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succession. Countless enemies were killed." In this case the source makes no mention of taking turns or forming lines, but
Andrade believes that since the Ming were facing horseback Mongol forces, it would have been impossible to keep continuous fire in the face of a cavalry charge had ordered ranks of gunners not been implemented. The same rationale is applied to another passage on the 1422 expedition, where "the emperor ordered that all the generals train their troops outside each encampment by arranging their formations so that the gunnery units (神機銃) occupied the foremost positions and the cavalry units occupied the rear. He ordered officers to exercise and drill in their free time (暇閑操習). He admonished them as follows: "A formation that is dense is solid, while an advance force is sparse, and when they arrive at the gates of war and it's time to fight, then first use the guns to destroy their advance guard and then use cavalry to rush their solidity. In this way there is nothing to fear."" Some historians have extrapolated from this that the Ming forces were using volley fire with firearms since their opponents were cavalry units, and hence impossible to stop with slow firing hand cannons unless it was through continuous volley fire, much less with a thin advance guard of gunnery units. According to Wang Zhaochun, "the meaning of this is that when fighting, the gun troops line up in front of the entire formation, and between them there must be a certain amount of space, so that they can load bullets and powder and employ shooting by turns and in concert to destroy the enemy advance guard. Once the enemy has been thrown into chaos, the rear densely arrayed cavalry troops together come forth in great vigor, striking forth with irresistible force." Even if Wang is correct, the evidence is still inconclusive.
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fire at once, the smoke and fire settle over the field like miasmal clouds, and not a single eye can see, and not a single hand can signal. Not all hold their guns level, or they don't hold them to the side of their cheek, or they don't use the sights, or they let their hands droop and support it to hold it up, and one hand holds the gun and one hand uses the fuse to touch off the fire, thus failing to use the matchlock grip— what of them? It's just a case of being out of practice and uncourageous, hurrying but not being able to take out the fire fuse and place it in the matchlock grip, trying for speed and convenience. In this way, there is absolutely no way to be accurate, and so how could one value muskets? Especially given that the name of the weapon is "bird-gun," which comes from the way that it can hit a flying bird, hitting accurately many times. But in this way, fighting forth, the power doesn't go the way one intends, and one doesn't know which way it goes— so how can one hit the enemy, to say nothing of being able to hit a bird?
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empty reload; those who are full fire again. While the ones who have fired are loading, those who are full then fire again. In this way, all day long, the firing of guns will not be lacking, and there must be no firing to the point of exhaustion and no slipups with guns." In 1571 Qi prescribed an ideal infantry regiment of 1080 arquebusiers out of 2700 men, or 40 percent of the infantry force. However it is not known how well this was actually implemented, and there is evidence that Qi was met with stiff resistance to the incorporation of newer gunpowder weapons in northern China while he was stationed there. He writes that "in the north soldiers are stupid and impatient, to the point that they cannot see the strength of the musket, and they insist on holding tight to their fast lances (a type of fire lance), and although when comparing and vying on the practice field the musket can hit the bullseye ten times better than the fast-lance and five times better than the bow and arrow, they refuse to be convinced."
338:(李筌), contains the oldest known depiction and description of the volley fire technique. The illustration shows a rectangular crossbow countermarch formation with each circle representing one man. In the front is a line labeled "shooting crossbows" (發弩) and behind that line are rows of crossbowmen, two facing right and two facing left, and they are labeled "loading crossbows" (張弩). The commander (大將軍) is situated in the middle of the formation and to his right and left are vertical rows of drummers (鼓) who coordinate the firing and reloading procedure in procession: who loaded their weapons, stepped forward to the outer ranks, shot, and then retired to reload. According to Li Quan, "the classics say that the crossbow is fury. It is said that its noise is so powerful that it sounds like fury, and that's why they named it this way," and by using the volley fire method there is no end to the sound and fury, and the enemy is unable to approach. Here he is referring to the word for "crossbow"
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platoon firing, which was perfected by the
British during the 18th century: here, the battalion, lined up in three rows, was divided into 24-30 platoons which would fire alternately, thus concentrating their fire. This required intensive training for the soldiers, who had to operate their muskets in close ranks. After the command to make ready was given, the first rank knelt down, whilst the third rank stepped slightly to the right, in order to level their muskets past the men in front of them. The French army had trouble adopting this method and relied for the most part of the 18th century on firing by ranks, in which the first rank fired first, followed by the second, and then the third rank. This method was acknowledged by the French command at the time to be far less effective. The Prussian army, reformed under the "Alte Dessauer", placed much emphasis on firepower. In order to make the men load and fire their muskets quicker, the iron ramrod was developed.
