Brain stem 208:Physiology 151:brain stem 113:brain stem 5863:Sleepover 5814:Power nap 5809:Nightwear 5675:Melatonin 5637:Somnology 5602:Treatment 5435:disorders 5374:Dyssomnia 5280:PGO waves 5275:Mu rhythm 5270:K-complex 5255:Beta wave 5232:Slow-wave 5144:On Dreams 5123:Oneirogen 5080:Dream art 5072:Dreamwork 4934:PGO waves 4873:Nightmare 4804:Phenomena 4654:: 58–64. 4247:(1): 42. 3930:205211103 2588:Neurology 2068:205505278 1601:206109082 1123:binocular 1032:—but not 951:Sleeping 900:Ostriches 779:nocturnal 761:hypnogram 745:neocortex 656:narrative 612:cataplexy 517:Erections 422:Carbachol 414:histamine 410:serotonin 402:monoamine 337:forebrain 327:Forebrain 147:PGO waves 124:monoamine 92:vividly. 58:REM sleep 36:hypnogram 34:A sample 5730:Mattress 5705:Bunk bed 5625:Hypnosis 5417:Nocturia 5392:Insomnia 5118:Hypnosis 4732:Kirby RS 4719:25339734 4676:46317814 4668:24141149 4639:23835499 4539:23266601 4424:22121353 4323:15258042 4273:23886007 4181:20478849 4106:Dreaming 4046:41500914 3993:June 29, 3980:17606945 3972:16647282 3922:17086200 3879:45300482 3836:11560177 3801:35939710 3734:27126045 3673:21887239 3633:PLOS ONE 3614:20823755 3606:16624668 3567:11691984 3507:15428567 3499:10459393 3464:22514281 3456:10591988 3420:25000558 3412:11568980 3182:10938176 3147:14725160 3139:10461198 3098:12421655 3063:19506253 2991:14737168 2948:23589831 2878:11422727 2834:22800769 2643:21950094 2616:25312217 2573:19226735 2499:22811426 2438:(1999). 2436:Jouvet M 2373:26262924 2184:17468046 2060:19794431 1984:22764238 1941:19742406 1881:20477954 1821:14104546 1813:11515143 1702:24596562 1643:26441373 1593:23174692 1481:(2004). 1427:17364139 1206:See also 1202:(EMDR). 1178:foraging 1069:neonates 994:memories 962:amniotes 953:reptiles 831:appetite 722:anagrams 648:dreaming 642:Dreaming 533:clitoris 377:amygdala 285:coherent 273:thalamic 238:cerebral 5757:Bedtime 5752:Bedroom 5747:Bedding 5742:Bed bug 5725:Hammock 5630:Lullaby 5464:Jet lag 5364:Snoring 5322:Bruxism 5113:Lullaby 4881:Epiales 4820:Oneiros 4756:LSDBase 4710:6608391 4630:3839793 4568:5329927 4415:3220269 4398:: 286. 4314:1772283 4264:3734112 4222:9533840 4091:6850353 4038:6866101 4018:Bibcode 3902:Bibcode 3871:3543754 3792:9388130 3769:Bibcode 3742:6604923 3714:Bibcode 3706:Science 3664:3160860 3641:Bibcode 3558:8760621 3537:Bibcode 3529:Science 3335:9575987 3054:2700890 3031:Bibcode 2999:4405704 2971:Bibcode 2939:3768102 2886:1612343 2608:1620348 2564:2579970 2490:3621793 2364:4866865 2343:Bibcode 1976:9372219 1932:8809119 1889:1749779 1693:3925830 1651:7276590 1479:Myers D 1418:2771137 1119:fetuses 1117:and in 934:mammals 880:cocaine 819:anxiety 783:diurnal 767:In the 759:Sample 598:causes 519:of the 511:hypoxia 350:emotion 267:in the 259:in the 70:mammals 5824:Siesta 5710:Daybed 5538:Dreams 4793:Dreams 4717: 4707: 4674: 4666: 4637: 4627: 4583: 4566: 4537: 4506: 4487: 4468: 4449: 4422: 4412: 4369: 4344: 4321: 4311: 4271: 4261: 4220: 4179: 4089: 4044: 4036: 4010:Nature 3978: 3970: 3928: 3920: 3894:Nature 3877: 3869: 3834: 3799: 3789: 3740: 3732: 3671: 3661: 3612: 3604: 3565: 3555: 3505: 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