865:, with Hayek even going so far as to say that "probably nothing has done so much harm to the liberal cause as the wooden insistence of some liberals on certain rules of thumb, above all the principle of laissez-faire capitalism". In the book, Hayek writes that the government has a role to play in the economy through the monetary system (a view that he later withdrew), work-hours regulation, social welfare, and institutions for the flow of proper information. Through analysis of this and many other of Hayek's works, Block asserts that: "in making the case against socialism, Hayek was led into making all sort of compromises with what otherwise appeared to be his own philosophical perspective – so much so, that if a system was erected on the basis of them, it would not differ too sharply from what this author explicitly opposed".
493:, have "progressively abandoned that freedom in economic affairs without which personal and political freedom has never existed in the past". Society has mistakenly tried to ensure continuing prosperity by centralized planning, which inevitably leads to totalitarianism. "We have in effect undertaken to dispense with the forces which produced unforeseen results and to replace the impersonal and anonymous mechanism of the market by collective and 'conscious' direction of all social forces to deliberately chosen goals." Socialism, while presented as a means of assuring equality, does so through "restraint and servitude", while "democracy seeks equality in liberty". Planning, because it is coercive, is an inferior method of regulation, while the competition of a
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512:, the ultimate sanction of a planned economy is the hangman." Socialism is a hypocritical system because its professed humanitarian goals can only be put into practice by brutal methods "of which most socialists disapprove". Such centralized systems also require effective propaganda, so that the people come to believe that the state's goals are theirs.
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wrote that the free market economy Hayek advocated is designed for an infinite planet, and when it runs into physical limits (as any growing system must), the result is a need for centralized planning to mediate the problematic interface of economy and nature. "Planning is planning, whether it's done
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There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: some minimum of food, shelter, and clothing, sufficient to preserve health. Nor is there any reason why
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The increasing veneration for the state, the admiration of power, and of bigness for bigness' sake, the enthusiasm for "organization" of everything (we now call it "planning") and that "inability to leave anything to the simple power of organic growth" ... are all scarcely less marked in
England
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among many. She argues that "there seems hardly better case for taking for granted that planning will bring the worst to the top than for the opposite assumption that the seats of office will be filled with angels". Thus, Wootton acknowledges the possibility that planning may exist alongside tyranny
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is "that it offered predictions which turned out to be false. The steady advance of government in places such as Sweden has not led to any loss of non-economic freedoms." While criticizing Hayek, Tullock still praises the classical liberal notion of economic freedom, saying, "Arguments for political
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responded with both praise and criticism, stating, "in the negative part of
Professor Hayek's thesis there is a great deal of truth. It cannot be said too often – at any rate, it is not being said nearly often enough – that collectivism is not inherently democratic, but, on the contrary, gives to a
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use; this was explained later in the same letter, commenting: "What we need therefore, in my opinion, is not a change in our economic programmes, which would only lead in practice to disillusion with the results of your philosophy; but perhaps even the contrary, namely, an enlargement of them. Your
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on
September 18, 1944. The American publisher's expectation was that the book would sell between 900 and 3,000 copies. However, the initial printing run of 2,000 copies was quickly sold out, and 30,000 copies were sold within six months. In 2007, the University of Chicago Press estimated that more
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Hayek believed that after World War II, "wisdom in the management of our economic affairs will be even more important than before and that the fate of our civilization will ultimately depend on how we solve the economic problems we shall then face". The only chance to build a decent world is "to
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was about the dangers of centralized planning and nationalization of industry, including the media. In Sachs' counter-rebuttal, he argued that he was addressing Hayek's foreword in the 1976 adaptation which stated that efforts to bring about large-scale welfare states would bring about serfdom,
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While Hayek is opposed to regulations that restrict the freedom to enter a trade, or to buy and sell at any price, or to control quantities, he acknowledges the utility of regulations that restrict legal methods of production, so long as these are applied equally to everyone and not used as an
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To prohibit the use of certain poisonous substances, or to require special precautions in their use, to limit working hours or to require certain sanitary arrangements, is fully compatible with the preservation of competition. The only question here is whether in the particular instance, the
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is inherently undemocratic in Hayek's view, because it requires "that the will of a small minority be imposed upon the people". The power of these minorities to act by taking money or property in pursuit of centralized goals, destroys the Rule of Law and individual freedoms. Where there is
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joked that Hayek would have you believe that if there was an over-production of baby carriages, the central planners would then order the population to have more babies instead of simply warehousing the temporary excess of carriages and decreasing production for next year. The
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The successful use of competition as the principle of social organization precludes certain types of coercive interference with economic life, but it admits of others which sometimes may very considerably assist its work and even requires certain kinds of government
529:. He saw international organization as involving a further threat to individual freedom. He concluded: "The guiding principle that a policy of freedom for the individual is the only truly progressive policy remains as true today as it was in the nineteenth century."
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said of it: "In my opinion it is a grand book ... Morally and philosophically I find myself in agreement with virtually the whole of it: and not only in agreement with it, but in deeply moved agreement." However, Keynes did not think Hayek's philosophy was of
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are quite unaffected. We can, if we wish, deliberately plan so as to give the fullest possible scope for the pursuit by individuals and social groups of cultural ends which are in no way state-determined." Wootton criticizes Hayek for claiming that planning
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tyrannical minority such powers as the
Spanish Inquisitors never dreamt of." Yet he also warned, " return to 'free' competition means for the great mass of people a tyranny probably worse, because more irresponsible, than that of the state."
721: ... In responding to Burnham and Hayek ... liberals were in fact responding to a powerful strain of Jeffersonian anti-statism in American political culture ... The result was a subtle but important shift in liberal thinking.