605:(usually translated as musket) "formed nine consecutive rows and they fired their weapons row by row," in a "kneeling or standing position without the need for additional support or rest." However the usage of arquebuses in this battle is disputed and they may have been small cannons instead. Whether this tactics anticipated Western European volley fire from late 16 century requires further examination. However description of Janissaries volley fire from 1605 is undoubtedly describes Western European style volley fire. Contrary to the popular belief that the Ottomans' success at Mohács was due to their artillery, a view which many later historians have supported, contemporary European and Ottoman sources on the battle attribute their success to the Janissaries' successful deployment of handheld firearms. According to a German source, 90% of the Janissaries were equipped with handheld firearms while on campaign by 1532.
431:"shooting crossbows." The next hundred crossbowmen have also already loaded their arrows, but they are arrayed together in the next row and are labeled "advancing crossbows." Finally, the last hundred men are arrayed behind them, in last row. They are loading their crossbows and are labeled "loading crossbows." The first hundred men, which is to say the "shooting crossbows," shoot. After they are done they retire to the rear, at which the second hundred men, the "advancing crossbows," move to the fore and themselves become "shooting crossbows." The rear hundred men, which is to say the "loading crossbows," move forward and become the "advancing crossbows." When the first hundred men have fired and returned to the back, they become "loading crossbows." And in this way they revolve and take turns firing a constant stream, and the crossbows sound without cease.
374:, shoot thickly to the middle , and none among them will not fall down dead." The Song volley fire formation was described thus: "Those in the center of the formation should load while those on the outside of the formation should shoot, and when close, then they should shelter themselves with small shields , each taking turns and returning, so that those who are loading are within the formation. In this way the crossbows will not cease sounding." In addition to the Tang formation, the Song illustration also added a new label to the middle line of crossbowmen between the firing and reloading lines, known as the "advancing crossbows." Both Tang and Song manuals also made aware to the reader that "the accumulated arrows should be shot in a stream, which means that in front of them there must be no standing troops, and across no horizontal formations."
829:, "only two civilisation have invented drill for their infantry: China and Europe. Moreover, both of them did so twice: in the fifth century BC in North China and in Greece, and again in the late sixteenth century. Exponents of the second phase— Qi Jiguang in Imperial China and Maurice of Nassau in the Dutch Republic—explicitly sought to revive classical precedents, and in the West, marching in step and standing on parade became a permanent part of military life." Drill was difficult and the manner in which the volley fire should be executed had not been perfected in Louis' time. It is clear from Holland's historical sources that it took many trials and experiments for the process to be refined.
825:, so that it became second nature. One Dutch historian recounts the exercises in which regiments marched "man by man bringing the rearmost to the front and the frontmost to the rear.… The beginnings were very difficult, and many people felt, because it was all so unusual, that it was odd and ridiculous . They were mocked by the enemy, but with time the great advantages of the practices became clear … and eventually they were copied by other nations." Soon the reorganized Dutch army displayed the virtues of the countermarch volley and the practice spread across Europe. An important component to the successful deployment of volley fire was the drill, which according to
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people. Thus, whenever the enemy gets to within a hundred paces' distance, they are to wait until they hear a blast on the bamboo flute, at which they deploy themselves in front of the troops, with each platoon (哨) putting in front one team (隊). They wait until they hear their own leader fire a shot, and only then are they allowed to give fire. Each time the trumpet gives a blast, they fire one time, spread out in battle array according to the drilling patterns. If the trumpet keeps blasting without stopping, then they are allowed to fire all together until their fire is exhausted, and it's not necessary to divide into layers.
780:"Start with three files of five soldiers each, separated one from the other by fifteen paces, and they should comport themselves not with fury but with calm skillfulness such that when the first file has finished shooting they make space for the next (which is coming up to shoot) without turning face, countermarching to the left but showing the enemy only the side of their bodies, which is the narrowest of the body, and about one to three steps behind, with five or six pellets in their mouths, and two lighted matchlock fuses … and they load promptly … and return to shoot when it's their turn again."
665:. Of the volley fire, the manual says that "every musketeer squad should either divide into two musketeers per layer or one and deliver fire in five volleys or in ten." Another Korean manual produced in 1649 describes a similar process: "When the enemy approaches to within a hundred paces, a signal gun is fired and a conch is blown, at which the soldiers stand. Then a gong is sounded, the conch stops blowing, and the heavenly swan is sounded, at which the musketeers fire in concert, either all at once or in five volleys (齊放一次盡擧或分五擧)." This training method proved to be quite formidable in the 1619
528:, the Ming troops equipped with guns and fire arrows were arrayed in three lines. The general Mu Ying explained this was so that "when the elephants advance, the front line of guns and arrows will shoot all at once. If they do not retreat, the next line will continue this. If they still do not retreat, then the third line will continue this." When the armored war elephants broke into a run, charging the Ming lines, the Ming forces stood their ground, "shooting arrows and stones, the noise shaking the mountains and vallies. The elephants shook with fear and ran." According to the
327:. In 756 Shi Siming raced ahead of the main army with his mounted troops to intercept Li Guangbi's Shuofang army near the town of Changshan. Li took Changshan in advance and set up his men with their backs to the town walls to prevent a sneak attack. The spearmen formed a dense defensive formation while 1,000 crossbowmen divided into four sections to provide continuous volley fire. When Shi's cavalry engaged Li's Shuofang army they were completely unable to close in on his troops and suffered heavy losses, forcing a withdrawal.
