147:. Risser originally recognized that ossification of the iliac apophyses approximately parallels the ossification of the vertebral apophyses. The earlier the stage of growth, the greater the likelihood of a scoliosis progressing and potentially needing intervention. Note that although Risser first described his findings during a 1948 lecture and published the eponymous paper in 1958, formalized staging systems were developed at a later time.
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29:
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Minkara, Anas; Bainton, Nicole; Tanaka, Masashi; Kung, Justin; DeAllie, Christopher; Khaleel, Alexandra; Matsumoto, Hiroko; Vitale, Michael; Roye, Benjamin (2018-01-22). "High Risk of
Mismatch Between Sanders and Risser Staging in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Are We Guiding Treatment Using the
155:
The Risser grading system has been criticized as being an inaccurate proxy for skeletal maturity. Comparison of predicted future growth and progression of scoliosis to actual measured changes show that the Risser system is variably accurate. Specifically, because the progression from stages 1 to 4
331:
Sanders, James O.; Khoury, Joseph G.; Kishan, Shyam; Browne, Richard H.; Mooney, James F.; Arnold, Kali D.; McConnell, Sharon J.; Bauman, Jeanne A.; Finegold, David N. (March 2008). "Predicting scoliosis progression from skeletal maturity: a simplified classification during adolescence".
87:
is used to judge overall skeletal development. Mineralization of the iliac apophyses begins at the anterolateral crest and progresses medially towards the spine. Fusion of the calcified apophyses to the ilium then progresses in opposite direction, from medial-to-lateral.
163:
in a manner similar to "gold standards" (Greulich and Pyle, Tanner-Whitehouse-III) skeletal maturity assessments. Whether the use of the
Sanders vs Risser staging for management of scoliosis would lead to different treatment decisions is being debated.
156:(apophyseal "excursion") is rapid and only takes an average of approximately 1 year, these stages are of limited value in pinpointing stage of growth. Cessation of trunk growth as predicted by Risser stage is also earlier than actual growth.
190:
143:
Risser grading is traditionally used to estimating the future growth potential of the adolescent spine, particularly in the setting of
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is calcified at a level of 100% and the iliac apophysis is fused to iliac crest; it corresponds to the end of growth.
51:
242:
Risser, J. C. (1958-01-01). "The Iliac apophysis; an invaluable sign in the management of scoliosis".
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Little, David G.; Sussman, Michael D. (September 1994). "The Risser Sign: A Critical
Analysis".
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In 2008, Sanders et al proposed an alternative system for assessing skeletal maturity, using
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is calcified at a level of 100%; it corresponds to an almost cessation of growth.
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100:
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is calcified at a level of 50%; it corresponds to the stage before or during
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is calcified at a level of 75%; it corresponds to the slowing of growth.
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Risser JC. Important practical facts in the treatment of scoliosis.
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is an indirect measure of skeletal maturity, whereby the degree of
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208:"Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Radiologic Decision-Making"
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334:
The
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
91:A typical five-point grading scale is as follows:
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99:is calcified at a level of 25%; it corresponds to
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181:Waldt, Simone; Woertler, Klaus (2014).
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18:
16:Indirect measure of skeletal maturity
7:
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282:Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics
378:Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics
294:10.1097/01241398-199409000-00003
206:Greiner, Allen K. (May 2002).
1:
390:10.1097/BPO.0000000000001135
185:. Thieme. pp. 126–127.
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135:Grade 5 is given when the
128:Grade 4 is given when the
121:Grade 3 is given when the
110:Grade 2 is given when the
95:Grade 1 is given when the
212:American Family Physician
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38:
26:
376:Wrong Classification?".
52:Anatomical terms of bone
244:Clinical Orthopaedics
346:10.2106/JBJS.G.00004
33:Female type pelvis
230:Instr Course Lect
192:978-3-13-169271-9
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145:spinal scoliosis
85:x-ray evaluation
58:edit on Wikidata
45:Male type pelvis
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232:1948;V:248-260.
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17:
12:
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5:
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340:(3): 540–553.
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288:(5): 569–75.
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384:(2): 60–64.
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137:ilium (bone)
130:ilium (bone)
123:ilium (bone)
116:growth spurt
112:ilium (bone)
97:ilium (bone)
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74:ossification
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250:: 111–119.
161:hand x-rays
151:Controversy
70:Risser sign
434:Flat bones
428:Categories
218:(9): 1817.
168:References
101:prepuberty
398:1539-2570
354:1535-1386
302:0271-6798
256:0095-8654
103:or early
81:apophysis
414:36464009
406:29360659
362:18310704
318:46281125
264:13561591
310:7962495
105:puberty
76:of the
439:Pelvis
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22:Pelvis
410:S2CID
314:S2CID
78:iliac
56:[
402:PMID
394:ISSN
358:PMID
350:ISSN
306:PMID
298:ISSN
260:PMID
252:ISSN
187:ISBN
68:The
386:doi
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290:doi
83:by
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272:^
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60:]
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