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although much more slowly than under centralized planning. Sachs cited the Nordic states which remained economically free and relatively capitalist, despite a large welfare state that Hayek was wrong about such programs leading to serfdom.
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wrote a rebuttal criticizing Sachs for misrepresenting Hayek's work and for criticizing the book on issues it did not actually address, such as welfare programs for the elderly or sick, something Hayek did not oppose. Easterly noted that
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Nor can certain harmful effects of deforestation, of some methods of farming, or of the smoke and noise of factories, be confined to the owner of the property in question, or to those willing to submit to the damage for an agreed
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921:, Hayek "safeguarded himself from such retrospective refutation". Skidelsky argues that Hayek's argument was contingent, and that, "By the 1970s there was some evidence of the slippery slope ... and then there was
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Even the most essential prerequisite of its proper functioning, the prevention of fraud and deception (including exploitation of ignorance), provides a great and by no means fully accomplished object of legislative
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Although Hayek believed that government intervention in markets would lead to a loss of freedom, he recognized a limited role for government to perform tasks for which he believed free markets were not capable:
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was to be the popular edition of the second volume of Hayek's treatise entitled "The Abuse and
Decline of Reason", and the title was inspired by the writings of the 19th century French classical liberal thinker
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but claims that it is equally possible to combine planning with freedom. She concludes that "A happy and fruitful marriage between freedom and planning can, in short, be arranged." However,
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made a case diametrically opposed to Hayek, arguing that unfettered markets had undermined the social order and that economic breakdown had paved the way for the emergence of dictatorship.
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responded in his election broadcast by claiming that what
Churchill had said was the "second-hand version of the academic views of an Austrian professor, Friedrich August von Hayek". The
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is that "there is nothing in the conscious planning of economic priorities which is inherently incompatible with the freedoms which mean most to the contemporary
Englishman or American.
508:' or the 'good of the community'". Even the very poor have more personal freedom in an open society than a centrally planned one. "While the last resort of a competitive economy is the
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the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance in providing for those common hazards of life against which few can make adequate provision.
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and claimed that "Much of what I have written is devoted to criticism of the views put forward by
Professor Hayek in this and other books." The central argument made in
425:, with a press run of several million copies. A 95-page abridged version was also published in 1945 and 1946. In February 1945, a picture-book version was published in
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285:, and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it "that unobtainable book", also due in part to wartime paper rationing. It was published in the United States by the
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The publication of two books ... helped to galvanize the concerns that were beginning to emerge among intellectuals (and many others) about the implications of
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717: ... was far more controversial—and influential. Even more than Burnham, Hayek forced into public discourse the question of the compatibility of democracy and
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654:, and it made number 1 on Human Events: Top Ten Books Every Republican Congressman Should Read in 2006. It was influential enough to warrant mention during the
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on the dynamics of hierarchical nearly decomposable systems in economics – namely, that everything in such a system is not tightly coupled to everything else.
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is superior "because it is the only method by which our activities can be adjusted to each other without the coercive or arbitrary intervention of authority".
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has been the subject of much praise and much criticism. It was placed fourth on the list of the 100 best non-fiction books of the 20th century compiled by
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centralized planning, "the individual would more than ever become a mere means, to be used by the authority in the service of such abstractions as the '
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thinkers. It has been translated into more than 20 languages and sold over two million copies (as of 2010). The book was first published in
Britain by
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He notes that there are certain areas, such as the environment, where activities that cause damage to third parties (known to economists as "negative
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in March 1944 in the United
Kingdom. The book was subsequently rejected by three publishers in the United States, and it was only after economist
258:. He argued that fascism, Nazism, and state-socialism had common roots in central economic planning and empowering the state over the individual.
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freedom are strong, as are the arguments for economic freedom. We needn't make one set of arguments depend on the other." However, according to
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in 1946. Hayek called Finer's book "a specimen of abuse and invective which is probably unique in contemporary academic discussion".
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magazine, was ranked number 16 in reader selections of the hundred best non-fiction book of the twentieth century administered by
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Hayek argues that the roots of National Socialism lie in socialism, and then draws parallels to the thought of British leaders:
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984:. He wrote in a scholarly review of the Wootton book: "Let me repeat that the Wootton book is in no logical sense an answer to
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382:. The memo grew into a magazine article, and he intended to incorporate elements of the article into a book much larger than
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has argued Hayek's analysis incorrectly predicted governments in much of Europe in the late 20th century would descend into
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where Hayek worked at the time, the book made a significant impact on 20th-century political discourse, especially American
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2691:"The condensed version of The Road to Serfdom by F. A. Hayek as it appeared in the April 1945 edition of Reader's Digest"
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The Denationalization of Money – The Argument Refined – An Analysis of the Theory and Practice of Concurrent Currencies
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greatest danger ahead is the probable practical failure of the application of your philosophy in the United States."
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Since publication, Hayek has offered a number of clarifications on words that are frequently misinterpreted:
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sacrificed 1.5 tons of their precious paper ration allocated for the 1945 election so that more copies of
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indirect way of controlling prices or quantities, and without forgetting the cost of such restrictions:
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makes a strong case against centrally planned economies, it appears only lukewarm in its support of a
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2132:(Academic Press, 1977). The papers in the section "The Structure of Causal Systems" of Vol. 3 of
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The Road to Serfdom, by F. A. Hayek – why the continual expansion of the state endangers liberty
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He concludes: "In no system that could be rationally defended would the state just do nothing."
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spoke to friends at the University of Chicago that the book was published in the U.S by the
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925:. Hayek's warning played a critical part in her determination to 'roll back the state.'"
473:. Since that date, it has sold another 250,000 copies in its print and digital editions.