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a bit, and then attacked with cavalry from the side to cut off the supply routes. crossed the encirclement and retreated, but set up ambushes at
Shenben and waited. When the Jin troops arrived, ambushers shot, and the many were in chaos. The troops were released to attack at night and greatly defeated them. Wuzhu was struck by a flowing arrow and barely escaped with his life.
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426:, was a particularly avid proponent of the mixed crossbow volley and melee infantry force, which would ideally carry both a wearable crossbow strapped behind the back as well as a personal melee weapon such as the lance or sword. He provides a detailed description of the volley fire technique in a military text ca. 1621:
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however that the linear tactics and volley fire were finally abandoned, after in the first stages of the war, relentless fire from artillery and machine guns had decimated the armies, and the infantry had no option but to dig in and hide in trenches. In modern times the use of volley fire is limited,
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goes on to mention another possible instance of volley fire, this time during the Yongle
Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols. In 1414 "the commander-in-chief (都督) Zhu Chong led Lü Guang and others directly to the fore, where they assaulted the enemy by firing firearms and guns continuously and in
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written during the Song dynasty notes that it was not utilized to its full effectiveness due to their fear of cavalry charges. The author's solution was to drill the soldiers to the point where rather than hide behind shield units upon the approach of melee infantry, they would "plant the feet like a
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Once the enemy has approached to within 100-paces, listen for one's own commander (總) to fire once, and then each time a horn is blown the arquebusiers fire one layer. One after another, five horn tones, and five layers fire. Once this is done, listen for the tap of a drum, at which then one platoon
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Jie ordered his commanders to select their most vigorous bowmen and strongest crossbowmen and to divide them up for alternate shooting by turns (分番迭射). They were called the "Standing-Firm Arrow Teams" (駐隊矢), and they shot continuously without cease, as thick as rain pouring down. The enemy fell back
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once commented that the
Prussian soldiers could load and fire their muskets seven times in a minute; this is a gross exaggeration, but it is an indication of the drill, which led to platoons firing devastating volleys with clockwork precision. In all, a professional soldier was required to load and
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If melee weapons could not be brought into combat, such as during long range defense, Qi recommended waiting "until the face-the-enemy signal , and then, whether from behind wooden stockades, or from moat banks, or from below abatis (拒馬), open up on the enemy, firing by turns (更番射賊). Those who are
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The ancients used ten thousand crossbows shooting in concert to win victories over enemies, and today I will describe it succinctly. Suppose you have three hundred crossbowmen. The first hundred of them have already loaded their arrows and are already arrayed together in the front. They are labeled
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from 801 AD also provides a description of the volley fire technique: " should be divided into teams that can concentrate their arrow shooting.… Those in the center of the formations should load while those on the outside of the formations should shoot. They take turns, revolving and returning, so
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states that during the battle Wu Jie's brother Wu Lin "used the
Standing-Firm Arrow Teams, who shot alternately, and the arrows fell like rain, and the dead piled up in layers, but the enemy climbed over them and kept climbing up." This passage is especially noteworthy for its mention of a special
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Several different methods were used: in the
Swedish army, a battalion would approach the enemy, fire one or several volleys, and then charge the enemy with swords, pikes and (later) bayonets, a style they dubbed "Gå På" (which translates roughly as "Go at them"). The Dutch developed the system of
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The musket was originally considered a powerful weapon, and in attacking the enemy is one that has been much relied upon. But how is it that so many officers and soldiers don't think it can be relied upon heavily? The answer lies in the fact that in drills and on the battlefield, when all the men
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suggested that musketeers should, "after the old Romane manner make three or four several fronts, with convenient spaces for the first to retire and unite himself with the second, and both these if occasion so require, with the third; the shot having their convenient lanes continually during the
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he says that "whether or not
Nobunaga actually operated with three rotating ranks cannot be determined on the basis of reliable evidence." They claim that the version of events describing volley fire was written several years after the battle, and an earlier account says to the contrary that guns
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I have discovered … a method of getting the musketeers and soldiers armed with arquebuses not only to keep firing very well but to do it effectively in battle order … in the following manner: as soon as the first rank has fired together, then by the drill they will march to the back. The second
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dynasty underwent a devastating war with newly unified Japan that lasted from 1592 to 1598. The shock of this encounter spurred the court to undergo a process of military strengthening. One of the core elements of military strengthening was to adopt the musket. According to reformers, "In recent
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All the musketeers, when they get near the enemy are not allowed to fire early, and they're not allowed to just fire everything off in one go, whenever the enemy then approaches close, there won't be enough time to load the guns (銃裝不及), and frequently this mismanagement costs the lives of many