1965:"The Road from Serfdom – Forseeing the Fall F.A. Hayek interviewed by Thomas W. Hazlett"
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In 2007, the University of Chicago Press issued a "Definitive Edition", Volume 2 in the
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The Collected Essays, Journalism, and Letters of George Orwell: As I please, 1943-1945
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and injustice, as socialists were advocating then, or to preserve the minimum flow of
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In 2007, the University of Chicago Press estimated that more than 350,000 copies of
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series. In June 2010, the book achieved new popularity by rising to the top of the
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of the individual. Hayek challenged the view, popular among British Marxists, that
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2292:. Proc. of an International Symposium on Economic, Political, and Civil Freedom.
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in September 1944 and achieved great popularity. At the arrangement of editor
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that civilization requires, as we are finding increasingly necessary today."
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2136:(MIT Press, 1997) provide a summary and review of Simon's work in this area.
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A 20-page version of the book was then published in the April 1945 issue of
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I think the Adam Smith role was played in this cycle by Friedrich Hayek's
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could be printed, although to no avail, as Labour won a landslide victory.
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On 9 June 2010, the book became the #1 book sold at Amazon.com, achieving
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The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time
1165:. The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek. University of Chicago Press. 1944.
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Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty
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912:, as an example to support his argument that the basic problem with
2731:"Milton Friedman discussing F.A. Hayek's book, The Road to Serfdom"
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1972:
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on the "road to servitude". Initially written as a response to the
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Greg Mankiw's Blog – Random Observations for Students of Economics
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was "fortified in his apprehensions by reading Professor Hayek's
448:". The introduction to the 50th anniversary edition is written by
374:, then the director there, to dispute the then-popular claim that
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908:, in which the government at that time-controlled 63 percent of
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1331:"The Publication History of The Road to Serfdom by F. A. Hayek"
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1912:"100 list of the 100 best non-fiction books by Modern Library"
909:
565:") cannot effectively be regulated solely by the marketplace:
2382:
Chester I. Barnard (January 1946). "Freedom under planning".
1737::45 From the foreword to the 1956 American paperback edition.
1047:, a theory of new social groups in post-industrial societies
144:
1890:"NR's List of the 100 Best Non-Fiction Books of the Century"
1842:(PDF). Centre for Policy Studies. p. 59. Archived from
403:
The book was originally published for a British audience by
214:
that inevitably results from government control of economic
1306:"Aaron Director, Founder of the field of Law and Economics"
525:
improve the general level of wealth" via the activities of
467:
bestseller list following extended coverage of the book on
2721:. Cultural Shifts (published January 2008). Archived from
2130:
Decomposability: queueing and computer system applications
2050:"The Connection Between George Orwell and Friedrich Hayek"
1836:
After the Landslide: Learning the Lessons of 1906 and 1945
963:
lead to oppression, when, in her view, that is merely one
234:, the creation of an oppressive society, the tyranny of a
170:
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as "one of the great books of our time", and said of it:
583:
The government also has a role in creating a safety net:
2609:(The definitive ed.). University of Chicago Press.
608:
and is used to mean state control of the economy, not a
1748:"Top 10 Books Every Republican Congressman Should Read"
299:
published an abridged version in April 1945, enabling
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The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
743:, and appears on a recommended reading list for the
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The government also has a role in preventing fraud:
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2100:"The 1973 CBC Massey Lectures, "Designing Freedom""
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2000:. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. p. 152.
1754:. Townhall Media. 21 November 2006. Archived from
1713:By PAUL KRUGMAN, New York Times, 15 September 2011
1272:. University of Chicago Press. 2003. p. 116.
2667:The Magazine of Economic Affairs, 59, 6: 491-518.
2658:" Journal of Economic Literature, 58 (3): 720-48.
2603:Hayek, Friedrich August; Caldwell, Bruce (2007).
2267:"Why Hayek Was Wrong: Sachs Responds to Easterly"
4925:Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics
2332:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–110.
1413:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
2076:"Hayek and the American Conservative Movement"
1117:"Friedrich A. Hayek: A Centenary Appreciation"
4860:
2967:
2765:
2390:(3). Southern Economic Association: 290–300.
1734:
1722:
1357:
1292:
222:." He further argues that the abandonment of
8:
3473:
2284:Walker, Michael A., ed. (5–8 October 1986).
1725::54–55 From the preface to the 1976 edition.
32:
3409:
2224:"The Social Welfare State, beyond Ideology"
1672:
1670:
4867:
4853:
4845:
3537:
2974:
2960:
2952:
2772:
2758:
2750:
2588:(Routledge Classics ed.). Routledge.
2286:"Freedom, Democracy, and Economic Welfare"
386:. However, he ultimately decided to write
38:
31:
5182:Right-wing politics in the United Kingdom
2353:Karl Polanyi; Joseph E. Stiglitz (1944).
1251:
1236:
604:"Socialism", as Hayek used it, refers to
5187:Right-wing politics in the United States
5152:Conservative media in the United Kingdom
1053:, a class of Soviet communist appointees
392:
303:to reach a wider non-academic audience.
5157:Conservative media in the United States
4557:Reflections on the Revolution in France
2606:The Road to Serfdom: text and documents
2452:
2440:
2428:
2416:
2120:entry) Simon's papers in his collected
1407:von Hayek, Friedrich A. (9 July 2006).
1107:
799:socialist, published a rebuttal in his
651:100 Most Influential Books Ever Written
553:advantages gained are greater than the
378:represented the dying gasp of a failed
350:in the early 1930s – in the era of the
2630:. University of North Carolina Press.
2290:Freedom Democracy and Economic Welfare
1036:, the difficulties of central planning
2745:. University of North Carolina Press.