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trained troops in their use for several years until they became one of the skills of the
Chinese, who subsequently used them to defeat the Japanese." By 1607 Korean musketeers had been trained in the fashion which Qi Jiguang prescribed, and a drill manual had been produced based on the Chinese
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In the
European armies there were several volley fire techniques for the effective use of a huge mass of muskets at a distance of 200–300 meters. It should be understood that the main goal of volley fire is to save ammunition, and not accuracy. For more accurate and deadly fire,
702:, he realized the vital role of this new weapon in combating piracy, for it out ranged their heaviest arrows. By 1560 he had invented a style of musket warfare similar to the Tang crossbow volley technique (countermarch) which he described the same year in his magnum opus, the
566:, the evidence for volley fire in 1522 is meager, and he found "no clear evidence that that volley fire was occurring." Andrade says that the belief that Spanish arquebusiers kneeled to reload in 1522 is an over interpretation as well as mis-citation of a passage by
1020:, the development of modern weapons had devastating effects on the infantry, which still operated in basically 18th century style. The infantry itself also was equipped with rifles that fired faster and more accurately than the flintlock muskets, such as the French
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The countermarch technique did not immediately change the nature of warfare in Europe and it would take another century of tactical and technological advancements before firearm wielding infantry could stand alone on the battlefield without the support of pikes.
1142:. To defend a fixed position, British infantry used two-rank volley fire, and later three-rank volley fire, to decimate an attack by a large Zulu force. Despite the Zulus' superior numbers, the attack collapsed under the relentless volley fire they faced.
312:: "The use of sharp weapons with long and short handles by disciplined companies of armoured soldiers in various combinations, including the drill of crossbow men alternately advancing and retiring ; this is something which the Huns cannot even face."
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Regardless, it is clear that the concept of volley fire had existed in Europe for quite some time during the 16th century, but it was in the Netherlands during the 1590s that the musketry volley really took off. The key to this development was
698:. The military leader Qi Jiguang, who was at first ambivalent towards matchlocks, became one of the primary advocates for their incorporation into the Ming army later on in his life. After having suffered his first defeats at the hands of the
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Romans deployed a javelin volley tactic, a volley of a heavy javelin was threw which would attach on enemy shields and difficult their use, followed by a coordinated charge.Romans and Greeks also used lighter javelins volleys.
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The Persians army employed volleys of arrows, slingshots, and javelins against the Greeks in Gaugalema and Thermopylae. Ancient Greeks and Romans used arrow volleys. The goddess Artemis was called "‘of the showering arrows".
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rank, either marching forward or standing still, fire together then march to the back. After that, the third and following ranks will do the same. Thus before the last ranks have fired, the first will have reloaded.
740:(哨) comes forward, proceeding to in front of the arquebusiers. They then listen for a beat of the drum, and then the blowing of the swan-call horn, and they then give a war cry and go forth and give battle.
612:, by 1606 members of the Janissaries were faced with supply issues so that they "were no longer given powder for the drills and that the soldiers used the wick for their candles and not for their muskets."
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companies and regiments are created in all armies. These soldiers have much better training and are able to conduct effective fire with single shots, rather than massive volleys. Light infantry covers the
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For many Europeans this new way of conducting warfare seemed ridiculous, so that in the beginning they were openly mocked. But the Dutch army continued to drill the volley under both Louis and his cousin
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Indeed, just using the musket itself was considered unorthodox and in some parts of the world there was even a push back against the incorporation of muskets. According to Qi Jiguang, this was because:
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who wrote: "The Koreans are incapable on horseback but do not transgress the principles of the military arts. They excel at infantry fighting, especially in musketeer tactics."
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After losing half his army Wuzhu escaped back to the north, only to invade again in the following year. Again, he was defeated while trying to breach a strategic pass. The
291:, the concept of continuous and concerted rotating fire may have been practiced using crossbows since at least the Han dynasty as described in the Han-Xiongnu Wars in the
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when 10,000 Korean musketeers managed to kill many Manchus before their allies surrendered. While Korea went on to lose both wars against the Manchu invasions of
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that once they've loaded they exit and once they've shot they enter . In this way, the sound of the crossbow will not cease and the enemy will not harm us."
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Illustration of a Song crossbow volley fire formation divided into firing, advancing, and reloading lines from top to bottom. From Zeng Gongliang 曾公亮,
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121:. While the tactic of volley fire is usually associated with Dutch military thinkers in the late 16th century, its principles have been applied to
578:, the arquebusiers in Bicocca kneeled to reload so that the second line of arquebusiers could fire without endangering those in front of them.