2155:. The Institute Of Economic Affairs.
2048:Richman, Sheldon (21 December 2011).
1676:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1143:"How Covid paved the Road to Serfdom"
7:
2719:"The Road to Serfdom is a Good Book"
1971:. No. July 1992. Archived from
693:had this to say about the impact of
195:) is a book by the Austrian-British
4667:The End of History and the Last Man
4577:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
2717:Matthew Lymburner (25 March 2008).
2664:Another Road to Serfdom, Challenge.
2146:Friedrich August von Hayek (1990).
848:has observed critically that while
416:than 350,000 copies had been sold.
2468:(1946). "Freedom Under Planning".
2124:, a qualitative discussion in his
1807:. libertystory.net. Archived from
614:"Classical liberal ideals", means
25:
5197:University of Chicago Press books
2882:The Counter-Revolution of Science
2736:. Booknotes.org. 28 October 1994.
2702:"The Road to Serfdom in cartoons"
826:in his 1973 CBC Massey Lectures,
5172:Liberalism in the United Kingdom
4637:The Open Society and Its Enemies
2874:Individualism and Economic Order
2696:. Institute of Economic Affairs.
2329:The Cambridge Companion to Hayek
2265:Greg Mankiw (27 November 2006).
1783:. Harper & Row. p. 32.
1115:Ebeling, Richard M. (May 1999).
1067:Individualism and Economic Order
713: ... Friedrich A. Hayek's
3444:Family as a model for the state
2867:The Use of Knowledge in Society
2564:. University of Chicago Press.
2540:. University of Chicago Press.
2513:. 20 April 2010. Archived from
2361:. Fred L. Block. Beacon Press.
2074:George H. Nash (3 April 2004).
2027:. Harcourt, Brace & World.
942:after reading an early copy of
338:economic and political debate.
261:Since its publication in 1944,
4794:Separation of church and state
4692:Collectivism and individualism
4647:The Origins of Totalitarianism
2795:Austrian business cycle theory
2685:. University of Chicago Press.
2198:Center for Libertarian Studies
2189:Journal of Libertarian Studies
2081:. Indianapolis. Archived from
1914:. Random House. Archived from
1896:. townhall.com. Archived from
644:have been sold. It appears on
520:now than they were in Germany.
461:Collected Works of F. A. Hayek
230:inevitably leads to a loss of
1:
5142:Books in political philosophy
4834:Category:Political philosophy
4707:Critique of political economy
2326:(2006). Feser, Edward (ed.).
2134:Models of Bounded Rationality
2122:Models of Bounded Rationality
1040:Institute of Economic Affairs
656:1945 British general election
354:, the rise of autocracies in
44:Cover of the first UK edition
4935:Books on economic philosophy
4875:Economics and business books
4732:Institutional discrimination
4727:History of political thought
3459:Negative and positive rights
2941:Friedrich Hayek bibliography
2898:Law, Legislation and Liberty
2840:Socialist calculation debate
2679:"The publication history of
2537:Friedrich Hayek: a biography
2470:Journal of Political Economy
2300:. p. 61. Archived from
1269:Friedrich Hayek: A Biography
1074:Law, Legislation and Liberty
1034:Economic calculation problem
806:In his review (collected in
5127:Books about totalitarianism
5097:Books critical of communism
4742:Justification for the state
4527:Two Treatises of Government
2890:The Constitution of Liberty
2504:"The Other Road to Serfdom"
1833:; Richard Forsdyke (1999).
1780:Tides of Fortune, 1945–1955
1690:"Hayek on Social Insurance"
1088:The Constitution of Liberty
974:Chicago school of economics
680:Conservative Central Office
413:University of Chicago Press
326:politician and dean of the
287:University of Chicago Press
97:University of Chicago Press
27:Book by Friedrich von Hayek
5213:
3412:Bellum omnium contra omnes
2708:; originally published in
2706:Ludwig von Mises Institute
2126:Sciences of the Artificial
1994:Kenneth R. Hoover (2003).
1963:Thomas W. Hazlett (2002).
976:, disputes the claim that
626:, as Hayek understood them
452:(another recipient of the
348:London School of Economics
328:London School of Economics
4829:
2651:Caldwell, Bruce (2020). "
2624:Wootton, Barbara (1945).
2384:Southern Economic Journal
2181:"Hayek's Road to Serfdom"
1777:Harold Macmillan (1969).
1735:Hayek & Caldwell 2007
1723:Hayek & Caldwell 2007
1358:Hayek & Caldwell 2007
1293:Hayek & Caldwell 2007
711:The Managerial Revolution
346:While a professor at the
37:
5137:Books by Friedrich Hayek
5102:Books about conservatism
5001:Books on economic policy
4617:The Revolt of the Masses
2810:Cultural group selection
2743:"Freedom under Planning"
2741:Barbara Wootton (1945).
2116:See (full references on
1943:www.politicalcompass.org
1937:Compass, The Political.
1181:"The fading of Friedman"
454:Nobel Prize in Economics
370:– Hayek wrote a memo to
293:, the American magazine
193:Der Weg zur Knechtschaft
4976:psychology and thinking
4918:Thinking, Fast and Slow
4903:psychology and thinking
4597:The Communist Manifesto
3523:Tyranny of the majority
3434:Consent of the governed
2580:Hayek, Friedrich August
2556:Hayek, Friedrich August
2252:The Wall Street Journal
2021:Orwell, George (1968).