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Movies often give wrongful depictions of linear tactics and warfare in the early modern period. Volley fire can be seen in many movies such as
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The Janissaries' prowess declined early in the 17th century as troop standards dropped and the drill was abandoned. According to the author of
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fire was part of the technique implemented. For example, during the 1388 anti-insurrection war waged against the Mong Mao by the Ming general
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were fired en masse. However both Korean and Chinese sources note that Japanese gunners were making use of volley fire during the
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The volley tactic was possibly used in early 16th century Europe when the Ottoman Janissaries clashed with European forces at the
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The crossbow volley fire remained a popular tactic into the Ming dynasty. The martial artist Cheng Chongdou, who studied at the
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In medieval Europe, after the initial volley, archers would fire single shots at individual enemies. Examples include the
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Agoston, Gabor (2014). "Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450-1800".
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times in China they did not have muskets; they first learned about them from the Wokou pirates in Zhejiang Province.
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of 1639 show nearly identical images of crossbowmen and arquebusiers performing the Chinese countermarch technique.
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By 1548 the Ming had started fielding arquebuses after procuring knowledge of the weapon from the pirate network at
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Illustration of a rectangular Tang volley fire countermarch formation using crossbows. From Li Quan 李筌,
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According to Gabor Agoston, the countermarch technique was utilized by Spanish arquebusiers during the
2343:(2017), "The Arquebus Volley Technique in China, c. 1560: Evidence from the Writings of Qi Jiguang",
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The Spanish displayed some awareness of the countermarch and described it in the military manual,
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Warriors for a Living: The Experience of the Spanish Infantry During the Italian Wars, 1494-1559
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The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
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successfully deployed a spear crossbow formation against the rebel cavalry forces under
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From the Arquebus to the Breechloader: How Firearms Transformed Early Infantry Tactics
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Illustration of a Ming volley fire formation using crossbows. From Cheng Zongyou 程宗猷,
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forces. Volley fire was also possibly implemented with firearms in 1414 during the
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Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire
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Illustration of another Ming crossbow volley fire formation. From Bi Maokang 畢懋康,
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El uso táctico de las armas de fuego en las guerras civiles peruanas (1538-1547).
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Light Infantry of the Greek and Roman World: Forgotten Heroes of Ancient Warfare
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Ancient Greeks, Romans and Balearic islanders(Spain) used slingshot volleys.
1717:"[PDF] APOLLO and ARTEMIS: CULTURE and INSTINCT - Free Download PDF"
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Illustration of a 1639 Ming musketry volley formation. From Bi Maokang 畢懋康,
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can devastate massed infantry on their own without volley fire formations.
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Qi Jiguang further elaborates on the five layered musket volley formation:
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Haythornthwaite Ph. J. Napoleonic Infantry: Napoleonic Weapons and Warfare
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The volley fire technique was used to great effect by the Song during the
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Hughes B. P. Firepower. Weapons effectives on the battlefield, 1630–1850
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195:
184:
173:
151:
136:
118:
99:
2345:
The Maritime Defence of China: Ming General Qi Jiguang and Beyond
1052:, or 1422.4m in Mosins fitted with the early pattern of sights)
2278:
British Light Infantry and Rifle Tactics of the Napoleonic Wars
1464:"The Legacy : Fifth Century BC to Twenty-First Century AD"
789:
who in 1594 described the technique in a letter to his cousin:
1872:
Waging War: Conflict, Culture, and Innovation in World History
1544:. University of California Press. 1991-12-31. pp. 9, 26.
1059:
945:
856:
158:
Complete Essentials for the Military Classics Preceding Volume
2165:
2163:
1786:
Vargas, L., Prueitt, A., Salimi, P., & Faust, E. (2014).
1254:
1252:
1048:
being fitted with 'volley sights' for 2000m (sometimes 2000
2180:
2178:
2126:
2124:
2087:
2085:
2083:
1936:
1934:
1906:
1904:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1834:
1832:
1325:
1323:
1298:
1296:
1132:. Most accurately, volley fire was depicted in the movie
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1788:
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE BOW: LONGBOW VS. CROSSBOW.
601:
on 29 August 1526. The Janissaries equipped with 2000
437:
Jue zhang xin fa, chang qiang fa xuan, dan dao fa xuan
308:
describes the use of rotating crossbowmen against the
117:
mass-shooting into the air to shower their enemy with
1399:
The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World
64:
of individual weapons, which often requires a massed
56:
took a long time and much effort to reload), limited
581:
It has also been proposed that Spanish conquistador
68:
to be effective. The volley fire, specifically the
610:
The Laws of the Janissaries (Kavanin-i Yenigeriyan)
287:Although volley fire is most often associated with
272:
Diagram of a 1649 Korean musketry volley formation.