1939:"The Political Compass"
1805:"Hayek, life and times"
265:has been popular among
5117:Books about liberalism
5092:Books about capitalism
5087:1944 non-fiction books
4964:Development as Freedom
3474:
3424:Clash of civilizations
3410:
2627:Freedom under Planning
1335:www.press.uchicago.edu
1206:"Bestsellers in Books"
1029:Criticism of socialism
1024:Criticism of communism
1019:Criticism of anarchism
978:Freedom under Planning
952:Freedom under Planning
940:Freedom under Planning
808:The Present as History
790:
723:
590:
581:
572:
559:
545:
522:
470:The Glenn Beck Program
400:
281:in March 1944, during
5132:Books about socialism
5107:Books about democracy
4943:The Wealth of Nations
3439:Divine right of kings
1997:Economics as Ideology
1310:www-news.uchicago.edu
1081:Omnipotent Government
928:Economic sociologist
782:
699:
674:". The Labour leader
585:
576:
567:
550:
540:
517:
396:
312:Alexis de Tocqueville
206:. In the book, Hayek
5177:Right-libertarianism
5147:Classical liberalism
4881:Books on innovation
4587:Democracy in America
3966:political philosophy
3949:political philosophy
3764:political philosophy
3593:political philosophy
3503:Separation of powers
3464:Night-watchman state
3449:Monopoly on violence
2983:Political philosophy
2298:The Fraser Institute
2246:(15 November 2006).
1179:(16 December 2006).
801:The Road to Reaction
689:Political historian
658:, when according to
646:Martin Seymour-Smith
501:Centralized planning
432:, later made into a
228:classical liberalism
33:The Road to Serfdom
5122:Books about Marxism
5112:Books about fascism
5026:Abhijit V. Banerjee
4991:The Road to Serfdom
4777:Right-wing politics
4657:A Theory of Justice
4627:The Road to Serfdom
4547:The Social Contract
3254:Christian democracy
2859:The Road to Serfdom
2830:Sraffa–Hayek debate
2815:Dispersed knowledge
2788:Concepts and career
2725:on 2 February 2008.
2681:The Road to Serfdom
2661:Komlos, J. (2016).
2654:The Road to Serfdom
2585:The Road to Serfdom
2561:The Road to Serfdom
2229:Scientific American
1694:The Washington Post
1162:The Road to Serfdom
1127:(5). Archived from
986:The Road to Serfdom
982:The Road to Serfdom
948:The Road to Serfdom
944:The Road to Serfdom
914:The Road to Serfdom
891:The Road to Serfdom
850:The Road to Serfdom
786:The Road to Serfdom
778:The Road to Serfdom
755:John Maynard Keynes
731:The Road to Serfdom
715:The Road to Serfdom
695:The Road to Serfdom
684:The Road to Serfdom
668:The Road to Serfdom
642:The Road to Serfdom
483:Western democracies
436:and distributed by
388:The Road to Serfdom
384:The Road to Serfdom
307:The Road to Serfdom
301:The Road to Serfdom
263:The Road to Serfdom
184:The Road to Serfdom
34:
4789:Political violence
4784:Political theology
4767:Left-wing politics
4762:Political spectrum
2901:(1973; 1976; 1979)
2532:Ebenstein, Alan O.
2517:on 3 October 2006.
2088:on 3 October 2006.
1975:on 3 February 2005
1149:. 12 January 2021.
1001:ecosystem services
878:empirical evidence
533:Role of government
481:Hayek argues that
401:
5074:
5073:
5066:Richard H. Thaler
4984:Rich Dad Poor Dad
4974:Books on economic
4901:Books on economic
4842:
4841:
4752:Philosophy of law
4697:Conflict theories
4537:The Spirit of Law
4444:
4443:
3493:Original position
2949:
2948:
2906:The Fatal Conceit
2835:Spontaneous order
2734:(59 minute video)
2637:978-0-313-21099-0
2616:978-0-226-32055-7
2595:978-0-415-25543-1
2571:978-0-226-32061-8
2547:978-0-226-18150-9
2324:Skidelsky, Robert
2034:978-0-15-118548-1
1900:on 17 March 2011.
1872:"Quotes on Hayek"
1131:on 15 April 2013.
1095:The Fatal Conceit
972:, founder of the
828:Designing Freedom
749:Political Compass
745:libertarian right
664:Winston Churchill
624:individual rights
390:as its own book.
380:capitalist system
372:William Beveridge
320:William Beveridge
271:classical liberal
254:reaction against
210:of the danger of
180:
179:
107:Publication place
72:Political science
16:(Redirected from
5204:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4846:
4757:Political ethics
4747:Machiavellianism
4687:Authoritarianism
4672:
4662:
4652:
4642:
4632:
4622:
4612:
4602:
4592:
4582:
4572:
4562:
4552:
4542:
4532:
4522:
4512:
4502:
4492:
4482:
4472:
4462:
3538:
3479:
3415:
3405:Balance of power
3379:Social democracy
3374:Social Darwinism
3349:Multiculturalism
3294:Environmentalism
3269:Communitarianism
2976:
2969:
2962:
2953:
2924:August von Hayek
2774:
2767:
2760:
2751:
2746:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2713:
2697:
2695:
2686:
2641:
2620:
2599:
2575:
2551:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2360:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2304:on 10 March 2012
2281:
2275:
2274:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2248:"Dismal Science"
2244:William Easterly
2240:
2234:
2233:
2222:(October 2006).
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2185:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2154:
2143:
2137:
2118:Herbert A. Simon
2114:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2080:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1849:on 25 March 2016
1848:
1841:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1758:on 25 March 2016
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1696:. Archived from
1686:
1680:
1674:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1404:
1398:
1385:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1264:
1258:
1249:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1112:
1012:General concepts
919:Robert Skidelsky
886:William Easterly
832:Herbert A. Simon
660:Harold Macmillan
485:, including the
352:Great Depression
220:central planning
209:
172:
146:
42:
35:
21:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5192:Routledge books
5162:Economics books
5077:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5046:Robert Kiyosaki
5041:Daniel Kahneman
5036:Friedrich Hayek
5014:
4996:
4975:
4969:
4930:
4902:
4896:
4891:Start-up Nation
4882:
4876:
4873:
4843:
4838:
4825:
4814:Totalitarianism
4675:
4670:
4660:
4650:
4640:
4630:
4620:
4610:
4600:
4590:
4580:
4570:
4560:
4550:
4540:
4530:
4520:
4510:
4500:
4490:
4487:Treatise on Law
4480:
4470:
4460:
4440:
4098:
4092:
3831:
3825:
3711:
3705:
3624:
3527:
3513:State of nature
3508:Social contract
3488:Ordered liberty
3476:Noblesse oblige
3393:
3227:
3156:
2985:
2980:
2950:
2945:
2929:
2912:
2844:
2800:Austrian School
2783:
2781:Friedrich Hayek
2778:
2740:
2733:
2729:
2716:
2700:
2693:
2689:
2677:
2674:
2656:after 75 Years.
2648:
2646:Further reading
2638:
2623:
2617:
2602:
2596:
2578:
2572:
2554:
2548:
2530:
2527:
2522:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2455:, pp. 159.
2451:
2447:
2443:, pp. 163.
2439:
2435:
2431:, pp. 158.
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2396:10.2307/1052278
2381:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2115:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2008:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1969:Reason magazine
1962:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1918:on 6 March 2012
1910:
1909:
1905:
1894:National Review
1888:
1887:
1883:
1876:hayekcenter.org
1870:
1869:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1811:on 17 July 2012
1803:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1700:on 14 May 2011.
1688:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
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1608:
1600:
1596:
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1576:
1572:
1564:
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1552:
1548:
1540:
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1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1386:
1382:
1371:
1367:
1356:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1250:
1246:
1235:
1231:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1147:thecritic.co.uk
1141:
1140:
1136:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1061:
1056:
1014:
1009:
956:Civil liberties
936:Barbara Wootton
902:totalitarianism
871:
842:Mises Institute
774:Milton Friedman
736:National Review
728:
703:totalitarianism
648:'s list of the
638:
633:
606:state socialism
598:
535:
479:
450:Milton Friedman
422:Reader's Digest
405:Routledge Press
398:Friedrich Hayek
344:
296:Reader's Digest
216:decision-making
207:
204:Friedrich Hayek
161:
115:Media type
102:
90:Routledge Press
54:Friedrich Hayek
45:
28:
23:
22:
18:Road to Serfdom
15:
12:
11:
5:
5210:
5208:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5079:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4987:
4979:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4906:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4886:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4849:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4804:Social justice
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4712:Egalitarianism
4709:
4704:
4702:Contractualism
4699:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4663:
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3498:Overton window
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3329:Libertarianism
3326:
3321:
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3306:
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3296:
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2820:Extended order
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2672:External links
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2476:(5): 451–454.
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2013:
2006:
1986:
1955:
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1831:David Willetts
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1420:978-1500345600
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1252:Ebenstein 2003
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898:Gordon Tullock
882:welfare states
870:
867:
751:test website.
747:hosted on the
741:Modern Library
727:
724:
676:Clement Attlee
637:
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596:Clarifications
594:
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506:social welfare
487:United Kingdom
478:
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438:General Motors
409:Aaron Director
343:
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176:HD82 .H38 1994
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4887:
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4883:and high tech
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4737:Jurisprudence
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4599:
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4568:
4567:Rights of Man
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4477:De re publica
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4101:
4097:20th and 21st
4095:
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4079:
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3857:
3855:
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3834:
3830:18th and 19th
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3814:
3812:
3809:
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3686:Nizam al-Mulk
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3400:
3396:
3390:
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3377:
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3369:Republicanism
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3110:
3108:
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2715:
2711:
2710:LOOK Magazine
2707:
2703:
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2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2511:The Daily Kos
2505:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:Knight, Frank
2461:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2419:, pp. 5.
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2401:
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2368:9780807056431
2364:
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874:Jeffrey Sachs
868:
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859:laissez-faire
855:
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843:
839:
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833:
829:
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824:Stafford Beer
822:arguments of
821:
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570:compensation.
566:
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563:externalities
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171:LC Class
167:
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159:Dewey Decimal
155:
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137:0-226-32061-8
135:
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5007:
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4717:Elite theory
4665:
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4505:
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4465:
4455:
3754:Guicciardini
3710:Early modern
3533:Philosophers
3483:Open society
3419:Body politic
3289:Distributism
3279:Conservatism
3274:Confucianism
3193:Gerontocracy
3183:Dictatorship
3137:Sovereignty‎
3127:Ruling class
3017:Emancipation
3002:Citizenship‎
2934:Bibliography
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2858:
2857:
2825:Free banking
2805:Catallactics
2723:the original
2680:
2662:
2653:
2626:
2605:
2584:
2560:
2536:
2515:the original
2498:
2473:
2469:
2460:
2453:Wootton 1945
2448:
2441:Wootton 1945
2436:
2429:Wootton 1945
2424:
2417:Wootton 1945
2412:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2356:
2348:
2328:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2302:the original
2289:
2279:
2270:
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2251:
2238:
2227:
2214:
2202:. Retrieved
2193:
2187:
2171:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2083:the original
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2053:
2043:
2023:
2016:
1996:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1973:the original
1968:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1942:
1932:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:the original
1906:
1898:the original
1893:
1884:
1875:
1851:. Retrieved
1844:the original
1835:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1809:the original
1799:
1779:
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1756:the original
1752:Human Events
1751:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1698:the original
1693:
1684:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
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1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1409:
1402:
1383:
1368:
1338:. Retrieved
1334:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1309:
1300:
1288:
1268:
1262:
1247:
1232:
1220:
1213:. Retrieved
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1177:Paul Ormerod
1171:
1161:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1129:the original
1124:
1120:
1110:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1051:Nomenklatura
995:to minimize
990:
985:
981:
980:contradicts
977:
970:Frank Knight
964:
960:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
930:Karl Polanyi
927:
913:
896:
890:
876:argues that
872:
857:
849:
846:Walter Block
840:
827:
807:
805:
800:
793:Herman Finer
791:
785:
783:
777:
772:
765:
759:
753:
734:
730:
729:
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694:
688:
683:
667:
649:
641:
639:
599:
591:
586:
582:
577:
573:
568:
560:
557:they impose.