200:Diagram of a 1594 Dutch musketry volley formation.
27:Concentration of ammunition on a designated target
2392:The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas
2374:Science and Civilization in China Volume 5 Part 6
370:firm mountain, and, unmoving at the front of the
342:which is also a homophone for the word for fury,
835:
791:
778:
737:
710:
428:
393:
1593:Invasion (I): The Cornerstone of Greek Freedom
1395:"Warfare and Environment in the Ancient World"
518:Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols
109:, both meaning "to fly", referring to the pre-
1401:, Oxford University Press, pp. 128–140,
8:
1704:. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. pp. 48, 100–102.
92:
84:
1992:Histórica, vol. 36, no. 2, Dec. 2012, p. 7.
1094:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
980:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
574:saying that, per orders of their commander
103:
2358:, Warfare and History, London: Routledge,
1790:Worcester: Worcester Polytechnic Institute
1515:. Pen and Sword Military. pp. 1, 34.
1676:
1470:, Bloomsbury Academic, p. 65, 2007,
1114:Learn how and when to remove this message
1000:Learn how and when to remove this message
938:fire his musket three times in a minute.
903:Learn how and when to remove this message
787:William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
190:William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
1823:
1129:Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
381:. In the fall of 1131 the Jin commander
29:
2248:
2236:
2208:
2196:
2184:
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2154:
2142:
2130:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2026:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1910:
1895:
1857:
1838:
1442:. Pen and Sword Military. p. 222.
1407:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195304657.013.0006
1341:
1329:
1314:
1302:
1287:
1275:
1258:
1243:
1219:
1198:
1186:
1174:
1157:
1150:
1976:
1633:
1623:
2000:
1998:
1653:"The Phocian Betrayal at Thermopylae"
1534:
1532:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1433:
1431:
1231:
639:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)
419:has elaborated on a specific tactic.
7:
1602:10.12987/yale/9780300180077.003.0005
1576:Bows and Spears in Achaemenid Persia
1092:adding citations to reliable sources
978:adding citations to reliable sources
885:adding citations to reliable sources
391:elaborates on the battle in detail:
125:infantry since at least the Chinese
72:volley technique (also known as the
2438:Military history of the Netherlands
349:The encyclopedic text known as the
25:
2355:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900
1875:. Oxford University Press. 2016.
774:Milicia, Discurso y Regla Militar
769:fight to discharge their peces."
334:(太白陰經) by Tang military official
2226:. Piers Platt. 10 December 2015.
1393:Hughes, J. Donald (2013-01-28),
1064:
950:
861:
2390:Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2008),
1511:du Plessis, Jean Charl (2024).
1468:Aeschylus: Seven Against Thebes
872:needs additional citations for
2325:, Princeton University Press,
2307:, Cambridge University Press,
1988:Espino López, Antonio (2023).
1742:"Archery in the Homeric Epics"
90:, substantivation of the verb
1:
1740:Sutherland, Caroline (2001).
1541:The Greek State at War Part 5
630:The Chronicle of Oda Nobunaga
495:Timeline of the Gunpowder Age
2376:, Cambridge University Press
1476:10.5040/9781472539618.ch-006
1138:, a fictionalization of the
800:Letter from Louis to Maurice
554:, such as in the battles of
143:Shenji Zhidi Taibai Yin Jing
79:The term "volley" came from
1801:"Hastings 1066: The Battle"
1669:10.25162/historia-2019-0022
1579:(Thesis). UC Santa Barbara.
632:by Ota Gyuichi. In Lamers'
98:, which in turns came from
2454:
1590:Stoneman, Richard (2015).
1354:Slavik, Jordan F. (2017).
750:(18-chapter edition, 1560)
723:(18-chapter edition, 1560)
685:Countermarch with firearms
488:
280:
2433:Military history of Italy
2428:Military history of Spain
2423:Military history of China
1702:Archery in Archaic Greece
1440:Ancient Battle Formations
823:Maurice, Prince of Orange
209:Maurice, Prince of Orange
2372:Needham, Joseph (1994),
2352:Graff, David A. (2002),
2007:Journal of World History
1438:Swanton, Justin (2020).
300:A memorial of 169 BC by
2321:Andrade, Tonio (2016),
2303:Ágoston, Gábor (2008),
1923:Agoston, Gabor (2021).
1140:Battle of Rorke's Drift
942:19th and 20th centuries
925:from the fire of enemy
728:Illustrations from the
2394:, Brill Academic Pub,
1044:, as evidenced by all
850:
804:
782:
753:
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441:
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273:
265:
250:
235:
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217:Pauwels van Hillegaert
201:
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182:
171:
149:
104:
93:
85:
38:
2381:Sherer, Idan (2017),
1651:Rop, Jeffrey (2019).
1573:White, James (2019).
1550:10.1525/9780520350977
1372:10.1353/tcj.2017.0032
1026:Prussian needle rifle
811:Historical techniques
583:Francisco de Carvajal
271:
256:
241:
226:
207:
199:
188:
177:
155:
140:
33:
1700:Davis, Todd (2013).
1596:. pp. 109–138.
1088:improve this section
974:improve this section
881:improve this article
491:History of gunpowder
283:History of crossbows
213:Battle of Nieuwpoort
1018:Franco-Prussian War
622:Battle of Nagashino
479:Battle of Agincourt
317:An Lushan Rebellion
2172:, p. 178-179.
1898:, p. 158-159.
1317:, p. 153-154.
1261:, p. 149-150.
1246:, p. 150-151.
1028:. It wasn't until
1014:American Civil War
776:, dating to 1586:
508:Early Ming dynasty
471:Battle of Hastings
274:
266:
251:
236:
221:
202:
194:
183:
172:
150:
39:
37:re-enactment, 2006
2401:978-90-04-16821-3
2332:978-0-691-13597-7
1882:978-0-19-979745-5
1805:The History Press
1715:Randal, Alberta.
1611:978-0-300-18007-7
1559:978-0-520-35097-7
1485:978-0-7156-3466-0
1416:978-0-19-530465-7
1360:Classical Journal
1234:, p. 219-20.
1124:
1123:
1116:
1035:automatic weapons
1010:
1009:
1002:
913:
912:
905:
576:Fernando d'Ávalos
556:Battle of Bicocca
330:The 759 AD text,
319:the Tang general
66:saturation attack
16:(Redirected from
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2418:Military tactics
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2251:, p. 178-9.
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1746:Classics Ireland
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599:Battle of Mohács
477:in 1346 and the
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332:Tai bai yin jing
304:recorded in the
229:Jue zhang xin fa
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88:
35:Battle of Raszyn
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827:Geoffrey Parker
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692:
687:
667:Battle of Sarhu
647:
618:
595:
548:
510:
505:
487:
475:Battle of Crécy
463:
455:
446:
440:
435:
417:History of Song
412:History of Song
407:
403:History of Song
400:
388:History of Song
285:
279:
170:), ca. 1044 CE.
135:
58:effective range
52:(as many early
46:military tactic
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2314:978-0521603911
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2211:, p. 145.
2201:
2199:, p. 146.
2189:
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2094:, p. 183.
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2067:
2065:, p. 170.
2055:
2053:, p. 354.
2043:
2041:, p. 169.
2031:
2012:
1994:
1981:
1979:, p. 190.
1969:
1967:, p. 350.
1957:
1945:
1943:, p. 148.
1930:
1927:. p. 298.
1915:
1913:, p. 159.
1900:
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1843:
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1828:
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1634:|website=
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1366:(2): 151–171.
1346:
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1334:
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1278:, p. 150.
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1203:
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1189:, p. 151.
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1177:, p. 125.
1162:
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918:light infantry
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869:
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742:
730:Jun qi tu shuo
715:
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593:Ottoman Empire
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424:Shaolin Temple
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366:Wujing Zongyao
281:Main article:
278:
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259:Jun qi tu shuo
244:Jun qi tu shuo
163:Wujing Zongyao
134:
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62:stopping power
54:ranged weapons
26:
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2017:
2013:
2008:
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1991:
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1982:
1978:
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1955:, p. 77.
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1825:
1824:Villalon 2008
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1659:(in German).