555:social costs
551:
546:
541:
536:
527:free markets
523:
518:
514:
499:
480:
468:
460:
458:
427:
420:
418:
402:
387:
383:
368:World War II
345:
332:conservative
306:
305:
300:
294:
283:World War II
275:conservative
269:(especially
262:
260:
192:
183:
182:
181:
29:
5056:Saul Singer
4950:Das Kapital
4591:(1835–1840)
4471:(c. 350 BC)
4461:(c. 375 BC)
4078:Tocqueville
4043:Saint-Simon
4008:Montesquieu
3859:Bolingbroke
3791:Machiavelli
3671:Ibn Khaldun
3636:Alpharabius
3629:Middle Ages
3454:Natural law
3429:Common good
3354:Nationalism
3314:Imperialism
3284:Corporatism
3259:Colonialism
3239:Agrarianism
3218:Technocracy
3198:Meritocracy
3178:Bureaucracy
3168:Aristocracy
2294:Napa Valley
2204:17 February
1711:Free to Die
1340:4 September
1315:4 September
1223:best seller
1215:10 December
1190:26 December
1121:The Freeman
992:Eric Zencey
965:possibility
856:system and
854:free market
836:Albert Ando
815:Paul Sweezy
495:free market
342:Publication
336:libertarian
318:written by
291:Max Eastman
246:(including
201:philosopher
5167:Liberalism
5081:Categories
4799:Separatism
4607:On Liberty
4507:The Prince
4236:Huntington
3739:Campanella
3666:al-Ghazali
3615:Thucydides
3573:Lactantius
3518:Statolatry
3344:Monarchism
3324:Liberalism
3249:Capitalism
3232:Ideologies
3213:Plutocracy
3161:Government
3117:Revolution
3102:Propaganda
3052:Legitimacy
3027:Government
2525:References
2054:Reason.com
1677:Hayek 1994
1662:Hayek 1994
1650:Hayek 1994
1638:Hayek 1994
1626:Hayek 1994
1614:Hayek 1994
1602:Hayek 1994
1590:Hayek 1994
1578:Hayek 1994
1566:Hayek 1994
1554:Hayek 1994
1542:Hayek 1994
1530:Hayek 1994
1518:Hayek 1994
1506:Hayek 1994
1494:Hayek 1994
1482:Hayek 1994
1470:Hayek 1994
1458:Hayek 1994
1446:Hayek 1994
1434:Hayek 1994
1210:Amazon.com
904:. He uses
863:capitalism
844:economist
820:cybernetic
776:described
705:. One was
465:Amazon.com
442:socialists
252:capitalist
238:, and the
5051:Dan Senor
4517:Leviathan
4497:Monarchia
4491:(c. 1274)
4326:Oakeshott
4271:Mansfield
4266:Luxemburg
4251:Kropotkin
4146:Bernstein
4099:centuries
4013:Nietzsche
3956:Jefferson
3884:Condorcet
3832:centuries
3811:Pufendorf
3676:Marsilius
3563:Confucius
3548:Aristotle
3541:Antiquity
3469:Noble lie
3389:Third Way
3384:Socialism
3309:Feudalism
3264:Communism
3244:Anarchism
3223:Theocracy
3208:Oligarchy
3188:Democracy
3173:Autocracy
3087:Pluralism
3072:Obedience
3037:Hierarchy
2997:Authority
2490:153966131
2200:: 339–365
1568::1183–198
1392:802584460
1045:New class
880:suggests
869:Criticism
760:practical
631:Reception
579:activity.
279:Routledge
256:socialism
197:economist
82:Published
76:economics
4772:Centrism
4467:Politics
4457:Republic
4426:Voegelin
4406:Spengler
4391:Shariati
4366:Rothbard
4321:Nussbaum
4221:Habermas
4196:Fukuyama
4186:Foucault
4111:Ambedkar
4088:Voltaire
4058:de Staël
4033:Rousseau
3914:Franklin
3889:Constant
3849:Beccaria
3681:Muhammad
3661:Gelasius
3646:Averroes
3620:Xenophon
3600:Polybius
3553:Chanakya
3398:Concepts
3364:Populism
3334:Localism
3319:Islamism
3304:Feminism
3203:Monarchy
3107:Property
3097:Progress
3062:Monopoly
3032:Hegemony
2926:(father)
2869:" (1945)
2582:(2001).
2558:(1994).
2534:(2003).
2308:12 April
2179:(1996).
1853:18 March
1762:18 March
1616::240–260
1396:13355651
1377:76656715
1185:Prospect
1007:See also
923:Thatcher
810:, 1953)
489:and the
434:pamphlet
430:magazine
250:) was a
236:dictator
218:through
164:338.9 20
151:30733740
60:Language
5019:Writers
4809:Statism
4722:Elitism
4680:Related
4481:(51 BC)
4411:Strauss
4386:Scruton
4381:Schmitt
4371:Russell
4291:Michels
4286:Maurras
4281:Marcuse
4241:Kautsky
4211:Gramsci
4206:Gentile
4176:Dworkin
4166:Du Bois
4161:Dmowski
4156:Chomsky
4151:Burnham
4136:Benoist
4106:Agamben
4073:Thoreau
4063:Stirner
4053:Spencer
3998:Mazzini
3988:Maistre
3983:Madison
3978:Le Play
3909:Fourier
3874:Carlyle
3854:Bentham
3844:Bastiat
3839:Bakunin
3816:Spinoza
3806:MĂĽntzer
3776:Leibniz
3749:Grotius
3729:Bossuet
3696:Plethon
3641:Aquinas
3610:Sun Tzu
3578:Mencius
3568:Han Fei
3339:Marxism
3299:Fascism
3132:Society
3057:Liberty
3042:Justice
3022:Freedom
2404:1052278
2059:17 July
1979:23 June
1948:30 June
1922:23 June
1225:status.
997:poverty
812:Marxist
726:Reviews
719:statism
672:Gestapo
620:freedom
616:liberty
543:action.
510:bailiff
477:Summary
456:1976).
446:parties
444:of all
376:fascism
364:Germany
324:Liberal
267:liberal
244:fascism
240:serfdom
232:freedom
212:tyranny
68:Subject
63:English
4671:(1992)
4661:(1971)
4651:(1951)
4641:(1945)
4631:(1944)
4621:(1929)
4611:(1859)
4601:(1848)
4581:(1820)
4571:(1791)
4561:(1790)
4551:(1762)
4541:(1748)
4531:(1689)
4521:(1651)
4511:(1532)
4501:(1313)
4431:Walzer
4421:Taylor
4376:Sartre
4341:Popper
4336:Pareto
4331:Ortega
4316:Nozick
4306:Mouffe
4256:Laclau
4216:Guénon
4201:Gandhi
4141:Berlin
4131:Bauman
4126:Badiou
4116:Arendt
4083:Tucker
3973:Le Bon
3934:Herder
3924:Haller
3919:Godwin
3904:Fichte
3899:Engels
3894:Cortés
3864:Bonald
3821:Suárez
3796:Milton
3786:Luther
3759:Hobbes
3744:Filmer
3734:Calvin
3719:Boétie
3712:period
3691:Ockham
3558:Cicero
3359:Nazism
3147:Utopia
3122:Rights
3112:Regime
3082:People
3067:Nation
2917:Family
2909:(1988)
2893:(1960)
2885:(1952)
2877:(1948)
2862:(1944)
2634:
2613:
2592:
2568:
2544:
2488:
2402:
2365:
2336:
2159:
2104:cbc.ca
2031:
2004:
1815:14 May
1787:
1496::80–96
1417:
1390:
1375:
1276:
938:wrote
906:Sweden
797:Fabian
636:Impact
366:, and
356:Russia
322:, the
316:report
273:) and
248:Nazism
189:German
95:1944 (
88:1944 (
50:Author
4911:Nudge
4820:Index
4449:Works
4436:Weber
4401:Spann
4396:Sorel
4361:Röpke
4356:Rawls
4311:Negri
4301:Mosca
4296:Mises
4261:Lenin
4231:Hoppe
4226:Hayek
4191:Fromm
4181:Evola
4171:Dugin
4068:Taine
4048:Smith
4028:Renan
4023:Paine
3944:Iqbal
3929:Hegel
3879:Comte
3869:Burke
3781:Locke
3771:James
3724:Bodin
3656:Dante
3651:Bruni
3605:Shang
3588:Plato
3142:State
3092:Power
3077:Peace
3012:Elite
2990:Terms
2850:Works
2694:(PDF)
2507:(PDF)
2486:S2CID
2400:JSTOR
2196:(2).
2184:(PDF)
2153:(PDF)
2086:(PDF)
2079:(PDF)
1847:(PDF)
1840:(PDF)
1103:Notes
1059:Books
360:Italy
123:Pages
118:Print
99:, US)
92:, UK)
4351:Rand
4346:Qutb
4246:Kirk
4121:Aron
4038:Sade
4018:Owen
4003:Mill
3993:Marx
3961:Kant
3939:Hume
3801:More
3701:Wang
3583:Mozi
3007:Duty
2632:ISBN
2611:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2542:ISBN
2363:ISBN
2334:ISBN
2310:2010
2206:2010
2157:ISBN
2061:2023
2029:ISBN
2002:ISBN
1981:2012
1950:2016
1924:2012
1855:2016
1817:2007
1785:ISBN
1764:2016
1628::262
1604::230
1592::128
1580::200
1556::168
1544::191
1532::139
1520::115
1508::106
1415:ISBN
1388:OCLC
1373:OCLC
1342:2019
1317:2019
1274:ISBN
1217:2010
1192:2010
961:must
834:and
795:, a
622:and
428:Look
362:and
334:and
226:and
199:and
145:OCLC
132:ISBN
4416:Sun
4276:Mao
3152:War
3047:Law
2478:doi
2392:doi
1679::45
1664::44
1652::43
1640::42
1484::77
1472::41
1460::29
1448::24
1436::16
1256:107
1241:128
910:GNP
709:'s
126:266
5083::
2704:.
2509:.
2484:.
2474:54
2472:.
2398:.
2388:12
2386:.
2296::
2288:.
2269:.
2250:.
2226:.
2194:12
2192:.
2186:.
2102:.
2052:.
1967:.
1941:.
1892:.
1874:.
1863:^
1750:.
1692:.
1669:^
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