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1104:November 2023
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1078:
1073:This section
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959:This section
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923:line infantry
919:
907:
904:
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893:November 2023
886:
882:
876:
875:
870:This section
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845:Jixiao Xinshu
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781:
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767:
766:Thomas Digges
759:
757:
749:
748:
747:Jixiao Xinshu
741:
736:
733:
731:
722:
721:
720:Jixiao Xinshu
714:
709:
707:
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705:Jixiao Xinshu
701:
697:
689:
684:
682:
680:
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672:
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662:Jixiao Xinshu
657:
652:
649:In Korea the
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564:Tonio Andrade
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397:
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384:
380:
379:Jin-Song Wars
375:
373:
372:battle arrays
368:
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81:Middle French
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19:
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2256:
2249:Andrade 2016
2244:
2237:Andrade 2016
2232:
2222:
2216:
2209:Andrade 2016
2204:
2197:Andrade 2016
2192:
2185:Andrade 2016
2170:Andrade 2016
2155:Andrade 2016
2150:
2143:Andrade 2016
2138:
2131:Andrade 2016
2116:Andrade 2016
2111:
2104:Andrade 2016
2099:
2092:Andrade 2016
2075:Andrade 2016
2070:
2063:Andrade 2016
2058:
2051:Andrade 2016
2046:
2039:Andrade 2016
2034:
2027:Ágoston 2008
2006:
1989:
1984:
1972:
1965:Andrade 2016
1960:
1953:Andrade 2017
1948:
1941:Andrade 2016
1924:
1918:
1911:Andrade 2016
1896:Andrade 2016
1891:
1871:
1865:
1858:Andrade 2016
1839:Andrade 2016
1819:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1710:
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1695:
1678:11299/220694
1660:
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1646:
1615:. Retrieved
1592:
1585:
1575:
1568:
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1512:
1489:, retrieved
1467:
1458:
1439:
1420:, retrieved
1398:
1388:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1342:Andrade 2016
1337:
1330:Andrade 2016
1315:Andrade 2016
1310:
1303:Andrade 2016
1288:Needham 1994
1283:
1276:Andrade 2016
1259:Andrade 2016
1244:Andrade 2016
1239:
1227:
1220:Andrade 2016
1199:Andrade 2016
1194:
1187:Andrade 2016
1182:
1175:Needham 1994
1158:Andrade 2016
1153:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1110:
1101:
1086:Please help
1074:
1046:Mosin rifles
1039:
1011:
996:
987:
972:Please help
960:
931:
914:
899:
890:
879:Please help
874:verification
871:
853:18th century
843:
836:
831:
819:
805:
799:
792:
783:
779:
773:
771:
763:
754:
745:
738:
734:
729:
727:
718:
711:
703:
693:
660:
648:
633:
629:
626:Oda Nobunaga
619:
609:
607:
602:
596:
580:
572:Paolo Giovio
568:Charles Oman
552:Italian Wars
549:
538:
536:
529:
521:
511:
468:
464:
456:
447:
436:
429:
421:
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386:
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331:
329:
314:
305:
299:
292:
286:
261:
258:
246:
243:
231:
228:
219:(1596–1640).
167:
161:
157:
145:
142:
127:Tang dynasty
113:practice of
102:
91:
83:
78:
74:countermarch
50:rate of fire
41:
40:
1977:Sherer 2017
1752:: 111–120.
1030:World War I
927:skirmishers
558:(1522) and
315:During the
306:Book of Han
294:Book of Han
264:, ca. 1639.
249:, ca. 1639.
215:, 1600, by
192:(1560-1620)
181:(1528-1588)
42:Volley fire
18:Ripple fire
2412:Categories
2365:0415239559
2347:, Springer
2297:References
1810:2024-08-26
1726:2024-08-26
1663:(4): 413.
1617:2024-08-26
1491:2024-08-26
1422:2024-08-26
1232:Graff 2002
1056:Depictions
690:Qi Jiguang
679:Hong Taiji
656:Qi Jiguang
539:Ming Shilu
531:Ming Shilu
489:See also:
325:Shi Siming
321:Li Guangbi
179:Qi Jiguang
148:, ca. 759.
1766:0791-9417
1721:silo.tips
1687:0018-2311
1636:ignored (
1626:cite book
1380:2327-5812
1146:Citations
1075:does not
1022:Chassepot
961:does not
659:leader's
522:repeating
481:in 1415.
473:in 1066,
453:Slingshot
277:Crossbows
234:ca. 1621.
2285:See also
2009:: 95–98.
1774:25528380
1657:Historia
1024:and the
1016:and the
935:Voltaire
841:—
816:Drilling
797:—
743:—
716:—
696:Shuangyu
634:Japonius
514:Mong Mao
499:Arquebus
485:Firearms
444:Javelins
434:—
399:—
352:Tongdian
302:Chao Cuo
289:firearms
146:神機制敵太白陰經
123:crossbow
70:musketry
2385:, Brill
1096:removed
1081:sources
982:removed
967:sources
603:tüfenks
587:Huarina
526:Mu Ying
336:Li Quan
310:Xiongnu
211:at the
165:qian ji
133:History
115:archers
111:firearm
44:, as a
2398:
2362:
2329:
2311:
1879:
1772:
1764:
1685:
1608:
1556:
1519:
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1446:
1413:
1378:
1050:arshin
1033:since
760:Europe
651:Joseon
645:Joseon
503:Musket
501:, and
357:Du You
168:武經總要前集
119:arrows
105:volare
2291:Salvo
1770:JSTOR
700:wokou
616:Japan
560:Pavia
546:Spain
383:Wuzhu
100:Latin
94:voler
86:volée
2396:ISBN
2360:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2309:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1762:ISSN
1683:ISSN
1638:help
1606:ISBN
1554:ISBN
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1376:ISSN
1135:Zulu
1079:any
1077:cite
965:any
963:cite
675:1636
673:and
671:1627
537:The
461:Bows
262:軍器圖說
247:軍器圖說
232:蹶張心法
60:and
1754:doi
1673:hdl
1665:doi
1598:doi
1546:doi
1472:doi
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